单选题The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of the trust. The crucial time for its emergence is the first year of life. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept "sense of trust" is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child's satisfying experiences at this early age. Or, to say it another way, this psychological formulation serves to condense, summarize, and synthesize the most important underlying changes, which give meaning to the infant's concrete and diversified experience. Trust can exist only in relation to something. Consequently, a sense of trust cannot develop until infants are old enough to be aware of objects and persons and to have some feeling that they are separate individuals. At about 3 months of age, babies are likely to smile, if somebody comes close and talks to them. This shows that they are aware of the approach of the other person, that pleasurable sensations are aroused. If, however, the person moves too quickly or speaks too sharply, these babies may look and cry. They will not "trust" the unusual situation but will have a feeling of uneasiness, of mistrust, instead. Experience connected with feeding are a prime source for the development of trust. At around 4 months of age, a hungry baby will grow quiet and show signs of pleasure at the sound of an approaching footstep, anticipating (trusting) that he or she will be held and fed. This repeated experience of being hungry, seeing food, receiving food, and feeling relieved and comforted assures the baby that the world is a dependable place. Later experiences, starting at around 5 months of age, add another dimension to the sense of trust. Though endless repetitions of attempts to grasp for and hold objects, most babies are finally successful in controlling and adapting their movements in such a way as to reach their goal. Through these and other feats of muscular coordination, babies are gradually able to trust their own bodies to do their bidding. Studies of mentally-ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy. Similarly, it is a common finding of psychological and social investigators that individuals diagnosed as "psychopathic personalities" were so unloved in infancy that they have no reason to trust the human race and therefore, no feeling of responsibility toward their fellow human beings.

单选题 A major reason for conflict in the animal world is territory. The male animal {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}an area. The size of the area is sufficient to provide food for him, his {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}and their offspring. Migrating birds, for example, {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}up the best territory in the order of "first come, first {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}." The late arrivals may acquire {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}territories, but less food is available, or they are too close to the {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}of the enemies of the species. {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}there is really insufficient food or the danger is very great, the animal will not {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}. In this way, the members of the species which are less fit will not have offspring. When there is conflict {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}. territory, animals will commonly use force, or a {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}of force, to decide which will stay and which will go. It is interesting to note, however, that animals seem to use {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}the minimum amount of force {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}to drive away the intruder. There is usually no killing. In the {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}of those animals which are capable of doing each other great harm, {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}is a system for the losing animal to show the winning animals that he {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}to submit. When he shows this, the {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}normally stops fighting. Animals (especially birds), which can easily escape from conflict seem to have {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}obstacle against killing, and equally no mechanism {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}submission. The losing bird simply flies away. However, if two doves are {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}in a cage, and they start fighting, they will continue to fight until one kills the other. We all think of the dove as a symbol of peace and, in its natural habitat, it is peaceful. But the "peace" mechanism does not {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}in a cage.

单选题Why are some people not so enthusiastic about green buildings?

单选题That couple has endured so many emotional and financial ______. It is amazing that their marriage has lasted.

单选题When I come back in ten years' time, all those old houses ______ down. A. will have pulled B. will have been pulled C. will be pulling D. will be pulled

单选题Since any answer may bring ______ to his government, the spokesman tried to avoid the question.

单选题A recent study, which was published in last week's Journal of the American Medical Association, offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver. Indeed, a 16-year-old driver with three or more passengers is three times as likely to have a fatal accident as a teenager driving alone. By contrast, the risk of death for the drivers between 30 and 59 decreases with each additional passenger. The authors also found that the death rates for teenage drivers increased dramatically after 10 p.m., and especially after midnight. With passengers in the car, the driver was even more likely to die in a late-night accident. Robert Foss, a scientist at the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, says the higher death rates for teenage drivers have less to do with "really stupid behavior" than with just a lack of driving experience. "The basic issue" he says, "is that adults who are responsible for issuing licenses fail to recognize how complex and skilled a task driving is. " Both he and the author of the study believe that the way to mitigate (使…缓解)the problem is to have states institute so-called graduated licensing systems, in which getting a license is a multistage process. A graduated license requires that a teenager should first prove himself capable of driving in the presence of an adult, followed by a period of driving with night or passenger restrictions, before graduating to full driving privileges. Graduated licensing systems have reduced teenage driver crashes, according to recent studies. About half of the states now have some sort of graduated licensing system in place, but only 10 of those states have restrictions on passengers. California is the strictest, with a novice(新手) driver prohibited from carrying any passenger under 20 (without the presence of an adult over 25) for the first six months.

单选题{{B}}Passage Two{{/B}} It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minutes surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death—and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of OURS. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solveD. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their in- ability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patien—too often offer aggressive treatment far be- yond what is scientifically justified. In 1950, the U..S. spent $12. 7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and in- firm "have a duty todie and get out of the way" , so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential. I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have. Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikelycures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.

单选题{{B}}21-25{{/B}} Not too many decades ago it seemed "obvious" both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people's natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to kin (亲戚) and neighbors, and substituted in their place superficial relationships with passing acquaintances. However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the "obviousness" is not tree. It seems that if you are a city resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident of a smaller community. But, for the most part, this fact has few significant consequences. It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else. Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds. Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationships do not differ between more and less urban people. Small-town residents are more involved with kin than big-city residents. Yet city dwellers compensate by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism may produce a different style of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city. Nor are residents of large communities any likelier to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation, a feeling of not belonging, than are residents of smaller communities. However, city dwellers do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust of strangers. These findings do not imply that urbanism makes little or no difference. If neighbors are strangers to one another, they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for young troublemakers. Moreover, as Wirth suggested, there may be a link between a community's population size and its social heterogeneity (多样性). For instance, sociologists have found that the size of a community is associated with bad behavior including gambling, drugs, etc. Large-city urbanites are also more likely than their small-town counterparts to have a cosmopolitan (见多识广者的) outlook, to display less responsibility to traditional kinship roles, to vote for leftist political candidates, and to be tolerant of nontraditional religious groups, unpopular political groups, and so-called undesirables. Everything considered, heterogeneity and unusual behavior seem to be outcomes of large population size.

单选题A judgement may be revised or reversed in the light of some particular action.

单选题All her hard work ______ in the end, and she finally passed the exam. A. showed off B. paid off C. left off D. kept off

单选题The FBI arrived in time to prevent the ______ -- of the secret documents.

单选题It is ______ he is determined.

单选题Since the ______ of human history, human beings have been asking questions like "What is the essence of life"

单选题We want to Upreserve/U the character of the town while improving the facilities.

单选题Like many of my generation, I have a weakness for hero worship. At some point, however, we all begin to question our heroes and our need for them. This leads us to ask: What is a hero? Despite immense differences in cultures, heroes around the world generally share a number of characteristics that instruct and inspire people. A hero does something worth talking about. A hero has a story of adventure to tell and a community who will listen. But a hero goes beyond mere fame. Heroes serve powers or principles larger than themselves. Like high-voltage transformers, heroes take the energy of higher powers and step it down so that it can be used by ordinary people. The hero lives a life worthy of imitation. Those who imitate a genuine hero experience life with new depth, enthusiasm, and meaning. A sure test for would-be heroes is what or whom do they serve? What are they willing to live and die for? If the answer or evidence suggests they serve only their own fame, they may be famous persons but not heroes. Madonna and Michael Jackson are famous, but who would claim that their fans find life more abundant? Heroes are catalysts (催化剂) for change. They have a vision from the mountaintop. They have the skill and the charm to move the masses. They create new possibilities. Without Gandhi, India might still be part of the British Empire. Without Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr. , we might still have segregated (隔离的) buses, restaurants, and parks. It may be possible for large-scale change to occur without leaders with magnetic personalities, but the pace of change would be slow, the vision uncertain, and the committee meetings endless. (293 words)

单选题James: Hi, there, Mike. Fancy meeting you here. It's ... Allen :______ James: Oh, I'm terribly sorry. A. Mind you, my name is Allen. B. Hi, nice to meet you. C. Sorry, but you must be mistaken. D. Who is Mike?

单选题A: Can you keep an eye on my bag? B: ______ A: No. I"m going to the bathroom

单选题If you were to ask him ______ his money, he would have difficulty recalling it.

单选题Carl: I wonder what the weather will be like tomorrow. Bush: ______ A. I don't like the weather at this time of the year. B. I don't mind if it is going to rain tomorrow. C. Didn't you read the newspaper yourself? D. Let's listen to the weather report on the radio.