问答题In the last two years of the 1840's San Francisco exploded onto the world map; a small village on America' s West Coast rose in a few months to become a "boom" town for gambling, drinking and violence. (1) From the four comers of the earth, from Europe, China, India and Australia, men met on the west coast with one aim — Gold, which was the magnet that attacted these first settlers. It had all started on the 24th January 1848, when a workman came across gold in a river in the Sacramento valley. (2) Almost overnight, this discovery was known up and down the Pacific coast, and the news of quick fortunes to be made spread rapidly eastwards with amazing effects. Men who had previously been thought sensible and industrious left their jobs, wives, families and homes and set out to join the rush to California. All possible routes were taken by the forty-niners(1848年去加州淘金的人) as these pioneers came to be called, who set out to find gold; they sailed round Cape Horn, they crossed at the Isthmus of Panama, or they tripped across the continent along the Oregon or California Trails. (3) And with the honest fortune-seekers came men who were lees, particular as to how they made their money. It was inevitably the more reckless and adventurous, and those who had least to lose, who were among the first to jump onto the bandwagon and who came off best. The common desire to get rich quickly mused the violence and terrorism that swept the California gold-fields. (4) Men who had given up everything became desperate in their search for wealth; they would rob their friends of gold, make their fortunes only to lose them, and possibly their lives, in the gambling house of San Francisco. And of course, hot on the heels of the gold explorers came others, more practiced in the art of money-making, like businessmen, lawyers and saloon-own ers, to serve the newly-rich settlers. Speculation in land was an easier and safer way to get rich than separating gold from dirt in the gold-fields; and so was the job of providing whisky, women and gambling facilities for the explorers, usually at absurdly high prices measured in pinches(微量) of gold. (5) The excitement was, however, short-lived; within a very few years the place of these first violent settlers had been taken by farmer% shop-owners and professional men, who under took in a more reasonable fashion the formation of the new state of' California.

问答题If you want to stay young, sit down and have a good think. This is the research finding of a team of Japanese doctors, who say that most of our brains are not getting enough exercise and as a result, we are aging unnecessarily soon. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of aging could be slowed down. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volumes of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect and emotion, and determine the human character. The rear section of the brain, which controls functions like eating and breathing, does not contract with age, and one can continue living without intellectual or emotional faculties. Contraction of front and side parts -- as cells die off -- was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty-and seventy-year-olds. Matsuzawa concluded from his tests that there is a simple remedy to the contraction normally associated with age -- using the head. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns. Those least at risk, says Matsuzawa , are lawyers, followed by university professors and doctors. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant. Matsuzawa's findings show that thinking can prevent the brain from shrinking. Blood must circulate properly in the head to supply the fresh oxygen the brain cells need. "The best way to maintain good blood circulation is through using the brain." he says. "Think hard and engage in conversation. Don't rely on pocket calculators./1.What did the team of doctors want to find out?

问答题You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Zhang Wei" instead. Do not write your address.

问答题Directions: Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. Drinking water and water for domestic use often come from groundwater. In order to protect this water, local water authorities can apply to local administrative authorities to mark certain locations as water protection areas. The size of these areas is calculated in such a way that the quantity of groundwater taken from them corresponds to the actual rainfall going into them. In the water protection areas certain uses of the land and activities on the land are banned or restricted. Water protection areas fall into three zones. Zone 3 is the outermost zone with a diameter of 4 kilometers around the groundwater well. Here no chemical works or the use of pesticides (杀虫剂) are allowed. Zone 2 is determined around the so-called 50-day line. It is assumed that after 50 days in the groundwater harmful bacteria will have died off. Here settlements and fertilizer storage are forbidden. Zone 1 marks the ten-meter boundary around the well. Here, any use of the land, as well as access by unauthorized persons, is forbidden.

问答题International investors seem incapable of ending their love affair with the dollar. America's economy has slowed sharply this year, yet its currency has risen to a 15-year high in trade-weighted terms. Against the euro the dollar touched $0.88—8% higher than in early January and close to the level at which the European Central Bank and the Federal Reserve jointly intervened to prop up the European currency last September. Why is the euro looking sickly? There are plenty of theories. One is that the markets do not trust the ECB: the euro-area economies are not immune to America's downturn, yet the central bank still seems more concerned with fighting inflation than with supporting growth; another more plausible explanation is that, in an uncertain global economic climate, the dollar has resumed its traditional role as a safe-haven currency. Most economists reckon that the euro is undervalued and expect a rebound over the next year. One of the most optimistic is Goldman Sachs, which is predicting a rate of $1.22 in 12 months.

问答题Never mind a crisp shirt or a firm handshake. If you want to impress a potential employer, put on a pair of spectacles. Job hunters are more likely to be hired if they wear glasses to their interview, according to a study. A third of adults think spectacle-wearers look more professional, while 43 per cent think they appear more intelligent. And 40 per cent of those with 20-20 vision would consider wearing clear lenses if it would improve their chances of getting a job. Another six per cent would put on glasses to feel fashionable, and nine per cent think spectacles make the wearer look more attractive, the study by the College of Optometrists found. Psychology professor Cary Cooper, from Lancaster University, said: "It is not surprising that businesses want to employ intelligent staff but the idea that intelligent people wear glasses is an old stereotype that has not gone away." In fact, glasses are a poor indication of intelligence because you can have bad eyesight for a number of reasons and then choose to wear contact lenses. It is possible that some people have more self-confidence and change their behaviour when they put on glasses, which could in itself improve their chances at interview.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are the dean of the Foreign Languages Department of Nankai University, China. You want to write to Professor Black, your former British colleague, to invite him to attend the ceremony of your department. Your composition should be more than 150 words. You should write your composition neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题你的名字叫张兵，原先在一家电脑公司任公关部主任，现调到机械进出口公司任经理。你在职务调动之际，给你原来的同事和有关单位发一份电子邮件(E-mail)，其内容应包括以下几点： 1．你的职务变动情况。 2．对曾经支持和帮助过你工作的人们表示感谢。 3．推荐继任者，并希望大家支持其工作。 4．希望今后继续保持联系。

问答题Where is the boundary between human mind and machine? If the test were reasoning ability, the computer would be our superior. But logic alone does not make a first-class mind. In our complicated world straightforward reasoning doesn't always work. As is known to all, productive thought requires not just the rules of logic but a wealth of experience and background information, plus the ability to generalize and interpret new experiences using that information. A genius like Einstein is produced only after many years of study, which is the period of time needed to lay foundations for a creative mind.

问答题You work as an accountant for an electric equipment producer. You delivered two orders to one customer on l0th December 2008 and 20th January 2009 respectively, but haven't received any payment yet. Write a letter about 120 words advising your customer to settle his accounts as soon as possible.

问答题Astronomers believe that the expanding universe is the result of an enormous and powerful explosion called the Big Bang. The Big Bang theory may explain how the universe formed. The Big Bang theory states that the universe began to expand with the explosion of concentrated matter and energy and has been expanding ever since. According to the theory, all the matter and energy in the universe was once concentrated into a single place. This place, of course, was extremely hot and dense. Then some 15 to 20 billion years ago, an explosion -- the Big Bang -- shot the concentrated matter and energy in all directions. The fastest moving matter traveled farthest away. Energy, too, began moving away from the area of the Big Bang.

问答题Part A Directions: Read the following Chinese and write an abstract of 80—100 words. 明星是否可以吸毒 失踪多日的日本著名影星酒井法子，8月8日正式向警方投案自首，承认吸毒，消息传出， 举世皆惊。明星吸毒并不是国外的专利，咱们国内也时不时地曝出此类“举世皆惊”的新闻。这 不，前两天又有一位歌手因吸毒被抓。 面对频繁的“明星吸毒被抓”，媒体有许多的解读方式。有人说，明星们很空虚，表面很风光，却生活在高处不胜寒的状态下。明星大多是没有自我的，听从公司的安排，如听从口令的机器人，这种状态下，极容易吸毒。有人说，明星的压力巨大，成名之后很快就会过气，所谓“江山代有才人出，各领风骚数百天”，在他们无法承受重压情绪失控时，很容易就想到了毒品。还有人说，这是圈内的时尚，有位资深的娱乐记者曾说，演艺圈内吸毒之所以像流行感冒，一个重要原因正是一些人把丑陋当时尚。别人不吸，我敢吸，叫“特立独行”；别人都吸，我不吸，岂非“不识时务”；一则可彰显身份特殊，胆敢违法犯纪，二则也可借此融入演艺圈，别让他人小瞧了自己。 其实，种种说法，都是圈外人的解读，逻辑上甚至都有问题。说明星没有“自我”，“自我”这个词太深奥，我感觉这个世界上太多人是找不到“自我”的，为何没有“自我”偏偏就非得跟毒品联系上?说吸毒是娱乐圈内的时尚，甚至有负面作用，把娱乐圈“妖魔化”，原来娱乐圈这么乱。我相信娱乐圈有“潜规则”，但是，总不至于傻到把吸毒也纳入“潜规则”的行列，大家都去high一下? 的确，吸毒总让我们想到堕落、压抑、煎熬、绝望之类的贬义词，但是，在没有确切统计数据的前提下，谁也不能说演艺圈出现吸毒现象的比例就一定比其他人群高。我们也不能用道德的眼光去盲目地审判一个明星，明星的特殊身份决定了其吸毒的曝光率高，作为公众人物，总是吸引媒体记者的眼球，成为报道的对象。而大众在媒体的追踪报道下，眼光也只聚焦在明星的身上，往往“一叶障目”，片面地解读着“娱乐圈”，用个别明星的行为概括整个娱乐圈。 娱乐圈的一切都在娱乐着，明星吸毒在媒体的报道下成了“常态”，娱乐着“举世皆惊”的大众，以致于连对明星吸毒原因的“解读”似乎也在娱乐着，我们真犯不着“费脑筋”为那个别吸毒的明星找理由。触犯法律的人自有司法部门去调查，作出审判。同时，吸毒的明星也是毒品的受害者，大众除了对明星的失望、震惊、不可想象、不可理解之外，挽救这个受害人，促其悬崖勒马，改过自新，不也是种关怀?

问答题Directions: In this section there is a text in English. Translate the five underlined sentences into Chinese. Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. (31) {{U}}But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy's vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and factories{{/U}}. Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ 60 percent of the workforce and are expected to generate half of all new jobs between now and the year 2000．Some 1.2 million small firms have opened their doors over the past 6 years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200, 000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own. Too many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will overestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires. (32) {{U}}Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor(欣赏) the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also, at least for a while, be bookkeepers and receptionists, too{{/U}}. According to Small Business Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to disappear in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups will have folded. A new study of 3,000 small businesses, sponsored by American Express and the National Federation of Independent Business, suggests slightly better odds: three years after start-up, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. (33) {{U}}Most credited their success in large' part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in. Eighty percent had worked with the same product or service in their last jobs. {{/U}} Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm's health in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age. You must tenderly monitor its pulse. In their zeal to expand, small business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitability. (34) {{U}}They hopefully pour more and more money into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that means the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices. {{/U}}Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save. Frequent checks of your firm's vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth. (35) {{U}}To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer the new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot ideas.{{/U}}

问答题Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world's airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions? Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the "right" answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centers round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centers need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy. However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, hut there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.

问答题There"s no such thing as an all-lecture class at Yale, nor at most other undergraduate colleges or business schools. Professors expect and demand engagement and discussion and students will often pipe up with questions in the middle of a salient point. In most cases, this is not considered rude; I think American students occasionally think of themselves as consumers of the course material, with the right to get their questions answered or theories explored by the professor. In one early class of ours, the professor even wrote to students who had not been participating to request that they speak up more in class. Of course, not all participation is valid or particularly helpful. Students will often ask questions they should know the answer to, or attempt to build on a point with an off-base comment. Interestingly, if a group of students is in a class together consistently, the group begins to subtly govern itself and members whose contributions might not be adding to the total experience will get the hint and aim to consider the good of the whole when raising their hand. But shifting between absorbing the lecture and participating in a conversation about it is a key feature of the classroom experience.

问答题Directions:Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechartand2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteatleast150words.WriteyouressayonANSWERSHEET2.InvestmentinBeijingfromDifferentCountriesandRegionsHongKong—44%Japan—19.2%U.S.A—16%Other23countries—21.8%

问答题Directions: You are the director of Training Department in an international travel agency, and your company has asked you to design a staff-training program. Write a memo to all people working in your department to: (1) inform them of the task and the time of the training program, (2) ask for their suggestions concerning the training areas, duration of the course, etc. , and (3) give a deadline for their suggestions. Do not use your own name; use "Wang Lin" instead.

问答题Some small traders worry that eBay has lost interest in them. They say it"s increasingly focused on winning business from large retailers instead. "In this six to seven years I"ve been doing it, I have seen it changed quite a lot as well. It has gone from kind of embracing the smaller sellers to now embracing the larger companies. They are making themselves into more of a marketplace, almost like Amazon. It seems that if what they"re going for, they"re looking to make eBay into this marketplace of major retailers and big sellers. And this has kind of squeezed on small people because when people search, the smaller sellers tend to come up lesser in the ratings or lower in the ratings, so they are harder to find their items. And so eBay has changed into more of a corporation as opposed to the small company." EBay is now pursuing new business models. It"s also facing a radical shift in the way people use its services. It"s started out as a pure auction site, but now most transactions are done at a fixed price which makes eBay more similar to other online retailers. Some say it"s merely adapting to changed market conditions. Others worry that eBay is in danger of losing its soul.

问答题今天我们如何看待财富 财富这个话题，恐怕每时每刻都在我们的身边被谈论、被涉及，也时时被扭曲、被 误解。但事实上，它被讨论得还远远不够。 对于我们来说，每个人都在以自己的方式创造并享用财富。尤其在今天，个人生活的 改善、自我价值的体现、社会效益的达成，都是以财富的增长作为衡量标准的。但是在某 某家产多少，某某身家过亿，这样的谈论与比较中，财富被狭义化了，它走入了那道窄门， 门后是锱铢必较的人心浮沉。曾经看到过这样的报道，东南亚金融风波之际，香港精神病 院病人猛增。院方为治疗这批特殊的病人，模拟股票交易，使下跌的股票上升，借此缓解 他们因破产而带来的心灵创伤。如果将积聚财富作为生活的唯一目标，那么一旦失去财富， 就会失去整个精神支柱，这样的人生无疑是可悲的。假设你中了3.6亿元，该怎么花?恐怕 并不是每个人都能得出合适的答案。 与对财富的过度追求和依赖相反的另一个极端就是将财富泛道德化，敌视财富、 排斥财富。“为富即不仁”这样的儒家固有的观念在今天仍然有其市场。其实财富本 身无罪，而且还是社会发展的见证与量度。就拿民营经济发达的浙江来说，民营企业 的成长、民营企业家财富的积累，也是浙江一省经济发展映像的重要一维。尤其对浙 江千千万万的企业主和个体户来说，每一分钱上都凝聚着他们的辛劳和汗水，闪耀着 他们的勇气与智慧。这些用勤劳的双手创造的财富可以化为商场的购买力，可以变为 外来打工者的工资。“君子爱财，取之有道”，财富本身具有天然的积极性能够使其 来自于社会、反馈于社会。在陈发树豪捐83亿元的行为反遭一片质疑时，这种积极 性要怎样才能更顺畅地发挥出来，值得我们讨论。 如果以一种更宏观的视野来看财富，那财富如何分配的话题是永远绕不过去的。在 社会财富增长的时候，平民百姓的生活品质是否也随之增长，他们是否能因自己的劳动与创造分享到相对公平的财富份额，是我们一直在探讨而且需要进一步探讨的问题。 今天我们如何看待财富?各人也许各有看法。如何创造财富、分配财富、使用财富才是社会需要认真思考的问题。

问答题Americans are used to being warned for their self-destructive fondness for cheese-flavored snacks(有乳酪味道的快餐). But citizens of developing countries are also unable to escape the danger of the First World's fat-rich diet and couch potato ways. At last week's 8th International Congress on Obesity(肥胖), held in Paris, researchers warned that the planet's expanding waistlines threaten "to become the curse of the next millennium(千年)". "We used to consider obesity a problem of industrialized, rich countries," says Arnaud, a member of the meeting's lead committee. "But now it has become a world disease." Researchers blame the trend -- and the attendant rise in the incidence of heart disease and diabetes(糖尿病) -- on the Third World's increasing wealth, reduced physical activity, and more calorie-laden diets. As a result, the World Health Organization has estimated that 300 million people will be obese by 2025, an increase of 50 million from today. In Mauritius, for example, WHO estimates that 32 percent of the population will be obese by 2025, compared with 7 percent in 1987. Last year, WHO said that obesity's fatal impact could rival smoking. There was much hopeful discussion about new drugs such as leptin, a hormone that has proved effective for severe weight problems. But leptin should be a last resort, says Basdevant: "First of all, we have to consider prevention." If America is any indication, however, educating the world about the danger of Big Macs and cable TV will be difficult: despite heightened awareness of the need for proper diet and exercise, the number of obese Americans is expected to double over the next three decades.1.What are Americans warned for?