填空题The examination (will test) your ability to understand (spoken) English, to read nontechnical language, and (writing) (correctly). A. will test B. spoken C. writing D. correctly

填空题Double Income and No Kids (DINK) becomes fashionable in China. The DINK couples are usually regarded as those who have higher educations and 【31】 careers with higher incomes. The increase in DINK families has shattered the Chinese traditional idea of the family and 【32】 typical. A survey conducted recently in Beijing by a market survey company 【33】 that about 33 percent of the 1,300 surveyed families in Beijing said they have 【34】 plans to have children. It is estimated there about 600,000 DINK families in large cities like Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Chongqing. Why they choose such a lifestyle is concluded in 【35】 reasons. Some are showing great worry for the rapid growth of population; some are indulged in building a more well-off family; some are showing sharp 【36】 to get themselves free from the obligation of raising children. 【37】 , most people still believe it is necessary to bear a child to keep the family line on. As an old Chinese saying goes: There are three aspects in failing to be a filial son and the 【38】 serious one is to have no heir for the family. So, childless couples will suffer discrimination 【39】 family members and neighbors. But it is clear that the new tide of ideas has come, which suggests young people 【40】 to choose their own way of life. They are instilling modern ideas into traditional families and society. In the modernization process, personal choices will be highly respected.

填空题A. Thinks Positively. B. Knows That Principles Are More Important than Rules. C. Possesses a Sense of Humor. D. Communicates Facts That Are Hard to Take. E. Cares for Others and Their Well-being. F. Has Integrity and Authenticity. G. Order Is Important. Much has been written about the tasks of leaders and the skills required for leadership. There has been considerable debate about the question of whether leaders are born or made. Likely behind these arguments is the difference between personal characteristics that some people have at birth and skills that one can acquire through education and practice. But the important personal characteristics, while they may seem innate in some people, can be cultivated, and indeed, require cultivation in all of us. For unless they are strengthened through conscious attention and cultivation, they can, for example, easily be forgotten or ignored in the craziness of activity often associated with leadership. What are some of these characteristics? One could make many lists, but here are five personal traits that seem especially important. A good leader: 1 An effective leader is "genuine", internally and externally consistent. A good leader is one of whom it can be said, "What you see is what you get" —there is never any wonder as to whether the image, the "person" presented to the world, really reflects the person. Such a leader has honesty—he/she says what he/she means, means what he/she says. A good leader has a consistency of purpose, operates out of discernible principles, and "stands for " something worthwhile and detectable. Honesty and reliability require self-reflection, the ability to understand oneself honestly, the capacity to assess one"s strengths and weaknesses accurately, and acceptance of one"s self. 2 A good leader takes responsibility seriously but never takes himself seriously. Such a leader can help people relax and get through tough situations in good spirits. 3 A good leader understands that nothing except a great work of art can be done by one person alone-that something of lasting value is almost always the result of a group effort. But even more than that, a good leader genuinely is concerned with and interested in others. Such concerning means that a good leader is collegial, building a sense of group identity and purpose. A good leader "brings out the best" in each of those who follow, seeks the development and advancement of each member of the group, and delights in each person"s growth in ability and of character. A good leader rejoices in the success of group members without announcement of jealousy. A good leader is deliberative, involving the group in decisions wherever possible and encourages, supports, and applauds the members of the group. 4 One of the primary roles of the leader is to inspire hope, even in a difficult situation. This is not the same as being blindly optimistic. We think, for example, of Franklin Roosevelt"s "We have nothing to fear but fear itself" or of Desmond Tutu"s observation about apartheid in South Africa that since " it is difficult to be optimistic, one must have hope. " Such a leader empowers followers, making them believe that they can accomplish worthwhile but very difficult things. He actually creates energy for the group by being active without becoming unrealistic. 5 A good leader understands that order is important to a group but that rigidity destroys the followers" emotion state. Lasting, empowering order comes more from trust and the development of group norms than from regulations imposed by a leader. Doubtless, everyone would develop a somewhat different, and in many eases, a longer list of personal characteristics. But a leader who is conscious of such a list, who questions the extent to which he or she lives and acts in accord with these traits, and who deliberately cultivates these characteristics is likely to be a successful and appreciated leader.

填空题"Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here," wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not. Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from our forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration. From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus--On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, he championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders. Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist' s personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers. "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, of patient purpose, resolute working, and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character, exhibit," wrote Smiles," what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself. "His biographies of James Watt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life. This was all a hit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals. Not everyone was convinced by such bombast. "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles," wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:" It is man, real, living man who does all that. "And history should he the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For: "Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past. " This was the tradition which revolutionised our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding--from gender to race to cultural studies -- were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.[B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.[C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate.[D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.[E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.[F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders.[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers.

填空题Text 2 [A] Thinks positively. [B] Knows that principles are more important than rules. [C] Possesses a sense of humor. [D] Communicates facts that are hard to take. [E] Cares for others and their well-being. [F] Has integrity and authenticity. Much has been written about the tasks of leaders and the skills required for leadership. There has been considerable debate about the question of whether leaders are born or made. Likely behind these arguments is the difference between personal characteristics that some people have at birth and skills that one can acquire through education and practice. But the important personal characteristics, while they may seem innate in some people, can be cultivated, and indeed, require cultivation in all of us. For unless they are strengthened through conscious attention and cultivation, they can, for example, easily be forgotten or ignored in the frenzy of activity often associated with leadership. What are some of these characteristics? One could make many lists, but here are five personal traits that seem especially important. A good leader:

填空题Britain's emissions of greenhouse gases, blamed by many scientists for contributing to global warming, have fallen by 14 percent since 1990, according to the latest government report. British lakes and rivers are also on the road to recovery from acid rain poisoning, following successful curbs to air pollution from cars and heavy industry. The report by the National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) attributed the drop in greenhouse gas emissions to several factors including: the introduction of catalytic converters on cars, a move toward low sulphur and lead-free petrol and a switch to gas from coal and oil in power generation. Environment Minister Michael Meacher said the downward trend was welcome, but warned of complacency. "Even though these figures are encouraging, we must not be complacent. There are still significant problems where we need to do more, for example, to further reduce greenhouse gases and harmful pollutants (污染物) such as ammonia (氨) and particulate matter," he said in a statement. The government has a target to cut greenhouse gases by 23 percent by 2010 on 1990 levels. This is almost double the target of 12.5 percent to which the UK is committed under the Kyoto Protocol and there are signs that emissions are rising as generators return to using coal-fired power stations in the face of rising natural gas prices. The Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) said substantial curbs on sulphur dioxide emissions across the UK and Europe had cut acid rain by half over the last 12 years. "Damaged freshwater lakes and streams are showing signs of recovery," it said. But DEFRA warned of a new threat: "Nitrogen oxides (氮氧化物) and ammonia are the main air pollutants that must be tackled to stop future damage." The bulk of Britain's ammonia emissions come from farm animal manure (粪肥), causing over-enrichment of land and waterways, said the report. Certain species rampage unchecked through this ultra-fertile environment, smothering the slower growing plants beneath them and choking streams and rivers. Nitrogen oxides enter the atmosphere from car exhausts and industry, creating health-damaging ozone and contributing to acid rain.A. make land and waterways ultra-fertileB. the unchecked choke of rivers and streamsC. can cause acid rainD. criticized by various scientistsE. the fuel has undergone a change from coal to gasF. to reduce the gases by about 12.5%G. had lowered acid rain by half over the decade

填空题 A. The consequence of losing bones B. A better lab than on earth C. Two different cases D. Multiple effects form weightlessness E. How to overcome weightlessness F. Factors that are not so sure During weightlessness, the forces within the body undergo dramatic change. Because the spine is no longer compressed, people grow taller. The lungs, heart and other organs within the chest have no weight, and as a result, the rib cage and chest relax and expand. Similarly, the weights of he liver, kidneys, stomach and bowels disappear. One astronaut said after his flight: "You feel our guts floating up. I found myself tightening my belly, sort of pushing things back." 41.______ Meanwhile muscles and bones come to be used in different ways. Our muscles are designed to support us when stand or sit upright and to move body parts. But in space, muscles used for support on the ground are no longer needed for that purpose; moreover, the muscles used for movement around a capsule differ from those used for walking down a hall. Consequently, some muscles rapidly weaken. This doesn't present a problem to space travelers as long as they perform only light work. But preventing the loss of muscle tissue required for heavy work during space walks and preserving muscle for safe return to Earth are the subject of many current experiments. Studies have shown that astronauts lose bone mass from the lower spine, hips and upper leg at a rate of about 1 percent per month for the entire duration of their time in space. Some sites, such as the heel, lose calcium faster than others. Studies of animals taken into space suggest that bone formation also declines. 42.______ Needless to say, these data are indeed cause for concern. During space flight, the loss of bone elevates calcium levels in the body, potentially causing kidney stones and calcium crystals to form in other tissues. Back on the ground, the loss of bone calcium stops within one month, but scientists do not yet know whether the bone recovers completely: too few people have flown in space for long periods. Some bone loss may be permanent, in which case ex-astronauts will always be more prone to broken bones. 43.______ These questions mirror those in our understanding of how the body works here on Earth. For example, elderly women are prone to a loss of bone mass. Scientists understand that many different factors can be involved in this loss, but they do not yet know how the factors act and interact; this makes it difficult to develop an appropriate treatment. So it is with bone loss in space, where the right prescription still awaits discovery. 44.______ Many other body systems are affected directly and indirectly. One example is the lung. Scientists have studied the lung in space and learned much they could not have learned in laboratories on earth. On the ground the top and bottom parts of the lung have different patterns of air flow and blood flow. But are these patterns the result only of gravity, or also of the nature of the lung itself? Only recently have studies in space provided clear evidence for the latter. Even in the absence of gravity, different parts of the lung have different levels of air flow and blood flow. 45.______ Not everything that affects the body during space flight is related solely to weightlessness. Also affected, for example, are the immune system and the multiple systems responsible for the amount and quality of sleep (light levels and work schedules disrupt the body's normal rhythms). Looking out the spacecraft window just before going to sleep (an action difficult to resist, considering the view) can let enough bright light into the eye to trigger just the wrong brain response, leading to poor sleep. As time goes on, the sleep debt accumulates. For long space voyages, travelers must also face being confined in a tight volume, unable to escape, isolated from the normal life of Earth, living with a small, fixed group of companions who often come from different cultures. These challenges can lead to anxiety, depression, crew tension and other social issues, which affect astronauts just as much as weightlessness—perhaps even more. Because these factors operate at the same time the body is adapting to other environmental changes, it may not be clear which physiological changes result from which factors. Much work remains to be done.

填空题[A] Analyzing your own taste.[B] Being cautious when experimenting.[C] Finding a model to follow.[D] Getting the final look absolutely right.[E] Learning to be realistic.[F] Making regular conscious choices.[G] How to judge people. When we meet people for the first time, we often make decisions about them based entirely on how they look. And, of course it's something that works both ways, for we too are being judged on our appearance. When we look good, we feel good, which in turn leads to a more confident and self-assured manner. People then pick up on this confidence and respond positively towards us. Undoubtedly, it's what's inside that's important, but sometimes we can send out the wrong signals simply by wearing inappropriate clothing or not spending enough time thinking about how others see us. 41．______ For example, people often make the mistake of trying to look like someone else they've seen in a magazine, but this is usually a disaster as we all have our own characteristics. Stand in front of a full-length mirror and be honest with yourself about what you see. There is no need to dwell on your faults—we all have good points and bad points—but think instead about the best way to emphasize the good ones. 42．______ When selecting your clothes each day, think about who you're likely to meet. when you're going to be spending most of your time and what tasks you are likely to perform. Clearly, some outfits will be more appropriate to different sorts of activity and this will dictate your choice to an extent. However, there's no need to abandon your individual taste completely. After all, if you dress to please somebody else's idea of what looks good, you may end up feeling uncomfortable and not quite yourself. 43．______ But to know your own mind, you have to get to know yourself. What do you truly feel good in? There are probably a few favorite items that you wear a lot—most people wear 20 percent of their wardrobe 80 percent of the time. Look at these clothes and ask yourself what they have in common. Are they neat and tidy, loose and flowing? Then look at the things hanging in your wardrobe that you don't wear and ask yourself why. Go through a few magazines and catalogues and mark the things that catch your eye. Is there a common theme? 44．______ Some colors bring your natural coloring to life and others can give us a washed-out appearance. Try out new colors by all means, but remember that dressing in bright color when you really like subtle neutral tones, or vice versa, will make you feel self-conscious and uncomfortable. You know deep down where your own taste boundaries lie. And although it's good to challenge those sometimes with new combinations or shades, take care not to go too far all at once. 45．______ So, you've chosen an outfit that matches your style, your personality, your shape and your coloring. But does it fit? If something is too tight or too loose, you won't achieve the desired effect, and no matter what other qualities it has, it won't improve your appearance or your confidence. Sometimes, we buy things without thinking. Some people who dislike shopping grab the first thing they see, or prefer to use mail-order or the Internet, in all cases, if it doesn't fit perfectly, don't buy it, because the finer details are just as important as the overall style. Reappraising your image isn't selfish because everyone who comes into contact with you will benefit. You'll look better and you'll feel a better person all round. And If in doubt, you only need to read Professor Albert Mehrabian's book Silent Messages to remind yourself how important outward appearances are. His research showed that the impact we make on each other depend 55 percent on how we look and behave, 38 percent on how we speak and only 7 percent on what we actually say. So, whatever stage you are at in your life, whatever role you play, isn't it time you made the most of yourself?

填空题We have to realize how old, how very old, we are. Nations are classified as "aged" when they have 7 percent or more of their people aged 65 or above, and by about 1970 every one of the advanced countries had become like this. Of the really ancient societies, with over 13 percent above 65, all are in Northwestern Europe. We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is likely to be—at least, for any future that concerns us now. To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be added, some of them only recently recognized. There is the apparent paradox that the effective cause of the high proportion of the old is births rather than deaths. There is the economic principle that the dependency ratio—the degree to which those who cannot earn depend for a living on those who can—is more advantageous in older societies like ours than in the younger societies of the developing world, because lots of dependent babies are more of a liability than, numbers of the inactive aged. There is the appreciation of the historical truth that the aging of advanced societies has been a sudden change. If "revolution" is a rapid resettlement of the social structure, and if the age composition of the society counts as a very important aspect of that social structure, then there has been a social revolution in European and particularly Western European society within the lifetime of everyone over 50. Taken together, these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged. These facts and circumstances had leading position at a world gathering about aging as a challenge to science and to policy, held at Vichy in France. There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birth rate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old. Long life is altering our society, of course, but in experiential terms. We have among us a very much greater experience of continued living than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere, and this will continue. But too much of that lengthened experience, even in the wealthy West, will be experience of poverty and neglect, unless we do something about it. If you are in your thirties, you ought to be aware that you can expect to live near one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60. The older you are now, of course, the greater this proportion will be, and greater still if you are a woman. 41．The closer a society gets to zero population increase, ______. 42．The dependency ratio means______ 43．A world conference was held at Vichy in France to______ 44．The Europeans have grown so old because of______ 45．If you are a woman, you're______[A] experienced in poor conditions.[B] more likely to live longer.[C] discuss aging as a challenge both science and policy confronts.[D] these things have far-reaching implications.[E] the degree to which those non-earners rely on those earners.[F] the older its population tends to be.[G] the early drop in birth rate.

填空题A. Unexpected expansionB. How a student fair all startedC. When to pick the right courseD. Making various demandsE. The participants of the forumF. Factors influencing studentsG. A hard choice to make 41. ______ The number and variety of courses on offer these days makes it difficult to pick the right one. But thousands of Europeans who flock to Brussels Exhibition Centre will be shown how to simplify the difficult job of choosing the right course of study for the career they wish to pursue. 42. ______ Ten years ago a handful of Belgian teenagers, baffled by the array and number of university courses on offer, put their heads together to try to hack their way through the academic undergrowth. They knew that choosing the wrong subject or failing to make the grade would make finding a job all the more difficult. They decided something had to be done to help students approach the task of choosing a course in an effective way. They came up with the idea of a Student Fair. 43. ______ It was decided that this would take the form of a small forum for everyone in Belgium involved in higher education from both the French and Dutch-speaking parts of the country. It would provide the opportunity for representatives of educational institutions to give information on the courses they have on offer and allow school-leavers time to discuss these with them. 44. ______ But what the youngsters did not know was that they were tapping a source of anxiety among students right across Europe. The fair became an annual event. It expanded to include higher education bodies from the whole continent, becoming known as the European Student Fair. 45. ______ "Each year ten million students are faced with the same dilemma," said exhibition organizer Valerie de Norre. "The bewildering variety of options, the evolution of the employment market, the economic downturn, changes in working methods and personal interests all play an important role in the decision-making process. We hope the fair can help people make the correct decision for themselves." This year the theme of the fair is "the right to education for all" and to mark this there is a special exhibition area for bodies that promote equal opportunities in education. Also, the Master of Business Administration course continues to attract an enormous amount of interest across Europe and, in response to demand, fair organizers are once again holding an MBA day.

填空题Please send (me) information (with regard of) (insurance) policies available (from) your company. A. me B. with regard of C. insurance D. from

填空题Text 2 Researchers have studied the poor as individuals, as families and households, as members of poor communities, neighborhoods and regions, as products of larger poverty creating structures. They have been analyzed as victims of crime and criminals, as members of minority cultures, as passive consumers of mass culture and active producers of a "counterculture", as participants in the informal economy, as inventors of survival strategies, as an economic burden and as a reserve army of labor--to mention just some of the preoccupations of poverty research. The elites, who occupy the small upper stratum within the category of the non-poor, and their functions in the emergence and reproduction of poverty are as interesting and important an object for poverty research as are the poor themselves. The elites have images of the poor and of poverty which shape their decisions and actions. So far, little is known about those images, except as they are sketchily portrayed in popular stereotypes. The elites may well ignore or deny the external effects of their own actions (and omissions) upon the living conditions of the poor. Many social scientists may take a very different view. As poverty emerged and was reproduced, legal frameworks were created to contain the problems it caused with profound, and largely unknown, consequences for the poor themselves. In general, political, educational and social institutions tend to ignore or even damage the interests of the poor. In constructing a physical infrastructure for transport, industry, trade and tourism, the settlements of the poor are often the first to suffer or to be left standing and exposed to pollution, noise and crowding. Most important are the economic functions of poverty, as for lack of other options the poor are forced to perform activities considered degrading or unclean. The poor are more likely to buy second-hand goods and leftover foodstuffs, thus prolonging their economic utility. They are likely to use the services of low-quality doctors, teachers and lawyers whom the non-poor shy away from. Poverty and the poor serve an important symbolic function, in reminding citizens of the lot that may befall those who do not heed the values of thrift, diligence and cleanliness, and of the constant threat that the rough, the immoral and the violent represent for the rest of society. Physically, the poor and the non-poor are often kept apart, through differential land use and ghettoization. Socially, they are separated through differential participation in the labor market, the consumption economy, and in political, social and cultural institutions. Conceptually, they are divided through stereotyping and media cliché. This separation is even more pronounced between the elites and the poor. [A] patronize low-quality doctors, teachers and lawyers. [B] by means of stereotyping and media cliché. [C] as an subject for studying poverty. [D] the values of thrift, diligence and cleanliness. [E] by political, educational and social organizations. [F] through differential presence in the labor force. [G] victims of criminal acts.

填空题[A] Methods of settling conflicting interests[B] Fulfilling acts of aggression[C] Handling rightsbased disputes[D] The use of negotiation for different dispute types[E] The role of arbitrators[F] Disagreement of interests[G] The role of power in settling disagreements The Nature of Disputes To resolve a dispute means to turn opposing positions into a single outcome. The two parties may choose to focus their attention on one or more of three basic factors. They may seek to reconcile their interests, determine who is right, and/or determine who is more powerful. 41．______ Interests are needs, desires, concerns, fears—the things one cares about or wants. They provide the foundation for a person's or an organization's position in a dispute. In a dispute, not only do the interests of one party not coincide with those of the other party, but they are in conflict. For example, the director of sales for an electronics company gets into a dispute with the director of manufacturing over the number of TV models to produce. The director of sales wants to produce more models because her interest is in selling TV sets; more models mean more choice for consumers and hence increased sales. The director of manufacturing, however, wants to produce fewer models. His interest is in decreasing manufacturing costs and more models mean higher costs. 42．______ Reconciling such interests is not easy. It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns, devising creative solutions, and making tradeoffs and compromises where interests are opposed. The most common procedure for doing this is negotiation, the act of communication intended to reach agreement. Another interests based procedure is mediation, in which a third party assists the disputants, the two sides in the dispute, in reaching agreement. 43．______ By no means do all negotiations (or mediations) focus on reconciling interests. Some negotiations focus on determining who is right, such as when two lawyers argue about whose case has the greater merit. Other negotiations focus on determining who is more powerful, such as when quarrelling neighbors or nations exchange threats and counter threats. Often negotiations involve a mix of all threesome attempts to satisfy interests, some discussion of rights, and some references to relative power. 44．______ It is often complicated to attempt to determine who is right in a dispute. Although it is usually straightforward where rights are formalised in law, other rights take the form of unwritten but socially accepted standards of behavior, such as reciprocity, precedent, equality, and seniority. There are often different — and sometimes contradictory standards that apply to rights. Reaching agreement on rights, where the outcome will determine who gets what, can often be so difficult that the parties frequently turn to a third party to determine who is right. The most typical rights procedure, in which disputants present evidence and arguments to a neutral third party who has the power to make a decision that must be followed by both disputants. (In mediation, by contrast, the third party does not have the power to decide the dispute.) Public adjudication is provided by courts and administrative agencies. Private adjudication is provided by arbitrators. 45．______ A third way to resolve a dispute is on the basis of power. We define power, somewhat narrowly, as the ability to pressure someone to do something he would not otherwise do. Exercising power typically means imposing costs on the other side or threatening to do so. The exercise of power takes two common forms: acts of aggression, such as physical attack, and withholding the benefits that derive from a relationship, as when employees stop working in a strike.

填空题Job Satisfaction and Personnel Mobility Europe, and indeed all the major industrialized nations, is currently going through a recession. This obviously has serious implications for companies and personnel who find themselves victims of the downturn. As Britain apparently eases out of recession, there are also potentially equally serious implications for the companies who survive, associated with the employment and recruitment market in general. During a recession, voluntary staff turnover is bound to fall sharply. Staff who have been with a company for some years will clearly not want to risk losing their accumulated redundancy rights. Furthermore, they will be unwilling to go to a new organization where they may well be joining on a "last in, first out" basis. Consequently, even if there is little or no job satisfaction in their current post, they are most likely to remain where they are, quietly sitting it out and waiting for things to improve. In Britain, this situation has been aggravated by the length and nature of the recession—as may also prove to be the case in the rest of Europe and beyond. In the past, companies used to take on staff at the lower levels and reward loyal employees with internal promotions. This opportunity for a lifetime career with one company is no longer available, owing to "downsizing" of companies, structural reorganizations and redundancy programs, all of which have affected middle management as much as the lower levels. This reduced promotion prospects within most companies. Whereas ambitious personnel had become used to regular promotion, they now find their progress is blocked. This situation is compounded by yet another factor. When staff at any level are taken on, it is usually from outside and promotion is increasingly through career moves between companies. Recession has created a new breed of bright young graduates, much more self-interested and cynical than in the past. They tend to be more wary, skeptical of what is on offer and consequently much tougher negotiators. Those who joined companies directly from education feel the effects most strongly and now feel uncertain and insecure in mid-life. In many cases, this has resulted in staff dissatisfaction. Moreover, management itself has contributed to this general ill-feeling and frustration. The caring image of the recent past has gone and the fear of redundancy is often used as the prime motivator. As a result of all these factors, when the recession eases and people find more confidence, there will be an explosion of employees seeking new opportunities to escape their current jobs. This will be led by younger, less-experienced employees and the hard-headed young graduates. "Headhunters" confirm that older staff are still cautious, having seen so many good companies "go to the wall", and are reluctant to jeopardize their redundancy entitlements. Past experience, however, suggests that, once triggered, the expansion in recruitment will be very rapid. 41．The "downsizing" of companies______ 42．Ambitious personnel______ 43．Today, new graduates______ 44．Long-serving personnel______ 45．Management policy______[A] feel uncertain and insecure[B] are more skeptical and less trusting[C] has affected all levels of personnel.[D] use fear as means of motivation[E] has often contribute to staff dissatisfaction[F] are more skeptical and more trusting[G] increasingly have to look elsewhere for promotion

填空题For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. Columbus went west to look for better trade routes to the Orient and to promote the greater glory of Spain, Lewis and Clark journeyed into the American wilderness to find out what the US had acquired when it purchased Louisiana, and the Apollo astronauts rocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war. Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science by going where no scientists had gone before. Today Mars looms (隐约出现) as humanity's next great terra incognita (未探明之地). And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planet's reddish surface. Could it be that sciences which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at last destined to take a leading role? The question naturally invites a couple of others: Are there experiment that only human could do on Mars? Could those experiments provide insights profound enough to justify the expense of sending people across interplanetary space? With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been. The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite (陨石) from Mars. A more conclusive answer about life on Mars, past or present, would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life. If it could be established that life arose independently on Mars and Earth, the finding would provide the first concrete clues in one of the deepest mysteries in all of science: the prevalence of life in the Universe.A. bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from MarsB. their explorations were driven by commercial and political-military interestsC. promote the greater glory of SpainD. demonstrate the powerful development of technology achieved by AmericansE. complex chemistry come into existence which lead to lifeF. liquid water existed abundantly on Mars.G. believe that's a signify cantcommitment

填空题Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet. The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations. But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food products such as McDonald's. They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking. "Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be," said the leader of the UK's children's doctors. Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufactrues of crisps and candies could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centerpiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie 0liver's high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how "lecturing" people was not the best way to change their behavior. Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. " If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes-by setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events," he said. Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering "inducements" such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said. Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: "if children are taught about the impact that food had on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front." He also urged councils to impose "fast-food-free zones" around schools and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open. A Department of Health spokesperson said: "We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new 'responsibility deal' with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this." The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade. 1. Andrew Lansley held that 2. Terence Stephenson agreed that 3. Jamie Oliver seemed to believe that 4. Dinesh Bhugra suggested that 5. A Department of Health spokesperson proposed that[A] "fat taxes" should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonald's.[B] The government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools.[C] "lecturing" was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.[D] cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet[E] The producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign.[F] parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home.[G] the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses.

填空题Recruiting(招募)the right candidate to fill a vacancy can be a difficult and costly task. 【31】 the wrong person could be an expensive mistake which could cause personnel problems for the whole department. And, as every HR (Human Resource) manager knows, it is much more difficult to get rid of someone than it is to 【32】 them. The HR manager''s first decision is 【33】 to recruit internal applicants or advertise the vacancy outside the company. 【34】 applicants are easy to recruit by memo, e-mail, or newsletter. Furthermore, they are easy to assess and know the company well. 【35】 , they rarely bring fresh ideas to a position. Moreover, a rejected internal candidate might become unhappy and leave the company. Recruiting outside the company means either advertising the vacancy directly or 【36】 an employment agency. If the company decides to advertise the vacancy directly, it has to decide where to place the 【37】 . Traditionally this has meant newspapers and professional journals but now the Internet is also very popular. The decision normally depends on the vacancy. Companies advertise blue-collar or clerical jobs in local newspapers and senior management 【38】 in national papers or professional journals, 【39】 the Internet is one of the best ways of advertising IT vacancies or recruiting abroad. However, with the Internet there is a risk 【40】 receiving unsuitable applications from all over the world.

填空题Finding the Lost Freedom Children's independent access to their local streets may be important for their own personal, mental and psychological development. Allowing them to know their own neighborhood and community gives them a "sense of place". This depends on "active exploration". which is not provided for when children are passengers in cars. (Such children may see more, but they learn less.) Not only is it important that children be able to get to local play areas by themselves, but walking and cycling journeys to school and to other destinations provide genuine play activities in themselves. There are very significant time and money costs their children to school, sport and to other locations. For parents associated with transporting. Tile reduction in children's freedom may also contribute to a weakening of the sense of local community. As fewer children and adults use the streets as pedestrians, these streets become less sociable place. There is less opportunity for children and adults to have the spontaneous exchanges that help to engender a feeling of community. This in itself may exacerbate fears associated with assault and molestation of children, because there are fewer adults available to know their neighbors' children, and who can look out for their safety. The extra traffic involved in transporting children results in increased traffic congestion, pollution and accident risk. As our roads become more dangerous, more parents drive their children to more places, thus contributing to increased levels of danger for the remaining pedestrians. Anyone who has experienced either the reduced volume of traffic in peak hour during school holidays, or the traffic jams near school at the end of a school day, will not need convincing about these points. Thus, there are also important environmental implications of children's loss of freedom. As individuals, parents strive to provide the best upbringing they can for their children. However, in doing so, (e. g. by driving their children to sport, school or recreation) parents may be contributing to a more dangerous environment for children generally. The idea that streets are for cars and backyards and playgrounds are for children's is a strongly held belief, and parents have little choice as individuals but to keep their children off the streets if they want to protect their safety. In many parts of Dutch cities, and some traffic-calmed precincts in Germany, residential streets are now places where cars must give way to pedestrians. In these areas, residents are accepting the view that the function of streets is not solely to provide mobility for cars. Streets may also be for social interaction, walking, cycling and playing. One of the most important aspects of these European cities, in terms of giving cities hack to children, has been a range of "traffic calming" initiatives, aimed at reducing the volume speed of traffic. These initiatives have had complex interactive effects, leading to a sense that children have been able to do this in safety. Recent research has demonstrated that children in many German cities have significantly higher levels of freedom to travel to places in their own neighborhood or city than children in other cities in the world. Modifying cities in order to enhance children's self-awareness will become more environmentally sustainable, as well as more sociable and more livable for all city residents. Perhaps it will be our concern for our children's welfare that convinces us that we need to challenge the dominance of the car in our cities. 41．Children should play______. 42．In some German towns, pedestrians______. 43．Streets should also be used for______. 44．Reducing the amount Of traffic and the speed is______. 45．All people who live in the city will benefit if cities______.[A] traffic calming[B] a dangerous environment[C] on residential streets[D] modified[E] neighborhoods[F] socializing[G] in backyards

填空题(New uses) for plastics (were found) during (the) 1950's and 1960's in medicine, space, research, (industrial), and architecture.A. New usesB. were foundC. theD. industrial

填空题When (contented), and occasionally when (hunger), cats (frequently) make a strange (sound).A. contentedB. hungerC. frequentlyD. sound