填空题One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for "language", which is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking, listening, writing and-reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors.

填空题The ______ is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.

填空题Anaphor is used in a broad sense to include only reflexive like "myself" and reciprocals like "each other".

填空题Scholarship is, 1 definition, a communal act. Disseminating or sharing knowledge makes the work of academic life complete. Consider 2 we always say "research and publication" suggesting that scholarly investigation takes 3 meaning only when it is passed on to others, which might be considered an act of teaching. Surely, teaching undergraduates can be an authentic form of scholarly work. The simple truth is that almost all of us 4 where we are today because of the inspiration of an inspiring teacher. Yet, on far too many campuses, it is deemed better for a professor to 5 a paper at the Hyatt in Chicago 6 to teach undergraduates back home. And it"s really sad the way we speak 7 research "opportunities" and teaching "loads". Giving teaching such a low priority has a profoundly 8 influence on liberal learning. Young scholars often observe that, 9 of catalog commitment to general education, the reality is that too much time with students will, in 10 , jeopardize their careers.

填空题The last sound of "top" can be articulated as unreleased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution.

填空题inventory

填空题______ refers to a collection of Linguistic data, either compiled as written texts or as a transcription of recorded speech.

填空题A hospital is an institution that provides medical services for a community. The doctors, nurses, and other personnel of a hospital work to restore health to sick and injured people. They also try to prevent disease and maintain health in the community. Some hospitals serve as centers for medical education and research. Most hospitals are short-term hospitals in which the majority of patients stay less than 30 days. Patients spend an average of 4 to 8 days in a short-term hospital. In long-term hospitals, most patients stay more than 30 days. People having their tonsils removed would go to a short-term hospital. Those with severe mental illnesses may stay in a long-term institution because of the time needed to treat their condition. A general hospital provides services for most people and illnesses. A special hospital cares for certain people or certain illnesses. For example, pediatric hospitals treat only children. Rehabilitation hospitals provide services to help people adjust to mental and physical disabilities. A hospital may perform other services besides treating the sick. Research hospitals conduct medical research. Teaching hospitals educate future physicians, nurses, and laboratory specialists. A teaching hospital may form part of a university medical center, or it may be a general hospital associated with a medical school. In the professional services department, physicians play an important role and lead a large medical team working for the hospital. The medical team also includes physicians in training. These interns come from medical schools and work in a hospital for practical experience. The nursing staff forms the largest group in the patient care team. Professional nurses, generally called registered nurses, have graduated from a nursing school. They carry out much of the patients" care under the guidance of physicians. They also direct other members of the nursing staff, including practical nurses, nurse"s aides, and nurse attendants. These men and women do many tasks to train the registered nurses for work requiring the special skills. There are many other important departments in a hospital besides the professional services department. The hospital pharmacy provides medicines that physicians order for patients. The central service department maintains medical supplies. The food service department prepares meals for patients and staff members. The hospital laboratories conduct tests that help doctors diagnose and treat illnesses. The radiology department makes X rays to help physicians diagnose diseases and injuries. The medical records department keeps a record on every patient. If former patients return to the hospital, their medical record helps the physician diagnose and treat their illness. The admitting office schedules patients for admission at the request of their physician and assigns them to a room. And the business office lists each patient"s charges, prepares a bill, and records payments received. A. his graduation from a medical school B. provide medical education and conduct research in medicine C. provide medical services for a community D. restore health from a chronic disease E. diagnose diseases and injuries F. have the appendix removed G. professional nurses

填空题The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as ______.

填空题At different times, different patterns of metre and sound have developed and become accept- ed as ways of structuring poems. Among them, ______ consists of lines ha iambic pentameter which do not rhyme.

填空题Confucian

填空题 Column A Column B 1)Horn (a)"father of modem linguistics" 2)Malinowski (b)Systemic-functional Grammar 3)Halliday (c)the Q-principle and the R-principle 4)Hyme (d)a large body of machine-readable texts 5)Saussure (e)communicative competence 6)computer corpus (f)correct grammatically but improper in a communicationalcontext 7)mistake (g)"linguistic environment" and "meaning as functions in thecontext of situation" 8)syllabus (h)constructed by second or foreign language learners 9)interlanguage (i)speaker's meaning, contextual meaning, or extra meaning 10)illocutionary force (j)the planning of a course of instruction

填空题Not all efforts at name changes are successful, of course. In 1997, the New School for Social Research became New School University to reflect their growth into a collection of eight colleges. A. at B. for C. their D. collection of

填空题Selling out to the Students University faculties involve themselves unwittingly in the destruction of the university when they bow to all the pressures of their students and loosen up on requirements 1 . The students will organize a vote and abolish he language requirement and abolish the science requirement, and then they"ll decide they ought to get two units or five units for learning the sitar. As a faculty member my feeling about all this nonsense is that it"s not worth fighting for the innovations the students want because they"re utterly trivial. 2 . What he wants is to avoid some obvious difficulty, like reading something he doesn"t like to read, or having a sadistic exam, or having to sit still for three hours a week listening to some bore talk abut something the student feels he ought not to be required to listen to in the first place. It"s stupid to expect genuine educational insights to come form kids who are the products of this system. 3 . But the faculties will do it. They"ll do it because they feel guilty about their approach to teaching. They"ll do it in ways that won"t interfere with what their departments are doing. 4 . A good teacher is somebody who is not interested in his own ideas, he is interested in somebody else"s mind, but the Young faculty member in a university typically is bursting with his own ideas, and his notion of teaching is to tell those ideas to other people. This has nothing to do with teaching. 5 Say that a faculty meeting is scheduled to discuss some utterly meaningless provisions of the curriculum. The students come in with a charming protest against it and a rather neat solution: 6 . This presupposes the continued existence of courses. With students-initiated courses being added all the time, it only strengthens the course system. But the real aim should be to get rid of the course system altogether. A teacher gives it another decade of life by saying to a student, "OK, you object to the course system? What do you want a curse in?" And he says, "African bead," or what not, "Sold! Go to it." And so the student goes to it and earns three units. 7 . The fact is, however, that he winds up with contempt for a faculty that permits this sort of thing to go on. The depressing thing is to see, under the guise of revolution, simply the old middle class individualistic free market being pushed to its ultimate absurdity in the name of student consumer demand. To contuse this with revolution in education is tragic. A. In the meantime he has stopped objecting to curses for a while. B. They want anything but things taught at universities. C. To turn academic decisions over to them is ludicrous. D. The kids will get what they think they want, which isn"t really what they want. E. Confronted with student power the faculty member gives in, and it doesn"t bother him because he gets to be a hero by voting yes for freedom. F. "The course ought to be divided into three groups: a third in the major, a third not in the major, and the other third the student can do anything he wants with." G. Teaching is the art of developing or cultivating another mind, and helping it to increase its powers. H. The educational imagination of a product for student of a university is not very significant.

填空题proportionate

填空题People uncritical of technology also rationalize endangering Technologies by promoting humanistic uses of a particular technology. In 1950s, for instance, nuclear weaponry was justified by its 1 "peaceful use": cheap electricity through nuclear power. Later, when nuclear power"s excesses and dangers came under light, 2 pronuclear people tried to deflect concern by drawing attention to the medical uses of radiation. Such rationalizations make a strong effect on both the public 3 and the creators and disseminators of technologies. Since the notion of the technical solution has so successfully engulfed our minds, social mores, institutions, the most searing judgment critics have been 4 able to muster does not even question modem technology as such. Rather it asserts where technologies are neutral: they are just tools 5 that contain no inherent political bias. If there is a problem with technology, it lay with what class of people controls it. 6 There is other school of thought which views technology as 7 political: technologies serve political ends. They are invented and deployed by people who benefit and believe in a particular political 8 setup—and their very structure serves this setup. An overview of mass technological society shows that the kinds of technologies in place are those serve the perpetuation of mass technological society. 9 For instance, the telephone and computer may look as "people"s 10 technologies", and they do help individuals stay in communication and collect, sort, and manage information. Yet both were consciously developing to enhance systems of centralized political power. 11 According to a manually written by early telephone entrepreneurs, the 12 telephone was consciously disseminated to increase corporate command of information, resources, communications, and time. The computer is originally invented during World War Ⅱ to decode 13 intercepted radio messages and later to boost military power through guided missilery. Today these technologies make global exploitation of nature, urban centralization, and high-tech military domination not only possibly, but seemingly necessary. In a 14 decentralized, communal society, telephones or computers would be 15 neither politically necessary nor individually attractive. As jerry Mander sees it, "Each technology is compatible with certain political And social outcomes, and usually it has been invented by people who have some of these outcomes in mind. The idea that technology is "neutral" is itself not neutral."

填空题Some morphemes like -ish, -ness, -ly, -dis, trans-, un-, are never words by themselves but are always parts of words. These affixes are ______ morphemes.

填空题In the 21st century we may very well revert ______ a pre-Renaissance model which only an elite class—the clergy in that era, the technical specialist in ours—will know how to read and write.

填空题Directions: Read the following text and answer questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs. There are two extra items in the subtitles. A. Follow on Lines B. Whisper: Keep It to Yourself C. Word of Experience: Stick to It D. Code of Success. Freed and Targeted E. Efficient Work to Promote Efficient Workers F. Recipe: Simplicity Means Everything G. Efficiency Comes from Orders Every decade has its defining self-help business book. In the 1940s it was How to Win Friends and Influence People, in the 1990s The Seven Habits of Highly Successful People. These days we"re worried about something much simpler: Getting Things Done. 6 That"s the title of productivity guru David Allen"s pithy 2001 treatise on working efficiently, which continues to resonate in this decade"s overworked, overwhelmed, over-teched workplace. Allen hasn"t just sold 500,000 copies of his book. He has preached his message of focus, discipline and creativity everywhere from Sony and Novartis to the World Bank and the U.S. Air Force. He counsels swamped chief executives on coping with information overload. He ministers to some clients with an intensive, two-day, $ 6,000 private session in which he and his team organize their lives from top to bottom. And he has won the devotions of acolytes who document on their blogs how his Getting Things Done (GTO) program has changed their lives. 7 Allen admits that much of his basic recipe is common sense. Free your mind, and productivity will follow. Break down projects and goals into discrete, definable actions, and you won"t be bothered by all those loose threads pulling at your attention. First make decisions about what needs to get done, and then fashion a plan for doing it. If you"ve catalogued everything you have to do and all your long-term goals, Allen says, you"re less likely to wake up at 3 a. m. worrying about whether you"ve forgotten something: "Most people haven"t realized how out of control their head is when they get 300 e-mails a day and each of them has potential meaning." 8 When e-mails, phones calls and to-do lists are truly under control, Allen says, the real change begins. You will finally be able to use your mind to dream up great ideas and enjoy your life rather than just occupy it with all the things you"ve got to do. Allen himself, despite running a $ 5.5 million consulting practice, traveling 200 days a year and juggling a business that"s growing 40% every years, finds time to joyride in his Mini Cooper and sculpt bonsai plants. Oh, and he had earned his black belt in karate. 9 Few companies have embraced Allen"s philosophy as thoroughly as General Mills, the Minnesota-based maker of Cheerios and Lucky Charms. Allen began at the company with a couple of private coaching sessions for top executives, who raved about his guidance. Allen and his staff now hold six to eight two-day training sessions a year. The company has already put more than 2,000 employees through GTD training and plans to expand it company wide. "Fads come and go," says Kevin Wilde, General Mills" CEO, "but this continues to work." 10 The most fevered followers of Allen"s organizational methodology gather online. Websites like gtdindex, marvelz, corn parse Allen"s every utterance. The 43 Folders blog ran an eight-part pod-cast interview with him. GTD enthusiasts like Frank Meeuwsen, on whatsthenextaction, com gather best practice techniques for implementing the book"s ideas. More than 60 software tools have been built specifically to supplement Allen"s system.

填空题Business, governmental, and university visitors, on short business trips, have to cope with a wider range of problems, but are often ______ in hotels or somewhere similar, and looked after by other expatriates.