完形填空 Humans are the only species known to have consciousness, awareness that we have brains and bodies 51 adaptability that we can affect the course our lives take, that we can make choices 52 that vastly affect the quality of our lives—biologically, intellectually, environmentally, and spiritually. As humans, we have the ability to mold our 53 beings to become what or who we wish to become. While some of us may, 54 , have genetic and biological imperatives that may require medication or training to overcome, or at least to modulate, the vast majority of us do, in fact, hold our emotional 55 in our hands. All that 56 , until the last decade, scientists believed that the human brain and its connections were formed during gestation and infancy and remained 57 unchanged through childhood. They believed that humans had a given number of neurons in a specific brain structure, and 58 the number might vary among people, once you were done with childhood development, you were set in this 59 . Your connections were already made, and the learning and growing period of your brain was over. In the last decade, however, researchers have found 60 evidence that this is not so, and that something called neuroplasticity continues throughout our lives.

完形填空 In Mr. Allen's high school class, all the students have to 'get married'. However, the wedding ceremonies are not real ones but 51 . These mock ceremonies sometimes become so 52 that the loud laughter drowns out the voice of the 'minister'. Even the two students getting married often begin to giggle. The teacher, Mr. Allen, believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business. He wants young people to understand that there are many changes that 53 take place after marriage. He believes that the need for these psychological and financial 54 should be understood before people marry. Mr. Allen doesn't only introduce his students to major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or unemployment. He also exposes them to nitty-gritty problems they will face every day. He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and 56 that can strain a marriage to the breaking points. He even 57 his students with the problems of divorce and the fact that divorced men must pay child support money for their children and sometimes pay monthly alimony to their wives. It has been upsetting for some of the students to see the problems that a married couple often faces. 58 they took the course, they had not worried much about the problems of marriage. However, both students and parents feel that Mr. Allen's course is valuable and have 59 the course publicly. Their statements and letters supporting the class have 60 the school to offer the course again.

完形填空 It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly. The same branch of research concluded in 2005 that the 1918 flu started in birds before passing to humans. Parsing this animal-human 51 could provide clues to 52 the next potential superflu, which already has a name: H5N1, also known as avian flu or bird flu. This potential killer also has a number: 59%. According to the WHO, nearly three-fifths of the people who 53 H5N1 since 2003 died from the virus, which was first reported 54 humans in Hong Kong in 1997 before a more serious 55 occurred in Southeast Asia between 2003 and 2004. (It has since spread to Africa and Europe.) Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only 56 cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospitals for treatment. 57 , compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the 1918 pandemic; it may have killed roughly 50 million people, but that was only 10% of the number of people infected, according to a 2006 estimate. H5N1's saving grace—and the only reason we're not running around masked up in public right now—is that the strain doesn't jump from birds to humans, or from humans to humans, easily. There have been just over 600 cases (and 359 deaths) since 2003. But 58 its lethality, and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible, one might expect H5N1 research to be exploding, with labs 59 the virus's molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and 60 to humans, and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.

完形填空 Every day, over a million people log onto different Internet-based games. There is truly something for everyone in the gaming world. Games provide a quick escape from 51 . Game developers are the new breed of storytellers, creating alternative 52 . Games represent the ultimate interactive movie, allowing the user to control the direction of the plot. And now the newest technologies allow you to play games no matter where you are. At home, we have PC or video game consoles. 53 , a desktop or laptop computer can be loaded with OS-bundled games or Web-based freebies. Even while traveling, there are many wireless computers, portable devices, wireless phones and PDAs 54 . Games are now pushing back all the 55 once placed upon them by technology, category, realism, location and time. These advances are helping to push games into the 56 of virtual reality. Thus, the stuff of science fiction novels is gradually emerging, the graphic aspects of the game quickly 57 . Initially, electronic games involved 58 moving blocks across a TV or computer screen. 59 the vast increases in processing power, games are quickly approaching three-dimensional realism. This power allows a developer to create a 60 world where a gamer can look around in full 360-degree vision.

完形填空 It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly. The same branch of research concluded in 2005 that the 1918 flu started in birds before passing to humans. Parsing this animal-human 51 could provide clues to 52 the next potential superflu, which already has a name: H5N1, also known as avian flu or bird flu. This potential killer also has a number: 59%. According to the WHO, nearly three-fifths of the people who 53 H5N1 since 2003 died from the virus, which was first reported 54 humans in Hong Kong in 1997 before a more serious 55 occurred in Southeast Asia between 2003 and 2004. (It has since spread to Africa and Europe.) Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only 56 cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospitals for treatment. 57 , compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the 1918 pandemic; it may have killed roughly 50 million people, but that was only 10% of the number of people infected, according to a 2006 estimate. H5N1's saving grace—and the only reason we're not running around masked up in public right now—is that the strain doesn't jump from birds to humans, or from humans to humans, easily. There have been just over 600 cases (and 359 deaths) since 2003. But 58 its lethality, and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible, one might expect H5N1 research to be exploding, with labs 59 the virus's molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and 60 to humans, and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.

完形填空 Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its own symptoms and cure. Culture shock is precipitated by the 51 that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we 52 ourselves to the situation of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say, when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to 53 invitations, when to take statements seriously and 54 . These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are 55 a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend 56 our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry 57 conscious awareness. Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are 58 . He or she is like a fish out of water. No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be, a series of props have been knocked 59 you, followed by feeling of frustration and anxiety. People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort. 'The ways of the host county are bad because they make us feel bad' When foreigners in a strange land get together to grouse about the 60 country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.

完形填空During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a“free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits. I 【A1】_____the idea of taking the class because, afterall, who doesnt want to 【A2】_____a few dollars? More than that, Id always wanted to learn chess. And,even if I werent 【A3】_____enough about free credits, news about our 【A4】_____was appealing enough to me. Hewas an international grand master, which 【A5】_____I would be learning from one of the games 【A6】_____. I couldhardly wait to【A7】_____him.Maurice Ashley was kind and smart, a former graduate returning to teach, and this【A8】_____was no gamefor him; he meant business. In his introduction, he made it 【A9】_____that our credits would be hard-earned.In order to【A10】_____the class among other criteria, we had to write a paper on how we plan to【A11】_____whatwe would learn in class to our future professions and【A1】_____to our lives. I managed to get an A in that【A13】_____and learned life lessons that have served me well beyond the【A14】_____.Ten years after my chess class with Ashley, Im still putting to use what he【A15】_____me: “the absolutemost important 【A16】_____that you learn when you play chess is how to make good【A17】_____.On every single move you have to【A18】_____a situation, process what your opponent is doing and【A19】_____thebest move from among all your options.” These words still ring true today in my【A20】_____as a journalist.

完形填空Directions: Reading the following text. Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blankfrom the four choices marked A, B, C or D.A four-year college degree, seen for generations as a ticket to a better life, is【A1】______enough to guaranteea steadily rising paycheck.Just ask Bea Dewing. After she earned a bachelor’s degree—his second—in computer science fromMaryland’s Frostburg State University in 1986, she enjoyed almost unbroken advance in【A2】______ eventually earning $89,000 a year as a data modeler for Sprint Corp in Lawrence, Ken. Then, in2002, Sprint laid her off.“I thought I might be looking a few weeks or months at most,” says Ms. Dewing, now 56 yearsold.【A3】______she spent the next six years in a career wilderness, starting in internet cafe that didn’t succeed,working【A4】______job and low-end positions in data processing, and fruitlessly【A5】______hundreds of job postings.The low point came around 2004 when a recruiter for Sprint—now known as Sprint NextelCorp.—called seeking to fill a job similar to the one she【A6】______two years earlier, but paying barely athird of her old salary.In April, Ms. Dewing finally landed a job【A7】______her old one in the information technology departmentof Wal-Mart Store Inc.’s headquarters in Bentonville, Ark, where she relocated. She【A8】______about 20%less than she did in 2002, adjusted for inflation, but considers herself fortunate, and wiser.A degree, she says, “isn’t any big guarantee of employment, it’s a basic【A9】______, a step you have to taketo【A10】______be considered for many professional jobs.” A college degree may not take you as far as you’dexpect, although there may still be a few fields where a bachelor’s degree still remains a worthyinvestment.

完形填空Every second, ____41____ hectare of the worlds rainforest is destroyed

完形填空There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, Cand D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Regardless of their political affiliation, in all countries women must overcome a host of stumblingblocks that limit their political careers. “Most obstacles to progress consist of【A1】______of various kinds,”says the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), a Geneva-based organization【A2】______139 parliaments,including the lack of time, training, information, self-confidence, money, support, motivation,women’s networks and solidarity between women.In every culture, prejudice and stereotypes【A3】______hard. The belief still holds【A4】______that women belong inthe kitchen and with the children, not at election【A5】______or in the Speaker’s chair. The media oftenreinforce traditional images of women, who upon entering politics, also bear the brunt(正面冲击)ofverbal and physical【A6】______.In impoverished(贫穷的)countries racked by civil conflicts and deteriorating economic and socialconditions, women are【A7】______by the tasks of managing everyday life and looking after their families.The IPU stresses the general lack of child-care facilities — often【A8】______a privileged few — thereluctance of political parties to change the times and running of meetings and the weak backingwomen receive from their families. That support, which is【A9】______as well as financial, is all the morevital because women have internalized【A10】______images of themselves since the dawn of time and oftensuffer from low self-confidence.

完形填空Though the number of the upper class is a mere one third of the population, they make up at least 25percent of the nation’s wealth. This class has two parts: upper-upper and lower-upper.【A1】______ , theupper-upper class is the “old rich”—families that have been wealthy for several generations—anobility of【A2】______ and wealth. A few are known across the nation, such as the Rockefellers, and theVanderbilts. Most are not【A3】______ to the general public. They have no【A4】______ to the rest of thecommunity,【A5】______ their income from the investment of their inherited wealth. By【A6】______ , the lower-upperclass is the “new rich”. 【A7】______ they may be wealthier than some of the old rich, the new rich havebeen【A8】______ to make their money like【A9】______ else beneath their class.【A10】______ their status is generally【A11】______ than thatof the old rich, who have not found it necessary to lift a finger to make their money, and who【A12】______ tolook down upon the new rich. However its wealth is【A13】______ , the upper class is very rich. They haveenough money and leisure time to【A14】______ an interest in the arts and to【A15】______ rare books and paintings. Theygenerally live in exclusive areas, belong to exclusive social clubs, communicate with each other, andmarry their own kind, all of which keeps them so【A16】______ from the masses that they have been called theout-of-sight class. More than any other class, they tend to be【A17】______ of being members of a class. Theyalso【A18】______ an enormous amount of power and influence here and abroad, as they【A19】______ many topgovernment positions. Their actions【A20】______ the lives of millions.

完形填空Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank fromthe four choices marked A, B, C or D and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Public officials and candidates for public offices routinely use public opinion polls to keep【A1】______ofwhat the people are thinking. An important question is the degree to which these polls should guideleaders【A2】______their actions. There are arguments for and against the use of polls as the basis forpolicy【A3】______.Polls can contribute to effective government by keeping political leaders from getting too far【A4】______linewith the public’s thinking. In a democratic society, the effectives of a public policy depends on theextent of its public【A5】______. When a policy is contrary to the public’s desires, people may chooseto【A6】______or undermined it, thus making it counterproductive or inefficient. Furthermore, whengovernment【A7】______a course of action with which a large proportion of the public disagrees, it【A8】______a lossof public confidence, which can have a negative effect on its ability to lead. The Reaganadministration, flying high from 1981 to 1985, was brought low in 1986 by public reaction to newsof its secret sales of weapons to Iran. The administration had not paid【A9】______attention to polls that hadrevealed the deep antagonism Americans still felt toward Iran because the Ayatollah Khomeini’sregime had held three American hostages.However, leaders can also do a disservice to the public they represent by using poll results asa【A10】______for policy judgment. Effective government, as Walter Lippmann wrote, cannot be conducted bylegislators and officials who, when a question is presented, ask themselves first and last not what isthe truth and which is the right and necessary course.

完形填空 Video game players may get an unexpected benefit from blowing away bad guys—better vision. Playing 'action' video games improves a visual ability 51 tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes 52 gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It's also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. That's 53 a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester. Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and 54 attention to a series of fast-moving events, Bavelier said. 'A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, 55 one,' she said. The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. ' 56 you've had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better, you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that's coming in 57 a result of your improved eyesight,' Bavelier said. Expert action garners in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction garners played The Sims 2, a 'life simulation' video game. The players of nonaction video games didn't see the same vision 58 , the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games 59 seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said. Another possible 60 is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly. Finally, Bavelier said, the games' rich payoff may also play a role. 'It's pleasing to be successful in your mission,' she said. 'When you combine rewards with these other 'factors', then you get much more learning.'

完形填空Music comes in many forms; most countries have a style of their own.【A1】______ the turn of the century when jazz was born, America had no prominent【A2】______ of its own. No one knows exactly when jazz was【A3】______ , or by whom. But it began to be【A4】______ in the early1900s. Jazz is Americas contribution to【A5】______ music. In contrast to classical music, which【A6】______ formal European traditions, jazz is spontaneous and free-form. It bubbles with energy, 【A7】______ the moods, interests, and emotions of the people. In the 1920s jazz【A8】______ like America, and【A9】______ it does today. The【A10】______ of this music are as interesting as the music【A11】______ . American Negroes, or blacks, as they are called today, were the jazz【A12】______ . They were brought to Southern States【A13】______ slaves. They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long【A14】______ . When a Negro died his friend and relatives【A15】______ a procession to carry the body to the cemetery. In New Orleans, a band often accompanied the【A16】______ . On the way to the cemetery the band played slow, solemn music suited to the occasion. 【A17】______ on the way home the mood changed. Spirits lifted. Death had removed one of their【A18】______ , but the living were glad to be alive. The band played【A19】______ music, improvising on both the harmony and the melody of the tunes【A20】______ at the funeral. This music made everyone want to dance. It was an early form of jazz.

完形填空The change in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at that the Earth’s surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those【A1】______ by models take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability.To【A2】______ the question of attribution requires the【A3】______ of more powerful and complex methods, beyond the use of global averages alone. New studies have focused on【A4】______ maps or patterns of temperature change in【A5】______ and in models. Pattern analysis is the climatologically equivalent of the more comprehensive tests in the medical analogy mentioned【A6】______ , and makes it possible to achieve more definitive【A7】______ of observed climate changed to a particular cause or causes.The expected influence of human activities is thought to be much more complex than uniform warming over the entire surface of the Earth and over the whole【A8】______ cycle. Patterns of change over space and time therefore provide a more powerful【A9】______ technique. The basic idea【A10】______ pattern-based approaches is that different【A11】______ causes of climate change have different characteristic patterns of climate response or fingerprints. Attribution studies seek to【A12】______ a fingerprint match between the patterns of climate change【A13】______ by models and those actually observed.The most recent assessment of the science suggests that human activities have led to a discernible【A14】______ on global climate and that these activities will have and increasing influence on future climate. The burning of coal, oil and natural gas, as well as various agricultural and industrial practices, are【A15】______ the composition of the atmosphere and contributing to climate change. These human activities have led to increased atmospheric【A16】______ of a number of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and so on in the lower atmosphere.Human activities, such as the burning of fossil, have also increased the【A17】______ of small particles in the atmosphere. These particles can change the【A18】______ of energy that is absorbed and reflected by the atmosphere. They are also believed to modify the【A19】______ of air and clouds, changing the amount of energy that they absorb and reflect. Intensive studies of the climate effects of these particles began only recently and the overall【A20】______ is uncertain. It is likely that the net effect of these small particles is to cool the climate and to partially offset the warming of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases.

完形填空Suppose you are there in the museum, with the head-sized smartphone permanently positioned in front of your nose. According to a new study published in Psychological Science this week, you are doing it all wrong. That tiny camera you are using to carefully【A1】______your art viewing experience is actually【A2】______your art memory, not preserving it. The study,【A3】______by Fairfield University’s psychological scientist Linda Henkel, claims that museum goers have worse memories【A4】______objects and specific object details【A5】______they used a camera to record paintings, archeological relics or historical artifacts【A6】______It’s a phenomenon Henkel calls the “photo-taking impairment effect. “ “ When people【A7】______technology to remember for them — counting on the camera to record the event and thus not needing to【A8】______to it fully themselves — it can have a negative【A9】______on how well they remember their experiences,” Henkel explains in a description of the study. To reach her conclusion, Henkel【A10】______an experiment at Bellarmine Art Museum at Fairfield University,【A11】______she recruited undergraduate students to【A12】______the institute and take note of specific objects on display. The subjects could either photograph the items or just observe them — it was【A13】______them. Then the following day, the students’ memories were tested. The results proved that the camera-happy participants【A14】______worse than the persons who relied on their simple observation skills. “Research has suggested that the sheer【A15】______and lack of organization of digital photos for personal memories discourages many people from accessing and reminiscing about them,” Henkel states.

完形填空The part of the environmental movement that draws my firm’s attention is the design of cities, buildings and products. When we designed America’s first so-called “green” office building in New York two decades ago, we felt very【A1】_____ . But today, thousands of people come to green building conferences, and the【A2】_____ that buildings can be good for people and the environment will be increasingly influential in years to【A3】_____ .Back in 1984 we discovered that most manufactured products for decoration weren’t designed for【A4】_____ use. The “energy-efficient” sealed commercial buildings constructed after the 1970s energy crisis【A5】_____ indoor air quality problems caused by materials such as paint, wall covering and carpet. So far 20 years, we’ve been focusing on these materials【A6】_____ to the molecules, looking for ways to make them【A7】_____ for people and the planet.Home builders can now use materials — such as paints that release significantly【A8】_____ amounts of organic compounds — that don’t【A9】_____ the quality of the air, water, or soil. Ultimately,【A10】_____ , our basic design strategy is focused not simply on being “less bad” but on creating【A11】_____ healthful materials that can be either safely returned to the soil【A12】_____ reused by industry again and again. As a matter of【A13】_____ , the world’s largest carpet manufacturer has already developed a carpet that is fully and safely【A14】_____ .Look at it this way: No one【A15】_____ out to create a building that destroys the planet. But our current industrial systems are【A16】_____ causing these conditions, whether we like it or not. So【A17】_____ of simply trying to reduce the damage, we are【A18】_____ a positive approach. We’re giving people high-quality, healthful products and an opportunity to make choices that have a【A19】_____ effect on the world. It’s not just the building industry, either.【A20】_____ cities are taking these environmentally positive approaches to design, planning and building. Portland, Seattle and Boston have said they want to be green cities. Chicago wants to be the greenest city in the world.

完形填空There is virtually no limit to how one can serve community interests, from sending a few hours aweek with some charitable organization to practically full-time work for a social agency. Just asthere are opportunities for Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO) for young people before they take upfull-time employment,【A1】______ there are opportunities for overseas service for qualified technicians indeveloping countries. Some people, 【A2】______ those who retire early, offer their technical and businessskills in countries【A3】______ there is a special need.So in considering voluntary or paid community service, there are more opportunities than there【A4】______ were when one first began work. Most voluntary organizations have only a small full-time staff, anddepend very much on volunteers and part-timers. This means that working relationships are differentfrom those in commercial organizations, and values may be different. In some ways they may seemmore【A5】______ and less efficient, but one should not judge them by commercial【A6】______ .The people who workwith them do so for different reasons and with different objectives, both personal and organizational.One should not join them【A7】______ to arm them with professional expertise; they must be joined withcommitment to the cause, not business【A8】______ Because salaries are small or non-existent many voluntarybodies offer modest expenses. But many retired people take part in community service for【A9】______ ， simply because they enjoy the work.Many community activities possible in retirement were also possible during ones working life butthey are to be undertaken no less seriously for that. Retired people who are just looking forsomething different or unusual to do should not consider【A10】______ community service.

完形填空Games have been played for thousands of years and are common【A1】______ all cultures. Throughout history and【A2】______ the world people have used sticks to draw simple game boards on the ground,【A3】______ up rules that incorporate stones or other common objects【A4】______ playing pieces. About 5, 000 years ago people began to make more permanent game boards from sun-dried mud or wood.Some of the oldest board games may have evolved from methods of fortune-telling. The game of go, which many experts regard as the finest example of a pure strategy game, may have evolved from a method of fortune-telling practiced in China more than three thousand years ago, 【A5】______ black and white pieces were cast onto a square board marked with symbols of various significance. Go also involves black and white pieces on a board, but players deliberately place them on intersections of lines while trying to【A6】______ more territory than opponent.Chess, Xiangqi (Chinese chess) and Shogi (Japanese chess) are【A7】______ the most widely played board games in the world.【A8】______ quite different, all three are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor — either a 6th-century game played in India or an earlier game played in China.【A9】______ the centuries, chess【A10】______ westward to the Middle East and【A11】______ Europe, with rules【A12】______ frequently. The game also spread【A13】______ to Korea and Japan,【A14】______ in very different rules changes.For most of human history, a game could not【A15】______ much popularity unless it was【A16】______ easy for players to make their own equipment. The【A17】______ of printing (which occurred in the mid-1400s in the West) made this process easier, but it was【A18】______ the advance of the 18th-century Industrial Revolution that it became possible to mass-produce many new【A19】______ of games. Twentieth-century technological advances such as the invention of plastic and the computer revolution led to the creation of more games, and more new kinds of games, than in all previous centuries【A20】______ .

完形填空A market is commonly thought of as a place where commodities are bought and sold. Thus fruit and vegetables are sold wholesale at Covent Garden Market and meat is sold wholesale at Smithfield Market. But there are markets for things other than commodities, in the usual sense. There are【A1】______ estate markets, foreign exchange markets, and so on; there may be a market for anything which has a price. And there may be no particular place to which dealings are confined. Buyers and sellers may be【A2】______ over the whole world and instead of actually meeting together in a market-place and they may deal with one another by telephone, telegram, cable or letter.【A3】______ dealings are restricted to a particular place, the dealers may consist wholly or in part of agents【A4】______ instructions from clients far away. Thus agents buy meat at Smithfield on behalf of retail butchers all over England; and【A5】______ on the London Stock Exchange buy and sell safeties on instructions from clients all over the world. We must therefore【A6】______ a market as any area over which buyers and sellers are in such close touch with one another, either directly or through【A7】______ , that the prices obtainable in one part of the market affect the prices paid in other parts.Modern【A8】______ of communication are so rapid that a buyer can discover what price a seller is asking, and can accept it if he wishes, although he may be thousands of miles away. Thus the market for anything is,【A9】______ , the whole world. But in fact things have, normally, only a local or national market.This may be because nearly the whole demand is concentrated in one locality. These special local demands,【A10】______ , are of quite minor importance. The main reason why many things have not a world market is that they are costly or difficult to transport