填空题福利经济学依据不同的社会福利标准对现实的经济状况进行优劣判断，它是______经济学。

填空题一般均衡分析法，从______出发，考察每一种产品和每一种要素的供给和需求同时达到均衡状态所需具备的条件及相应的均衡价格和均衡数量。

填空题最早认识到一般均衡的经济学家是法国的______。

填空题当社会经济达到这样一种状态，不可能在不使一部分人状况变坏的情况下就不可能使另一些人的状况变好，这种状态被称为______。

填空题完全竞争行业的长期供给曲线的形状取决于生产要素需求的变化对要素价格(即厂商生产成本)的影响，其包括三种行业：______、______、______。

填空题解决外部性的政府干预方案主要有这样几种：______、______、______。

填空题根据公共物品的非排他性和非竞争性的程度不同，可以将公共物品分为______、______和公共资源。

填空题完全竞争厂商的短期供给曲线是一条______倾斜的曲线。这是因为，这条曲线实际上是______曲线大于(等于)平均可变成本曲线最低点以上的部分。

填空题垄断形成后会造成其运行的低效，但垄断形成过程中也会带来寻租问题。所谓寻租，是指企业为了______和维持垄断地位以获得______而进行的活动。

填空题一个经济主体的经济活动导致其他经济主体获得额外的经济利益，就称为______外部性；如果这个外部性是生产者导致的称为______的外部性。

填空题完全竞争厂商面对的需求曲线的形状为______；完全竞争行业面对的需求曲线的形状为______。

填空题完全竞争厂商的平均收益曲线AR与______和______三条线重叠。

填空题一般而言，在劳动市场上，劳动的供给者拥有比劳动需求者更多的信息，这称为______。

填空题完全竞争厂商的短期均衡的条件是MR=______。

填空题厂商的利润最大化原则是指______。

填空题Here's a tale of two companies. Both are foreign owned, and both are embroiled in scandals involving allegations of sexual harassment. Company A is confronted with the problem and punishes top execs. Company B stonewalls and mounts an aggressive campaign to discredit its accusers and portray itself as a victim of slander. (41)For business schools looking for a few good case studies in damage control, last week was about as good as it gets. One was Swedish pharmaceuticals company Astra USA, a maker of asthma medications and the popular anesthetic Xylocaine. Facing similar charges, Mitsubishi Motor manufacturing of America opted for in-your-face denial. Who did it right? It's too soon to know for sure. Astra's strategy may seem smarter. Financially speaking, at least, one can see why Mitsubishi is reluctant to issue a public mea culpa. Fessing up could expose it to as much as $200 million in damages. Such controversies are no rarity these days. The Equal Employment Opportunity commission alone received more than 15,000 complaints of sexual harassment last year, more than twice as many as in 1991. Its suit against Mitsubishi, filed last month, may turn out to be by far the biggest ever—and could eventually involve as many as two thirds of the company's 900 female workers. (42)Mitsubishi's response was clear from the beginning. When the EEOC announced its case against the Illinois automaker, the company dispatched busloads of workers to picket the agency's Chicago offices. Attorneys for Mitsubishi will no doubt probe the private lives of the women lodging complaints, and may even accuse them of " Japanbashing. " Mitsubishi's brass in Tokyo seemed a bit taken aback by the ferocity of the counteroffensive, to the point of suggesting that maybe the case could be quietly settled. (43)Could such tactics be effective? If aggressive PR makes people doubt the allegations against the company, or encourages federal investigators to settle on more favorable terms, then the strategy will have succeeded. But there are risks, especially for consumer companies like Mitsubishi. (44)That's no small threat, considering that Mitsubishi is struggling to turn a profit in this country. (45)Astra's strategy seems savvier. Its openness and prompt response might help it evade punitive damages, should any of the complaints go to a jury. In fact, that may be a chief reason the company acted even before it completed its own investigation. That said, Astra is in the soup to begin with because it had no adequate mechanisms for reporting incidents, and because it failed to deal with its problems before they became public. Women have complained of harassment at the company for more than a decade. BusinessWeek reports incidents ranging from gropings at company retreats to suggestions that female sales reps could advance their careers by putting out sexually for their bosses—including the head of the company, Lars Bildman. (His lawyer denies the allegations, as do the other executives. ) So far, Astra itself has offered no evidence suggesting any of the three are guilty. Both companies now promise to do better. Astra is overhauling its corporate personnel policies and plans to train managers on how to handle issues of sexual discrimination. So is Mitsubishi. Says the automaker's general counsel Gary Shultz: " We are going to become the model in handling sexual-harassment and -discrimination cases. " That remains to be seen. If these sorts of scandals force companies to set up rules that actually work, that may be the best case study of all. [A] That's precisely what the company did in response to a prior sexual-harassment suit filed by 29 women in 1994. [B] " A great deal of attention should be paid to these affairs, " says Mitsubishis's spokesman. [C] But " we're taking these allegations very seriously, " says Astra spokesman Benjamin Kincannon. [D] Outraged by the automaker's seeming disregard of its problems, perennial presidential hopeful Jesse Jackson and the National Organization for Women called on car buyers to boycott the company. [E] When Business Week published tales of wide-ranging abuse at Astra's American subsidiary, outside Boston, the company quickly faced up to the problem and suspended its U. S. chief executive, along with two top lieutenants. [F] Prof. Martin Stoller, a crisis-management expert at Northwestern University, thinks so. " The aim of crisis management is to stop the attackers, " he says. [G] Astra and Mitsubishi have joined hand with each other to solve the problem of sexual harassment.

填空题The state of college students' mental health continues to decline. What's the solution? In the months before Massachusetts Institute of technology sophomore Elizabeth Shin died, she spoke with seven psychiatrists and one social worker. The psychiatrists diagnosed major depression; the therapist recommended hospitalization. Shin told a dean that she was cutting herself and let a professor know that she wanted to commit suicide. The housemaster of her dorm and two of her friends stayed up nights to watch her. But it wasn't enough. On April 10, 2000, Elizabeth Shin locked her dorm room door and set her clothes on fire. Four days later, she was dead. 41. Many colleges are running into thorny situation. Her parents, Kisuk and Cho Hyun Shin, filed suit against MIT, charging its employees with gross negligence and wrongful death. It's an extreme case, but it illustrates a problem facing many other schools, as more and more students line up at counseling centers requiring increasingly intensive therapy or medication or both. 42. Students with substantial personality problems. The number of freshmen reporting less than average emotional health has been steadily rising since 1985, according to the newest data from an annual nationwide survey by the University of California-Los Angeles. Reasons for the decline of college students' mental health College therapists cite several reasons for the apparent deterioration in student mental health. Not only has this generation grown up in the much-maligned era of the disintegrating American family, it is also more used to therapy and so more likely to seek help. As competition to get into college gets tougher, students burn out before they even get there. And kids with severe psychological problems, who in the past wouldn't even have made it. to college, now take psychotropic drugs that help them succeed. 43. The soaring number of visitors to college psychiatrists. Colleges first created counseling centers for students who needed career and academic advice, says Robert Gallagher, author of the counseling center survey and former director of the University of Pittsburghs' services. As psychological counseling took over, the centers' other advising functions were packed off to other parts of the campus. 44. Inadequacies of college therapy services. The ballooning caseloads mean there isn't the time or the staff to offer long-term therapy to any but the most troubled. "You can't just load up with the first 100 students and see them regularly without having openings for new people," says Gallagher. Instead, colleges focus on getting students over immediate crises. 45. What's the solution? Some schools have tried filling the gap by getting more involved in students' lives. The University of South Carolina, the University of Nevada-Reno, and Texas A 30 percent reported at least one student suicide on their campus last year. [C] "If a student tells you she took five extra pills over the weekend," says Gertrude Carter, director of psychological services at Bennington College in Vermont, "it's hard to tell if that's a grab for attention or an actual threat." [D] New statistics show that many freshmen arrive on campus depressed and anxious and feel worse as the year progresses. At the same time, colleges must also negotiate the legal and emotional pitfalls of caring for their charges, not children but not yet fully adults. [E] In response to the task force report, MIT is putting together support teams of physicians, other health-care professionals, and experienced counselors to spend time in the dorms; socializing with the students and keeping an eye on them. [F] One Yale student suffering from anxiety during his sophomore year rarely saw the same counselor twice. "It felt like the person I was talking to wasn't really there," he says. After five sessions, he stopped going. "I wouldn't want to go there again," he says, "but what else is there?/

填空题Work/life balance was the buzz phrase of the late 1990s. Apparently too many people who were cash rich and time poor were becoming fed up with the long hours culture and wanted more balance in their life. For students, the issue is not work/life balance but work/study balance. With ever increasing fees, working while studying is the norm for many students. Faced with potentially huge debts, some students may be tempted to take part time jobs that involve working lots of hours, but this may have a detrimental impact on their studies. University is more than just about getting a degree: extracurricular activities and a social life are also important. How can students balance studying with working part-time and also ensure that they do not miss out on university life? Develop a study plan Once you have your timetable, and an idea of when your assignments are due, develop a plan of the best times for you to study, whether this be evenings, mornings or weekends. This will help you determine which hours and days you can work. 41. Choose a job that is flexible You may need time off from your job during exams or if you have deadlines for coursework, so choosing the right job, where the employer is understanding and willing to be flexible, is important. You can mention this at interview, but Brian Staines of Bristol University Careers Office says: "It may be better to wait until you have been offered the job, have worked for a while, and have had the opportunity to prove yourself before mentioning that you might need time off. " 42. Choose a job that fits in with your study pattern Working out your study pattern, i. e. whether you're at your best in the mornings, evenings or late. Some students are night owls preferring to study late at night, others are larks. 43. Don't take a job that's too demanding The type of job you look for will depend on your skill set. Apart from the usual student-type jobs, there are roles in offices which can be done at weekends and evenings-jobs such as being a presentation operator using PowerPoint or even evening and weekend secretarial work. 44.Be industrious in your search for work There may be part-time jobs available in call centers or as photocopy clerks in banks and law firms. 45.Know your limits There isn't a figure for the maximum number of hours that students can work before it impacts negatively on their studies since this will vary from student to student. However, Brian Staines says: "At Bristol, we believe that if students work more than 12 hours a week during term time, this could have a negative effect on their studies. We have a job shop at Bristol offering part-time jobs and all the jobs are a maximum of 12 hours. " Balancing part-time work with studying is a challenge that more and more students will face. "A part time job, which involves long hours, may help their finance in the short term but could have a negative impact on long-term job prospects if they don't get a good degree, "adds Brian. [A] "When you look for a job, it's best to start with working a few hours and then once you get used to the job and know how much you can cope with, you can increase the hours. It's always easier to increase rather than decrease the number of hours you work," says Cary Cooper, professor of psychology and health at Lancaster University Management School. [B] There may even be jobs in security, which give you the opportunity to study "on the job", perhaps on sit at an unoccupied building, so it's a good idea to cast the net a bit wider when looking for part-time work. [C] Although these jobs pay well, it may be a challenge to balance studying with these types of job. "A job develping PowerPoint presentations may be too mentally demanding and tiring because you will be looking at a screen most of the time, "says Cary. [D] "If students for example work 20 hours a week, then their work could suffer unless they are incredibly disciplined," he explains, "Also university is about more than just studying. Social time and extracurricular activities are also important." [E] Relaxation is also very important. [F] Some students may prefer to work a few evenings a week, others at weekends. "Although work is important, they need to find a job with hours that fit around their optimal times for studying rather than the other way round, "says Professor Cooper.

填空题作为存款货币创造的基础，基础货币是由（ ）提供的。

填空题相对购买力平价公式为（ ）。