填空题无籽西瓜有______个染色体组，______个同源组，每个同源组含______条染色体。

填空题用达尔文自然选择学说分析解释狼的进化过程。

填空题人的兔唇在男性中为显性，在女性中为隐性，因此两个杂合双亲的儿子有兔唇的概率是______，所有孩子中有这种性状的概率是______。

填空题近几年来，棉农普遍使用杀虫剂A来防治棉铃虫。但今年人们发现棉铃虫对杀虫剂A的抗药性很强，杀虫剂A几乎不起作用。事实上，虫群中原来就存在抗药性个体，棉农一直在靠提高杀虫剂的浓度来提高灭虫效果的。这说明：

填空题常见的性别决定类型有4种，其中猪是______型，鸡是______型，蝗虫是______型，蜜蜂是______型。

填空题顺反子是指______。现在常用顺反子作为______的同义词。

填空题基因型为AaBbCcDdEe的个体自交，在后代中基因型为AABBCcddEe的个体比例为______，在4个位点上为杂合的个体的比例为______。

填空题小眼睛的雄果蝇与正常眼睛的雌果蝇交配，F1代中有67只雄果蝇都是正常眼睛，65只雌果蝇全是小眼睛。小眼睛的遗传方式是：______。

填空题在整个个体发育过程中，都发生细胞分化，其分化的最活跃时期是在______。

填空题DNA的两条链是______平行的，而DNA聚合酶可以使新生链按______的方向生长，而不能相反。

填空题下面是质-核互作型雄性不育植株的基因型组成，请填明哪些是可育的，哪些是不育的：①S(RfRf)______；②S(Rfrf)______；③S(rfrf)______；④N(rfrf)______；⑤N(RfRf)______；⑥N(Rfrf)______。

填空题大肠杆菌中含有独立而且完整F因子的菌株是______，不含有F因子的菌株是______，F因子组合进入到染色体上的菌株是______，F因子带有少量染色体基因的菌株是______。

填空题目前全世界仅存的老虎分五个亚种，分别是孟加拉虎、东南亚虎、东北虎、华南虎和苏门答腊虎，它们主要分布在亚洲的不同地区，主要是经过长期的______形成的。

填空题一个Hfr菌株染色体上的基因顺序为转移原点—X—Y—Z—S—P—Q，为了得到一个最高比例的重组子，在接合后应该在受体中选择______作为供体的标记基因。

填空题一雌蜂和雄蜂交配产生F1代，在F1代雌雄个体交配产生的F2代中，雄蜂基因型共有AB、Ab、aB、ab四种。雌蜂的基因型共有AaBb、Aabb、aaBb、aabb四种，则两个亲本的基因型分别是______和______。

填空题If you think you can make the planet better by clever shopping, think again. You might make it worse. You probably go shopping several times a month, providing yourself with lots of opportunities to express your opinions. If you are worried about the environment, you might buy organic food; if you want to help poor farmers, you can do your bit by buying Fairtrade products; or you can express a dislike of evil multinational companies and rampant globalization by buying only local produce. And the best bit is that shopping, unlike voting, is fun; so you can do good and enjoy yourself at the same time. Sadly, it's not that easy. (41) . People who want to make the world a better place cannot do so by shifting their shopping habits: transforming the planet requires duller disciplines, like politics. Organic food, which is grown without man-made pesticides and fertilisers, is generally assumed to be more environmentally friendly than conventional intensive farming, which is heavily reliant on chemical inputs. But it all depends on what you mean by "environmentally friendly". Farming is inherently bad for the environment: since humans took it up around 11 000 years ago, the result has been deforestation on a massive scale. (42) . Organic methods, which rely on crop rotation, manure and compost in place of fertiliser, are far less intensive. So producing the world's current agricultural output organically would require several times as much land as is currently cultivated. There wouldn't be much room left for the rainforest. Fairtrade food is designed to raise poor farmers' incomes. It is sold at a higher price than ordinary food, with a subsidy passed back to the farmer. But prices of agricultural commodities are low because of overproduction, (43) . Surely the case for local food, produced as close as possible to the consumer in order to minimise "food miles" and, by extension, carbon emissions, is clear? Surprisingly, it is not. A study of Britain's food system found that nearly half of food-vehicle miles (i. e. , miles travelled by vehicles carrying food) were driven by cars going to and from the shops. Most people live closer to a supermarket than a farmer's market, so more local food could mean more food-vehicle miles. Moving food around in big, carefully packed lorries, as supermarkets do, may in fact be the most efficient way to transport the stuff What's more, once the energy used in production as well as transport is taken into account, local food may turn out to be even less green. (44) . And the local-food movement's aims, of course, contradict those of the Fairtrade movement, by discouraging rich-country consumers from buying poor-country produce. But since the local-food movement looks suspiciously like old-fashioned protectionism masquerading as concern for the environment, helping poor countries is presumably not the point. (45) . The problems lie in the means, not the ends. The best thing about the spread of the ethical-food movement is that it offers grounds for hope. It sends a signal that there is an enormous appetite for change and widespread frustration that governments are not doing enough to preserve the environment, reform world trade or encourage development.[A] The aims of much of the ethical-food movement--to protect the environment, to encourage development and to redress the distortions in global trade--are admirable.[B] By maintaining the price, the Fairtrade system encourages farmers to produce more of these commodities rather than diversifying into other crops and so depresses prices--thus achieving, for most farmers, exactly the opposite of what the initiative is intended to do.[C] Proper free trade would be by far the best way to help,poor farmers. Taxing carbon would price the cost of emissions into the price of goods, and retailers would then have an incentive to source locally if it saved energy.[D] There are good reasons to doubt the claims made about three of the most popular varieties of "ethical" food: organic food, Fairtrade food and local food.[E] But following the "green revolution" of the 1960s greater use of chemical fertiliser has tripled grain yields with very little increase in the area of land under cultivation.[F] And since only a small fraction of the mark-up on Fairtrade foods actually goes to the farmer--most goes to the retailer-the system gives rich consumers an inflated impression of their largesse and makes alleviating poverty seem too easy.[G] Producing lamb in New Zealand and shipping it to Britain uses less energy than producing British lamb, because fanning in New Zealand is less energy-intensive.

填空题母鸡有时会发生性反转而变成公鸡。如令这性反转形成的公鸡与正常母鸡交配，预期其子代中两性的基因为______其比例为______(无Z染色体的卵不能孵化)。

填空题许多生物的复制原点都是______的区段，即富含______的区段。从原点开始，DNA的复制大多是______进行的，但也有______的或以______进行的，这取决于______的性质。

填空题用离体状态的病毒DNA或RNA感染细菌，改变其基因型的作用称为______。

填空题草履虫品系A为放毒型，B为敏感型，A与B经较长时间接合后自体受精，后代全为放毒型。这说明品系B的基因型和细胞质的特点分别为______和______。