填空题具有调理吞噬作用的免疫分子是__________，__________。

填空题巨噬细胞的功能__________；__________；__________。

填空题维持蛋白质三级结构的主要化学键是（ ）、（ ）、（ ）等。

填空题T细胞与B细胞的表面标志包括__________，__________。

填空题适应性免疫应答的特点是__________；__________；__________。

填空题参与Ⅳ型超敏反应的效应T细胞__________，__________。

填空题嘌呤核苷酸在体内分解代谢的终产物是（ ）。

填空题限制性核酸内切酶是一类识别（ ）的（ ）核酸酶。

填空题磷酸戊糖途径的重要性在于能提供（ ）和（ ）。

填空题当免疫防卫功能异常时可表为__________，__________。

填空题常见的细胞因子种类__________；__________；__________。

填空题体内甲基的直接供体是（ ）。

填空题与T细胞识别粘附活化有关的CD分子主要有__________；__________；__________。

填空题ATP的生成方式主要有（ ）和（ ）。

填空题[A]Lookandlistenandthinkaboutwhattheotherpersonsays,howtheysayitandwhattheydo.BeawareofyourselfaswellIfyourecognizeapauseinthewrongplaceoraphrasingthatimpliesweaknessthenimmediatelylookforawaytocountertheimpressionproduced.Thegameisnotlostuntiltheencounterisover.Manyofthesesignalsdonotrequireadeepstudyofpsychology.Theyrequireawareness,somecommonsensetorecognizemeaningandareadinesstodosomethingaboutthesignalsthataresentandreceived.[B]Recognitionofbodylanguagealsohelpstounderstandourownfeelings.Ifwefeelirritatedbysomeone,coulditbebecausetheyareleaningbackintheirchair,withheadslightlytiltedback(lookingdowntheirnosesatus),perhapswithhandstogethermakingashapelikeachurchsteeple,orwithhandsbehindtheirhead?Wemaybothbestandingupandtheotherpersonisholdingtheirjacketlapels,wagglingtheirthumbsatus.Theseareallgesturesofsuperiorityandmightexplainourannoyance.Understandingthis,wemaybeabletohandleitbetter.[C]Ifwecaninterpretthisinvoluntarycommentarythenournegotiatingpositionwillbestronger.Wecouldrecognizealie,whetherourargumentswerebeingacceptedorwhethertheotherpartywasunreceptiveandadjustourbehaviouraccordingly.[D]Manystudiesclaimtoshowthatover50percentofthemessagesweconveyarethroughgesture,expressionandposture.Thisisinadditiontothemessagesconveyedthroughtoneofvoice.Whetheritbebangingthetablewithourfists,directinganangrystareorlookingpuzzled,itishardtodenytheimportanceofthissideofcommunication.Theastutedealerisalwaysalivetobodylanguagebutdon'tconcentratesomuchonitthatyoudon'tpayattentiontowhatisactuallysaid.[E]Signalsdon'tappearsinglybutinclustersofseveralthatreinforceeachother.Don'trelyuponjustonegesturethatmaybemisinterpretedbuttakethewiderevidenceavailable.Wefrequentlysaythingswedon'tmeanandmeanthingswedon'tsay.Howeasyitistoimplythingswedon'tmean!Interpretationofthe"sub-text"ofcommunicationisinaccurate.Don'trelyuponwhatyouthinkisgoingonunderthesurfacewithoutcheckingyouinterpretation.[F]Someexpressionsandgesturesareparticulartospecificcultures,whileothersarecommontotheentirehumanrace,suchassmilingorthebaredteethofanger.Asmilecanbefaked,itcanmaskangerandaggression.However,thewaywestandandwhatwedowithourhandsishardertocontrol.Thereisanotherlayerofbodysignals,ofgreatersubtlety,suchasthenarrowingofeyes,theshapeofthesmileandeventhecontractionofthepupilsoftheeye,whichmayalsobetraytherealfeelingsofthesmilingnegotiator.Mostofthosegesturesareuniversal.[G]Typically,someonewhoislyingwillavoidyoureyeandmaylookdownwards.Theymaytouchtheirfacesaroundthemouthandhavethepalmsoftheirhandshiddenfromyou.Theotherpartymayadoptatoneofvoiceofgreatsincerityandlookyousteadilyintheeyeinordertoreinforcethedeceptionoftheirwords.Ifyoulookawayfromthatgazeyoumayseesignalstheyareunabletocontrol,whichgivethegameaway.[H]Weallrecognizealotunconsciously,whichishowwegetafeelingthatsomeoneislyingorthattheyarebored.Inlying,people'sexpressions,posturesandgesturesconveycontrarymessagestotheirwordsandweintuitivelyrecognizethedisparity.Tonegotiatemoreeffectively,besensitivetothesesignals,whetherbypayingmoreattentiontoyourfeelingsorbyconsciouslyobservingandthinkingaboutthegesturesandexpressionswesee.Order:

填空题[A] What have they found? [B] Is it true that laughing can make us healthier? [C] So why do people laugh so much? [D] What makes you laugh?[E] How did you come to research it?[F] So what's it for? Why are you interested in laughter? It's a universal phenomenon, and one of the most common things we do. We laugh many times a day, for many different reasons, but rarely think about it, and seldom consciously control it. We know so little about the different kinds and functions of laughter, and my interest really starts there. Why do we do it? What can laughter teach us about our positive emotions and social behaviour? There's so much we don' t know about how the brain contributes to emotion and I think we can get at understanding this by studying laughter.41. ______ Only 10 or 20 per cent of laughing is a response to humour. Most of the time it's a message we send to other people--communicating joyful disposition, a willingness to bond and so on. It occupies a special place in social interaction and is a fascinating feature of our biology, with motor, emotional and cognitive components. Scientists study all kinds of emotions and behaviour, but few focus on this most basic ingredient. Laughter gives us a clue that we have powerful systems in our brain which respond to pleasure, happiness and joy. It's also involved in events such as release of fear.42. ______ My professional focus has always been on emotional behaviour. I spent many years investigating the neural basis of fear in rats, and came to laughter via that route. When I was working with rats, I noticed that when they were alone,, in an exposed environment, they were scared and quite uncomfortable. Back in a cage with others, they seemed much happier. It looked as if they played with one another--real rough-and-tumble--and I wondered whether they were also laughing. The neurobiologist Jaak Panksepp had shown that juvenile rats make short vocalisations, pitched too high for humans to hear, during rough-and-tumble play. He thinks these are similar to laughter. This made me wonder about the roots of laughter.43. ______ Everything humans do has a function, and laughing is no exception. Its function is surely communication. We need to build social structures in order to live well in our society and evolution has selected laughter as a useful device for promoting social communication. In other words, it must have a survival advantage for the species.44. ______ The brain scans are usually done while people are responding to humorous material. You see brainwave activity spread from the sensory processing area of the occi15ital lobe, the bit at the back of the brain that processes visual signals, to the brain's frontal lobe. It seems that the frontal lobe is involved in recognising things as funny. The left side of the frontal lobe analyses the words and structure of jokes while the right side does the intellectual analyses required to "get" jokes. Finally, activity spreads to the motor areas of the brain controlling the physical task of laughing. We also know about these complex pathways involved in laughter from neurological illness and injury. Sometimes after brain damage, tumours, stroke or brain disorders such as Parkinson' s disease, people get "stonefaced syndrome" and can't laugh.45. ______ I laugh a lot when I watch amateur videos of children, because they're so natural. I'm sure they're not forcing anything funny to happen. I don't particularly laugh hard at jokes, but rather at situations. I also love old comedy movies such as Laurel and Hardy and an extremely ticklish. After starting to study laughter in depth, I began to laugh and smile more in social situations, those involving either closeness or hostility. Laughter re-ally creates a bridge between people, disarms them, and facilitates amicable behaviour.

填空题[A] Advertisements add interests to life [B] Advertisements help to save money [C] Criticisms on advertisers [D] Usefulness of small advertisements [E] True aesthetic value of advertisement [F] Informing: the chief function of advertising 41__________ Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they're always coming in for criticism. Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to throw around. "It's iniquitous," they say, "that this entirely unproductive industry (if we can call it that) should absorb millions of pounds each year. It only goes to show how much profit the big companies are making. Why don't they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, it's the consumer who pay..." 42__________ The poor old consumer! He'd have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn't create mass markets for products. It is precisely because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods derives largely from the advertisements we read. Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc. , from an advertisement. 43__________ Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway laws while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely-printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities. 44__________ We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programs is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price! 45__________ Another thing we mustn't forget is the "small ads." which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the "hatch, match and dispatch" columns; but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or "agony" column. No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature. It's the best advertisement for advertising there is !

填空题As an adult I choose to flip pages, not channels. After four years of not watching the tube and two years of not owning one, the empirical evidence is in: My life is better without a TV. Here's why. TV consumes an enormous amount of time Let's do the math. According to a 2009 Nielson study, the average amount of time an American spends watching TV is around five hours per day! Five hours! Excluding time spent sleeping, this means the average person is spending a third of their day distracted or downright comatose. By extension, this works out to more than 3.5 months (15 weeks) of nonstop TV watching each year. (41) TV news is a poor way to be informed TV news justly receives much criticism. It has followed the path of professional wrestling: once genuine, yet now mostly for entertainment. (42) TV hinders the development of relationships (43) TV has too many commercials The average 30 minute slot of television programming has 8~9 minutes of commercials. (44) TV isn't that hard to get rid of You might think, "I couldn't possibly quit watching. "Firstly, you don't need to. There are alternatives, including downloading the show or watching it on DVD, both of which offer stop/play control with no commercial interruptions. Secondly, it's really not that hard to give up a show. They're not like nicotine. There's no chemical dependence. (45) TVs are the last non-portable relic For the most part we've managed to make our technology mobile. Now, don't get me wrong. I value entertainment and relaxation as much as the next person. There are shows I download and watch regularly, summing up to perhaps four hours per week. The truth is once you target a few specific shows and cut out commercials, there's really not that much to watch. So save time, learn something new, try something different, build your relationships, and for your own sake, turn off the TV. [A] Sure you might get disappointed the first time you're left out of a conversation about last night's episode, but you can offset this disappointment by telling people about how you learnt to hang glide instead. I've liked a lot of TV shows but I've never seen one that wasn't completely disposable at any given minute. [B] Internet and phone services are available almost everywhere. TVs, in contrast, are like the coil-corded phones of the past, keeping people cooped up indoors, glued to the couch. A stationary TV sets encourages a sedentary lifestyle that seldom serves us well. [C] Getting news from a rolling ticker (滚动新闻条) or a talking head is like going to a restaurant and waiting patiently to be served whenever the staff gets around to it. News should be ready on demand. With the Internet it is. With TV, you wait. If they have a story about a kitten caught in a tree, you endure it, lest you miss a minute of something that is actually relevant to you. [D] Based on our earlier calculations, this can work out to more than a month each year spent watching advertisements. Books have no advertisements. Even ads on the Internet can quickly be ignored if they're of no relevance. TV ads, in contrast, are time wasters that are forced upon you. [E] At one point I was able to recount my favorite episode word by word. By watching these repeats you don't even get to hear a unique joke or learn something new. TV reruns are time wasters, not only are you vegging out (慵懒发呆), you're also not taking in anything novel. [F] Time spent watching TV is time you're not enjoying quality experiences with friends and family. Instead of tube time, try something new and out of the ordinary with the people in your life. Play billiards. Fly a kite. Or just talk to each other.

填空题[A] Modern marketing is therefore a coordinated system of many business activities. But basically it involves four things: selling the correct product at the proper place, selling it at a price determined by demand, satisfying a customer's need and wants, and producing a profit for the company. [B] Because products are often marketed internationally, distribution has increased in importance. Goods must be at the place where the customer need them or bought there. This is known as place utility: it adds value to a product. However, many markets are separated from the place of production, which means that often both raw materials and finished products must be transported to the points where they are needed. [C] The terms market and marketing can have several meanings depending upon how they are used. The term stock market refers to the buying and selling of shares in corporations, as well as other activities related to stock trading and pricing. The important world stock markets are in London, Geneva, New York, Tokyo and Singapore. Another type of market is a grocery market, which is a place where people purchase food. When economists use the word market, they mean a set of forces or conditions that determine the price of a product, such as the supply available for sale and the demand for it by consumers. The term marketing in business includes all these meanings, and more. [D] In the past, the concept of marketing emphasized sales. The producer or manufacturer made a product he wanted to sell. Marketing was the task of figuring out how to sell the product. Basically, selling the product would be accomplished by sales promotion, which included advertising and personal selling. In addition to sales promotion, marketing also involved the physical distribution of the product to the places where it was actually sold. Distribution consisted of transportation, storage, and related services, such as financing, standardization and grading, and the related risks. [E] Marketing now involves first deciding what the customer wants, and designing and producing a product that satisfies these wants at a profit to the company. Instead of concentrating solely on product, the company must consider the desires of the consumer. And this is much more difficult since it involves human behavior. Production, on the other hand, is mostly an engineering problem. Thus, demand and market forces are still an important aspect of modern marketing, but they are considered prior to the production process. [F] The modern marketing concept encompasses all of the activities mentioned, but it is based on a different set of principles. It subscribes to the notion that production can be economically justified only by consumption. In other words, goods should be produced only if they can be sold. Therefore, the producer should consider who is going to buy the product, or what the market for the product is before production begins. This is very different from making a product and then thinking about how to sell it. [G] Raw materials requiring little or special treatment can be transported by rail, ship of barge at low cost. Large quantities of raw materials travels as bulk freight but finished products that often require special treatment, such as refrigeration or careful handling, are usually transported by truck, this merchandise freight is usually smaller in volume and required quicker delivery. Merchandise freight is a term for the transportation of manufactured good. Along all points of the distribution channel various amounts of storage are required. The time and manner of such storage depends upon the type of product. Inventories of this stored merchandise often need to be financed. Order: 41.______→D→42.______→43.______→44.______→45.______→A

填空题I remember one night a few years ago when my daughter was frantic with worry. After my Harvard Extension School classes, I usually arrived at the bus station near my home by 11 p. m., but on that night I was nowhere to be found. My daughter was nervous. It wasn't safe for a single woman to walk alone on the streets at night, especially one as defenseless as I am: I can slay a mugger with my sharp wit, but I am just too short to do any real physical damage. That night my daughter checked the bus station, drove around the streets, and contacted some friends. But she couldn't find me--until she called my astronomy professor who told her that I was on top of the Science Center using the telescope to gaze at the stars. Unaware of the time, I had gotten lost in the heavens and was only thinking about the new things I had learned that night in class. This story illustrates a habit I have developed over the years: I lose track of the time when it comes to learning. (41) . I may have started late; but I will continue to learn as long as I am able because there is no greater feeling, in my opinion, than traveling to a faraway country as I have and being able to identify by sight the painting of a famous artist, the statue of an obscure sculptor, the cathedral of an ancient architect. (42) . So I will continue to take classes and tell my story. Lately it seems that everyone is asking me, "Mary, what advice do you have for other students?" So while I have you all here, I m going to ease my burden of answering you each individually: (43) . So listen to me when I tell you this: Knowledge is power. My studies were interrupted when I was in the 7th grade, back sometime around World War I. I loved school but I was forced to leave it to care for my family. I was con-signed to work in a Rhode Island cotton mill, where I labored for many years. I eventually married and raised 5 children, 20 grandchildren, and 18 great-grandchildren. But all the while I felt inferior to those around me. I knew I was as smart as a college graduate. I knew I was capable of doing a job well— I had proved it by running a successful family business for decades that still exists. But I wanted more. I wanted to feel confident when I spoke and I Wanted people to respect my opinions. Does it surprise you to discover how much you have in common with an 89 year old woman? (44) . (45) . That belief is what has motivated me for the last 75 years to get this degree. It is also the mission of the Harvard Extension School. Without the support I received from this school, I might not have graduated until I was 100 -- a phrase that many of you have probably used in jest. [A] If the saying is true that wisdom comes with age,, you may safely assume that I am one of the wisest people in this hall and possibly at this university today. [B] f know that many of you graduates today, whether you were 'born in 1907 or 1967, have faced similar barriers to completing your studies and have sometimes felt inferior around those you work or socialize with just because you didn't have a degree. [C] If you have treated education as your main goal, and not as s means to an end. then you, too, have probably been claimed as a missing person once in your academic career, whether you were lost in the stars or the stacks of Widener Library. [D] But I am here today like you are--to prove that it can be done; that the power gained by understanding and appreciating the world around us can be obtained by anyone regardless of social status, personal challenges, .or age. [E] How else do you explain a woman who began high school at age 71 and who is graduating with a bachelor s degree at 89? [F] And you, too, know that the journey was worth it, and that the power of knowledge makes me the most formidable 89-year-old woman at the bus stop. [G] I have found that the world is a final exam that you can never be prepared enough for.