问答题变异型心绞痛的特点和治疗适宜药及禁忌药。

问答题心绞痛发作时可有哪些体征?

问答题风湿性二尖瓣狭窄应与哪些疾病相鉴别?

问答题分别列出肝细胞性黄疸和胆汁淤积性黄疸的特征。

问答题慢性肾炎临床上分哪几型?

问答题肺栓塞的诊断依据是什么?

问答题肝性脑病的病理生理基础是什么?发病机理的主要学说有哪些?何谓亚临床型肝性脑病?

问答题原发性肥厚型心肌病在超声心动图上有什么表现?

问答题试述原发性高血压的分期标准。

问答题慢性肾炎血压增高的主要机制是什么?

问答题何为前负荷、后负荷?

问答题A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend toward "directed" or "programmed" research; i. e. research whose scope and objectives are predetermined by private or government organizations rather than researchers themselves. Any scientist working for such organizations and investigating in a given field therefore tends to do so in accordance with a plan or program designed beforehand. At the beginning of the century, however, the situation was quite different. At that time there were no industrial research organizations in the modern sense, the laboratory unit consisted of a few scientists at the most, assisted by one or two technicians. 47) Nevertheless, the scientist, often working with inadequate equipment in unsuitable rooms, was free to choose any subject for investigation he liked, since there was no predetermined program to which he had to conform. 48) As the century developed, the increasing magnitude and complexity of the problems to be solved made it impossible, in many cases, for the individual scientist to deal with the huge mass of new data, techniques and equipment that were required for carrying out research accurately and efficiently. The increasing scale and scope of the experiments needed to test new hypotheses and develop new techniques and industrial processes led to the setting up of research groups or teams using highly-complicated equipment in elaborately-designed laboratories. 49) Owing to the large sums of money involved, it was then felt essential to direct these human and material resources into specific channels with clearly-defined objectives. In this way it was considered that the quickest and most practical results could be obtained. This, then, was programmed (programmatic) research. One of the effects of this organized and standardized investigation is to cause the scientist to become increasingly involved in applied research (development), especially in the branches of science which seem most likely to have industrial applications. Private industry and even government departments tend to concentrate on immediate results and show comparatively little interest in long-range investigations. 50) In consequence, there is a steady shift of scientists from the pure to the applied field, where there are more jobs available, frequently more highly-paid and with better technical facilities than jobs connected with pure research in a university. Owing to the interdependence between pure and applied science, it is easy to see that this system, if extended too far, carries considerable dangers for the future of science--and not only pure science, but applied science as well.

问答题简述胸腔积液病因与积液性质的关系。

问答题试述出血坏死性胰腺炎的诊断。

问答题如何鉴别直径3cm的周围型肺癌和结核球?肺癌性空洞与肺结核空洞如何鉴别?

问答题肝硬化门静脉高压食管静脉曲张大出血病人的止血措施有哪些?预防再出血的措施有哪些?

问答题治疗肺结核时，什么情况下可以使用肾上腺皮质激素?目的是什么?具体说明什么情况下禁用。

问答题溶栓疗法

问答题肝硬化腹水形成的主要原因有哪些?

问答题急性心肌梗死患者溶栓治疗的适应证和禁忌证有哪些?