问答题While a few of these institutions are good, most of them are simply “dumping grounds“ for the dying in which “care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.______

问答题Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often “go on welfare" if they have a serious illness.______

问答题In the last 500 years, nothing about people——not their clothes, ideas, or languages——has changed as much as what they eat. The original chocolate drink was made from the seeds of the cocoa tree by South American Indians. The Spanish introduced it to the rest of the world during the 1500's. And although it was very expensive, it quickly became fashionable. In London, shops where chocolate drinks were served became important meeting places. Some still exist today. The potato is also from the New World. Around 1600, the Spanish brought it from Peru to Europe, where it soon was widely grown. Ireland became so dependent on it that thousands of Irish people starved when the crop failed during the "Potato Famine" of 1845—1846, and thousands more were forced to leave their homeland and move to America. There are many other foods that have traveled from South America to the Old World. But some others went in the opposite direction. Brazil is now the world's largest grower of coffee, and coffee is an important crop in Colombia and other South American countries. But it is native to Ethiopia, a country in Africa. It was first made into a drink by Arabs during the 1400s. According to an Arabic legend, coffee was discovered when a person named Kaldi noticed that his goats were attracted to the red berries on a coffee bush. He tried one and experienced the "wide-awake" feeling that one-third of the world's population now starts the day with.

问答题1. 缺水的现状。 2. 缺水的原因。 3. 解决的办法。

填空题For most of us, work is the central, dominating fact of life. We spend more than half our conscious hours at work, preparing for work, travelling to and from work. What we do there largely determines our standard of living and to a considerable extent the status we are accorded by our fellow citizens as well. It is sometimes said that because leisure has become more important the indignities and injustices of work can be pushed into a corner, that because most work is pretty intolerable, the people who do it should compensate for its boredom, frustrations and humiliations by concentrating their hopes on the other parts of their lives. I reject that as a counsel of despair. For the foreseeable future the material and psychological rewards which work can provide, and the conditions in which work is done, will continue to play a vital part in determining the satisfaction that life can offer. Yet only a small minority can control the pace at which they work or the conditions in which their work is done; only for a small minority does work offer scope for creativity, imagination, or initiative.Inequality at work and in work is still one of the cruelest and most glaring forms of inequality in our society. We cannot hope to solve the more obvious problems of industrial life, many of which arise directly or indirectly from the frustrations created by inequality at work, unless we tackle it headon. Still less can we hope to create a decent and humane society.Questions:

填空题Most speakers are surprising to learn that people who 1._____speak only one language form a minority of the world's population that most people function in two or more languages. 2._____While few people are truly balanced bilinguals or polyglots who feel equal comfortable with all languages, 3._____the fact is that most of the world's population functions in more than language. Given this, it's somewhat surprising 4._____that so much attention is paid to the English-speaking world to the matter of learning a additional language. If so many 5._____people seem to do it so easily, then just what is the problem?The simplest answer is that there really isn't one. Giving ample opportunity and time, most people can learn as 6._____many languages as they want or need to. But as teachers charged with the responsibility of adding English to the linguistic inventory of non-English-speaking children, we must be concerned precisely these matters—providing ample 7._____and effective opportunity and using time as effectively as possible.This chapter will look briefly how children become bilingual. 8._____First, we'll examine the conditions lead to bilingualism 9._____in preschoolers, then we'll turn our attention to language learning in the classroom. In focusing on the differences between language acquisition at home and at school, we'll see that there's the potential for conflict from children's informal language 10._____learning in the home and the more formal experience of the school.