单选题In the open systems interconnection (OSI) reference model, "layer" means one of seven conceptually complete, (71) arranged groups of services, functions, and protocols, that extend across all open systems. Application layer provides means for the application (72) to access the OSI environment. Presentation layer provides for the selection of a common syntax for representing data. (73) layer provides the means necessary for cooperating presentation entities to organize and synchronize their dialog and to manage their data exchange. Transport layer provides a reliable end-to-end data transfer service. Network layer provides for the entities in the transport layer the means for transferring blocks of data, by (74) and switching through the network between the open systems in which those entities reside. Data link layer provides services to transfer data between network layer entities. Physical layer provides the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural means to establish, maintain and (75) physical connections for transfer of bits over a transmission medium.

单选题使用白盒测试方法时，确定测试数据应该根据______和指定的覆盖标准。一般来说与设计测试数据无关的文档是______。软件的集成测试工作最好由______承担，以提高集成测试的效果。

单选题某企业管理信息系统中，采购子系统根据材料价格、数量等信息计算采购的金额，并给财务子系统传递采购金额、收款方和采购日期等信息，则这两个子系统之间的耦合类型为（ ）耦合

单选题The grid computing is a new (66) technology connecting the distributed and (67) resources to the high-speed network and integrating a super-computer of processing capacity. The significance and architecture of the grid computing is explained. Several kernel technology such as OGSI, resource management, task management, task scheduling, high rate communication and security are described. Aiming at the particularity of the grid computing environment a mechanism similar to the technology of the search engine is designed to registry, discovery and (68) the resources in the grid. The whole model of the resource management is built by connecting task manager in the local resource management system to others with P2P model. The task may migrate among the task managers in order to (69) the load. The task users summit may be executed in relatively tight resource set, which will not only decrease the total communication overheads of the whole task but also (70) the performance of the system.

单选题为便于存储和处理一般树结构形式的信息，常采用孩子-兄弟表示法将其转换成二叉树（左子关系表示父子、右子关系表示兄弟），与下图所示的树对应的二叉树是（）。

单选题甲将其一篇文章投递给杂志社。未经甲的许可，杂志社便委托乙对甲的文章进行修改，然后杂志社将署名为乙和甲的文章发表在其刊物上，则 (11) 。 A．杂志社侵犯了甲的著作权，乙未侵权 B．杂志社未侵犯甲的著作权，乙侵犯了甲的著作权 C．杂志社和乙均侵犯了甲的著作权 D．杂志社和乙均未侵犯甲的著作权

单选题 无线局域网是计算机网络与无线通信技术相结合的产物，无线局域网的IEEE 802.11系列标准中，{{U}} (61) {{/U}}标准是应用最广泛的。在无线局域网的主要工作过程中，用于建立无线访问点和无线工作站之间的映射关系的过程是{{U}} (62) {{/U}}。

单选题某计算机系统页面大小为4K，若进程的页面变换表如下所示，逻辑地址为十六进制1D16H。该地址经过变换后，其物理地址应为十六进制________。

单选题Calculator is (66) for performing arithmetic operations, but that requires human intervention to alter its stored program, if any, and to initiate each operation or sequence of operations. A calculator performs some of the functions of a computer, but usually operates only with frequent human intervention. Microcomputer's processing unit consists of one or more microprocessors, and includes storage and input-output (67) . Personal computer primarily intended for (68) use by an individual. (69) computer can be hand-carried for use in more than one location. Minicomputer is functionally intermediate between a microcomputer and a mainframe. And supercomputer has the highest processing speeds available at a given time for (70) scientific and engineering problems.

单选题下面 (63) 最好地描述了代理服务器的功能。

单选题下列实数是声音信号的采样值：采样值2.32.13.21.21.32.32.53.2采样值3.83.82.52.01.41.21.21.0采样值0.80.60.0-0.3-0.5-0.8-1.2-1.5采样值-1.7-1.9-2.2-2.5-2.7-2.9-3.1-3.9使用[-4，4)的量化间隔把这些采样值线性量化成0，1，2，…，30，31共32个离散值，即把输入值为[-4，-3.75)的样本变换成0，把[-3.75，-3.50)变换成1，…，[3.50，3.75)变换成30，把[3.75，4)变换成31。下列4个采样值经过量化之后的数值是(38)。D.选项A、B和C都不对

单选题单元测试中，检验模块接口时，不需要考虑______。 A．测试模块的输入参数和形式参数在个数、属性、单位上是否一致 B．全局变量在各模块中的定义和用法是否一致 C．输入是否改变了形式参数 D．输入参数是否使用了尚未赋值或者尚未初始化的变量

单选题在结构化分析方法中，数据字典是重要的文档。对加工的描述是数据字典的组成内容之一，常用的加工描述方法有{{U}} (17) {{/U}}。

单选题在ISO定义的七层参考模型中，对数据链路层的描述正确的______。

单选题极限编程(eXtreme Programming)是一种轻量级软件开发方法，它是以 (30) 为规则。

单选题{{U}}(18) {{/U}}是指一个软件模块是否容易修改、更新和扩展。

单选题 {{U}}(66) {{/U}}是将系统化的、规范的、可定量的方法应用于软件的开发、运行和维护的过程，它包括方法、工具和过程三个要素。ISO9000是由ISO/TC176制定的关于{{U}} (67) {{/U}}和质量保证的国际标准。CMM提供了一个框架，将软件过程改进的进化步骤组织成5个成熟度等级。除第1级外，每个等级都包含了实现该成熟度等级目标的若干{{U}} (68) {{/U}}。在软件开发的各种资源中，{{U}} (69) {{/U}}是最重要的资源。软件的复杂性是{{U}} (70) {{/U}}，它引起人员通信困难、开发费用超支、开发时间超时等问题。

单选题程序设计语言包括(41)等几个方面，它的基本成分包括(42)。Chomsky(乔姆斯基)提出了形式语言的分层理论，他定义了四类文法：短语结构文法、上下文有关文法、上下文无关文法和正则文法。一个文法可以用一个四元组G=(∑，V,S，P)表示，其中，∑是终结符的有限字符表，y是非终结符的有限字母表，S(∈V)是开始符号，P是生成式的有限非空集。在短语文法中，P中的生成式都是α→β甲的形式，其中α∈(43)，β∈(∑∪V)*。在上下文有关文法中，户中的生成式都是α1Aα2→α1βα2的形式，其中A∈(44)，β∈(∑∪V*)，β≠。在上下文无关文法中，户中的生成式的左部正(45)。