Why does Charles Cotton suggest that employers communicate with their straight—forwardly ?

You can charm other people, especially your parents, into doing things the way you want.

{{B}}Conversation Two{{/B}}

The site had a number of features which made it attractive to potential users: fast service, search capabilities, low costs for users, tools for comparing prices of books, and personalisation in the form of customer-written book reviews.

In this section, you will hear two long conversations. Each conversation will be read only once. At the end of each conversation, there will be a one-minute pause. During the pause, read the five questions, each with three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.{{B}}Conversation One{{/B}}

{{B}}Section A{{/B}} In this section, you will hear five short conversations. Each conversation will be read only once. At the end of each conversation, there will be a twenty-second pause. During the pause, read the question and the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.

{{B}}Section A{{/B}} Translate the underlined sentences of the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet. While military scientists test lasers against satellites, surgeons use them as miraculously accurate scalpels(外科用小刀). They can even be used to detonate hydrogen bombs. (81) {{U}}The beam can be focused to spot one fiftieth the size of a human hair, yet its intensity is enough to kill cancer cells or drill through the most delicate bones.{{/U}} More than a decade ago, eye surgeons realized that they could use laser's beam to seal individually, the microscopic blood vessels in the retina (视网膜). The beam is so fine that only the target is heated. Now its pinpoint blasting power has been turned to destroying cancer cells and reducing birthmarks. For cancer treatment, the diseased cells must be killed while their healthy neighbors are left unharmed. (82) {{U}}Where the cancer can be directly and accurately attacked, laser treatment does well: early cancer of the cervix (颈) and skin cancers have been widely and successfully treated.{{/U}} This type of cancer is not very easy to reach. (83) {{U}}For cancers that are less accessible there is a new and potentially valuable technique in which the patient is injected with a chemical that then attaches itself preferentially to cancer cells. When the laser strikes the chemical, it releases a form of oxygen that kills these cells.{{/U}} Birthmarks, once almost untreatable, are a mass of blood vessels and, being red, they absorb the laser beam strongly. It seals them so that the mark becomes less conspicuous. (84) {{U}}The normal cells of the skin's surface, which don't absorb much of the laser beam, act in the healing and help to conceal the mark{{/U}}. The beam can cut with a precision that no scalpel could achieve. (85) {{U}}The operation can transform the lives of people who were previously doomed to a lifetime of cosmetic concealment.{{/U}} Though this application is widely used in America, there are in Britain only two hospitals offering the treatment, and one feels bound to warn patients that success is not certain. However, some 10 new centers will soon be opened. Britain, though, is one of the leaders in the laser treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers (胃溃疡) and this, combined with new medicines can mean ulcer treatment without conventional surgery. The laser is now being used to treat all kinds of illnesses in this country.

Itisjustaboutimpossibletoimaginehowbigtheuniverseis.Allwecandoistodescribecertainthingsweknowaboutitandhopethatthesegiveanideaofthescaleofthecosmos.Onclearnights,inplaceswherelightpollutionfromcitiesdoesnotmakeittoodifficulttoseethestars,wecanseemanypointsoflightsintheskywhicharelikeawhitecloudofstars.Thisisourhomegalaxy,theMilkyWay.ThereareprobablyasmanyormoregalaxiesintheuniverseastherearestarsintheMilkyWay.Someestimatessaythereare100billiongalaxies,eachwithmillionsofstars.Ourhomegalaxy,likeallothers,isstillformingstarsallthetimefromgasfloatinginspace.Mostgalaxiescontainnotonlystars,butalsoblackholes.Thesearethetinyremainsofstarsthathavecollapsedinspectacularexplosions.Gravityissointenseinblackholesthatlightbends,soitcan'tescapetobeseenfromoutside.ThemassofablackholeissoconcentratedthattheEarthwouldbereducedtothesizeofatennisball,whileremainingasheavyasitisnow.OurnearestneighboringgalaxyisAndromeda,whichistwomillionlightyearsaway.Alightyearisthedistancecoveredbylightduringoneyear,travelingat300,000kilometersasecond.Themostdistantgalaxiesthatwecansee,evenwithtelescopes,are10to12billionlightyearsaway.ThatmeansithastakenthelightfromthosegalaxiesthatamountoftimetoreachtheEarth.Whenthatlightleftthosegalaxies,theuniversewasstillquiteyoung.Theuniversebeganwithagiganticexplosion,calledtheBigBang.About14to15billionyearsago,somethingaboutthesizeofanatomsuddenlystartedexpandingdramatically.Outneartheedgeoftheuniverse,thereisstillCosmicMicrowaveBackground,whichistheheatleftoverfromtheBigBang.Todaytheuniverseisstillexpandinginaprocesscalledinflation.Anditmaygoonacceleratingoutwardsfromtheoriginalpointforever.Thelatesttheoriesshowthatonlyatinyproportionoftheuniverseismadeupofthekindofmatterthatwecansee;about15%ofitissomethingcalleddarkmatter,andtherest,about75%,isdarkenergy,whichisdrivingtheinflationoftheuniverse.Questions56-57:ReadthequestionsandthefourchoicesmarkedA.B.CandD,and,decidewhichisthebestchoiceaccordingtothepassage.

Cultural Attitudes towards Time According to anthropologist Irving Hallowell, there is no evidence that humans have an inborn sense of time. A person's temporal concepts are probably determined largely by culture. One study showed that infants, after a few days of listening to speech around them, will move their heads and limbs in rhythm with the speech they hear. As children develop, they adapt more fully to their temporal culture. This temporal cuhure influences language, music, poetry and dance. It also affectsrelationships. We tend to get along well with people who share our sense of time. One particular cultural attitude towards time is found in polychronic cultures. Some Mediterranean and southwest Asian Cultures are usually placed in this category. Such cultures emphasise relationships among people, flexible timing of appointments, and the careful completion of processes rather than strict schedules. Polychronic people seldom feel that time is being wasted. They tend to consider each activity valuable on its own, not just as part of a larger process. Polychronic people tend to have many projects going on at the same time, and they may shift frequently from one task to another. They change plans often. For polychronic people, work time is not clearly separable from personal time, so business meetings are considered a form of socialising. Monochronic cultures, on the other hand, are oriented towards tasks and schedules. Cultures usually considered monochromic can be found in northern Europe, North America, and some parts of eastern Asia. Monoehronic people feel that time is tangible and inflexible and that "time is money." They do one thing at a time and concentrate on each thing. Time and job commitments are very important to them and they tend to follow plans rigidly. Also, monochromic people clearly separate their work and personal time, and they place a high value on privacy. As you might expect, people from polychronic and monochromic cultures often misunderstand each other because of their different senses of time. For example, because a monochromic culture is highly compartmentalized, monochromic people tend to sequence conversations as well as tasks. They would not, for instance, interrupt a phone call in order to greet another person who just came into the room. In contrast, polychronic people are comfortable with having multiple conversations at the same time. They would consider it rude not to greet someone who entered during a phone conversation. Complete the summary below by choosing for each blank no more than three words from the passage. Cultures may have either a (71) , or a monochromic conception of time. Cultures with a polychromic view of time follow a (72) timetable. People from polychronic cultures tend to work on several (73) at the same time. On the other hand, people in (74) perceive events and tasks as being more compartmentalized. In this culture, jobs and even conversations should follow a certain (75) . Everything in these cultures seems inflexible, and has its own place and time.

When your kids are advised to "get an education" if they want to earn a decent income, they are told only half of the truth. What is really meant is that they should get just enough education to provide manpower, for the society in which they live, but not so much that they become an embarrassment to that society. Get a high school diploma, at least. Without that, you will be occupationally dead, unless your name happens to be George Bernard Shaw or Thomas Alva Edison, and you can drop out of grade school and still be successful. Get a college degree, if possible, because with a BA, you are on the launching pad. After that, though, you have to start putting on the brakes. If you go for a master's degree, make sure it is an MBA, and only from a first-rate university. Beyond this, the famous law of diminishing returns begins to take effect. Do you know, for instance, that long-haul truck drivers earn more per year than full professors? Yes, the average 2007 salary for truckers was $ 34,000, while a full professor only earned $ 33, 930. [79] A PhD is the highest degree you can get, but except in a few specialized fields such as physics and chemistry, where the degree can quickly be turned to industrial or commercial purposes, you are facing a dim future. There are far more PhDs unemployed or underemployed in this country than in any other. If you become a doctor of philosophy in English, history, anthropology, political science, languages or—-worst of all—philosophy, you are probably over-educated for our national demands—not for our needs, mind you, but for our demands. [80] Thousands of PhDs are selling shoes, driving cabs, waiting on tables and filling out fruitless applications month after month. Many of them end up taking a job in some high school or backwater college that pays much less than the janitor earns. The level of income is proportional to one's level of education only to a degree—to the degree, that is, that makes a person useful to the gross national product, but not to a degree that nobody can run much of a profit on such a person. Choose the best answers according to the passage.

What is the passage mainly about?

In this section, you will hear one long conversation. The conversation will be read only once. At the end of the conversation, there will be a one-minute pause. During the pause, you must read the four questions, each with three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Questions 7-10 are based on the long conversation you have just heard.

In this section, you will hear five short news items. Each item will be read only once. After each item, there will be a pause. During the pause, read the question and the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.

{{B}}Section A{{/B}} Translate the underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet. Are you really in love? How do you know the difference between love and infatuation? This is often difficult to determine, for there are no set rules surrounding the definitions of love or infatuation. Romantic love is very much a part of the American way of life and many expect that some day "it" is going to hit them and they will know they are in love. What are some of the differences between love and infatuation? (81) {{U}}Genuine love is more likely to involve a process of "growing" in love rather than "falling" in love. This may sound terribly unromantic to some who are used to hearing talk about "falling in love " or being "head over heels in love. "{{/U}} This "falling" is often infatuation, and the sheer emotion of "falling" in love often blinds a person to the imperfections of the loved one. We tend to think of the loved one as "perfect", "ideal", or some other divine image. Real love sees the total person--both the "perfection" and the imperfection. Infatuation, then, is a sudden, emotional sense that one has discovered the "perfect" lover. On the other hand, love realizes imperfections and grows with the acceptance of those imperfections. (82) {{U}}Love leads a person to a feeling of security and trust in the loved one. It usually involves a feeling of mutual benefit arising from the new relationship. {{/U}}"We are able to solve our problems together" is the feeling of love, rather than "Please love me because I need you. " (83) {{U}}Infatuation often entails feelings of insecurity whenever the "lovers" are separated ; feelings of doubt, fickleness, uncertainty, and fear of loss often accompany infatuation. {{/U}}"What will I do if I lose him?" and "I wonder if she really means it when she says she loves me?" express the feelings of infatuation. In such a setting a lasting love does not have a chance to develop. (84) {{U}}Infatuation tends to be more manipulative than love because a lasting feeling of relationship probably has not developed, so that the individuals are still concerned mainly about their own needs and satisfactions. {{/U}}Conversely, in love, the feeling of relationship is genuine and sincere so that concern for the other person evolves naturally. (85) {{U}}Physical attraction is an important part of both infatuation and love, but the superficial attraction is less important in love, for the couple experiencing love usually will build their relationship on a broader base than mere physical attraction.{{/U}}

{{B}}Section A{{/B}} Translate the underlined sentences of the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet. There Is No Job more Important than Parenting By Benjamin Carson My belief began when I was just a kid. I dreamed of becoming a doctor. My mother was a domestic servant. (81) {{U}}Through her work, she observed that successful people spent a lot more time reading than they did watching television.{{/U}} She announced that my brother and I could only watch two to three pre-selected TV programmes during the week. In our free time, we had to read two books each from the Detroit Public Library and submit to her written book reports. She would mark them up with check marks and highlights. Years later we realised her marks were a ruse. My mother was illiterate; she had only received a third-grade education. (82) {{U}}Although we had no money, between the covers of those books, I could go anywhere, do anything and be anybody{{/U}}. When I entered high school I was an A-student, but not for long. I wanted the fancy clothes. I wanted to hang out with the guys. I went from being an A-student to a B-student to a C- student, but I didn't care. I was getting the high fives and the low fives and the pats on the back. I was cool. One night my mother came home from working her multiple jobs and I complained about not having enough Italian knit shirts. She said, "Okay, I'll give you all the money I make this week scrubbing floors and cleaning bathrooms, and you can buy the family food and pay the bills. With everything left over, you can have all the Italian knit shirts you want. " I was very pleased with that arrangement but once I got through allocating money, there was nothing left. (83) {{U}}I realised my mother was a financial genius to be able to keep a roof over our heads and any kind of food on the table, much less buy clothes{{/U}}. (84) {{U}}I also realised that immediate gratification wasn't going to get me anywhere. Success required intellectual preparation.{{/U}} I went back to my studies and became an A-student again, and eventually I fulfilled my dream of becoming a doctor. (85) {{U}}My story is really my mother's story—a woman with little formal education or worldly goods who used her position as a parent to change the lives of many people around the globe.{{/U}} There is no job more important than parenting. This I believe.

Inthe1970s,manypeoplebecameconcernedaboutenergy.Peopleindevelopedcountrieshadtofaceuptothefactthattheyusedtoomuchenergy,andenergysourcesweren"tgoingtolastforever.Onearchitect,MichaelReynolds,decidedtodosomethingaboutthis.Hesetouttodesignhomesthatwerecheapertobuildandmoreenergy-efficient.Inaddition,hewantedtodosomethingabouttherubbishproblem,andcameupwiththeideaof"earthships".Although"earthship"soundslikethenameofaboat,anearthshipisactuallyahouse.However,itisahousewithadifference.Earthshipsareconstructedfromgarbage,andtheyarebuiltusingonly10percentoftheenergyneededtobuildanordinaryhouse.Moreover,aftertheyarebuilt,earthshipsuseonly10percentoftheenergyrequiredtoheat,lightandcoolaregularhome.Oneofthebigbenefitsofearthshipsisthattheyaremadefromrecycledmaterials.Themainconstructionmaterialofanearthshipisusedtiresthatarefilledwithdirt.Thedirt-filledtiresarethenlaidflatandstackedlikebricks.Becausetiresareround,thereislotsofextraspacebetweencolumnsoftires.Thesespacesarefilledwithusedcardboard.Thetiresandcardboardformtheoutsidewallsofanearthship.Thewailsbetweenroomsinsidedon"tneedtobeasstrong,sothesewallsaremadewitholdcans,bottlesandcement.Allthewallsarethencoveredandpainted.Intheend,thehouselooksjustlikeatypicalhome.Anotherbenefitofanearthshipisthatitsavesenergyandnaturalresources.Forexample,anearthshipuseslesswaterthananordinaryhouse.Rainwater,whichiscollectedontheroof,isusedfordrinkingandbathing.Furthermore,earthshipsneedmuchlessenergythanordinaryhousesforhealingandcoolingbecausetheyarebuiltpartlyintotheground.Thisstopstheinsideofthehousefromgettingtoohotortoocold.Allofthesefeaturesmakeearthshipsveryenvironmentallyfriendly.That"soneofthereasonstheyhavecaughtonthroughouttheworld.EarthshipshavebeenbuiltinBolivia,Australia,Mexico,Japan,Canada,England,ScotlandandallovertheUS.Maybeinthenearfuture,anearthshipwillbelandingnearyou!Readthepassage,andthencompletethefollowingstatementsinnomorethanthreewordsforeachblank.

{{B}}Section A{{/B}} In this section, you will hear five short conversations. Each conversation will be read only once. At the end of each conversation, there will be a pause. During the pause, read the question with three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.

STAMP COLLECTING-IT"S A HOBBY THAT CAN GROW AND GROW Millions of people of all ages enjoy a hobby which is both interesting and fun. Every year, more and more people start a stamp collection of their own and discover an interest which can last a lifetime. Starting your collection is easy because stamps are everywhere. Holiday postcards from friends, birthday cards from favorite aunts and letters from pen-friends can all provide you with stamps from all over the world. If you start collecting seriously, you will probably want to join the Stamp Collectors"Club which exists to provide collectors with new British stamps. As a Club member you can order the special sets of new stamps you want for your collection. You can receive these in three different ways. We can either post you a complete set of stamps on an envelope addressed to you, or send you the same stamps in a colorful information pack with lots of interesting facts. Or, if you prefer, we can send you the individual stamps so you can arrange them in a special book of your own. The Stamp Collectors"Club has about 70,000 members and you could become a member too, with a two-year membership costing just 5. You can even get a reduction if a group of you join at the same time. We"re sure you"ll agree that this is great value for money. Also, when you join, the Club sends you a starter pack at no extra cost. This contains 100 stamps to begin your collection, together with an attractive box to keep them in. You also receive our helpful four-page guide to collecting, which has further suggestions on how to add to your collection and includes addresses of shops and businesses that sell stamps. To join the Club simply complete the application form and send in your membership fee. Your Starter Pack will be sent within 28 days of receipt of your application. Read the above advertisement carefully, and then tell whether statements 61 to 65 are true (T) or false (F) according to the passage.

For questions 1-5, mark Y(for Yes) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for No) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG(for Not Given) if the information is not given in the passage. Accommodation Near the town centre-Single rooms available Sunningdale Hotel French, German, Spanish and Russian spoken ￡150 per week single room or~ 27 per day, with English breakfast and dinner. Double room ￡120 each person a week, ￡25 daily. Half price for children under 14. The Sunningdale Hotel was built in 1913 and opened by Prince Louise. It has provided excellent service for people from all over the world and people of all ages and nationalities have stayed here. During the past 80 years over 50,000 guests from 174 different countries have visited Sunningdale. The hotel is on one of the main roads leading to the town centre. It is about 20 minutes by bus from the centre of town and buses to many other parts of the town stop outside the hotel. Guests should be careful not to travel on buses with the blue sign Express on the front because they do not stop near our hotel. An underground station is less than 100 metres away. The main building has 200 well-furnished, centrally-heated single rooms, each fitted with hot and cold water. Showers, baths and toilets are at the end of all con'idors. The hotel has a shop, sitting rooms, four television rooms, a table tennis room, a hbrary and laundry. There are also eight pianos available for guests use. There are spaces to park cars on the hotel drive. Daily newspapers are provided free and stamps can be bought at the office. Guests who stay for long periods must pay for their accommodation weekly in advance and one week's notice is required for departures. Shortor long-term guests are welcome but long-term guests are offered rooms first. Meal times are: breakfast 7: 00 9: 30 a. m. ; lunch 1: 00 2: 00 p. m.; dinner5: 30 7: 00 p. m.. During the week, for those studying or working late, dinner can be requested until 11: 00 p. m. by writing your name on the late list or by telephoning before 7: 00 p. m.. A selection of 10 menu choices are available for breakfast and dinner. Guests are advised to use taxis to get to the hotel if they arrive by train because we are some distance from the main railway station. Statements:

Question 56-60 based on the following passage. It's no secret that many children would be healthier and happier with adoptive parents than with the parents that nature dealt them. That's especially true of children who remain in abusive homes because the law blindly favors biological parents. It's also true of children who suffer for years in foster homes because of parents who can't or won't care for them but refuse to give up custody rights. Fourteen-year-old Kimberly Mays fits neither description, but her recent court victory could eventually help children who do. Kimberly has been the object of an angry custody battle between the man who raised her and her biological parents, with whom she has never lived. A Florida judge ruled that the teenager can remain with the only father she's ever known and that her biological parents have "no legal claim" on her. The ruling, though it may yet be reversed, sets aside the principle that biology is the primary determinant of parentage. That's an important development, one that's long overdue. Shortly after birth in December 1978, Kimberly Mays and another infant were mistakenly switched and sent home with the wrong parents. Kimberly's biological parents, Ernest and Regina Twigg, received a child who died of a heart disease in 1988. Medical tests showed that the child wasn't the Twiggs' own daughter, but Kimberly was, thus sparking a custody with the Twiggs getting visiting rights. Those rights were ended when Mr. Mays decided that Kimberly was being harmed. The decision to leave Kimberly with Mr. Mays rendered her suit debated. But the judge made clear that Kimberly did have standing to sue on her own behalf. Thus he made clear that she was more than just property to be handled as adults saw fit. Certainly, the biological link between parent and child is fundamental. But biological parents aren't always preferable to adoptive ones, and biological parentage does not convey an absolute ownership that cancels all the rights of children.