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填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}{{I}} In this section, you will hear a talk. Answer the questions below. You will hear the recording twice. At the end of the talk there will be a 3-minute pause, during which time you are asked to write down your answers briefly on the Answer Sheet. You now have 25 seconds to read the questions below. {{/I}}

填空题TheUnitedNationsWorldFoodProgramsays______couldpushonehundredmillionpeopleintohunger.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In this section you will bear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture. You will hear the recording twice. After the recording you are asked to write down your answers on the Answer Sheet. You now have 25 seconds to read the notes below.

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阅读理解The main purpose of the passage is to ____.

阅读理解The worst thing about television and radio is that they entertain us, saving us the trouble of entertaining ourselves. A hundred years ago, before all these devices were invented, if a person wanted to entertain himself with a song or a piece of music, he would have to do the singing himself or pick up a violin and play it. Now, all he has to do is turn on the radio or TV. As a result, singing and music have declined. Italians used to sing all the time. Now, they only do it in Hollywood movies. Indian movies are mostly a series of songs and dances trapped around silly stories. As a result, they don''t do much singing in Indian villages anymore. Indeed, ever since radio first came to life, there has been a terrible decline in amateur (业余的) singing throughout the world. There are two reasons for this sad decline. One, human beings are astonishingly lazy. Put a lift in a building, and people would rather take it than climb even two flights of steps. Similarly, invent a machine that sings, and people would rather let the machine sing than sing themselves. The other reason is that people are easily embarrassed. When there is a famous, talented musician readily available by pushing a button, which amateur violinist or pianist would want to try to entertain family or friends by himself ? These earnest reflections came to me recently when two CDs arrived in the mail. They are historic recordings of famous writers reading their own works. It was thrilling to hear the voices from a long dead past in the late 19th century. But today, reading out loud anything is no longer common. Today, we sing songs to our children until they are about two, we read simple books to them till they are about five, and once they have learnt to read themselves, we become deaf. We''re alive only to the sound of the TV and the stereo (立体声音响). I count myself extremely lucky to have been born before TV became so common. I was about six before TV appeared. To keep us entertained my mother had to do a good deal of singing and tell us endless tales. It was the same in many other homes. People spoke a language; they sang it, they recited it; it was something they could feel. Professional actors'' performance is extraordinarily revealing. But I still prefer my own reading, because it''s mine. For the same reason, people find karaoke (卡拉OK) liberating. It is almost the only electronic thing that gives them back their own voice. Even if their voices are hopelessly out of tune, at least it is meaningful self-entertainment.

阅读理解If those "mad moments"—when you can''t remember what your friend has told you or where you left your keys—are becoming more frequent, mental exercises and a healthy brain diet may help. Just as bodies require more maintenance with the passing years, so do brains, which scientists now know show signs of aging as early as the 20s and 30s. "Brain aging starts at a very young age, younger than any of us had imagined and these processes continue gradually over the years," said Dr. Gary Small, the director of the Center on Aging at the University of California, Los Angeles. "I''m convinced that it is never too early to get started on a mental or brain-fitness program," he added. In his book, The Memory Bible, the 51-year-old neuroscientist (神经学家) lists what he refers to as the 10 suggestions for keeping the brain young. They include training memory, building skills, reducing stress, mental exercises, brain food and a healthy lifestyle. It''s a game plan for keeping brain cells sparking and neural networks in perfect shape. "Misplacing your keys a couple of times don''t mean you should start labeling your cabinets. Memory loss is not an inevitable consequence of aging. Our brains can fight back," he said. Small provides the weapons for a full-scale attack. Simple memory tests give an indication of what you are up against and tools such as "look" and "connect" are designed to make sure that important things such as names and dates are never forgotten. "So if you wanted to learn names and faces, for example, you meet Mrs. Beatty and you notice a distinguishing facial feature, maybe a high eyebrow," said Small. "You associate the first thing that comes to mind. I think of the actor Warren Beatty so I create a mental picture of Warren Beatty kissing her brow." Small admits it may sound a bit strange but he says it works. "Mental exercises could be anything from doing crossword puzzles and writing with your left hand if you are right handed or learning a language. It could be anything that is fun that people enjoy doing," he added. He also recommends physical exercise, a low-fat diet and eating foods rich in fatty acids, such as fish, nuts, and fruits and vegetables high in antioxidants (抗氧化剂) including blueberries and onions in addition to reducing stress.

阅读理解Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it''s painful? This might be called laziness, but Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle. During the hours when you labor through your work may say that you''re "hot". That''s true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues (独白) as: "Get up, John! You''ll be late for work again!" The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarreling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has. You can''t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help, Dr. Kleitman believes. Maybe you''re sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway. Counteract (阻碍) your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour. This won''t change your cycle, but you''ll get up steam and work better at your low point. Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn (哈欠) and stretch. Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.

阅读理解In London, two weeks ago a class of students made legal history by winning a lawsuit against their college for poor teaching. In this landmark case the group all passed their course in historic vehicle restoration, but sued (起诉) the Oxfordshire college they had attended, claiming their qualifications were worthless because none had gained jobs in the field. The fact that the course was substantially different from that promised meant they won their case. James Groves, general secretary of the National Postgraduate Committee in UK reports that students are getting better at complaining. "They are starting to see themselves as consumers of a product, and are reacting accordingly when things don''t go right. Most importantly, they usually are paying their own fees and expect to get what they have paid for." Groves says most complaints to his organization are about facilities and the quality of supervision. He says that more students seem to make complaints might be due simply to the fact that universities are getting better at dealing with them. "In the past there was a tendency for colleges to brush these things aside. Today, most universities observe a code of practice and complaints are taken more seriously." He adds that students with complaints should first talk informally with the person concerned, taking a "friendly but firm attitude". Jaswinder Gill, who represented the students in the Oxfordshire case, is co-author of a recently published book: Universities and Students. He says the Oxfordshire case is interesting because the majority of students finished the course and were awarded qualifications. "Previously, students have sued when they failed to gain qualifications. But it is not now good enough for universities and colleges to say to grieving students: ''You''ve got your qualification, so what''s the problem?'' It''s about the quality of that qualification." The students argued that promises made in the college introduction, in course material and by course representatives during interviews were not met. Promised job opportunities in the industry failed to materialize, as did the promised 50 percent of practical and vocational work, and basic tools had not been available. Gill suggests that in such cases it is easy to prove the college at fault.

阅读理解Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more as of life to decision. In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed. Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposite; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements. Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with violent changes. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities, because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.

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填空题WhatdidtheseveralhundredcollegestudentscompetetobuildrecentlyinWashington,D.C.?

阅读理解A good modern newspaper is an extraordinary piece of reading. It is remarkable first for what it contains the range of news from local crime to international politics, from sports to business to fashion to science, and the range of comment and special features (特定) as well, from editorial page to feature articles and interviews to criticism of books, art, theatre and music. A newspaper is even more remarkable for the way one reads it never completely, never straight through, but always by jumping from here to there, in and out glancing at one piece, reading another article all the way through, reading just a few paragraphs of the next. A good modern newspaper offers a variety to attract many different readers, but far more than any one reader is interested in. What brings this variety together in one place is its topicality(时事性), its immediate relation to what is happening in your world and your locality now. But immediacy and the speed of production that goes with it mean also that much of what appears in a newspaper has no more than transient (短暂的) value. For all these reasons, no two people really read the same paper: what each person does is to put together out of the pages of that day''s paper, his own selection and sequence, his own news paper. For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently, which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need but without wasting time, demands skill and self-awareness as you modify and apply the techniques of reading.

阅读理解True, some of the attacks against whites by blacks are for money and valuables. But, others ale revenge assaults by blacks for a real or imagined racial insult. It is equally true that the vast majority of violent crimes against whites are committed by whites, while the vast majority of violent crimes against blacks are committed by other blacks. Yet even after discounting crimes that are hastily and erroneously (错误地，不正确地) tagged as racially motivated, many blacks do attack whites because they all white. A 1998 Justice Department study confirmed that nearly 20% of the more than 4,000 hate crimes well committed against whites, and their attackers were blacks. The Southern Poverty Law Center also notes that there is a huge escalation in black-on-white violence from nearly none at the beginning of the 1990s. A collection of white supremacists and rightist extremist groups have eagerly made black-on-white violence a wedge issue in their movement to paint blacks as the prime racial hate mongers in America. The New Century Foundation, an ultra-conservative think-tank, has launched a full-blown national campaign to alert whites to the danger of black hate crimes. These groups and individuals magnify hate crimes by blacks in order to back their social agenda. They oppose affirmative action programs and stronger hate crime laws. They downplay, or justify, the proliferation of white-supremacist-tinged paramilitary groups, police violence, and racial profiling. And they lobby hard for more prisons, police, and tougher laws. Black-on-white violence also reinforces white fears of blacks as the ultimate menace to society. When blacks say or do nothing about these attacks, it is taken by some as a tacit signal that blacks put less value on white lives than black lives. This is a terrible price for black silence on hate crimes committed by blacks.

阅读理解In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child''s acquisition (学会)of each new skill the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters. Others are severe over times of coming home at night or punctuality for meals. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child''s own happiness. As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality (道德) . Also, parents should realize that example is better than precept. If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach (说教), their children may grow confused, and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled. A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents'' principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment.

阅读理解According to a concerned 1997 article in the Boston Globe, the United States spent less than one percent of its transportation budget on facilities for pedestrians (行人) . Actually, I''m surprised it was that much. Go to almost any suburb developed in the last 30 years, and you will not find a sidewalk anywhere. Often you won''t find a single pedestrian crossing. I was made fully aware of this one summer when we were driving across Maine and stopped for coffee in one of those endless zones of shopping malls (购物中心) , motels, gas stations and fast-food places. I noticed there was a bookstore across the street, so I decided to forget coffee and go there to have a look. Although the bookshop was no more than 70 or 80 feet away, I discovered that there was no way to cross over six lanes of swiftly moving traffic on foot without putting myself in danger. In the end, I had to get in our car and drive across. At the time, it seemed ridiculous and annoying, but afterward I realized that I was possibly the only person ever to have thought of crossing the street on foot. The fact is, we not only don''t walk anywhere anymore in this country, we won''t walk anywhere, and dislike anyone who tries to make US, as the city of Laconia, N.H. discovered. In the early 1970s, Laconia spent millions on a comprehensive urban renewal project, which included building a pedestrian mall to make shopping more pleasant. Esthetically (美学上) it was a triumph—urban planners came from all over to praise and take photos—but commercially it was a disaster. Forced to walk one whole block from a parking garage, shoppers abandoned downtown Laconia for suburban malls. In 1994 Laconia dug up its pretty paving blocks, took away the flowers and decorative trees, and brought back the cars. Now people can park right in front of the stores again, and downtown Laconia thrives again. And if that isn''t sad, I don''t know what is.

阅读理解Part C You are going to read a passage about habits. From the list of headings A-G choose the best one to summarize each paragraph (33-38) of the passage. There is one extra heading that you do not need to use. Habits are bad only if you can’t handle them We are endlessly told we’re creatures of habit. Indeed, making this observation's if it were origin is one of the most annoying habits of pop psychologists. The psychologist William James said long ago that life “is but a mass of habits … our dressing and undressing, our eating and drinking, our greetings and partings, our giving way for ladies to precede are things of a type so fixed by repetition as almost to be classed as reflex actions.” What pop psychology can’t decide, though, is whether this state of affairs is good or bad. Are habits, properly controlled, the key to happiness? Or should we be doing all we can to escape habitual existence? This isn’t a question of good versus bad habits: we can agree, presumably, that the habit of eating lots of vegetables is preferable to that of drinking a three-litre bottle of White Lightning each night. Rather, it’s a disagreement about habituation itself. Since habit is so much more powerful than our conscious decision-making, what are needed are deliberately chosen routines. No matter how hard you resolve to spend more time with your spouse, it’ll never work as well as developing the habit of a weekly night out of doing the hardest task first each morning. Yet on the other hand, as we know all too well, habits hose their power precisely because they’re habitual. An expensive cappuccino, once in a while, is a life-enhancing pleasure; an expensive cappuccino every day soon becomes a boring routine. Even proven therapeutic techniques, such as keeping a diary, work better when done occasionally, not routinely. I don’t have an answer to this dilemma. But there is one way to get the best of both words: develop habits and routines that are designed to disrupt your habits and routines, and keep things fresh. One obvious example is the “weekly review”, which time-management experts are always recommending: a habit, yes, but one that involves stepping out of the daily habitual stream to gain perspective. Or take Bill Cates’s famous annual “think week”, in which he holes up in the mountain with a stack of books and journals, to reflect on future paths of action. You don’t need a week in the mountains, though: an hour’s walk in the park each week might prove as beneficial. A smaller-scale kind of routinised disruption is a method known as burst working, involving tiny, timed sprints of 5 to 10 minutes, with gaps in between. Each burst brings a microscopic but refreshing sense of newness, while each tiny deadline adds useful pressure, preventing a descent into torpor. Each break, meanwhile, is a moment to breathe-a miniature “think week”, to step back, assess your direction, and stop the day sliding into forgetfulness. All these techniques use the power of habituation to defeat the downsides of habituation. Like jujitsu(柔道), you’re turning the enemy’s strength against him; unlike jujitsu, we physically malcoordinated types can do it, too.

阅读理解What is this passage mainly about ?