单选题If you are to choose a title for this passage, which is the most appropriate one?

单选题略{{B}}Section Ⅱ Use of English{{/B}} Directions : Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. Many people who fly at least occasionally have come down with a cold or the flu shortly after disembarking. Is the air in airborne commercial jets {{U}}(21) {{/U}}? The Association of Flight Attendants (AFA), {{U}}(22) {{/U}} which 42,000 flight attendants with 27 airlines are represented, evidently thinks so. The organization claims that the incidence of air-quality-related diseases has {{U}}(23) {{/U}} among its members and demands that prompt actions be {{U}}(24) {{/U}} to improve the conditions in the airplane cabin. A study the AFA {{U}}(25) {{/U}} in 1997 uncovered about 1,000 self-reported incidents of headaches, dizziness and memory loss {{U}}(26) {{/U}} flight attendants and passengers. Some flight attendants were too ill to {{U}}(27) {{/U}} their safety duties, while others have been permanently disabled. Because of airlines' efforts to {{U}}(28) {{/U}} their expenses, cabin-air filters are not cleaned {{U}}(29) {{/U}}The complaints of flight attendants do not always give {{U}}(30) {{/U}} to correct maintenance. Airlines turned to recycled air, {{U}}(31) {{/U}} that they would reduce some of their costs. They are not required to put filters in. Airlines are {{U}}(32) {{/U}} great pressure to get their flights out {{U}}(33) {{/U}}. So they do not pay as much attention to systems that are not as {{U}}(34) {{/U}} to flight schedule and safety. Recent research findings emphasize the concern that filters can {{U}}(35) {{/U}} engine chemicals into the cabin air. This may not happen {{U}}(36) {{/U}} every flight, but it is a persistent problem. In a study published in October 1998 an investigation was made {{U}}(37) {{/U}} complaints of crew members {{U}}(38) {{/U}} air quality and health. More than half of the 200 subjects reported health problems they {{U}}(39) {{/U}} to cabin air. It was concluded that these health problems were consistent with {{U}}(40) {{/U}} harmful gases and substances.

单选题{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}} With euro hills and coins now circulating across much of Europe, the European Monetary Union is fully in place. The post-World War Ⅱ European leaders' dream of an economically and politically unified continent is one large step closer to realization, and membership in the monetary union could easily grow to 20 or more countries from the current 12 as the larger European Union expands to the east. A fully operational European Monetary Union does not come, however, with a guarantee of success. There is one enormous problem: This union creates a single monetary policy for a group of quite different national economies that often experience divergent business-cycle patterns. As long as business-cycle conditions differ significantly among European Monetary Union countries, there is no way for the central bank's policies to avoid creating serious problems for some members. The patterns of economic ups and downs remain far more diverse in the European Monetary Union countries, and it is not clear that this will change soon. The designers of the monetary union thought that the imposition of a single monetary policy, combined with free trade among the members, would cause cyclical conditions to converge quickly, producing a unified group of economies. A 1997 agreement also limits the power of the individual nations in the European Monetary Union to use government spending or tax cuts to ease national downturns. They can be fined if they run budget deficits of more than 3 percent of their gross domestic products. No fines have been levied yet, but the threat is there. Even if the economies of the original European Monetary Union members become more similar in their cyclical behavior, it will take far longer for the convergence to include the new member nations expected to come in within the next 10 or 15 years. The chances for consensus on the Governing Council, however thin now, will become far more distant with more members representing divergent national economies. And the larger nations, like Germany, France and Italy, might well resent the power of representatives from much smaller nations to outvote them on monetary policy. All of this does not mean that the European Monetary Union is likely to fail. But clearly the arrival of the euro as the standard currency does not guarantee the union's success.

单选题The silence coming from the depths of the canyon is ______.

单选题Methods of studying vary; what works (21) for some students doesn't work at all for others. The only thing you can do is experiment (22) you find a system that does work for you. But two things are sure: (23) else can do your studying for you, and unless you do find a system that works, you won't go through college. Meantime, there are a few rules that (24) for everybody. The hint is "don't get (25) ". The problem of studying, (26) enough to start with, becomes almost (27) when you are trying to do (28) in one weekend. (29) the fastest readers have trouble (30) that. And ff you are behind in written work that must be (31) , the teacher who accepts it (32) late will probably not give you good credit. Perhaps he may not accept it (33) . Getting behind in one class because you are spending so much time on another is really no (34) . Feeling pretty virtuous about the seven hours you spend on chemistry won't (35) one bit if the history teacher pops a quiz. And many freshmen do get into trouble by spending too much time on one class at the (36) of the others, either because they like one class much better or because they find it so much harder that they think, they should (37) all their time to it. (38) the reason, going the whole work for one class and neglecting the rest of them is a mistake, if you face this (39) , begin with the shortest and easiest (40) . Get them out of the way and then go to the more difficult, time consuming work.

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单选题 Dolly was once an awfully lonely sheep．When the famous cloned (of an exact copy of a plant or animal made by taking a cell from it and developing it artificially) animal made headlines in 1997，she was the only mammal ever to be manufactured from the cell of an adult donor．Since then，the clone ranks have swelled，with mice and cattle also making their way out of the labs．Last week cloning technology took another step forward when an international biotechnology company announced that it had created a litter of five genetically identical piglets (young pigs)，and that it had a pretty good idea of how they could one day be used：as organ donors for ailing humans． The idea of turning pigs into tissue factories has been around for at least 30 years．Pigs breed easily and mature quickly，and their organs are roughly the same size as those of humans，meaning operations can be performed with a relative snap-out，snap-in simplicity．The problem is，once the donor organ is stitched in place，the body rebels，rejecting it even more violently than it would a human transplant．“A pig heart transplanted in a person would turn black within minutes．” says David Ayares，a research director with PPL Therapeutics，the biotech firm that helped clone Dolly and also produced the piglets． What causes pig organs to be rejected so quickly is a sugar molecule on the surface of pig cells that identifies the tissue as unmistakably nonhuman．When the immune system spots this marker，it calls out its defenses．PPL scientists recently succeeded in finding the gene responsible for the sugar and knocking it out of the nucleus of a pig cell．Their next step would be to extract that nucleus，insert it into a pig ovum，and then into the womb of a host pig．The sugar free piglet that was eventually born could then be cloned over and over as a source of safe transplant organs．The idea is to arrive at the ideal animal and repeatedly copy it exactly as it is．The cloned piglets PPL introduced to the world last week were created in just this way，though for this first experiment in pig replication the scientists left the sugar genes intact． Despite this recent success，PPL is not likely to be setting up its organ shop anytime soon．Knocking out the key sugar gene solves only the problem of short-term rejection．Much more has to be done before any solution to long-term rejection can be rotund．Nonetheless，Ayares is optimistic，insisting that pig organs could be available in as little as five years．For the present，even a little new transplant material is a big improvement over what’s available，and for gravely ill patients awaiting a donor，that’s no small thing．

单选题A minority group's acceptance to the country was determined by

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You will hear three dialogues or monologues. Before listening to each one, you will have 5 seconds to read each of the questions which accompany it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have 10 seconds to check your answer to each question. You will hear each piece ONLY ONCE. {{I}} Questions 11-13 are based on the following friends' talk about where to entertain. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.{{/I}}

单选题Which of the following titles best reflects the main focus of the passage?

单选题 Questions 14—16 are based on the following passage.

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单选题 There are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another. Three basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system and the traditional system. In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the market place. It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them. In a market, transactions may take place via barter or money exchange. In a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes, and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence, the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. In the modern market economy, goods and services are bought or sold for money. An alternative to the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue edicts or commands as to how much of each goods and services should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan, drawn up by the government, shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planning of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy. In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition: parentage, religion, and custom fix every person's place within the economic system. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. People belonging to a certain group or caste may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health, and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone, progress may be difficult to achieve. A stagnant society may result.