问答题Fathers exposed to poisonous substances are probably just as likely to be the cause of defects in their unborn infants as mothers. Yet it is women who are told to stop drinking and smoking and to look after their health when they are pregnant. And it is women who find that they are banned from jobs where they are exposed to harmful chemicals or radiation. 62) Despite a growing body of scientific evidence that a man's exposure to damaging substances can affect his offspring, pregnant women are still charged with the responsibility of keeping their infants healthy, said Gladys Friedler, of the Boston University School of Medicine. "This is puzzling", she said. "Most of the workforce is still male, so why do we still spend so much time looking at women? The health of men as well as women should be of concern." In the US, 2,500,000 children are born with birth defects each year. In 60 percent of cases the origin of the defect is not known. 63) These figures do not include less obvious problems that appear later in development, such as biochemical malfunctions and behavioral problems. Many researchers still seem reluctant to contemplate that a man's environment can influence the health of children. "If the effects had not been so obvious, we might still be reluctant to acknowledge the effect of environmental agents on women." Despite this, there is a reluctance to accept the accumulated evidence of men's effects on development, she said. 64) Some companies have already taken steps to "protect the unborn child" by excluding women from jobs where they might be exposed to dangerous substances. This has led to some bitter disputes between the women and their employers in the US. The most famous case, now before the Supreme Court, pits a group of women and their union against Johnson Controls, a company which makes batteries. 65) The company transferred women from higher-paying jobs where they were exposed to lead on the grounds that it had to protect unborn children. The irony is that children born to men working in the factory are probably just as much at risk.

问答题 {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Although Henry Ford's name is closely associated with the, concept of mass production, he should receive equal credit for introducing labor practices as early as 1913 that would be considered advanced even by today's standards. {{/U}}Safety measures were improved, and the work day was reduced to eight hours, Compared with the ten-or-twelve-hour day common at the time. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}In order to accommodate the shorter work day, the entire factory was converted from two to three shifts. {{/U}} In addition, sick leaves as well as improved medical care for those injured on the job were instituted. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}The Ford Motor Company was one of the first factories to develop a technical school to train specialized skilled laborers and an English language school for immigrants. {{/U}}Some efforts were even made to hire the handicapped and provide jobs for former convicts. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}The most widely acclaimed innovation was the five-dollar-a-day minimum wage that was offered in order to recruit and retain the best mechanics and to discourage the growth of labor unions. {{/U}}Ford explained the new wage policy in terms of efficiency and profit sharing. He also mentioned the fact that his employees would be able to purchase the automobiles that they produced—in effect creating a market for the product. In order to qualify for the minimum wage, an employee had to establish a decent home and demonstrate good personal habits, including sobriety, thriftiness, industriousness, and dependability. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Although some criticism was directed at Ford for involving himself too much in the personal lives of his employees, there can be no doubt that, at a time when immigrants were being taken advantage of in frightful ways, Henry Ford was helping many people to establish themselves in America. {{/U}}

问答题Interlocutor:I'mgoingtogiveyouapictureandI'dlikeyoutofirstdescribeitbriefly,andthengiveyourcommentonwhatyouseeinthepicture.(PutPictureforCandidatesinfrontofbothcandidates.)(图片：经济发展但污染严重，因此国家提倡低碳经济)CandidateA,thisisyourpicture.Youhavethreeminutestotalkaboutit.CandidateB,listencarefullywhileCandidateAisspeaking.Whenhe/shehasfinished,I'dlikeyoutoaskhim/heraquestionaboutwhathe/shehassaid.CandidateA,wouldyouliketobeginnow,please?Interlocutor:Thankyou.Now,CandidateB,couldyoupleaseaskyourpartneraquestion?(Halfaminuteforaskingandansweringthequestion.)

问答题Directions: The people from the Mars cannot understand why the people on the Earth should crowd themselves in cities. You are invited to write an article to tell three advantages of city life. They are: 1) The city provides people with a background to learn and study; 2) It provides people with a stage to demonstrate their capability and; 3) It is a place where one seldom feels dull. You should write 160 -200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题 The children's education is important to both children themselves and the society. However, Some parents are not clear about how to educate their children. They pay excessive attention to their children's grades at school. Write an essay to 1) point out the failure of such parents' education and 2) what the possible consequences will be. You should write 160-200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Islamic law is a particularly instructive example of "sacred law". Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—61) notwithstanding. of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. Even the two other representatives of sacred law that are historically and geographically nearest to it, Jewish law and Roman Catholic canon law, are perceptibly different. Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; 62) Islamic law is the result of an examination. from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. All this was unified by being subjected to the same kind of religious scrutiny, the impact of which Varied greatly, being almost nonexistent in some fields, and in others originating novel institutions. 63) This central duality of legal subject matter and religious norm is additional to the variety of legal, ethical, and ritual rules that is typical of sacred law. In its relation to the secular state, Islamic law differed from both Jewish and canon law. Jewish law was buttressed by the cohesion of the community, reinforced by pressure from outside; rules are the direct expression of this feeling of cohesion, tending toward the accommodation of dissent. 64) Canon and Islamic law. on the contrary, were dominated by the dualism of religion and state. where the state was not. in contrast with Judaism. an alien power but the political expression of the same religion. But the conflict between state and religion took different forms in Christianity appeared, as the struggle for political power on the part of a tightly organized ecclesiastical hierarchy, and canon law was one of political weapons. Islamic law, on the other hand, was never supported by an organized institution; consequently, there never developed an overt trial of strength. 65) There merely existed discordance between application of the sacred law and many of the regulations framed by Islamic states: this antagonism varied according to place and time.

问答题 {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Man's preoccupation with time derives ultimately from his unique relationship to it. All animals are changed by it, But only human can manipulate it.{{/U}}　　Like Proust, the French author whose experiences became his literary capital, man can remember the past. He can also summon up things to come, displaying imagination and foresight along with his memory. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}It can be argued that memory and foresightedness are the essence of intelligence; that man's ability to manipulate time, to employ both past and future as guides to present actions, is what makes him human.{{/U}}　　To be sure, many animals can react to time after a fashion. A rat can learn to press a lever that will, after delay of some 25 seconds, reward it with a bit of food. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}But if the delay stretches beyond 30 seconds, the animal is at a loss. It can no longer associate reward so far in the future with present action.{{/U}}　　Monkeys, more intelligent than rats, are better able to deal with time. If one of them is allowed to see food being hidden under one of two cups, it can choose the right cup even after 90 seconds has passed. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}But after that time interval, the monkey's hunt for the food is no better than chances predicts.{{/U}} With the apes, man's nearest cousins, "time sense" takes a bit step forward. Even under the laboratory conditions, quite different from those they encounter in the wild, apes sometimes show excellent abilities to manipulate the present to obtian a future goal. Let's take a chimpanzees(黑猩猩) for example. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}They can learn to stack four boxes, one atop the other, as a platform from which it can reach ahanging banana. They also carry their ability to cope with the present action by means of tools like human being.{{/U}} And it is by the making of tools — physical tools as crude as a stone chopper, mental tools are subtle as a mathematical question — that man characteristically prepares for future contingencies. Chimpanzees in the wild have been seen to strip a twig of its leaves to make a probe for extracting termites from their holes. Significantly, however, the ape does not make this tool before setting out on a termite hunt, but only when it actually sees the insects or their nest. Here, as with the banana and the crates, the ape can only deal with a future that is immediate and visible — and thus halfway into the present.

问答题Part A Task: Identifying oneself; identifying things/people; passing on information. Interlocutor: Good morning (afternoon). My name is...and this is my colleague... He/She is just going to be listening to us. And your names are...and...? Give me your mark sheets please. Thank you. (Hand over the mark sheets to the assessor.) First of all, we'd like to know something about you, Candidate A, so I'm going to ask you some questions. Tell me about the kind of accommodations you live in? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the kind of housing you live in? Which do you prefer, a flat or a house? Thank you. Now, we'd like to know something about you, Candidate B, so I'm going to ask you some questions. Can you tell me something about your family? What do your family members do for a living? What do you and your family like to do together?

问答题Newspaper publishers make money mainly from subscribers and advertisers. It's been that way for centuries. But in the last few years an important new income stream has opened up for newspapers. Among the pioneers is The Gazette Company in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, which since 1993 has been providing information to its readers delivered by both paper and, increasingly, the Web. "If a newspaper views itself as ink on paper, I don't think it will survive. " says Steve Hannah, vice president of information technology. 57) Online newspapers are a look into the future, and just pondering it raises the question of whether it isn't nicer getting your daily news curled up in your favorite chair with your ballpoint pen handy to circle items of interest, or scissors ready to snip out articles you want to save. The Gazette Company is betting its subscribers want both electronic and paper options, and so far it seems to be right. The rest of the world is moving into cyberspace more slowly than the United States, and, in the developing world, the Internet has hardly penetrated at all. 58) U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan is determined to change this through the United Nations Information Technology Service, which will train large numbers of people to tap into the income-enhancing power of the Internet. Annan is also proposing an Internet health network that will provide state-of-the-art medical knowledge to 10,000 clinics and hospitals in poor countries. The on-rushing Cyber Age has given newfound power to us all, as seen in Jody Williams's one-woman organization using e-mail to promote a global ban on land mines. Yet, this is but a glimpse of what's ahead in the minds of those immersed in this great and accelerating transformation. 59) At Microsoft, Bill Gates predicts that by 2018 major newspapers will" publish their last paper editions and move solely to electronic distribution,'and that by 2020 dictionaries will redefine books as " eBook titles read on screen. " 60) Computers have metamorphosed from the University of Pennsylvania's 1961 ENIAC--whose more than 17,000 vacuum tubes had less number-crunching power than today~ s laptop — into thumbnail-sized computer chips containing 42 million transistors. William Van Dusen Wishard, president of World Trends Research, is concerned. 61) In a speech to the Issue Management Council in Washington D. C, he noted that "researchers at Carnegie Mellon University cite a two-year study showing depression and loneliness appearing at greater levels in people using the Internet than in others not using it, or not using it as much. Extensive exposure to the wider world via the Net appears to make people less satisfied with their personal lives. /

问答题Directions:Itisoftenclaimedthatwomenhaveachievedgreaterfreedomandhaveaccesstothesameopportunitiesasmen.ThepiechartsbelowshowsomeemploymentpatternsinGreatBritain.Writeareportforauniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationinthechartsbelow.Youshouldwriteatleast150words.

问答题62) The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples. 63) You have all heard it that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that with the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. 64) And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men, but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives. 65) There is a well-known incident in one of Moliere's plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose during the whole of his life. 66) In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period. Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.