填空题《复合题被拆开情况》The human species has increased its life span by________.

阅读理解In an up market restaurant near Cambridge city centre, twelve young men and women sit around a large, linen-covered table set with plates and dishes, glasses and cutlery. To one side is a man in a wheelchair. He is older than the others. He looks terribly frain, almost withered away to nothing, slumped motionless and seemingly lifeless against the black cloth cushion of his wheelchair. His hands, thin and pale, the fingers slender, lie in his lap. Set into the centre of his sinewy throat, just below the collar of his open-necked shirt, is a plastic breathing device about two inches in diameter. But despite his disabilities, his face is alive and boyish, neatly brushed brown hair falling across his brow, only the lines beneath his eyes belying the fact that he is a contemporary of Keith Richards and Donald Trump. His head lolls forward, but from behind steel-rimmed spectacles his clear blue eyes are alert, raised slightly to survey the other faces around him. 66. ( ) There is an air of excitement in the restaurant. Around this man the young people laugh and joke, and occasionally address him or make a flippant remark in his direction. A moment later the babble of human voices is cut through by a rasping sound, a metallic voice, like something from the set of Star Wars — the man in the wheelchair makes a response which brings peals of laughter from the whole table. 67. ( ) As the diners begin their main course there is a commotion at the restaurant''s entrance. A few moments later, the head waiter walks towards the table escorting a smiling redhead in a fake-fur coat. Everyone at the table turns her way as she approaches and there is an air of hushed expectation as she smiles across at them and says "Hello" to the gathering. She appears far younger than her eyes and looks terribly glamorous, a fact exaggerated by the general scruffiness of the young people at the table. Only the older man in the wheelchair is neatly dressed, in a plain jacket and neatly pressed shirt, his immaculately smart nurse beside him. "I''m so sorry I''m late," she says to the party. "My car was wheel-clamped in London. " Then she adds, laughing, " There must be some cosmic significance in that!" Faces look towards her and smile, and the man in the wheelchair beams. She walks around the table towards him, as his nurse stands at his side. 68. ( ) For the rest of the meal Shirley McLaine sits next to her host, playing him with question after question in an attempt to discover his views on subjects which concern her deeply. She is interested in metaphysics and spiritual matters. Having spoken to holy men and teachers around the world, she has formulated her own personal theories concerning the meaning of existence. She has strong beliefs about the meaning of life and the reason for our being here, the creation of the Universe and the existence of God. But they are only beliefs. The man beside her is perhaps the greatest physicist of our time, the subjects of his scientific theories are the origin of the Universe, the laws which govern its existence and the eventual fate of all that has been created — including you, me and Ms Shirley MacLaine. His name has spread far and wide, his name known by millions around the world. 69. ( ) The professor is neither rude nor condescending; brevity is simply his way. Each word he says has to be painstakingly spelt out on a computer attached to his wheelchair and operated by tiny movements of two of the fingers of one hand, almost the last vestige of bodily freedom he has. His guest accepts his words and nods. 70. ( ) A. She asks the professor if he believes that there is a God who created the Universe and guides His creation. He smiles momentarily, and the machine voice says, "No. " B. For the next two hours, until tea is served in the common room, the Hollywood actress asks the Cambridge professor question after question. C. Beside him sits a nurse, her chair angled towards his as she positions a spoon to his lips and feeds him. Occasionally she wipes his mouth. D. The woman stops two steps in front of the wheelchair. Crouches a little and says, "Professor Hawking, I''m delighted to meet you. I''m Shirley MacLaine. " E. His eyes light up, and what has been described by some as "the greatest smile in the world" envelops his whole face. Suddenly you know that this man is very much alive. F. What he is saying is not what she wants to hear, and she does not agree — but she can only listen and take notes for it, nothing else, his views have to be respected.

阅读理解The place seemed as unlikely as the coming together of the two principals. In June 1995, Princess Diana went to visit Mother Teresa in New York City''s South Bronx, where the founder of the Missionaries of Charity was recovering from an illness at one of her order''s residences. 66. ( ) So they met and chatted about the work they loved, for no more than an hour. Diana helped Mother Teresa rise from her wheelchair, and the two of them emerged from a private conversation holding hands, to be greeted by squealing children in a crowd. Diana, in a cream-colored linen suit, stood over her companion. 67. ( ) Now they are dead, within a week, and one wonders how to grasp what has been lost. In a way, their deaths are the ending to two stories. 68. ( ) When she was killed, her story was curtailed, and the silence that followed was overwhelming. One reason that masses stood in lines all over the world is that they knew a story they yearned to hear, and thought would go on, was over. Mother Teresa''s story was more of process and had fewer elements with which the audience could easily identify. For most of the years of her life, no cameras followed her when she bent down in the wretched streets of Calcutta to take dying people in her arms or when she touched the open wounds of the poor, the discarded and alone. When the Nobel Committee blasted her with fame, she had already written most of the tale of her life, which was without much plot,, was propelled by a main character who never changed direction, yet had a great theme. The end of Mother Teresa''s story is not the end of her order''s work, which is one reason (her age is another) that her death makes one sad without shock. The two women were united by an impulse toward charity, and charity is tricky way to live. A nun I know in Brooklyn, Sister Mary Paul, who has worked with the down-and-nearly-out all her life, once told me, " People in the helping professions are curious. I think they may feel something is missing in their lives. There can be a lot of ego, a lot of indirect fulfillment. One wants to see oneself as a good and giving person. There is nothing wrong in that, but it can''t be the goal. The ultimate goal must be a change in the system in which both the giver and taker live. " 69. ( ) The idea behind such thinking is that life is a journey and one catches others on the way. Mother Teresa must have felt this. Within whatever controversies arose about her work, the central gesture of her life was to bend toward the suffering and recall them to the world of God''s province. The people she inclined toward had been chewed by rats and had maggots in their skin. 70. ( ) The public mourning for Diana has so outrun the importance of the event that it has taken on the cast of an international grieving unrelated to any particular cause. It is as if the world has felt the need to be moved, to feel sympathy itself, and if that feeling of sympathy is fleeting, it will still have brought a general catharsis. Perhaps this is counterfeit emotion, aroused by television, and fueled and sustained by itself. That would not be true of the emotion shown at the death of Mother Teresa, who will draw fewer mourners to her funeral but more in the long run of history. A. She doesn''t like the word charity except in the sense of caritas, love. "Love," she said, " is not based on marking people up by assets and virtues. Love is based on the mystery of the person, who is immeasurable and is going somewhere I will never know. " B. That is why the princess came to meet the nun, to pay her respect to the woman whose devotion to the poor and dying she was beginning to absorb. Surrounding the world''s two most recognizable women were the dusty tenements and deserted cars of the not yet revived area. The Saint of the Gutters was in her element, which more recently had become Diana''s too. C. Princess Diana''s was the less significant but the more enthralling, a royal soap opera played by real people suffering real pain. D. All she wanted for them was the dignity of being human. E. Like Mother Teresa, the princess addressed to the children she came across, and nurseries, kindergartens and schools were the places where she was most frequently spotted. F. They were affectionate to each other. Mother Teresa clasped her palms together in the Indian namaste, signifying both hello and farewell. The princess got into her silver car. And that was that.

阅读理解Does the publisher of Douglas Starr''s excellent Blood — An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce actually expect to sell many copies? Whoever chose the title, certain to scare off the squeamish, and the subtitle, which makes the effort sound like a dry, dense survey text, has really done this book a disservice. In fact, the brave and curious will enjoy a brightly written, intriguing, and disquieting book, with some important lessons for public health. 66. ( ) The book begins with a historical view on centuries of lore about blood — in particular, the belief that blood carried the evil humors of disease and required occasional draining. As recently as the Revolutionary War, bloodletting was Widely applied to treat fevers. The idea of using one person''s blood to heal another is only about 75 years old — although rogue scientists had experimented with transfusing animal blood at least as early as the 1600s. The first transfusion experiments involved stitching a donor''s vein (in early cases the physician''s) to a patient''s vein. 67. ( ) Sabotaged by notions about the "purity" of their groups''blood, Japan and Germany lagged well behind the Allies in transfusion science. Once they realized they were losing injured troops the Allies had learned to save, they tried to catch up, conducting horrible and unproductive experiments such as draining blood from POWs and injecting them with horse blood or polymers. 68. ( ) During the early mid-1980s, Starr says, 10,000 American hemophiliacs and 12,000 others contracted HIV from transfusions and receipt of blood products. Blood banks both here and abroad moved slowly to acknowledge the threat of the virus and in some cases even acted with criminal negligence, allowing the distribution of blood they knew was tainted. This is not new material. But Starr''s insights add a dimension to a story first explored in the late Randy Shihs''s And the Bond Played On. 69. ( ) Is the blood supply safe now? Screening procedures and technology have gotten much more advanced. Yet it''s disturbing to read Starr''s contention that a person receiving multiple transfusions today has about a 1 in 90,000 chance of contracting HIV — far higher than the "one in a million" figure that blood bankers once blithely and falsely quoted. Moreover, new pathogens threaten to emerge and spread through the increasingly high-speed, global blood-product network faster than science can stop them. This prompts Starr to argue that today''s blood stores are "simultaneously safer and more threatening" than when distribution was less sophisticated. 70. ( ) A. The massive wartime blood drives laid the groundwork for modem blood-banking, which has saved countless lives. Unfortunately, these developments also set the stage for a great modern tragedy — the spread of AIDS through the international blood supply. B. There is so much drama, power, resonance, and important information in this book that it would be a shame if the squeamish were scared off. Perhaps the key lesson is this: The public health must always be guarded against the pressures and pitfalls of competitive markets and human fallibility. C. In his "chronicle of a resource" , Starr covers an enormous amount of ground. He gives us an account of mankind''s attitudes over a 400-year period towards this " precious, mysterious, and hazardous material" ; of medicine''s efforts to understand, control, and develop blood''s life-saving properties; and of the multibillion-dollar industry that benefits from it. He describes disparate institutions that use blood, from the military and the pharmaceutical industry to blood banks. The culmination is a rich examination of how something as horrifying as distributing blood tainted with the HIV virus could have occurred. D. The book''s most interesting section considers the huge strides transfusion science took during World War II. Medicine benefited significantly from the initiative to collect and supply blood to the Allied troops and from new trauma procedures developed to administer it. It was then that scientists learned to separate blood into useful elements, such as freeze-dried plasma and clotting factors, paving the way for both battlefield miracles and dramatic improvement in the lives of hemophiliacs. E. Starr''s tale ends with a warning about the safety of today''s blood supply. F. Starr obtained memos and other evidence used in Japanese, French, and Canadian criminal trials over the tainted-blood distribution. ( American blood banks enjoyed legal protections that made U. S. trials more complex and provided less closure for those harmed. ) His account of the French situation is particularly poignant. Starr explains that in postwar France, donating blood was viewed as a sacred and patriotic act. Prison populations were urged to give blood as a way to connect more with society. Unfortunately, the French came to believe that such benevolence somehow offered a magical protection to the blood itself and that it would be unseemly to question volunteer donors about their medical history or sexual or drug practices. Combined with other factors, including greed and hubris, this led to tragedy. Some blood banks were collecting blood from high-risk groups as late as 1990, well into the crisis. And France, along with Canada, Japan, and even Britain, stalled approval and distribution of safer, American heat-treated plasma products when they became available, in part because they were giving their domestic companies time to catch up with scientific advances.

作文题You have read an article in a magazine which states, "Currently it is hard for university graduates to find jobs. Therefore, they should be encouraged to start their own businesses." Write an article for the same magazine to clarify your own points of view towards this issue. You should use your own ideas, knowledge or experience to generate support for your argument and include an example. You should write no less than 250 words.

作文题A mother wrote to a newspaper inquiring whether her son should go abroad to study as an undergraduate or he should go to a Chinese university before going abroad to study as a postgraduate. Write a letter to the editor of the same newspaper to give your suggestions to this confused mother, and give reasons to justify your suggestions. You should write no less than 250 words.

作文题You have read an article in a magazine which states, "The Internet has now become an important learning tool for children, exposing them to a whole new world, which can contribute greatly to their education and development." Write an article for the same magazine to clarify your own points of view towards this issue. You should use your own ideas, knowledge or experience to generate support for your argument and include an example. You should write no less than 250 words.

作文题You have read an article in a magazine which states, "By law, cigarette advertisements are strictly prohibited on the media. Some people think there should also be a ban on the advertising of alcohol." Write an article for the same magazine to clarify your own points of view towards this issue. You should use your own ideas, knowledge or experience to generate support for your argument. You should write no less than 250 words.

作文题You have read an article in a magazine which states, "With the ever-increasing house prices in big metropolises, it is better for college graduates to work and live in small or medium-sized cities." Write an article for the same magazine to clarify your own points of view towards this issue. You should use your own ideas, knowledge or experience to generate support for your argument and include an example.

单选题 {{B}} Questions 14 to 16 are based on a news report about retirement. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 14 to 16.{{/B}}

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单选题Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following monologue about American Blacks. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 to 20.

单选题Travel is at its best a solitary enterprise: to see, to examine, to assess, you have to be alone and unencumbered. Other people can mislead you; they crowd your meandering impressions with their own; if they are companionable they obstruct your view, and if they are boring they corrupt the silence with non-sequiturs, shattering your concentration with "Oh, look, it''s raining" and " You see a lot of trees here". Travelling on your own can be terribly lonely ( and it is not understood by Japanese who, coming across you smiling wistfully at an acre of Mexican butter cups tend to say things like "Where is the rest of your team?" ) , I think of evening in the hotel room in the strange city. My diary has been brought up to date; I hanker for company; what do I do? I don''t know anyone here, so I go out and walk and discover the three streets of the town and rather envy the strolling couples and the people with children. The museums and churches are closed, and toward midnight the streets are empty. If I am mugged, I will have to apologize as politely as possible; "I am sorry, sir, but I have nothing valuable on my person. " Is there a surer way of enraging a thief and driving him to violence? It is hard to see clearly or to think straight in the company of other people. Not only do I feel self-conscious, but the perceptions that are necessary to writing are difficult to manage when someone close by is thinking out loud. I am diverted, but it is discovery, not diversion, that I seek. What is required is the lucidity of loneliness to capture that vision, which, however banal, seems in my private mood to be special and worthy of interest. There is something in feeling abject that quickens my mind and makes it intensely receptive to fugitive might also be verified and refined; and in any case I had the satisfaction of finishing the business alone. Travel is not a vacation, and it is often the opposite of a rest. "Have a nice time," people said to me at my send-off at South Station, Medford. It was not precisely what I had hoped for. I craved a little risk, some danger, an untoward event, a vivid discomfort, an experience of my own company, and in a modest way the romance of solitude. This I thought might be mine on that train to Limon.

单选题{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} Biotechnologists have developed genetically modified rice that is fortified with beta carotene which the body converts into vitamin A and additional iron, and they are working on three kinds of nutritionally in proved crops. Biotech can also improve farming productivity in places where food shortages are caused by crop damage attributable to pests, drought, poor soil and crop viruses, bacteria or fungi. Damage caused by pests is incredible. In trials of pest-resistant cotton in Africa yields have increased significantly. So far, fears that genetically modified, pest-resistant crops might kill good insects as well as bad appear unfounded. Viruses often cause massive failure in staple crops in developing countries. Two years ago Africa lost more than half its cassava crop — a key source of calories — to the mosaic virus. Genetically modified, virus resistant crops can re duce that damage, as can drought-tolerant seeds in regions where water shortage limits the amount of land under cultivation. Biotech can also help solve the problem of soil that contains excess aluminum, which can damage roots and cause many staple-crop failures. A gene that helps neutralize aluminum toxicity in rice has been identified. Many scientists believe biotech could raise overall crop productivity in developing countries as much as 25% and help prevent the loss of those crops after they are harvested. Yet for all that promise, biotech is far from being the whole answer. In developing countries, lost crops are only one cause of hunger. Poverty plays the largest role. Making genetically modified crops available will not reduce hunger if farmers cannot afford to grow them or if the local population cannot afford to buy the food those farmers produce. Nor can biotech overcome the challenge of distributing food in developing countries. Taken as a whole, the world produces enough food to feed everyone {{U}}but much of it is simply in the wrong place.{{/U}} Especially in countries with undeveloped transport infrastructures, geography restricts food availability as dramatically as genetics promises to improve it. Biotech has its own "distribution" problems. Private-sector biotech companies in the rich countries carry out much of the leading-edge research on genetically modified crops. Their products are often too costly for poor farmers in the developing world, and many of those products won't even reach the regions where they are most needed. Biotech firms have a strong financial incentive to target rich markets first in order to help them rapidly recoup the high costs of product development. But some of these companies are responding to the needs of poor countries. To increase the impact of genetic research on the food production of those countries, there is a need for better collaboration between government agencies — both local and in developed countries — and private biotech firms. Biotech is not a {{U}}panacea{{/U}}, but it does promise to transform agriculture in many developing countries. If that promise is not fulfilled, the real losers will be their people, who could suffer for years to come.

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} World leaders met recently at United Nations headquarters in New York City to discuss the environmental issues raised at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992．The heads of state were supposed to decide what further steps should be taken to halt the decline of Earth's life-support systems．In fact，this meeting had much the flavour of the original Earth Summit．To wit：empty promises，hollow rhetoric，bickering between rich and poor，and irrelevant initiatives．Think U.S. Congress in slow motion． Almost obscured by this torpor is the fact that there has been some remarkable progress over the past five years—real changes in the attitude of ordinary people in the Third World toward family size and a dawning realisation that environmental degradation and their own well-being are intimately，and inversely，linked．Almost none of this，however, has anything to do with what the bureaucrats accomplished in Rio． Or it didn't accomplish．One item on the agenda at Rio，for example，was a renewed effort to save tropical forests．(A previous UN-sponsored initiative had fallen apart when it became clear that it actually hastened deforestation．)After Rio，a UN working group came up with more than 100 recommendations that have so far gone nowhere．One proposed forestry pact would do little more than immunizing wood-exporting nations against trade sanctions． An effort to draft an agreement on what to do about the climate changes caused by CO2 and other greenhouse gases has fared even worse．Blocked by the Bush Administration from setting mandatory limits，the UN in 1992 called on nations to voluntarily reduce emissions to 1990 levels．Several years later，it's as if Rio had never happened．A new climate treaty is scheduled to be signed this December in Kyoto，Japan，but governments still cannot agree on these limits．Meanwhile，the U.S. produces 7% more CO2 than it did in 1990，and emissions in the developing world have risen even more sharply．No one would confuse the“Rio process”with progress． While governments have dithered at a pace that could make drifting continents impatient，people have acted．Birth-rates are dropping faster than expected，not because of Rio but because poor people are deciding on their own to reduce family size．Another positive development has been a growing environmental consciousness among the poor．From slum dwellers in Karachi，Pakistan，to colonists in Rondonia，Brazil，urban poor and rural peasants alike seem to realize that they pay the biggest price for pollution and deforestation．There is cause for hope as well in the growing recognition among business people that it is not in their long-term interest to fight environmental reforms．John Browne，chief executive of British Petroleum，boldly asserted in a major speech in May that the threat of climate change could no longer be ignored．

单选题______first proposed the Speech Act Theory. A. Searle B. Austin C. Grice D. Halliday

单选题Human relations have commanded people"s attention from early times. The ways of people have been recorded in innumerable myths, folk, tales, novels, poems, plays, and popular or philosophical essays. Although the full significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this reason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences. "Intuitive" knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior, whereas in the physical sciences such commonsense knowledge is relatively primitive. If we erased all knowledge of scientific physics from our modern world, not only would we not have cars and television sets, we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems of pulleys and levers. On the other hand, if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal relations might easily be coped with and solved much as before. We would still "know" how to avoid doing something asked of us and how to get someone to agree with us; we would still "know" when someone was angry and when someone was pleased. One could even offer sensible explanations for the "whys" of much of the self"s behavior and feelings. In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of other people which, though unformulated or only vaguely conceived enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways. Khler, in referring to the lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics, accounts for this by saying that "people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology. " Paradoxically, with all this natural, intuitive, commonsense capacity to grasp human relations, the science of human relations has been one of the last to develop. Different explanations of this paradox have been suggested. One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusions people have about themselves; but we might ask why people have always loved to read pessimistic, debunking writings, from Ecclesiastes to Freud. It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically; why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observations, or make predictions about the obvious? In any case, the field of human relations, with its vast literary documentation but meager, scientific treatment, is in great contrast to the field of physics in which there are relatively few nonscientific books.

单选题Why do managers consider it important to be invited to meetings?

单选题{{B}}Part C{{/B}} Choose A,B,C or D as answers to questions 1 10 by referring to the spread and influence of Confucius 'teachings in 4 different foreign countries. Note: Some choices may be required more than once. A =Japan B=Italy C =France D =America Confucianism has its greatest effect among European countries in_____. 71．_______ The first person who used Confucianism to express Christianity was from. 72．_______ More than one thousand years ago, students were sent to China to study Confucianism. They came from_______. 73．_______ Centuries ago,in_______,the government even set up universities and hold ceremonies in memory of Confucius. 74．_______ Confucius has been given a thorough study and review for the sake of capital expansion in_______. 75．_______ War and development motivated the study of Confucianism in________. 76．_______ In_______,Confucius' teachings can even find its reflection in the declaration of the Right of Man and of the Citizen. 77．_______ The earliest classical books of Confucius translated into European language appeared in________. 78．_______ Confucianism has its most influential power upon foreign countries in_______. 79．_______ In recent thirty years,Confucius and Confucianism are introduced and discussed systematically in_______. 80．_______ In Japan It has been a long history of 1750 years ever since Confucianism was introduced into this country. Confucius' teachings are in every field of the social life in Japan. Its influence on the people's moral concepts and views about education are the deepest in Japan. It was in the 16th year of Mikado (285 A.D.) that Confucius' teachings began to be introduced to Japan. In the year the suggestion of a Korean envoy was adopted and Wang Ren, a Chinese court academician was sent to Japan to present to the Mikado ten copies of Lun Yu (The Analects of Confucius) and a copy of an Article of a Thousand Words (Qian Zi Wen).Wang Ren's arriving at Japan is generally regarded as the beginning of Confucianism being spread in the country. Confucius' teachings were accepted by both the government and the public. Confucianism quickly took its roots among the people and developed constantly. Combined with the conditions in Japan, Confucianism has gradually become part of the national culture of the country. During the time of Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, Japan sent many students to China to study Confucianism. Under the influence of Confucius' theory about a unified domain, Japanese successfully carried the DAIKA Reform after which Japanese society started to transit from a slavish society to a feudal society. The person pulling strings behind the scenes of the reform was a great Confucianist who had studied in China for 20 to 30 years. During the 200 years after the reform, Japan had sent to China 19 groups of envoys. The country did its utmost to import the culture of Tang Dynasty, develop national education based on Confucianism, spread the thought of the sage, set up universities and hold ceremonies in memory of Confucius. In the years of EDO, Confucius' teachings were unprecedentedly popular. The ruling class people took the lead in reading the classical books of Confucianism, setting up education based on Confucianism, building Confucius' Temples. Education was developed, people of talents came forth in large numbers and the academic circle reached to its flourishing time. The major schools include, School of Yonego, School of Yang Ming, School of Mito, School of Kogaku, School of Eclecticism, School of Textual Research. Since the beginning of 20th century, especially in the late thirty years, among countries except China the study of Confucianism is best developed in Japan. Not only that Confucianism influenced Japanese society in the past 1,000 years, it also has great effect on the people at present time. In Italy China is one of the birth places of human civilization. As the kernel of the traditional culture of ancient China, Confucius' teachings greatly influenced not only the historical development of Oriental society, but also the social life of some European countries. Confucius' influence on Italy has something to do with the missionaries who came to China to do missionary work. In 1582, the Society of Jesus sent Matteo Ricci to China. In order to do their missionary work well, he studied Coufucianism very hard. Matteo Ricci was the first person who used Confucianism to express Christianity. He arrived in Beijing in 1601 and lived there for years. He published the Latin version of the Four Shus which were the earliest classical books of Confucius translated into European Language. Matteo Ricci had made some contributions to the cultural exchange between the East and the West, so in Italy he was called "the first man who facilitated the flow of culture between China and Western countries", "Learned Western Confucianist" and "Christian Confucius". The study of Confucius in today's Italy has made some progress and several groups of books about Confucius have been published. In France Among European countries, Confucianism has its greatest effect in France. It was introduced to France soon after it was introduced to Italy. During the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, Confucianism had made some positive contributions to the bourgeois revolution in France. Among the great thinkers Confucianism mainly influenced the Encyclopedism school and Physiocratic school. Its influence on the French Revolution can be seen in the Declaration of the Right of Man and of the Citizen, drafted by Robespierre, leader of Jacobin Club, the declaration says that freedom is the right belonging to all those who do not do harm to others, the principle of freedom is nature, the rule is justice, the guarantee is the law and the moral limits are in the following, "Don't treat others in the way you do not want to be treated." The Chinese Study Institute of Paris University is the major one that studies Confucianism in France. The subjects include Confucianist Classics and Confucianism. In Grand Larousse Encyclopedique (published in 1973), under the entry of Confucius, Confucius and Confucianism are introduced and discussed systematically. As are presentative work of Confucian study in France, it starts its discussion with Confucius and ends with Mr. Feng Youlan, a Chinese expert at Confucian study. In America Through missionary activities Americans began to study Confucianism, motivated by capital expansion. The study has been pushed forward while the US China policy and international conditions are changing frequently. From the end of the 19th century to the early 20th century, especially during World War Ⅰ and Would War Ⅱ, more attention was paid to the work because of political and military reasons. The founding of the People's Republic of China and the triumph of China and Korea over America in Korean War made Americans feel it is necessary to work even harder in the study of Chinese history and present conditions. As a result, Confucianism which has influenced Chinese in the history and at present time was paid great attention to, especially in the years after 1960's because of the international conditions, especially the SinoUS relationship, Chinese study in America, including the study of Confucius, developed quickly. In the American academic field Confucius has been given a thorough study and review. More and more Americans began to understand and respect Confucius as a famous intellectual in Chinese history and Confucianism as the representative of Chinese feudal traditional culture. In People's Almanac Handbook, published in 1985 in America, Confucius heads the list of the ten great thinkers in the world.