单选题

单选题{{B}}TEXT 2{{/B}} Yes, that college tuition bill was bigger this year. States are passing along their budget woes to public university students and their families. Tuitions are rising by double digits in some states, while the amount of state-funded student aid is dropping. Although incomes are rising by only 1% to 2% in most states, tuition at four-year public schools has leapt by 24% in Massachusetts, 20% in Texas and 7% nationally since the 2001-2002 school year. New York had the smallest increase, 0nly 2%. But proposed tuition increases of 35% or more at the State University of New York and the City University of New York would put New York in the lead. Meanwhile, total tuition aid is down 10% in Illinois, 13% in Connecticut and 20% in Arkansas. State budget deficits are the cause. Nationally, states spend about 48% of their revenue on education, or about $ 235 billion in 2001 for kindergarten through college, says the National Governors Association. Elementary and secondary education budgets are protected in many state constitutions, which means that they are generally the last expense that states will cut. But higher education is vulnerable to budgets cuts--and' tuition increase--because lawmakers tend to see it as discretionary: No one has to go to college, after all. Colleges and universities "have clients they can charge," says the National Center's president, Patrick M. Callan. "Tuition is the easiest money to get," he adds. The rising cost of public education, and the fear that it is financially squeezing some students out of ag education, have prompted some state universities to adopt a practice long used by private schools to attract students: tuition discounting. In tuition discounting colleges turn around a share of the tuition paid by some students, and use it to pay for scholarships for others. Private colleges typically return $ 35 to $ 45 in scholarships for every $100 they collect in tuition revenue. But until recently, states have viewed discounting as politically unpopular. The increasing cost of a college education is beginning to attract the attention of lawmakers, especially Congress, which already has begun hearings on college costs. But Congress isn't in a mood to raise the $4,000 grants it offers to needy students under its Pell Grant program. Moreover, tuition has long been so low in some states--specially Iowa, Kansas and Illinois, which now are levying some of the biggest increases--that public outcries may fall on deaf legislative ears. Indeed, college presidents and trustees see big tuition increase in low-priced states as a good way to make the schools less dependent on appropriations that can swing wildly from year to year. There are a few steps students and their families can take to offset rising tuitions, but not many. Because colleges are always interested in raising academic quality, talented students can pit one college against another in hopes of raising their financial-aid offer. Some colleges now invite students to call and renegotiate their aid packages if they get a better offer from another institution, and even those that don't say as much are willing to talk. In trying to attract the most desirable students, universities are mired in an "armed race", building expensive facilities that most students will never use, but pay for anyway.

单选题 {{I}}Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following talk on different superstitions and customs. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 13.{{/I}}

单选题Whatshouldonedoifhewantstoworkmoreefficientlyathislowpointinthemorning?A.Changehisenergycycle.B.Overcomehislaziness.C.Getupearlierthanusual.D.Gotobedearlier.

单选题Questions 7--12 Complete the following sentences with NO MORE THAN three words for each blank.

单选题War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger, hostility, and territoriality are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation, that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression, violence cannot be simply reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function: It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been directed. The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The more developed a legal system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection. The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence, the other, sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state. In war the state affirms its supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combat to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their commitment, allegiance, and supreme, sacrifice. Times of war test a community's deepest religious and ethical commitments.

单选题Apart from enormous productivity, another important impetus to high consumption is ______.

单选题Whatisthemaintopicoftheinterview?A．ThehousingsituationinBritain.B．Settingupnewtowns.C．HowtosolvehousingproblemsinBritain.D．Providinghousesforthehomeless.

单选题 Questions 11 to 13 are based on a conversation between two lovers in which the girl tells the boy how to get to some places. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 13.

单选题The new-technology revolution in American newspapers has brought increased circulations, a wider range of publications and an expansion of newspaper jobs in spite of reduced manning in the composing rooms. Payrolls in the publishing industry more than doubled in a decade from $3.1 billion in 1972 to $6.3 billion in 1981. Capital investment, largely as a result of re-equipment with new technology, doubled from $554m in 1972 to $1.02 billion in 1981. Circulation of weekly newspapers has grown from 21m in 1960 to 49m in 1985. Big city dailies have remained relatively static, with total circulation going from 58m to 63m. Sunday papers, though, have grown more dramatically from 8.6m to 56m. This reflects the trend toward specialisation. Growth has been especially strong in the number and circulation of suburban and small-community newspapers. In 1965 there were only 357 semi-weekly papers; in 1982, 508. There has also been a dramatic rise in newspapers circulating nationwide something that hardly existed in the old days. The Wall Street Journal is producing regional editions that have catapulted it into becoming the nation's largest-circulation newspaper, a role formerly held by the New York Daily News. In addition, USA Today and the New York Times have used technological advances, particularly satellite-delivery of pages to regional production facilities, to achieve unprecedented growth. A number of daily papers have added Sunday editions -made possible through the new technology in response to demand from advertisers. Total newspaper employment, according to government statistics, rose from 345,000 in 1965 to 443,000 in 1984 and that figure does not fully cover the multitude of local papers. But the International Typographical Union, which formerly had a firm grip on nearly all printing jobs, has shrunk from over 100,000 in 1967 to 40,000 today, of whom about 4,000 are in fact retired members. The prospect is that the union may be reduced to 5,000 members in the near future. According to Jim Cesnik of the 33,000-member journalists' union, the Newspaper Guild, employment of journalists has grown but not to the same extent as that of sales people pushing advertising and circulation. The guild, however, has few members on the small local papers. The New York Times spent $2m on radio advertising to boost home-delivery of the paper in the first nine months of 1985 -a campaign responding to a fall in the number of streetside news-stands. The general growth in circulations has helped increase advertising revenue among dailies from $15 billion in 1965 to $66 billion in 1982. An interesting development noted by Charles Cole, a consultant to the 1,375-member American Newspaper Publishers Association, is that local newspapers have expanded their news-gathering teams, and some now send people abroad as well as having representatives in many American cities. Other departments in papers have also advanced, according to Cole. For example, mail rooms of many newspapers employ up to 25% more people handling the national advertising inserts that have become common. However, more automatic machinery may well reduce manning here.

单选题Questions 1--3 Choose the best answer.

单选题Questions 4--7 Answer the following questions by using NO MORE THAN three words.

单选题{{B}}Text 1{{/B}} From China to America, political leaders are wondering how to handle with the newly-elected Russian President Vladimir V. Putin. The 47-year-old leader has not yet to reveal details of his foreign-policy vision, but this is much clear. He wants Russia to stand tall—or at least, taller—in the world. "It would be unreasonable to be afraid of a strong Russia, but one should reckon with it, "he declared in an "open letter" to voters shortly after they elected him on March 26. "One can insult us only at one's own peril." The important point is whether Putin's efforts to build new respect for Russia will lead to confrontation with the West. For now, Putin seems hopeful of putting Russian—Western relations on a better standing— despite U.S. and European criticism of the Chechen War. Putin is the one taking the initiative, media say, for a tete-a-tete with U. S. President Bill Clinton. The pair discussed a possible meeting when Clinton called Putin on March 27 to congratulate him. They hope to meet before the July Group of Eight meetimg in Okinawa. "Putin wants it to be constructive," says Robert Legvold, a Russia watcher at Columbia University. The new president, Putin seems willing to negotiate arms control and security issues with Washington. Clinton wants Russia's agreement to revise the 1972 anti-ballistic missile treaty so that the U. S. can build a limited national missile defense. Putin would want something in return—perhaps the right to sell its missile-defense technology to potential customers such as South Korea. Putin is also looking for a deal from the Paris Club of creditor governments on reducing $40 billion in Soviet debt. Encouraged by Putin's promises to enforce the rule of law, the creditors are likely to give him a break. Any sober calculation of Russia's global status suggests that Russia needs the West more than the West needs Russia. And whatever is generally thought, Russia has more to gain from America and Europe than it does from China. That's why the West should be unafraid of laying down rules for Putin—and brace for a time of testing. Putin is often described as both an opportunist and a cynic, but there is no doubt one attribute that he respects: power.

单选题From the text, it can be inferred that the author

单选题According to the passage, the New York Graphic's inclusion of photographs contributed to______ .

单选题Perhaps it's the weather, which sometimes seals London with a gray ceiling for weeks on end. Or maybe it is Britons' penchant for understatement, their romantic association with the countryside or their love of gardens. Whatever the reason, while other cities grew upward as they developed, London spread outward, keeping its vast parks, its rows of townhouses and its horizon lines intact. But as the city's population and its prominence as a global business capital continue to grow, it sometimes seems ready to burst at the seams. In response, developers are turning to a type of building that used to be deeply unfashionable here, even as it flourished in other capitals of commerce: the skyscraper. In recent years, a cluster of sizable office towers have sprouted on the periphery of London, in its redeveloped Docklands at Canary wharf. But skyscrapers now are pushing into the heart of the City, London's central financial district, and surrounding areas along the Thames. The mayor, Ken Livingstone, champions tall buildings as part of his controversial plans to remake central London as a denser, more urban sort of place, with greater reliance on public transport. First he angered some drivers by charging them a toll to enter the city center on workdays, now he finds himself opposed by preservation groups, including English Heritage, that want to keep London's character as a low-rise city. For now, the mayor seems to be getting his way. One prominent tower, a 40-story building designed by Norman Foster for the Swiss Re insurance company was completed this year. A handful of others have received planning permission and at least a dozen more have been proposed. By far the most prominent of these buildings—and one that finally looks like it will go ahead after a drawn-out approval process—is the London Bridge Tower, designed by the Italian architect Renzo Piano. The developer Irvine Sellar won government approval for the building late last year and says he is completing the financing and hopes to start work by early 2005. The 306-meter, or 1,016-foot, tower would be by far the tallest building in Britain, in all of Europe, in fact, surpassing the 264-meter Triumph Palace in Moscow, a residential building that was finished late last year. To be sure, even the London Bridge Tower would be modest by the standards of American or Asian skyscrapers, or some of the behemoths on the 'drawing boards for places like Dubai and Shanghai. The tallest building in the world at the moment is the 509-meter Taipei 101 tower in Taiwan, according to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. But it will surely be surpassed soon amid a boom in construction that persists. In a city that has been reluctant to reach for the sky, perhaps it is appropriate that Piano is the architect for what probably will he London's tallest building. He is ambivalent about skyscrapers, too, and has designed only a handful alongside such projects as the Pompidou Center in Paris, with Richard Rogers, and parts of the reconstructed Potsdamer Platz In Berlin. English Heritage has been far less enthusiastic, arguing that the building would obstruct views of a high-rise from a much earlier era, Christopher Wren's St. Patti's Cathedral. To overcome opposition, the building was designed with a mixed-use function. Much of the bottom half of the building will house offices, but above that there will be a "public piazza" with restaurants, exhibition spaces and other entertainment areas. Further above, the loftier, narrower floors will be taken up by a hotel and apartments. On the 65th floor there will be a viewing gallery. The upper 60 meters, exposed to the elements, will house an energy-saving cooling system in which pipes will be used to pump excess heat up from the offices below and dissipate it into the winds. "We knew we had no chance of getting it approved unless we had a high-quality design from a top international name," Sellar said. The emphasis on quality is a reflection not only of an aversion to skyscrapers, but also of a desire not to repeat mistakes. London had one previous fling with tall—or semi-tall—buildings, in the 1960s and '70s, but their blocky, concrete shapes did little to impress.

单选题Sometimes, two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. This phenomenon is ______ . A. bilingualism B. diglossia C. pidgin D. creole

单选题Whyisitnecessarytogiveacointosomeonewhenyougivehimapresentwithasharpedgeorpoint?A.Tospeciallycelebratehisbirthday.B.Toexpresssomespecialmeaningwhichyoudarenottel1directly.C.Towishforalong-lastingfriendship.D.Towishyourfriendgoodluckinhislife.

单选题While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. "Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than males do under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress. "It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well. It's just that they have so much more to cope with, " says Dr. Yehuda. "Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's", she observes, "it's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner". Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. "I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relation ships can be quite devastating. " Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better. " Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. "It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the ear payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck. " Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.

单选题Questions 14—17 are based on the following talk.