单选题Questions 17～20 are based on the following talk. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17～20.

单选题Part B In the following article some paragraphs or sentences have been removed. For questions, choose the most suitable paragraph or sentence from the lists A—F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which doesn't fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET 1. Nearly three years ago, I tested positive for HIV. Since then I have discovered a support system that steadfastly refuses to encourage responsible behavior, and a society whose silence ensures the continued spread of this disease. 16. ____________ The people I am talking about are nothing like Nushawn William, the drug dealer who is believed to have infected numerous people in New York State. They did not grow up in ghettos surrounded by street gangs. They come from stable homes in safe neighborhoods. They went to high school and college and graduate school. 17.____________ We are more than 15 years into the MDS epidemic, and I have been asked my status by prospective partners only twice. Since testing positive, I've made a point of disclosing my status to any potential partner; all but one told me I was the first person to do so. Each believed that if he practiced safe sex, there would be no need to know. There is no such thing as safe sex, only levels of risk that one must choose. In making that choice, a partner's HIV status is the critical piece of information. 18.____________ The CDC will only "suggest that you might want to consider informing your partner," a hot-line counselor told me. Counselors at the San Franciso AIDS Foundation said it was their job to dispense information, not moral or ethical recommendations, and, again, that I must do what makes me feel comfortable. 19. ____________ The emphasis on the individual's right, without an equally strong emphasis on the individual's responsibility, is wrong and is a direct cause of the spread of this disease. 20.____________ [A] We are not talking about being comfortable here. We are talking about life and death. [B] Groups such as the Gay Men's Health Crisis claim they cannot dictate behavior Granted. But that is all the more reason that AIDS organizations have a responsibility to encourage people who are HIV positive to do what is right. [C] Most HIV-positive people I have encountered do not voluntarily disclose their status to potential partners. Indeed, even people in long-term relationships lie about their status. These are the realities of HIV transmission today. [D] For years the AIDS community has rallied around the battle cry "Silence=Death.'' What it has failed to realize is that silence comes in many forms and that all are lethal. [E] They remain silent because it is difficult to tell the truth, and because their friends and community support them in their silence. Their doctors, psychiatrists, even the AIDS organizations they call for help, offer comfort and sympathy but don't necessarily encourage them to tell the truth. [F] Leading advocacy groups have perpetuated the culture of irresponsibility. Last year when I called the hot line for the Gay Men's Health Crisis, one of the nation's leading AIDS service agencies, I was advised to "experiment" informing some partners of my HIV status while remaining silent with others. In this way I could decide which was more comfortable for me.

单选题Opinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably hero to stay. This means we shall have to make ways of sharing the available employment more widely. But we need to go further. We must ask some primary questions about the future of work. Would we continue to treat employment as the norm? Would we not rather encourage many other ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work? The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people's work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coaling to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could provide the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom. Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people's homes. Later, as transportation improved, first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people's work lost all connection with their home lives and the place in which they lived. Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In pre-industrial time, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to be paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes. It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded—a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives. All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full time jobs.

单选题Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following dialogue in a wedding anniversary. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 13.

单选题Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following news report about challenges facing Australia"s agriculture sector. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 13.

单选题Questions 14—16 are based on the following talk.

单选题{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} Years of watching and comparing bright children and those not bright, or less bright, have shown that they are very different kinds of people. The bright child is curious about life and reality, eager to get in touch with it, embrace it, unite himself with it. There is no wall, no barrier between him and life. The dull child is far less curious, far less interested in what goes on and what is real, more inclined to live in worlds of fantasy. The bright child likes to experiment, to try things out. He lives by the maxim that there is more than one way to skin a cat. If he can't do something one way, he'll try another. The dull child is usually afraid to try at all. It takes a good deal of urging to get him to try even once; if that try fails, he is through. The bright child is patient. He can tolerate uncertainty and failure, and will keep trying until he gets an answer. When all his experiments fail, he can even admit to himself and others that for the time being he is not going to get an answer. This may annoy him, but he can wait. Very often, he does not want to be told how to do the problem or solve the puzzle he has struggled with, because he does not want to be cheated out of the chance to figure it out for himself in the future. Not so the dull child. He cannot stand uncertainty or failure. To him, an unanswered question is not a challenge or an opportunity, but a threat. If he can't find the answer quickly, it must be given to him, and quickly; and he must have answers for everything. Such are the children of whom a second-grade teacher once said, "But my children like to have questions for which there is only one answer." They did; and by a mysterious coincidence, so did she. The bright child is willing to go ahead on the basis of incomplete understanding and information. He will take risks, sail uncharted seas, explore when the landscape is dim, the landmarks few, the light poor. To give only one example, he will often read books he does not understand in the hope that after a while enough understanding will emerge to make it worthwhile to go on. In this spirit some of my fifth graders tried to read Moby Dick. But the dull child will go ahead only when he thinks he knows exactly where he stands and exactly what is ahead of him. If he does not feel he knows exactly what an experience will be like, and if it will not be exactly like other experiences he already knows, he wants no part of it. For while the bright child feels that the universe is, on the whole, a sensible, reasonable, and trustworthy place, the dull child feels that it is senseless, unpredictable, and treacherous. He feels that he can never tell what may happen, particularly in a new situation, except that it will probably be bad.

单选题Questions 17—20 are based on the following passage.

单选题World leaders met recently at United Nations headquarters in New York City to discuss the environmental issues raised at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. The heads of state were supposed to decide what further steps should be taken to halt the decline of Earth's life-support systems. In fact, this meeting had much the flavour of the original Earth Summit. To wit: empty promises, hollow rhetoric, bickering between rich and poor, and irrelevant initiatives. Think U.S. Congress in slow motion.　　Almost obscured by this torpor is the fact that there has been some remarkable progress over the past five years--real changes in the attitude of ordinary people in the Third World toward family size and a dawning realisation that environmental degradation and their own well-being are intimately, and inversely, linked. Almost none of this, however, has anything to do with what the bureaucrats accomplished in Rio.　　Or it didn't accomplish. One item on the agenda at Rio, for example, was a renewed effort to save tropical forests. (A previous UN-sponsored initiative had fallen apart when it became clear that it actually hastened deforestation)After Rio, a UN working group came up with more than 100 recommendations that have so far gone nowhere. One proposed forestry pact would do little more than immunizing wood-exporting nations against trade sanctions.　　An effort to draft an agreement on what to do about the climate changes caused by CO2 and other greenhouse gases has fared even worse. Blocked by the Bush Administration from setting mandatory limits, the UN in 1992 called on nations to voluntarily reduce emissions to 1990 levels. Several years later, it's as if Rio had never happened. A new climate treaty is scheduled to be signed this December in Kyoto, Japan, but governments still cannot agree on these limits. Meanwhile, the U. S. produces 7% more CO2 than it did in 1990 ,and emissions in the developing world have risen even more sharply. No one would confuse the "Rio process" with progress.　　While governments have dithered at a pace that could make drifting continents impatient, people have acted. Birth-rates are dropping faster than expected, not because of Rio but because poor people are deciding on their own to reduce family size. Another positive development has been a growing environmental consciousness among the poor. From slum dwellers in Karachi, Pakistan, to colonists in Rondonia, Brazil ,urban poor and rural peasants alike seem to realize that they pay the biggest price for pollution and deforestation. There is cause for hope as well in the growing recognition among business people that it is not in their long-term interest to fight environmental reforms. John Browne, chief executive of British Petroleum, boldly asserted in a major speech in May that the threat of climate change could no longer be ignored.

单选题 Questions 17 to 20 are based on a talk about two means of travelling in America. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 to 20.

单选题 In popular discussions of emissions-rights trading systems, it is common to mistake the smokestacks for the trees. For example, the wealthy oil enclave of Abu Dhabi brags that it has planted more than 130 million trees—each of which does its duty in absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, this artificial forest in the desert also consumes huge quantities of irrigation water produced, or recycled, from expensive desalination plants. The trees may allow its leaders to wear a halo at international meetings, but the rude fact is that they are an energy-intensive beauty strip, like most of so-called green capitalism. And, while we're at it, let's just ask: What if the buying and selling of carbon credits and pollution offsets fails to reduce global warming? What exactly will motivate governments and global industries then to join hands in a crusade to reduce emissions through regulation and taxation? Kyoto-type climate diplomacy assumes that all the major actors will recognize an overriding common interest in gaining harness over the runaway greenhouse effect. But global warming is not War of the Worlds, where invading Martians are dedicated to annihilating all of humanity without distinction. Climate change, instead, will initially produce dramatically unequal impacts across regions and social classes. It will reinforce, not diminish, geopolitical inequality and conflict. As the UNDP emphasized in its report last year, global warming is above all a threat to the poor and the unborn, the "two parties with little or no political voice". Coordinated global action on their behalf thus presupposes either their revolutionary empowerment or the transformation of the self-interest of rich countries and classes into an enlightened "solidarity" without precedent in history. From a rational perspective, the latter outcome only seems realistic if it can be shown that privileged groups possess no preferential "exit" option, that internationalist public opinion drives policymaking in key countries, and that greenhouse gas reduction could be achieved without major sacrifices in upscale Northern Hemispheric standards of living—none of which seems highly likely. And what if growing environmental and social turbulence, instead of stimulating heroic innovation and international cooperation, simply drives elite publics into even more frenzied attempts to wall themselves off from the rest of humanity? Global intervention, in this unexplored but not improbable scenario, would be silently abandoned (as, to some extent, it already has been) in favor of accelerated investment in selective adaptation for Earth's first-class passengers. We're talking here of the prospect of creating green and gated oases of permanent affluence on an otherwise stricken planet. Of course, there will still be treaties, carbon credits, famine relief, humanitarian acrobatics, and perhaps, the full-scale conversion of some European cities and small countries to alternative energy. But the shift to low-, or zero-emission lifestyles would be almost unimaginably expensive. And this will certainly become even more unimaginable after perhaps 2030, when the combined impacts of climate change, peak oil, peak water, and an additional 1.5 billion people on the planet may begin to seriously threaten growth.

单选题What is the best title of this passage?

单选题Not long ago, a mysterious Christmas card dropped through our mail slot. The envelope was addressed to a man named Raoul, who, I was relatively certain, did not live with us. The envelope wasn't sealed, so I opened it. The inside of the card was blank. Ed, my husband, explained that the card was both from and to the newspaper deliveryman. His name was apparently Raoul, and Raoul wanted a holiday tip. We were meant to put a check inside the card and then drop the envelope in the mail. When your services are rendered at 4 a.m., you can't simply hang around, like a hotel bellboy expecting a tip. You have to be direct. So I wrote a nice holiday greeting to this man who, in my imagination, fires The New York Times from his bike aimed at our front door, causing more noise with mere newsprint than most people manage with sophisticated black market fireworks. With a start, I realized that perhaps the reason for the 4 a.m. —wake-up noise was not ordinary rudeness but carefully executed spite: I had not tipped Raoul in Christmases past. I honestly hadn't realized I was supposed to. This was the first time he'd used the card tactic. So I got out my checkbook. Somewhere along the line, holiday tipping went from an optional thank-you for a year of services to a Mafia-style protection racket (收取保护费的黑社会组织). Several days later, I was bringing our garbage bins back from the curb when I noticed an envelope taped to one of the lids. The outside of the envelope said MICKEY. It had to be another tip request, this time from our garbage collector. Unlike Raoul, Mickey hadn't enclosed his own Christmas card from me. In a way, I appreciated the directness. "I know you don't care how merry my Christmas is, and that's fine," the gesture said. "I want $30, or I'll 'forget' to empty your garbage bin some hot summer day." I put a check in the envelope and taped it back to the bin. The next morning, Ed noticed that the envelope was gone, though the trash hadn't yet been picked up. "Someone stole Mickey's tip!" Ed was quite certain. He made me call the bank and cancel the check. But Ed had been wrong. Two weeks later, Mickey left a letter from the bank on our steps. The letter informed Mickey that the check, which he had tried to cash, had been cancelled. The following Tuesday morning, when Ed saw a truck outside, he ran out with his wallet. "Are you Mickey?" The man looked at him with scorn. "Mickey is the garbageman. I am the recycling." Not only had Ed insulted this man by hinting that he was a garbageman, but he had obviously neglected to tip him. Ed ran back inside for more funds. Then he noticed that the driver of the truck had been watching the whole transaction. He peeled off another twenty and looked around, waving bills in the air. "Anyone else?" Had we consulted the website of the Emily Post Institute, this embarrassing breach of etiquette (礼节) could have been avoided. Under "trash/recycling collectors" in the institute's Holiday Tipping Guidelines, it says, "$10 to $30 each." You may or may not wish to know that your pet groomer, hairdresser, mailman and UPS guy all expect a holiday tip.

单选题Questions 19～21 are based on the following talk．

单选题{{I}} Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following monologue about energy conservation. You now have 20 .seconds to read Questions 17 to 20.{{/I}}

单选题According to Lemaitre, the separate galaxies formed ______.

单选题Considering how jazz is transcribed in Chinese (jueshi), you may be misled into assuming that it is an aristocratic cultural form. Nothing could be further from the truth. It originated among black Americans at the end of the 19th century, at a time when they occupied the very bottom of the American social heap. So how has something that was created by a once downtrodden and despised minority acquired a central place in today's American culture? Perhaps the essence of America is that you could never get two Americans to agree on just what that might be. After thinking about it for a while, we might chuckle and say, "Hmm, seems like being American is a bit more complicated than we thought." Certainly things like individualism, success (the "American Dream"), innovation and tolerance stand out. But these things come together because of our ability to work with one another and find common purpose no matter how diverse we might be. Some, like African-American writer Ralph Ellison, believe that jazz captures the essence of America. For good reason, for in jazz all of the characteristics I mentioned above come together. The solos are a celebration of individual brilliance that can't take place without the group efforts of the rhythm section. Beyond that, though, jazz has a connection to the essence of America in a much more fundamental way. It is an expression of the African roots of American culture, a musical medium that exemplifies the culture of the Africans that came to dominate much of what is American. That's right, in many respects America's roots are in Africa. Read Ralph Ellison's perceptive description of the transformation of separate African and European cultures at the hands of the slaves: "... the dancing of those slaves who, looking through the windows of a plantation manor house from the yard, imitated the steps so gravely performed by the masters within and then added to them their own special flair, burlesquing the white folks and then going on to force the steps into a choreography uniquely their own. The whites, looking out at the activity in the yard, thought that they were being flattered by imitation and were amused by the incongruity of tattered blacks dancing courtly steps, while missing completely the fact that before their eyes a European cultural form was becoming Americanized, undergoing a metamorphosis through the mocking activity of a people partially sprung from Africa." Jazz brought together elements from Africa and Europe, fusing them into a new culture, an expression unique to the Americas. Out of this fusion came an idea that we Americans believe central to our identity: tolerance. Both cultures represented in Ellison's passage eventually came to realize each other's value. Americans acknowledge that in diversity is our strength. We learn every day that other cultures and peoples may make valuable contributions to our way of life. Jazz music is the embodiment of this ideal, combining elements from African and European culture into a distinctly American music. Jazz reflects two contradictory facets of American life. On the one hand it is a team effort, where every musician is completely immersed in what the group does together, listening to each of the other players and building on their contributions to create a musical whole. On the other hand, the band features a soloist who is an individual at the extreme, a genius like Charlie Parker who explores musical territory where no one has ever gone before. In the same sense, American life is also a combination of teamwork and individualism, a combination of individual brilliance with the ability to work with others.

单选题New Zealand is in ______, halfway between the equator and the South Pole. A. the Southern Pacific Ocean B. the Northern Pacific Ocean C. the Atlantic Ocean D. the Indian Ocean

单选题Print on paper is a little like democracy: the worst possible system except for all the others. Books are fragile, they are bulky, they are not easy to search through. They are certainly not suited to computerization. Yet printed volumes have endured half a millennium as readable as the day they came off the press, whereas digital data a mere 30 years old may have vanished past hope of retrieval. The film Into the Future: On the preservation of knowledge in the Electronic Age is itself an object lesson in how fast digital information becomes obsolete. One of the pioneering interactive-media companies whose workers and products appear on screen ceased operations shortly after being fihned. All the software whose images define "the Internet" is long since replaced. How fast do archivists have to run to stay in the same place? Just plain data must be recopied onto new media every 10 years to stay ahead of physical deterioration and the junking of machines that can read outdated formats. Given this galloping obsolescence, it seems ironic that the film's creators should have devoted a significant part of its time to the digitizing of paper archives. And yet they -and we -have no choice: the digital bug has infected us all, and interactive multimedia, with indexed and linked text, pictures and sound, have a convenience and impact that make conversion irresistible. The growing popularity of the World Wide Web offers some hope that publishers and archivists can format both old and new data in ways that will remain understandable for decades rather than months. But the Web brings its own complications. New, undescribed classes of collected information live on the Web in forms that confuse conventional notions of what a document is. How should -or can -such a single separate and independent existence be archived without potentially archiving the entire Web? Many Web pages are not even fixed documents in the most basic sense. Two users who ask their Web browsers to open the same "document" may see quite different things on their screens. Besides, the fastest connections on the Internet transmit a mere 45 million bits per second, and so even a single snapshot of the trillion or more bytes available on the Web would take weeks of computer and network time. Meanwhile new sites spring up every day, and some existing sites change their information from minute to minute. In a sense, then, the Web has moved from a Newtonian to an Einsteinian model: it makes no more sense to speak of the state of the Web now than it does to speak of synchronizing clocks located far apart. By the time information has gone from here to there, it is already out of date. It seems strange that a medium intended for the widest possible distribution of knowledge should demonstrate the impossibility of acquiring complete information. Where the Web was once a map for finding useful information in the "real world," it is now a territory where that information, ever changing, resides.

单选题Why does the author say that "we need a Plan C"?