单选题{{B}}Part B{{/B}} In the following article some paragraphs have been removed．For Questions 66～70，choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A～F to fit into each of the numbered gaps．There is One paragraph which does not fit in any ofthe gaps．Mark your answers on {{B}}ANSWER SHEET 1．{{/B}} Supermarket shoppers have never been more spoilt for choice．But just when we thought traditional systems of selective farming had created the most tempting array of foods money can buy，we are now being presented with the prospect of genetically created strains of cabbages，onion，tomato，potato and apple． It may not tickle the fancy of food purists but it fires the imagination of scientists．Last week they discovered that the classic Parisian mushroom contains just the properties that，when genetically mixed with a wild strain of mushroom from the Sonora desert in California，could help it grow en masse while at the same time providing it with the resilience of the wild strain． 66．______ “We have found a way of increasing the success rate from one to 90 per cent．” This is just one of the many products that，according to skeptics，are creating a generation of“Frankenfoods”．The first such food that may be consumed on a wide scale is a tomato which has been genetically manipulated so that it does not soften as it ripens． 67．______ Critics say that the new tomato—which cost $25 million to research—is designed to stay on supermarket shelves for longer．It has a ten-day life span． Not surprisingly，every-hungry US is leading the search for these forbidden fruit．By changing the genes of a grapefruit．a grower from Texas has created a sweet，red，thin-skinned grapefruit expected to sell at a premium over its California and Florida competitors． For chip fanatics who want to watch their waist-lines，new high-starch，low-moisture potatoes that absorb less fat when fried have been created，thanks to a gene from intestinal bacteria． The scientists behind such new food argue that genetic engineering is simply an extension of animal and plant breeding methods and that by broadening the scope of the genetic changes that can be made，sources of food are increased. Accordingly，they argue，this does not inherently lead to foods that are less safe than those developed by conventional techniques．But if desirable genes are swapped irrespective of species barriers，could things spiral out of control?“Knowledge is not toxic，”said Mark Cantley，head of the biotechnology unit at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development．“It has given us a far greater understanding of how living systems work at a molecular level and there is no reason for people to think that scientists and farmers should use that knowledge to do risky things．” Clearly，financial incentive lies behind the development of these bigger，more productive foods．But we may have only ourselves to blame．In the early period of mass food commerce，food varieties were developed by traditional methods of selective breeding to suit the local palate．But as suppliers started to select and preserve plant variants that had larger fruit，consumer expectations rose，leading to the development of the desirable clones．Still，traditionalists and gourmets in Europe are fighting their development． 68．______ Even in the pre-packaged US．where the slow-softening tomato will soon be reaching supermarkets，1,500 American chefs have lent their support to the Pure Food Campaign which calls for the international boycott of genetically engineered foods until more is known about the consequences of the technology and reliable controls have been introduced． In the short term，much of the technology remains untested and in the long term the consequences for human bi ology are unknown．Questions have arisen over whether new proteins in genetically modified food could cause allergies in some people． 69．______ Then there are the vegetarians who may be consuming animal non-vegetable proteins in what they think is a common tomato，or the practicing Jew who unknowingly consumes a fruit that has been enhanced with a pig's gene．As yet，producers are under no obligation to label“transgenetic”products． Environmentalists worry that new，genetically engineered plants may damage natural environment．A genetically engineered pest-resistant strain of plant that contacts with a native strain，for example，could turn them into virulent weeds beyond chemical control． Animal welfare groups worry about the quality of life of farm animals manipulated so that they produce more meat，milk，and eggs but which may suffer physical damage in the process． 70．______ Many of these fears spring from ignorance．And although it is hard to separate the paranoia from the benefits，the fact remains that genetic engineering offers ways of solving serious medical and agricultural problems． A．Western farmers have already bred cattle with more muscle than a skeleton can carry． B．Supporters say the tomato，unsurprisingly called Flavr Savr，will taste better because it will be able to mature on the branch longer． C．Consumer opposition means that there are genetically manipulated foods on the German markets，and the Norwegian government has recently put research into genetically engineered foods on hold． D．For example，if a com gene is introduced into a wheat gene for pest resistance，will those who are allergic to corn then be allergic to wheat? E．“Mushrooms in the past were almost impossible to cross，”says Philippe Callac，one of the three scientists working on the mushroom． F．Genetic engineering will interfere with the balance of nature．

单选题 Questions 17～20 are based on the following talk.

单选题It can be concluded from the last paragraph that

单选题{{B}}Part A{{/B}} Read the following texts and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Text 1 If you have ever been in a school play or even made believe you were a doctor, a detective, or a space traveller, you know the enjoyment that acting brings. Almost all of us have some wish to play the part of someone, or something else. Historical records indicate that this occupation is as old as civilization itself. In the ancient world, acting was often associated with religious ceremonies and other special occasions. As far back as 2200 B.C., trained Chinese actors performed ceremonial dances in costume and makeup at harvest festivals. It is believed that this was the first step in the development of acting. To the dance was gradually added pantomime — the imitation of movements and gestures — as well as the wearing of masks, the singing of chants, and finally the use of dialogue (speech). While acting was coming into its own in the ancient Chinese classical theater, it was doing the same in the western world in Greece. From about 500 B.C. on, acting became a highly specialized art in Greece. Greek actors, however, still wore masks, and their motions were largely fixed by costume. Consequently, they had little opportunity to demonstrate their individual personalities. Modern acting, by contrast, gives the individual actor great opportunity to develop his or her personal talents for serious, comic, or musical drama. The names, faces, and styles of famous movie actors are known worldwide. Broadway and television provide other stages on which actors can display their talent. A special form of acting takes place in radio drama, which was highly popular before television. In radio drama the actors face a unique challenge. They are unseen by their audience. So they must rely on voice alone to make their characters real to the listeners. Acting is not, as many people think, a quick, easy road to fame and riches. Only forty percent of Broadway actors are employed, most of them for only part of the year. Those who become stars need not only talent but determination. They must not be easily discouraged. Otherwise they might give up before the opportunity for stardom presents itself.

单选题{{I}} Questions 14 to 16 are based on a passage about supermarkets. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 to 16.{{/I}}

单选题______ refers to the phenomenon that words of different meanings have the same form. [A] Polysemy [B] Synonymy [C] Homonymy [D] Hyponymy

单选题War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger, hostility, and territoriality are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation, that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression, violence cannot be simply reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function: It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been directed. The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The more developed a legal system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection. The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence, the other, sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state. In war the state affirms its supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combat to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their commitment, ''allegiance'', and supreme, sacrifice. Times of war test a community''s deepest religious and ethical commitments.

单选题Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following talk on hygiene. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 13.

单选题It can be inferred from the last paragraph that

单选题 {{B}} Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following talk on organic fish. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 13.{{/B}}

单选题Heat is transferred from the tropics to the poles

单选题Whatisthemaintopicofthislecture?A.Bicyclesandcars.B.Buildingcodes.C.Energyconservation.D.Newhousingconstruction.

单选题{{B}}Part A{{/B}} Read the following texts answer the questions accompany them by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on {{B}}ANSWER SHEET 1.{{/B}}{{B}}Text 1{{/B}} Anything, if it concerns all nations in the world, we need standards to regulatate it. Space flight and air travel would shock time travelers from the mid-19th century. People considered such thing impossible back again: But when it comes to that gem of late 20th century technology, the Internet, the time travelers might well say:" Been there. Done that." They have the masons to say so. Both system grew out of the cutting-edge science of their time. The telegraph's land lines, underwater cables, and clicking things reflected the 19th century's research in electromagnet- ism. The Internet's computers and high-speed connections reflect 20th century, and material technology. But, while small devices make a global network possible, it takes human cooperation to make it happen. To do so, nations negotiated these standards through ITU—the International Telegraph Union—a century and a half ago. Consider a couple of technical parallels. Telegrams were sent from one station to the next, where they were received and retransmitted until they reached their destination. Stations along the way were owned by different entities, including national governments. Internet date is sent from one serve computer to another that receives and retransmits it until it reaches its destination. Again the computers have a variety of owners. Telegraph messages were encoded in dots and dashes. Internet date is encoded in ones and zeros. Then there's the social impact. The Internet is changing the way we do business and communicate. It makes possible virtual communities for individuals scattered around the planet who share mutual interests. Yet important as this may turn out to be, it is affecting a world that was already well connected by radio, television, and other telecommunications. The Associated Press, Reuters, and other news services would have spread the bombing of Yugoslavia quickly without the Internet. In this respect, the global telegraph network was truly revolutionary. The unprecedented availability of global news in real time gave birth to the Associated Press and Reuters news services. It gave a global perspective to newspapers that had focused on local affairs. A provincialism that geographical isolation had forced on people for millennia was gone forever. As the experience of the past century and a half has shown, the standards set up by ITU are not only necessary, but also workable. Therefore, in today's world, while the Internet is playing an ever more important role in our life, we also need standards, and that is through the same ITU—now called the International Telecommunication Union.

单选题Radio, TV and the press are criticized here for ______.

单选题Before a big exam, a sound night"s sleep will do you better than poring over textbooks. That, at least, is the folk wisdom. And science, in the form of behavioral psychology, supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for the memory. One says that sleep is when permanent memories form. The other says that they are actually formed during the day, but then "edited" at night, to flush away what is superfluous. To tell the difference, it is necessary to look into the brain of a sleeping person, and that is hard. But after a decade of painstaking work, a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgium has managed to do it. The particular stage of sleep in which the Belgian group is interested is rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, when brain and body are active, heart rate and blood pressure increase, the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as I watching a movie, and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of sleep that people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams. Dr. Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day, and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to press a button as fast as possible, in response to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they learnt how to do this, their response times got faster. What they did not know was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a pattern--what is referred to as "artificial grammar". Yet the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was present than when there was not. What is more, those with more to learn (i. e. the "grammar", as well as the mechanical task of pushing the button) have more active brains. The "editing" theory would not predict that, since the number of irrelevant stimuli would be the same in each case. And to eliminate any doubts that the experimental subjects were learning as opposed to unlearning, their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep. The team, therefore, concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep, particularly if the brain detects an inherent structure in the material being learnt. So now, on the eve of that crucial test, maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remember the next day are the basic rules of algebra and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door.

单选题 You will hear 3 conversations or talks and you must answer the questions by choosing A, B, C or D. You will hear the recording ONLY ONCE. {{B}} Questions 11～13 are based on the following talk. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11～13.{{/B}}

单选题WhathappenedtothechildinFrederick'sexperiment?A．Thechild'sbrainwasdamaged.B．Thechilddied.C．Thechildkeptsilent.D．Thechildheardnomothertongue.

单选题 Read the following texts answer the questions accompany them by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.{{B}}Part A{{/B}}{{B}}Text 1{{/B}} One theory of human evolution is that our ancestors were semi-aquatic apes. They spent much time in water that they lost their body hair, which makes swimming difficult. Daedalus points out that in fact, water is a deadly environment for human beings—not by drowning; but by chilling. Our alleged aquatic ancestors should have grown even thicker, longer fur to minimize heat transfer. Indeed, in a maritime accident, it is worth putting on all the clothes you can find; you will live that much longer in the water. As for swimming—forget it. It stirs away all the body heat it generates Sadly, many sea disasters happen so suddenly that there is no time to look for spare clothes. So Daedalus is devising a nautical uniform which reacts with water to form an ideal survival garment. His first inspiration was the absorptive acrylate polymer used in bandages, and babies' nappy. It can take up hundreds of times its weight of water, expanding into soft jellylike stuff as it does so. In fibrous form, it can be woven into cloth. Underclothes of this fabric would swell in water into a splendid wet-suit to prevent heat losing. But Daedalus's suit will not merely insulate; it will actively generate heat. He recalls the immersion batteries on aircraft life-jackets, which use sea water to generate electricity, and power a signal lamp. His new garment will be one large distributed battery, triggered by immersion in water. Its electrochemistry is an interesting challenge. At first Daedalus wanted it to generate hydrogen—perhaps enough of it to fill a balloon and lift the wearer out of the water. But more sanely, he now wants it to exploit the high energy for metal oxidation. A distributed zinc-air battery, exploiting the oxygen dissolved in the water, seems best. A few hundred grams of zinc could keep the wearer warm for hours in the coldest water. Hydrogen generated in a side reaction might usefully inflate floating pockets in the garment. Swollen by gas and absorbed water, the survival suit will usefully discourage attempts to swim. Its wearer may generate a little added heat by shivering, though this also will stir away all the body heat. Only young babies can combat cold by passive thermogenesis. Advocates of our aquatic origins are welcome to the uninteresting argument that their ability is a very small remnant of our ancestral watery metabolism.

单选题 Questions 14 to 16 are based on a conversation between a customer and a clerk of the post office. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 to 16.

单选题{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} Text 2 Defenders of special protective labor legislation for women often maintain that eliminating such laws would destroy the fruits of a century-long struggle for the protection of women workers. Even a brief examination of the historic practice of courts and employers would show that the fruit of such laws has been bitter; they are, in practice, more of a curse than a blessing. Sex-defined protective laws have often been based on stereotypical assumptions concerning women's needs and abilities, and employers have frequently used them as legal excuses for discriminating against women. After the Second World War, for example, businesses and government sought to persuade women to vacate jobs in factories, thus making room in the labor force for returning veterans. The revival or passage of state laws limiting the daily or weekly work hours of women conveniently accomplished this. Employers had only to declare that overtime hours were a necessary condition of employment or promotion in their factory, and women could be quite legally fired, refused jobs, or kept at low wage levels, all in the name of“protecting”their health. By validating such laws when they are challenged by lawsuits, the courts have colluded over the years in establishing different, 1ess advantageous employment terms for women than for men, thus reducing women's competitiveness on the job market. At the same time, even the most well-intentioned lawmakers, courts, and employers have often been blind to the real needs of women. The lawmakers and the courts continue to permit employers to offer employee health insurance plans that cover all known human medical disabilities except those relating to pregnancy and childbirth. Finally, labor laws protecting only special groups are often ineffective at protecting the workers who are actually in the workplace. Some chemicals, for example, pose reproductive risks for women of childbearing years；manufacturers using the chemicals comply with laws protecting women against these hazards by refusing to hire them. Thus the sex-defined legislation protects the hypothetical female worker, but has no effect whatever on the safety of any actual employee. The health risks to male employees in such industries cannot be negligible. since chemicals toxic enough to cause birth defects in fetuses or sterility in women are presumably harmful to the human metabolism. Protective laws aimed at changing production materials or techniques in order to reduce such hazards would benefit all employees without discriminating against any. In sum, protective labor laws for women are discriminatory and do not meet their intended purpose. Legislators should recognize that women are in the work force to stay, and that their needs—good health care. a decent wage,and a safe workplace—are the needs of all workers. Laws that ignore these facts violate women's rights for equal protection in employment.