单选题 Questions 14～16 are based on the following conversation. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14～16.

单选题{{B}}Part A{{/B}}Read the following texts and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark youranswers on ANSWER SHEET 1.{{B}}Text 1{{/B}} Not long ago, a mysterious Christmas card dropped through our mail slot. The envelope was addressed to a man named Raoul, who, I was relatively certain, did not live with us. The envelope wasn't sealed, so I opened it. The inside of the card was blank. Ed, my husband, explained that the card was both from and to the newspaper deliveryman. His name was apparently Raoul, and Raoul wanted a holiday tip. We were meant to put a check inside the card and then drop the envelope in the mail. When your services are rendered at 4 a. m. , you can't simply hang around, like a hotel bellboy expecting a tip. You have to be direct. So I wrote a nice holiday greeting to this man who, in my imagination, fires The New York Times from his hike aimed at our front door, causing more noise with mere newsprint than most people manage with sophisticated black market fireworks. With a start, I realized that perhaps the reason for the 4 a.m. —wake-up noise was not ordinary rudeness but carefully executed spite: I had not tipped Raoul in Christmases past. I honestly hadn't realized I was supposed to. This was the first time he'd used the card tactic. So I got out my checkbook. Somewhere along the line, holiday tipping went from an optional thank-you for a year of services to a Mafia-style protection racket (收取保护费的黑社会组织) Several days later, I was bringing our garbage bins back from the curb when I noticed an envelope taped to one of the lids. The outside of the envelope said MICKEY. It had to be another tip request, this time from our garbage collector. Unlike Raoul, Mickey hadn't enclosed his own Christmas card from me. In a way, I appreciated the directness. "I know you don't care how merry my Christmas is, and that's fine," the gesture said. "I want $ 30, or I'll 'forget' to empty your garbage bin some hot summer day." I put a check in the envelope and taped it back to the bin. The next morning, Ed noticed that the envelope was gone, though the trash hadn't yet been picked up: "Someone stole Mickey's tip !" Ed was quite certain. He made me call the bank and cancel the check. But Ed had been wrong. Two weeks later, Mickey left a letter from the bank on our steps. The letter informed Mickey that the check, which he had tried to cash, had been cancelled. The following Tuesday morning, when Ed saw a truck outside , he ran out with his wallet. "Are you Mickey?" The man looked at him with scorn. "Mickey is the garbageman. I am the recycling. " Not only had Ed insulted this man by hinting that he was a garbageman, but he had obviously neglected to tip him. Ed ran back inside for more funds. Then he noticed that the driver of the truck had been watching the whole transaction. He peeled off another twenty and looked around, waving bills in the air. "Anyone else?" Had we consulted the website of the Emily Post Institute, this embarrassing breach of etiquette (礼节) could have been avoided. Under "trash/recycling collectors" in the institute' s Holiday Tipping Guidelines, it says, " $10 to $ 30 each. " You may or may not wish to know that your pet groomer, hairdresser, mailman and UPS guy all expect a holiday tip.

单选题British Prime Minister Tony Blair belongs to ______. A. Democratic Party B. Whig Party C. Liberal Praty D. Labor Party

单选题 You will hear 3 conversations or talks and you must answer the questions by choosing A, B, C or D. You will hear the recording ONLY ONCE. Questions 11—13 are based on the following conversation.

单选题Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?A.Thehumannoseasanorganforbreathingandsmelling.B.Thenoseprovidinguswithvariousexpressions.C.Awomanpoet'swishtohavetwonoses.D.InterestingcommentsmadeonCleopatra'snose.

单选题{{B}}Part C{{/B}} Read the following text and answer questions 1—10 by choosing A, B, C or D. Some choices may be required more than once. A = Washington D.C. B=New York City C=Chicago D=Los Angeles 71．________ is the head quarters of the Supreme Court. 72．________ was discovered as early as 1524 73．________ has served as the capital of the country. 74．________ is now the largest industrial city in the country. 75．________ leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts. 76．________ is the largest city. 77．________ is the second largest city in population in U.S.A.. 78．________ has become one of the world' s busiest ports. 79．________ covers an area of over 69 square miles. 80．________ is now considered the center of industry, transportation, commerce and finance in the midwest area. 1. Washington D.C. Washington, the capital of the United States, is in Washington D.C. and is situated on the Potomac River between the two states of Maryland and Virginia. The population of the city is about 800,000 and it covers an area of over 69 square miles (including 8 square miles of water surface). The section was named the District of Columbia after Christopher Columbus, who discovered the continent. The city itself was named Washington after George Washington, the first president of U.S.A. The building of the city was accomplished in 1800 and since that year, it has served as the capital of the country. Thomas Jefferson was the first president inaugurated there. In the War of 1812, the British army seized the city, burning the White House and many other buildings. Washington is the' headquarters of all the branches of the American federal system: Congress, the Supreme Court and the Presidency. Apart from the government buildings, there are also some other places of interest such as the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, the Library of Congress and Mt. Vernon, home of George Washington. 2. New York City New York City, located in New York State, is the largest city and the chief port of the United States. The city of New York has a population of over 7 million (1970) and Metropolitan, 12 million. The city has five boroughs: Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn and Richmond. The city with its good harbor was discovered as early as 1524, and it was established by the Dutch who named the city New Amsterdam. In 1664, the city was taken by the English and it got the name New York as it bears now. During the American Revolution in 1776, George Washington had his headquarters for a time in New York City. The Declaration of Independence was first read there on July 4th, 1776. The city remained the nation's capital until 1790. New York became an important port early in the last century. A large portion of the national exports passed through New York Harbor. New York has become one of the world's busiest ports and also the financial, manufacturing, and travel center of the country. Some of the places of interest in the city are: the Statue of Liberty (152 meters high) which was given by the French people to the American people as a gift in 1877. It was erected on Liberty Island in the middle of New York Harbor. Broadway, Wall Street and Fifth Avenue are a few of New York's more famous streets. Wall Street, where many famous banks are centered, is the financial center of America and has become a symbol of the American monopoly capitalism. Fifth Avenue is the street with famous stores and shops. Time Square is in the center of New York City, at Broadway and 42nd Street. Greenwich Village is an art center. Many American artists and writers have lived and worked there. The group of the third largest city buildings of the United Nations stand along the East River at the end of the 42nd Street. 3. Chicago Chicago, the second largest city in population in the United States, lies on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan at a point where the Chicago River enters the lake. The city is now the largest industrial city in the country. Both heavy and light industries are highly developed, particularly the former. Black metallurgical industry and meat processing are assumed to be the head in the US It is now considered the center of industry, transportation, commerce and finance in the midwest area. The working class in Chicago has a glorious revolutionary tradition. On May 1st, 1886, thousands upon thousands of workers in the city and the country went on strike for the eight-hour workday and succeeded. Since 1890, May 1st has been observed every year as an International Labor Day. On March 8th, 1909, women workers in Chicago held a big strike for freedom and equal rights with men and since 1910, March 8th has been celebrated each year as an International Working Woman's Day. 4. Los Angeles Los Angeles is situated near the Pacific coast in California. It is an important center of shipping, industry and communication. The city was first founded by a Spanish explorer in 1542 and turned over to the US in 1845. The city leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts and the area has become an aviation center. California is a leading state in the production of electronic products and the area of Los Angeles has grown into an important electronic center. Since the first American movie was made in Los Angeles in 1908, the city has remained the film center of the United States. Hollywood, the base of the film industry in the city, is a world famous film producing center.

单选题{{B}}Part A{{/B}} Read the following texts and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark youranswers on ANSWER SHEET 1. {{B}}Text 1{{/B}} As long as her parents can remember, 13-year-old Katie Hart has been talking about going to college. Her mother, Tally, a financial-aid officer at a California University, knows all too well the daunting thing of paying for a college education. Last year the average yearly tuition at a private, four-year school climbed 5.5 percent to more than $17,000. The Harts have started saving, and figure they can afford a public university without a problem. But what if Katie applies to Princeton (she's threatening), where one year's tuition, room and board—almost $34, 000 in 2007—will cost more than some luxury cars? Even a number cruncher like Tally admits it's a little scary, especially since she'll retire and Katie will go to college at around the same time. Paying for college has always been a hard endeavor. The good news: last year students collected $ 74 billion in financial aid, the most ever. Most families pay less than full freight. Sixty percent of public-university students and three quarters of those at private colleges receive some form of financial aid—mostly, these days, in the form of loans. But those numbers are not as encouraging as they appear for lower-income families, because schools are changing their formulas for distributing aid. Eager to boost their magazine rankings, which are based in part on the test scores of entering freshmen, they're throwing more aid at smarter kids—whether they need it or not. The best way to prepare is to start saving early. A new law passed last year makes that easier for some families. So-called 529 plans allow parents to sock away funds in federal-tax-free-investment accounts, as long as the money is used for "qualified education expenses" like tuition, room and board. The plans aren't for everyone. For tax reasons, some lower and middle income families may be better off choosing other investments. But saving is vital. When's the best time to start? "Sometime," says Jack Joyce of the College Board, "between the maternity ward and middle school. " Aid packages usually come in some combination of grants, loans and jobs. These days 60 percent of all aid comes in the form of low-interest loans. All students are eligible for "unsubsidized" federal Stafford loans, which let them defer interest payments until after graduation. Students who can demonstrate need can also qualify for federal Perkins loans or "subsidized" Staffords, where the government pays the interest during school. Fortunately, this is a borrower' s market. "Interest rates are at their lowest level in the history of student loans," says Mark Kantrowitz, publisher of Finaid. Kantrowitz expects rates to fall even further when they're reviewed this summer. Traditional scholarships, academic or athletic, are still a part of many families' planning. Mack Reiter, a 17-year-old national wrestling champion, gets so many recruiting letters he throws most away. He'll almost certainly get a free ride. Without it, "we would really be in a bind," says his mother, Janet. For everyone else, it's worth the effort to pick through local and national scholarship offerings, which can be found on Web sites like college-board, com.

单选题The issue of online privacy in the Internet age found new urgency following the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, sparking debate over striking the correct balance between protecting civil liberties and attempting to prevent another tragic terrorist act. While preventing terrorism certainly is of paramount importance, privacy rights should not be deemed irrelevant. In response to the attacks, Congress quickly passed legislation that included provisions expanding rights of investigators to intercept wire, oral and electronic communications of alleged hackers and terrorists. Civil liberties groups expressed concerns over the provisions and urged caution in ensuring that efforts to protect our nation do not result in broad government authority to erode privacy rights of U. S. citizens. Nevertheless, causing further concern to civil liberties groups, the Department of Justice proposed exceptions to the attorney-client privilege. On Oct. 30, Attorney General John Ashcroft approved an interim agency rule that would permit federal prison authorities to monitor wire and electronic communications between lawyers and their clients in federal custody, including those who have been detained but not charged with any crime, whenever surveillance is deemed necessary to prevent violence or terrorism. In light of this broadening effort to reach into communications that were previously believed to be "off-limits", the issue of online privacy is now an even more pressing concern. Congress has taken some legislative steps toward ensuring online privacy, including the Children"s Online Privacy Protection Act, and provided privacy protections for certain sectors through legislation such as the Financial Services Modernization Act. The legislation passed to date does not, however, provide a statutory scheme for protecting general online consumer privacy. Lacking definitive federal law, some states passed their own measures. But much of this legislation is incomplete or not enforced. Moreover, it becomes unworkable when states create different privacy standards; the Internet does not know geographic boundaries, and companies and individuals cannot be expected to comply with differing, and at times conflicting, privacy rules. An analysis earlier this year of 751 U. S. and international Web sites conducted by Consumers International found that most sites collect personal information but fail to tell consumers how that data will be used, how security is maintained and what rights consumers have over their own information. At a minimum, Congress should pass legislation requiring Web sites to display privacy policies prominently, inform consumers of the methods employed to collect client data, allow customers to opt out of such data collection, and provide customer access to their own data that has already been collected. Although various Internet privacy bills were introduced in the 107th Congress, the focus shifted to expanding government surveillance in the wake of the terrorist attacks. Plainly, government efforts to prevent terrorism are appropriate. Exactly how these exigent circumstances change the nature of the online privacy debate is still to be seen.

单选题College of Health Careers Overview A coed school founded in 1967 that awards terminal associate degrees. 180 undergraduate students, 86% of freshmen return for a second year. The College Proprietary, on a 1-acre urban campus. Faculty: 23 (13 full-time). Computers: 40 terminals, PCs for student use in computer labs. Undergraduates 180 students from 8 states and territories. 95% women, 0% part-time, 70% state residents, 0% transferred. Fields chosen: 20% health professions and related sciences. Freshmen Application Entrance: moderately difficult. Options: early entrance, deferred entrance. Required: school transcript, recommendations, interview. Recommended SAT I or ACT. Test scores used for admission. Application deadline: rolling. Notification: continuous. Graduation Requirements 158 quarter credits; internship. Expenses Tuition: $5,495 full-time. Tuition guaranteed not to increase for student''s term of enrollment. College housing not available. College Life Safety: 24-hour emergency response devices. Major Veterinary technology. Bee County College Overview A coed school founded in 1965 that awards associate transfer and terminal degrees. 2,530 undergraduate students. 63% of freshmen return for a second year. The College County-supported, on a 100-acre rural campus. Faculty: 116 (74 full-time). Library: 46,000 books, 326 periodicals, 1,550 records, tapes, and CDs. Computers; 188 terminals, PCs for student use in computer center, computer labs, classrooms, learning resource center, library, learning assistance center. Undergraduates 2,530 students from 17 states and territories, 5 other countries. 60% women, 40% part-time, 9% transferred in, 47% have need-based financial aid. Most Popular recent majors: law enforcement/police sciences, nursing, child care/child and family studies. Freshmen Application Open admission. Options: early entrance, deferred entrance. Required: School transcript, TOEFL for international students. Recommended: SAT I or ACT. Test scores used for counseling/ placement. Application deadline: 8/15. Graduation 55 semester hours; computer course for business, criminal Requirements justice, education, most vocational majors; internship (varies by major). Expenses Area resident tuition: $420 full-time. State resident tuition: $780 full-time. Nonresident tuition: $1,260 full-time. Part-time tuition per semester ranges from $87 to $174 for area residents, $59 to $ 318 for state residents, $252 to $504 for nonresidents. College room and board: $2,220. College room only: $1,060. College Life Drama-theatre group, choral group. Student services; personal-psychological counseling. Safety; controlled dormitory access, room security. Majors Accounting, agricultural sciences, art, biological sciences, business administration, chemistry, child and family studies, computer science, criminal justice, economics, education, engineering, English, finance, French, history, journalism, mathematics, music, nursing, police sciences, political science, sociology, theater. Community College Overview A coed school founded in 1957 that awards associate transfer and terminal degrees. 7,356 undergraduate students. The College State-supported, on a 52-acre urban campus. Faculty; 295 (150 full-time). Library; 50,000 books, 600 periodicals, 400 records, tapes, and CDs, Computers: 175 terminals, PCs for student use in computer center, learning resource center. Undergraduates 7,356 students from 27 states and territories. 63% women, 64% part-time, 97% state residents, 13% transferred in, 9% have need-based financial aid, 2% have non-need-based financial aid, 40% 25 or older, 1% native American, 1% Hispanic, 1% African American, 1% Hispanic, 69% Asian American. Freshmen Application Preference given to state residents. Options: early entrance. Required TOEFL for international students. Required for some: school transcript, recommendations, campus interview. Test scores used for admission. Application deadline: 7/1. Notification: continuous until 8/15. Graduation 60 credits; math/science requirements vary according to Requirements program; proficiency in a foreign language at beginning level; computer course for accounting, marketing, hotel operations, office administration majors; internship. Expenses State resident tuition: $480 full-time, $20 per credit part-time. Nonresident tuition: $2,920 full-time, 122 per credit part-time. Part-time mandatory fees per semester range from $5. 50 to $10. Full-time mandatory fees; $20. Room and board; not available. College Life Orientation program. Choral group, student-run newspaper. Safety: 24 hour patrols. Majors Accounting, arts, data processing, food services management, hotel and restaurant management, legal secretarial studies, liberal arts, marketing, medical assistant technologies, nursing, paralegal studies, physical therapy, secretarial studies/office management.

单选题Questions 14 to 16 are based on a passage about supermarkets. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 to 16.

单选题 {{I}}Questions 17～20 are based on the following talk. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17～20.{{/I}}

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} In their darker moments, climatologists talk about their own "nightmare scenario". This is one where global warming has caused such significant climatic changes that ocean currents change direction. One scene from tile nightmare has the Gulf Stream moving south or even going into reverse, making winter in London look and feel like a St Petersburg January. The ocean is a great moderating influence on the planet, soaking up heat around the tropics and depositing it in the cooler polar regions. Yet scientists know surprisingly little about how the sea does this— they estimate that the North Atlantic alone moves energy equivalent to the output of several hundred million power stations. Last year oceanographers began their biggest international research initiative to learn more about ocean circulation. The first results from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment demonstrate just how complex the movement of sea-water can be. They have also given scientists a glance of the amount of heat being exchanged between the oceans and the atmosphere. As part of the experiment, researchers are monitoring the speed and direction of ocean currents, water temperature and salinity. Research ships taking part will gather detailed measurements at 24,000 points or "stations" along carefully designated trans-ocean routes. This undertaking dwarfs the 8,000 hydrographic stations created in the past hundred years of ocean surveying, A fleet of ships, buoys, seabed sensors and satellites will collect so much data that Britain, one of the 40 countries taking part, has opened a research institute, the James Rennell Centre for Ocean Circulation in Southampton, to process them. One of the justifications for the experiment, says John Woods, director of marine and atmospheric sciences at the Natural Environment Research Council, is that the oceans hold the key to understanding long-term changes in the global climate. The Earth has two "envelopes"—the ocean, consisting of slowly circulating water, and the atmosphere, made of fast-moving air. Far from being independent, they interact, one modifying the other until a balance is reached between them. The present balance came about at the end of the last Ice Age, about 10,000 years ago. Scientists hope that knowing more about the ocean's "weather patterns" will help them to predict climate changes further ahead. Knowing how heat is moving around the ocean is decisive to such long-term forecasting. The top three metres of the ocean store more heat than all of the atmosphere. Some of the heat can be transported downward between 30 metres and several thousand metres. The deeper it goes, the longer it stays out of the atmosphere. Water heated in the equatorial region flows in shallow currents north or south towards the poles, where it releases its heat to the air and, as it becomes colder and denser, sinks to the sea floor, where it forms deep, cold currents that back to the equator. John Gould, one of the British scientists taking part in the ocean circulation experiment, is discovering just how this occurs in the Noah Atlantic. Shallow currents, less than 500m deep, of warm water at about 8℃ flow from the Atlantic into the Norwegian Sea, mainly along a path that follows the point where the continental shelf ends and the deep mid-ocean valleys begin. Meanwhile, at depth down to 5,000m, deep currents of cold water at about minus 1℃ flow south into the Atlantic along the deep ocean valley. (Salt water at this depth does not freeze at 0℃) Sensors positioned on the seabed have given Dr Could and his researchers an accurate assessment of just how much cold water is flowing back into the North Atlantic and have given up its heat to the atmosphere over north-west Europe. In total, he estimates, about 5 million cubic metres of water per second flows in these deep currents between Greenland and the British Isles. This means the warm water of the North Atlantic must be giving up about 200 million megawatts of energy to the atmosphere over north-west Europe. Research at the other end of the world, in the seas around Antarctica, is also finding that sea-floor topography plays a crucial role in determining the direction of ocean currents. In the past, oceanographers have assumed, for instance, that surface currents such as the Gulf Stream do not extend much beyond a kilometre in depth. But an analysis of currents in Antarctic waters has shown that currents are. not concentrated in the top kilometre, but reach down to the submerged mountain ranges. Dr Woods believes such research will help to save lives. "More deaths can be prevented by ocean forecasting, than by weather forecasting and our economic and social well-being are more vulnerable to change in the ocean than in the atmosphere."

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} Text 3 Before a big exam, a sound night's sleep will do you better than poring over textbooks. That, at least, is the folk wisdom. And science, in the form of behavioral psychology, supports that wisdom．But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for the memory. One says that sleep is when permanent memories form. The other says that they are actually formed during the day, but then“edited”at night, to flush away what is superfluous. To tell the difference, it is necessary to look into the brain of a sleeping person, and that is hard. But after a decade of painstaking work, a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgium has managed to do it. The particular stage of sleep in which the Belgian group is interested is rapid eye movement(REM)sleep, when brain and body are active, heart rate and blood pressure increase, the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if watching a movie, and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of sleep that people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams. Dr. Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day, and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to press a button as fast as possible, in response to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they learnt how to do this, their response times got faster. What they did not know was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a pattern—what is referred to as “artificial grammar”. Yet the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was present than when there was not. What is more, those with more to learn(i. e. the“grammar”, as well as the mechanical task of pushing the button)have more active brains. The“editing”theory would not predict that, since the number of irrelevant stimuli would be the same in each case. And to eliminate any doubts that the experimental subjects were learning as opposed to unlearning, their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep. The team, therefore, concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep, particularly if the brain detects an inherent structure in the material being learnt. So now, on the eve of that crucial test, maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remember the next day are the basic rules of algebra and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door.

单选题Britain, under a Labour government, considered ditching (giving up) its nuclear deterrent as a way of making crucial savings to help pave the way for an International Monetary Fund-backed rescue package during the sterling crisis of 1976, according to previously secret documents. The crisis at the highest level of government and the British lobbying of international allies for assistance are revealed in Whitehall papers released to the National Archives, under the 30-year rule, covering the months after James Callaghan became prime minister in April 1976. he succeeded Harold Wilson who made his resignation announcement on March 16 after grappling unsuccessfully for months with an economic crisis. The papers reveal the extent of the panic in 1976 as Britain was forced to go to the IMF to bail out the economy. The crisis was a defining moment, destroying confidence in Labour's economic competency and paving the way for Margaret Thatcher's rise to power. The cabinet agreed to request a ￡2.3bn loan, then the biggest the IMF had made, and demanded massive spending cuts. A memo by Sir John Hunt, the cabinet secretary, on December 5 warned there would have to be a review of defence spending. He explained that withdrawing from Germany would be strongly resisted by the US while "abandoning the deterrent or at least scrapping its improvement would cause much less concern to our allies". The threat to ditch the nuclear deterrent came after months of discussions and protracted cabinet haggling over departmental cost-cutting. The severity of the country's problems was spelt out on April 5, two days after Callaghan took office, in a stark report from Sir John. It said the world had been through the most serious boom and slump and the worst inflation since the war as a result of the oil crisis. "The going is likely to be rough indeed.., we are sailing in an unknown sea.., there is a serious imbalance in our economy.., unless action is taken there will be either a continuation of an unacceptably high level of unemployment or a balance of payments deficit which will be beyond our ability to finance," Sir John warned. The ensuing months saw sterling slide further, forcing the abandonment of the Labour programme of 1974, and the acceptance that the nation could no longer spend its way out of a recession, in spite of strong political resistance. Towards the end of September, Callaghan told the Trades Union Congress conference that things would never be the same again. He then rang Gerald Ford, then US president, whom he regarded as an inevitable broker of an IMF deal. A briefing note prepared for Callaghan ahead of the conversation underlined Britain's precarious poison as well as the threat to international stability; "This week I have resisted pressure at the party conference... But I cannot be sure of continuing to do this if our policies are undermined by pressure on the pound which we do not have the resources to resist. In that case our value and partner in the western community would be put gravely at risk." In his conversation. Callaghan spelt out further the political tightrope he was walking, trying to fight off the left of his party while reaching an agreement with the international community. In a letter, Callaghan warned Ford that without a solution to the sterling crisis "we would be forced into action which would put at risk this country's contribution as an ally and a partner in the western alliance and its value as a member of the international trading community". Separately, Callaghan set about lobbying Helmut Schmidt, the German chancellor, asking for a loan facility, led by the US and Germany. In November, he called Schmidt, telling him he was going to go for an IMF deal. This is an extract of the conversation. Callaghan: 'Tm going ahead with this. We either conquer or we die.," Schmidt: "... I have told our mutual friend on the other side that in my view the whole situation comes very near to a Churchillian situation in 1940. I am quite convinced that you would act with the same amount of vigour. I have no doubt about it." While Schmidt was privately sympathetic by the end of 1976 no safety net had been agreed by Germany and the US. A month later, the British government considered Sir John Hunt's advice to scrap the nuclear deterrent, amid protracted cabinet haggling over cost-cutting. The cuts turned out to be less than forecast, an IMF deal was brokered--and Britain' remained a nuclear power into a new century.

单选题 {{B}} Questions 11 to 13 are based on an interview between a radio hostess and a botanist about his research field. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 13.{{/B}}

单选题 Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following talk. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 13.

单选题Questions 14 to 17 are based on the radio news. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 to 17.

单选题 Questions 11 to 13 are based on a news report about a tornado which hit parts of Mexico. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 13.

单选题 The success or failure of a case often hinges on an organizing principle known as a case theme. For example, the case theme in the trial of Erik and Lyle Menendez, two brothers accused of murdering their parents, was "the abuse excuse". The brothers should be excused because they had been severely abused. A primary case theme of the O. J. Simpson defense was "the police messed up and planted evidence". Themes are simple, brief (one sentence!) statements that capture the essence of your argument. You control the lens through which the facts will be viewed. For a trial lawyer, this is absolutely critical. If the lawyer fails to establish a case theme, he or she gives opposing counsel the advantage. Or even worse, the listeners, or those you are trying to persuade, will adopt the theme suggested to them by your adversary. Whoever controls the definition of the case is inevitably the one with the power. Just as a theme gives the listeners a generalizing principle around which information can be organized, so too does it give you one. The great trial lawyers emphasize the need for an overall strategy as well as day-to-day tactics. A case theme embodies a lawyer's overall strategy in a nutshell and helps him organize the case so that he always stays on target. Use a theme to help you stay well and easily focused on the overall thrust of your presentation. A good case theme also greatly enhances your credibility. When you establish a succinct, easy-to-remember theme, you let people know that you have a well-defined and thought-out point of view. Such specificity adds to your perceived competence and trustworthiness. Remember: successful trial lawyers are never wishy-washy.

单选题An invention of an Italian professor