单选题The author mentioned all of the following EXCEPT______.

单选题{{B}}Text 1{{/B}} In January 1995, the world witnessed the emergence of a new international economic order with the launching of the World Trade Organization. The WTO, which succeeds, the GATT, is expected to strengthen the world trading system and to be more effective than the GATT in governing international trade in goods and services in many ways. First, worldwide trade liberalization is expected to increase via the dramatic reductions in trade barriers to which the members of the WTO are committed. Under the WTO, members are required to reduce their tariff and non-tariffs on manufacturing goods. In addition, protecting domestic agricultural sectors from foreign competition will become extremely difficult in the new WTO system. Second, rules and regulations governing international trade will be more strongly enforced. Under the old system of the GATT, there were many cases where trade measures, such as anti-dumping and countervailing duties, were intentionally used solely for protectionist reasons. The WTO's strengthened rules and regulations will significantly reduce the abuse of such trade measures by its member countries. The WTO is also equipped with an improved dispute settlement mechanism. Accordingly, we expect to see a more effective resolution of trade disputes among the member countries in this new trade environment. Third, new multilateral rules have been established to cover areas which the GATF did not address, such as international trade in services and the protection of intellectual property rights. There still are a number of problems that need to be resolved before international trade in services can be completely liberalized, and newly developed ideas or technologies are fairly compensated. However, just the establishment of multilateral rules in these new areas is a significant contribution to the progress toward a global free trade system. Along with the launching of the WTO, this new era in world trade is characterized by a change in the structure of the world economy. Today, a world-wide market for goods and services is rapidly replacing a world economy composed of relatively isolated national markets. Domestic financial markets have been integrated into a truly global system, and the multinational corporation is becoming a principal mechanism for allocating investment capital and determining the location of production sites throughout much of the world.

单选题______is not the duty of deans.

单选题{{B}}Part B{{/B}} In the following article some paragraphs have been removed. For questions 66—70, choose the most suitable paragraph from the lists A—F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. For the first time, scientists have profiled specific genetic changes during the aging of experimental animals, a discovery that could aid work to extend life span and preserve health. The study, conducted with mice at the University of Wiscons in, combines a powerful new genetic technique with dietary restriction, the only known way to delay the aging process. 66.____________ Moreover, it reveals how a low-calorie diet, the only known method of slowing aging in several animal species, works at the most basic level to extend life span and preserve health. Such knowledge, used in concert with new technologies capable of rapidly surveying the activity of thousands of genes at once, premises to accelerate the development of drugs that mimic the age-retarding effects of a low-calorie diet, according to the Wisconsin scientists. The Wisconsin team, led by Tomas A Prolla, a UW-Madison professor of genetics, and Richard Weindruch, a UW-Madison professor of medicine, profiled the action of 6,347 genes. The team charted changes in genetic activity in two groups of mice, one group on a standard diet and another group whose diet had been reduced to 76 percent of the standard diet. 67.____________ "At the molecular level, normal aging looks like a state of chronic injury," said Prolla. However, in a big step forward in understanding how a reduced-caloriediet works to dramatically slow the physical manifestations of aging, many of the same genes that exhibited changes in activity with aging in mice on a standard diet remained almost completely intact in mice on a reduced diet. "This is a leap in our understanding of how caloric restriction works," said Weindruch, a leading authority in the field of diet and aging. "There hasn't been much consensus on how caloric restriction retards aging." 68.____________ The new study, Weindruch said, tends to support the idea that caloric restriction works by slowing metabolism, the chemical processes by which living organisms and cells convert food to energy. 69.____________ "Taken as a whole, our results provide evidence that during aging there is an induction of a stress response as a result of damaged proteins and other macromole cules," the Wisconsin scientists write in Science, "This response ensues as the systems required for the turnover of such molecules decline, perhaps as a result of an energetic deficit in the cell." 70.____________ The new study, according to Weindruch, is important not only because it provides a genetic map of aging, but because it shows the potential of harnessing gene chip technology to screen for the effects of drugs on the process of growing old. "It gives us a molecular test to see if an agent can affect the rate of aging," said Weindruch. "There are lots of implications. If we can understand the molecular mechanisms, we could perhaps develop drugs that mimic the effects of caloric restriction." [A] The research is published today in Science. The study is a milestone in aging research, providing scientists with an intimate look at the ebb and flow of genetic activity with age, and the roles individual genes play in the process of growing old. [B] In the process of metabolism, some toxic byproducts are produced, damaging proteins and triggering a stress response that acts to repair damaged molecules and that seems to be governed by a few select genes. But with age, the body's ability to repair damaged proteins declines, possibly as a result of shrinking cellular energy levels. [C] Over many years, studies of several animal species have consistently shown that reduced diets — 25 to 30 percent less than a typical diet-retard aging, extend life span and improve overall health in old age. [D] "This study has analyzed more genes with regard to aging than all previous studies combined," Prolla said of the study that surveyed 5 to 10 percent of the mouse genome using a "gene ship" — a small glass plate containing DNA that, when read with a laser, quickly reveals activity levels for thousands of individual genes. The Wisconsin group found that, with age, the activity of a very small number of genes — less than 2 percent of those surveyed — changed markedly. But those genes govern critical biological tasks such as stress responses, protein repair and energy production, and they changed in big ways. [E] The Wisconsin group plans to extend its studies to monkeys and humans. UW-Madison, at its Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, is the site of a decade-old study of rhesus macaques on a reducedcalorie diet. [F] Prolla and Weindruch have filed for a patent covering the use of gene chip technology in aging research through the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

单选题Feminist sociolinguists (社会语言学家), over the course of the last few decades, have conducted studies that they believe and support the conclusion that women are routinely discriminated against in English-speaking society. They point to the words used to describe women, as well as the words used to describe society as a whole, as indications that the English language, and therefore the English-speaking culture, is slanted towards the advantage of males. The words used to describe women are used as instrument by feminist sociolinguists to denote an inherent sexism in the English language. Word pairs such as master and mistress and sir and madam, they claim, epitomize such sexism. All of the words in question once held positive connotations but, while the masculine (男性的) forms have retained their respectable associations, the feminine forms have undergone pejoration and now imply sexual promiscuity (混杂) and other negative characteristics. Feminist researchers assume that such pejoration indicate that the status of women in English-speaking society is relatively low. These researchers also find fault with the use of masculine words to describe unisex entities. For example, they feel that there is nothing inherently mainly about mankind, the best man for the job, or the common man. Similarly, the use of such constructions as the "the average students is worried about his grades" indicate to these researchers an inherent sexism in English that is reflective of the cultures in which they are produced. Carolyn Jacobson, author of Non-sexist Language has proposed a solution to this conundrum (难题). She advocates the elimination of all sexed words in favor of gender-neutral terms. No longer should we refer to actors and actresses or waiters and waitresses, as such dichotomies (男女有别) allow for the possibility of negative connotations being associated with the feminine designation. Likewise, she believes that phrases such as mankind should give way to humankind and that the use of the masculine pronoun as the default should be abandoned in favor of neutral constructions. Thus, when sexism is eliminated from the English language, the culture will be more amenable to the deliverance of women as well.

单选题Babies are less likely to grow up into fat children if they are fed breast milk exclusively, which provides powerful ammunition fi3r the campaign to encourage mothers to choose the breast over the bottle. German scientists say their findings are the result of the largest study to date investigating the link between breast-feeding and obesity later in life. The findings suggest breast-feeding could turn out to be a powerful strategy for fighting the spiraling level of childhood obesity. The study, which tracked 9,357 children in Bavaria, found that the longer babies were breast-fed exclusively before being switched to formula or food, the lower their chances of starting school as overweight children. The German study found that infants given only breast milk until they were 3 to 5 months old were more than a third less likely to be obese by the age of 5 or 6 than babies given only formula from the start. Those breast-fed exclusively for 6 months to a year fared even better -they were 43 percent less likely to be obese. Breast-feeding beyond a child's first birthday was better still, giving babies a 72 percent lower chance of turning out to be obese children. Even just some breast milk proved to be better than none, according to the study. Children who were breast-fed for only 1:he first month or two of their lives were 10 percent less likely to be obese by the time they entered elementary school. Besides being more likely to be obese, bottle-fed children also had a greater chance of being simply overweight by elementary school. As with obesity, the risk diminished the longer breast-feeding continued into childhood. Children were classed as overweight if their body mass index which allows comparison of the girth of people of different heights was in the highest 10 percent of all children their age and sex in IBavaria. They were labeled obese if they were in the highest 3 percent. The researchers took into account several factors that could have skewed the results, such as eatin.cl habits, socioeconomic class, birth weight, parents' and siblings' ages, how long the children played outside and whether they had their own bedrooms. In fact, the fatter children were eating less butter, fewer desserts and whole-milk products, and more low-fat dairy foods -probably in an attempt to lose weight. However, what is not clear from the study is how much of the children's weight problem was due to an inherited tendency to be fat. Experts noted that genetics might be responsible for a small percentage of the cases, but could not be the total explanation. A follow-up study which takes into account parents' weight suggests a genetic disadvantage doesn't seem to make much difference. But is it something in the breast milk, or something associated with the act of breast-feeding that makes a difference? It's a bit early for us to draw such a conclusion.

单选题The threat of diseases such as influenza or tuberculosis re-emerging in virulent form has been a common theme in recent years. That threat is not limited to human airwaves, our food plants get sick too, and just as human diseases evolve to evade antibiotics, so the diseases that strike our crops evolve to sidestep the resistance genes we have bred into them. For the vast majority of the calories the world eats, the key crop is grain. A ruinous wheat disease we have not had to worry about since the 1950s is making a comeback, and unless we are very lucky, we will not have sufficient defences to protect crops everywhere in the world against it in time. That stem rust would evolve and return to plague us was inevitable, but our lack of preparation to ward it off was not. Research into stem rust was bound to tail off once the disease seemed beaten, but the world let down its guard too far, for ideological reasons. In the 1980s governments of industrialized countries, especially the UK and US, started to lose patience with the "multilateral" agencies that engineered much of the global progress in agriculture after the Second World War. Each government wanted the agencies to dance only to its tune. This included the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research, the global network of labs that created the "Green Revolution". The CGIAR remains the leading, sometimes only source of agricultural research devoted to global good rather than private profit. "Multilateral" funding meant these labs received income from rich donors with no strings attached. Researchers at the labs were able to spend the money the way they thought best—including the unglamorous task of making sure that crops" disease resistance kept pace with the diseases. However, for more than two decades, donors have been cutting this funding in favour of only financing projects allied to their own interests. As wheat stem rust re-emerged in 1999, the main CGIAR wheat lab was entering a major funding crisis, and ended up sacking a quarter of its scientists. It has taken until now to beg enough money to fight the disease. There are now signs that donors may be moving back to more open-ended funding, which is to be encouraged. They should also increase their derisory funding for this vital research: stem rust is poised to teach us the dangers of complacency. The world population is predicted to rise by another 3 billion by 2050, yet increases in food production have stagnated, technological fixes are spent, and global warming—and the return of diseases like stem rust—look likely to take back many of the gains we have made. Food security affects political security, and one of the first regions to suffer from stem rust will be the volatile Middle East, including Iraq. Agricultural research for the public good is the only way to provide that security. It is certainly cheaper than building armies.

单选题In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch of space on daytime television. And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one varies in style and format. But no two shows are more profoundly opposite in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey shows. Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of "trash talk". The topics on his show are as shocking as shocking can be. For example, the show takes the ever-common talk show themes of love, sex, cheating, guilt, hate, conflict and morality to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is a display and exploitation of society's moral catastrophes, yet people are willing to eat up the intriguing predicaments of other people's lives. Like Jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme, but Oprah goes in the opposite direction. The show focuses on the improvement of society and an individual's quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, managing your work week, to getting to know your neighbors. Compared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being dumped on society. Jerry ends every show with a "final word". He makes a small speech that sums up the entire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where most people will learn something very valuable. Clean as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The show's main target audience are middle-class Americans. Most of these people have the time, money, and stability to deal with life's tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has more of an association with the young adults of society. These are 18-to 21-year-olds whose main troubles in life involve love, relationship, "sex, money and peers. They are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned underneath the show's exploitation. While the two shows are as different as night and day, both have ruled the talk show circuit for many years now. Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong following from large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be considered pioneers in the talk show world.

单选题 {{I}}Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following monologue about rainwater. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 18 to 20.{{/I}}

单选题The president of a university acts as the institution's chief executive officer. Presidents usually have extensive academic experience as either college or university administrators. In some cases, they may be people of notable achievement outside of academic life. For example, Dwight D. Eisenhower served as president of Columbia University in New York City from 1948 to 1950, after commanding the Allied forces in Europe during World War Ⅱ (1939～1945). He was later elected the 34th president of the United States, in 1952. Presidents of colleges and universities enforce the policies, regulations, and other procedures that govern their institution. They also meet with the board of trustees and make recommendations to the board regarding the government and policies of the school. They appoint and, if necessary, remove other officers of the institution, such as vice presidents or deans; they approve or disapprove new policies and procedures recommended by the institution's administrative and faculty committees; and they represent the college or university to the general public and to the institution's alumni. Depending on the size of the institution, a college or university will appoint a number of vice presidents to assist the president in running the school. The academic vice president is responsible for faculty appointments and dismissals and for approving or revising academic programs. Often the academic vice president is a former dean of a college or other academic division within the institution. The institution's financial and budgetary matters are the responsibility of the vice president for finance. The vice president for student services is responsible for nonacademic matters relating to students, such as operating counseling services, residence halls, and student activities and organizations. The vice president for human resources is responsible for nonfaculty appointments such as the hiring of secretaries and personnel to maintain the grounds and other facilities. The academic deans are the chief executives and administrators of the various colleges or other academic divisions of an institution. For example, at a large university, the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, the College of Education, and the School of Law each have a dean who is appointed by the president or the academic vice president. Frequently, deans have had experience as chairperson of academic departments in the institution. The responsibilities of deans typically include implementing policies established by the board of trustees and the president; preparing the budgets and overseeing the spending of funds within the academic division; supervising the faculty; recommending faculty in their college or school to the academic vice president for appointment, promotion, tenured or termination; and maintaining or increasing student enrollments in their college or school.

单选题{{B}}Text 1{{/B}} However important we may regard school life to be there is no gainsaying the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or discounted by the teachers. They can become strong allies of the school personnel or they can consciously or unconsciously hinder and thwart curricular objectives. Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents apprised of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness program, manuscript writing, and developmental mathematics. Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. Many interviews carried on during the year as well as new ways of reporting pupils' progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home. To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic processes night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent sublimate his natural paternal interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate in discussing the family budget, buying the food, using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip, and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis. If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics and, at the same time, enjoying the work. Too often, however, teachers' conferences with parents are devoted to petty accounts of children's misdemenanors, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestions for penalties and rewards at home. What is needed in a more creative approach in which the teacher, as a professional adviser, plants ideas in parents' minds for the best utilization of many hours that the child spends out of the classroom. In this way, the school and the home join forces in fostering the fullest development of youngsters' capacities.

完形填空The new prestige of the British graduates is the most spectacular because in the past Britain has been much 【B1】 interested in universities and degrees than other advanced countries — or even some backward 【B2】 . In 1901 Ramsay Muir observed that Britain had 【B3】 universities per head than any other civilized country in Europe except Turkey. A UNESCO survey in 1967 【B4】 Britain was still close to the bottom in Europe, in 【B5】 of the proportion of the age-group from twenty to twenty-four who were enrolled in 【B6】 education. Most continental countries in the 【B7】 decade have expanded their higher education faster than Britain. University statistics are notoriously difficult to compare, because of the different implications of the word "student" ; in most continental countries anyone who 【B8】 his final school exam — the baccalaureate — is entitled to go into the university on the principle of "let him pass" ; but he has 【B9】 guarantees of tuition or personal attention. Partly as a result there are far more drop-outs and "ghost students" ; in France half the students never become graduates. A comparison of graduates, as opposed 【B10】 students, shows Britain in 【B11】 favorable light, for most British students take a degree. 【B12】 even in terms of graduates, Britain is still 【B13】 in the Europe league. Going to university is a much more solid ambition among the sons of the bourgeoisie in France or Germany than in 【B14】 ; many of the British middle-classes — 【B15】 the shopkeepers and small-business men — have tended to be skeptical, if 【B16】 actually hostile, to university education for their children, and there are still rich and quite intelligent parents who will prefer their children to go straight 【B17】 school into the city, to the army 【B18】 to farming. But the attractions of a BA or 【B19】 MA have penetrated into areas, 【B20】 among the rich and the poor, where they would not have been felt twenty years ago; and they are far-reaching.

完形填空Walking — like swimming, bicycling and running — is an aerobic exercise, 【B1】 builds the capacity for energy output and physical endurance by increasing the supply of oxygen to skin and muscles. Such exercises may be a primary factor in the 【B2】 of heart and circulatory disease. As probably the least strenuous, safest aerobic activity, walking is the 【B3】 acceptable exercise for the largest number of people. Walking 【B4】 comfortable speed improves the efficiency of the cardio respiratory system 【B5】 stimulating the lungs and heart, but at a more gradual rate 【B6】 most other forms of exercise. In one test, a group of men 40 to 57 years of age, 【B7】 at a fast pace for 40 minutes four days a week, showed improvement 【B8】 to men the same age on a 30 minute, three-day-a-week jogging program in the same period. Their resting heart rate and body fat decreased 【B9】 These changes suggest 【B10】 of the important — even vital — benefits walking can 【B11】 about. Walking 【B12】 burns calories. It takes 3,500 calories to gain or 【B13】 one pound. Since a one-hour walk at a moderate pace will 【B14】 up 300 to 360 calories. By walking one hour every other day, you can burn up a-pound-and-a-half monthly, or 18 pounds 【B15】 — providing there is no change in your intake of food. To 【B16】 weight faster, walk an hour every day and burn up 3 pounds a month, or 36 pounds a year. 【B17】 your age, right now is the time to give your physical well being as much thought as you 【B18】 to pensions or insurance. Walking is a vital defense 【B19】 the ravages of degenerative diseases and aging. It is nature''s 【B20】 of giving you a tune-up.

完形填空Perhaps there are far 【B1】 wives than I imagine who take it for 【B2】 that housework is neither satisfying nor even important once the basic demands of hygiene and feeding have been 【B3】 But home and family is the one realm in 【B4】 it is really difficult to shake free of one''s upbringing and 【B5】 new values. My parents'' house was impeccably kept; cleanliness was a moral and social virtue, and personal untidiness, visibly old clothes, or long male hair provoked biting jocularity. If that 【B6】 been all, maybe I could have adapted myself 【B7】 housework on an easy-going, utilitarian basis, refusing the moral overtones 【B8】 still believing in it as something constructive 【B9】 it is part of creating a home. But at the same time my mother 【B10】 to resent doing it, called it drudgery, and convinced me that it wasn''t a fit activity for an intelligent being. I was the only child, and once I was at school there was no 【B11】 why she should have continued 【B12】 her will to remain housebound, unless, as I suspect, my father would not hear of her having a job of her own. I can now begin to 【B13】 why a woman in a small suburban house, with no infants to look after, who does not 【B14】 reading because she has not had much of an education, and who is intelligent 【B15】 to find neighborly chit-chat boring, should carry the pursuit of microscopic specks of dust to the 【B16】 of fanaticism in an 【B17】 to fill hours and salvage her self-respect. My parents had not even the status-seeking impetus to send me to university that Joe''s had; my mother 【B18】 me to be "a nice quiet person who wouldn''t be 【B19】 in a crowd" , and it was feared that university education 【B20】 in ingratitude (independence).

完形填空Dolphins are not the only animals 【B1】 humans that use sounds in an apparently intelligent manner. Whales also use a complex system of sounds 【B2】 is similar in many ways to a human language. One type of whale even sings, and its songs can 【B3】 on for as long as three or four hours. What is more, they can be heard under water at 【B4】 of more than 300 kilometers. After analyzing one of these songs with the aid of a computer, Carl Sagan said it 【B5】 at least a million "bits" of information. This is approximately the same 【B6】 of "bits" as in a long poem like The Odyssey. Chimpanzees also use a system of different sounds to communicate with each 【B7】 One type of cry 【B8】 to mean something like " danger in the air" or " big bird" and another apparently means "danger on the ground" or "snake". When they 【B9】 the first cry, they hide under trees or in holes and look up at the sky. The second cry causes them to hide in the upper 【B10】 of trees and to stare nervously at the grass. Chimpanzees are also 【B11】 of learning sign language. So are gorillas. One chimp called Washoe learned to 【B12】 about 160 separate signs meaning 【B13】 things as "Give me a drink" and "banana". Washoe even 【B14】 to swear. She had a teacher called Jack 【B15】 once refused to give her a drink. Washoe 【B16】 angrier and angrier and used several signs which 【B17】 "dirty Jack" ! A group of chimps at research institute in Atlanta, Georgia, have recently 【B18】 taught to type sentences, using a type of computer. The chimps'' trainer was called Tim, and he kept correcting the 【B19】 one of the chimps made. The chimp obviously wanted Tim to stop 【B20】 him and typed out the following request: "Tim, please leave room!"

问答题There have been many technological developments in the 20th century, for example, computers and electric power. Choose either of them, describe the changes it has brought about and discuss whether all the changes are positive. You should write no less than 250 words. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题A magazine holds a special discussion on divorce. Write an article to the magazine to state your own point of view on divorce and try to illustrate some reasons for those who are for or against divorce. You should write no less than 250 words. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题It is highly suggested by many people that China needs to postpone the retirement age, to deal with the aging of the population. But still many others countered that the problem of unemployment will get worse if the policy is put into practice. What is your opinion on that?

问答题语言注意点求职信不同于简历。在介绍自己情况时，不可面面俱到，否则篇幅过长，反而不易得到重视。应重点突出与所应聘职位相关的自己的特点及特长。语言要有礼貌，要能体现出诚恳的态度和对工作的渴求。 Suppose you are going to graduate from Shanghai University. Write a letter in about 100 words to a company to apply for a post of salesman. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using "Li Ming" instead.