判断题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are THREE parts in this section: Part A, Part B, and Part C. Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. NOT on the ANSWER SHEET. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer your answers from your test booklet onto ANSWER SHEET 1. If you have any questions, you may raise your hand NOW as you will not be allowed to speak once the test has started. Now look at Part A in your test booklet.{{B}}Part A{{/B}} You will hear a conversation. As you listen, answer Question 1 to 10 by circling {{B}}True{{/B}} or {{B}}False{{/B}}. You will hear the conversation ONLY ONCE.{{B}} You now have 60 seconds to read Question 1～10.{{/B}}

填空题is the one where the lack of stability in economy, society and politics blocked its economic development?

填空题

填空题 {{U}} (31) {{/U}}with the human eye, a cat's{{U}} (32) {{/U}}have more rods than cones,{{U}} (33) {{/U}}helps the cat see in the dark. Cats also have elliptical pupils that open and close faster and can become larger than our round{{U}} (34) {{/U}}. In addition, cats and some{{U}} (35) {{/U}}nocturnal animals have a mirror like membrane on the back of their eyes, which reflects the light passing through the rods back through them in the, opposite direction, This "double exposure" allows cats to{{U}} (36) {{/U}}well in near darkness. The human eye changes gradually{{U}} (37) {{/U}}age,{{U}} (38) {{/U}}the changes are critical. In darkness, eyes adapt{{U}} (39) {{/U}}widening the pupils to let in as much light as possible. {{U}}(40) {{/U}}you get older, these muscles weaken and do not respond as well{{U}} (41) {{/U}}the need to let in more light. The result is a small{{U}} (42) {{/U}}when you try to see in poor light. It's{{U}} (43) {{/U}}if your eyes were still young but you were wearing sunglasses at night. There is also evidence that as we age we lose more rods{{U}} (44) {{/U}}cones. In the young eye, rods{{U}} (45) {{/U}}cones by nine to one in the part of the retina called the macula. But an autopsy study of older adults found that while the cones{{U}} (46) {{/U}}intact, almost a third of the rods in the macula had been lost. The less responsive muscles in the iris also affect the eye's ability to adjust when the intensity of light changes,{{U}} (47) {{/U}}as when a car with its headlights on approaches and then passes. In older eyes, this phenomenon,{{U}} (48) {{/U}}dark adaptation, takes longer, which{{U}} (49) {{/U}}you see less well in the dark after being in the light, and vice versa. The diminished number of rods may be a factor, but in addition, the light-sensitive pigment in the rods regenerates more slowly in{{U}} (50) {{/U}}eyes.

填空题WhathasbecomeabigissueforeducatorsinAmericanschoolsbetweenthesexes?

填空题But in preserving the balance we have to be clear where the problem actually lies. Of the total carbon dioxide emissions caused by burning fossil fuels, only 20 percent comes from transportation. 80 percent comes from static uses of energy — the energy used in our homes, in industry and in power generation. Of the total, 43 percent comes from petroleum, 66. ______ On top of that, a further one megaton is produced by our chemical operations. If you add to that the carbon produced by the consumption of the products we produce — the total goes up to around 95 megatons. That is just 1 percent of the total carbon dioxide emissions which come from all human activity. 67. ______ Only a fraction of the total emissions come from the transportation sector — so the problem is not just caused by vehicles. Any response which is going to have a real impact has to look at all the sources. That means ensuring our own house is in order. It also means contributing to the wider analysis of the problem — through research, technology and through engagement in the search for the best public policy mechanisms — the actions which can produce the right solutions for the long-term common interest. We have a responsibility to act, and I hope that through our actions we can contribute to the much wider process which is desirable and necessary. First we will monitor and control our own carbon dioxide emissions. This follows the commitment we've made in relation to other environmental issues. Our overall goal is to do no harm or damage to the natural environment. That's an ambitious goal which we approach systematically. 68. ______ Now, as well as continuing our efforts in relation to the other greenhouse gases, it is time to establish a similar process for carbon dioxide. Our carbon dioxide emissions result from burning hydrocarbon fuels to produce heat and power, from flaring feed and product gases, and directly from the process of separation or transformation. So far our approach to carbon dioxide has been indirect and has mainly come through improvements in the energy efficiency of our production processes. Over the last decade, efficiency in our major manufacturing activities has improved by 20 percent. 69. ______ It is a learning process — just as it has been with the other emissions we've targeted but the learning is cumulative and I think it will have a substantial impact. Other steps will require investment to make existing facilities more energy efficient. For instance, we're researching ways in which we can remove the carbon dioxide from large compressors and reinject it to improve oil recovery. That would bring a double benefit — a cut in emissions and an improvement in production efficiency. The task is particularly challenging in the refining sector where the production of cleaner products requires more extensive processing and a higher energy demand for each unit of output. That means that to make gasoline cleaner, with lower sulphur levels, takes more energy at the manufacturing stage. That's the trade off. In each case our aim will be to establish a database, including benchmark data; to create a monitoring process, and then to develop targets for improvement through operational line management. 70. ______ We will increase our support for that work. That support will be focused on finding solutions and will be directed to work of high quality which we believe can address the key outstanding questions. A. Let me put that another way — to be clear. Human activity accounts for a small part of the total volume of emissions of carbon — but it is that part which could cause disequilibrium. B. As I said a few moments ago, there are still areas of significant uncertainty around the subject of climate change. Those who tell you they know all the answers are fools or knaves. More research is needed — on the detail of cause and effect, on the consequences of what appears to be happening, and on the effectiveness of the various actions which can be taken. C. Monitoring and controlling emissions is one step. The second is to increase the level of support we give to the continuing scientific work which is necessary. D. Now we want to go further. We have to continue to improve the efficiency with which we use energy. And in addition we need a better understanding of how our own emissions of carbon can be monitored and controlled, using a variety of measures including sequestration. It is a very simple business lesson that what gets measured gets managed. E. Our method has been to focus on one item at a time, to identify what can be delivered, to establish monitoring processes and targets as part of our internal management system and to put in place an external confirmation of delivery. In most cases the approach has meant that we've been able to go well beyond the regulatory requirements. F. We've looked carefully, using the best available data, at the precise impact of our own activities. Our operations — in exploration and in refining — produce around eight megatons of carbon.

填空题Thewomanwasworryingabouther______.

填空题could contribute to global warming?

填空题Legislation makes big progress in 20 years CHINA has made great achievements over the past two decades in its legal construction, said a recent article in China Daily. In line with a market economy, many laws and regulations in the country have been established or revised. Reform of state-owned enterprises is the key to China's economic reform drive. Its goal is to make firms responsible for their own gains and losses in the market place. In 1988, a new law gave a legal basis for the State enterprises' independent management. 67. ______ The newly issued Company Law is important in protecting the interests of both companies and shareholders. The law clearly defines the organization and operation of companies and thus guarantees order for the country's overall economic situation. China witnessed a great development in township enterprises in the past 20 years. To support and guide the development of township firms, and to boost economic development in rural areas, a law on these township enterprises was formulated. Establishment of a modern corporate system, which is at the core of a market economy, has been promoted by the country's progress in legislation. To set up a healthy macro-ecomomic control system, promoting a balanced allocation of resources, is an important aspect of economic reform. 68. ______ The division of central and local taxes represents a significant step forward in reforming the country's fiscal mechanisms. Backup laws and regulations have been mapped out on supervising tax collection. The Budget Law has helped strengthen government administration and macro-economic control measures to guarantee sound economic development. In the financial sector, the People's Bank of China has been identified through legislation as the central bank of the country. At the same time, policy banks and commercial banks have also been established. 69. ______ The world's most populous country, China has more than 80 percent of its population in rural areas. The country's further development largely depends on development of those regions. A law on agricultural development has been launched to guarantee the basic role of agriculture and the interests of rural businesses and residents. 70. ______ Laws regarding forests, water, water conservancy and flood prevention have played an important role in the country's agricultural development. Environmental protection is now one of the country's basic policies. To protect natural resources and maintain sustainable development, relevant laws and regulations have been promulgated. Promoting the market economy and guaranteeing fair competition, the Ethical Competition Law has also been enacted. At the same time, laws on product quality, consumer protection and advertising have helped maintain market order and healthy economic development. 71. ______ To guarantee the smooth development of infrastructure, laws regulating post and telecommunications, electricity, railways and highways have been inaugurated. Science and technology are essential to the country's overall progress. To promote progress in these fields, the country has set up laws on science and technology development, technological contract and utilization of science and technology in production. In line with the opening-up policy, laws and regulations on foreign-funded firms and Sino-foreign joint ventures have been launched, which are introducing foreign investment into the country. A. Different from last year, the government needs to collect more money to support the judiciary and security departments, because these departments have recently turned over their affiliated enterprises to the government. B. By relevant laws and regulations, agriculture's fundamental role in the national economy has been confirmed. C. To accelerate the reform, the National People's Congress has passed a series of laws on such issues as pricing, auditing, accounting statistics and metrology. D. A law to promote agro-technologies has greatly developed the application of science and technology in agriculture. E. Relevant regulations on the transitional period of State firm reform had also been established. F. Also, special laws and regulations have been drafted on the transfer and assignment of State owned land resources.

填空题It is a timeworn sign of old age and frailty. Yet arthritis often (1) ______ the young. (1) ______ This disease of the body also has a (2) ______ impact on the mind. (2) ______ "got very (3) ______. I couldn't sleep. (3) ______ When pain is (4) ______ like that, it changes your personality. (4)______ And it affected everyone around me," says Nora Baldner, who had arthritis in both hips. "I'd pour (5) ______ milk on my kids' cereal because I didn't want to walk to the back of the supermarket where the real milk was." (5) ______ Joint problems are now hurting and crippling 43 million Americans, and they're more (6) ______ than cancer or diabetes. (6) ______ The most common form, osteoarthritis, affects about 21 million. Rheumatoid arthritis, another common type, hits slightly more than 2 million. (There are 95 or so other forms, often affecting fewer people.) And the numbers are going up (7) ______. (7) ______ By 2025, the total is expected to top (8) ______ million, (8) ______ as an obese population pounds more heavily on its joints and an active generation of baby (9). ______ grinds them down. (9) ______ What's worse, these people will be fighting the disease without medicines that had become staples of treatment: The drugs Vioxx and Bextra have just been yanked off the market because they appear to (10) ______ the risk of heart disease, (10) ______ and that same shadow of fear has been cast over remaining drugs like Celebrex and even ibuprofen-- a medicine that had already worded doctors because heavy use can cause bleeding in the stomach.

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Henry Kissinger was born in a small town, located {{U}}(31) {{/U}} the south German province of Franconia, on May 27,1923. His father was a Professor at a local high school, his mother was a house-wife; the setting was typical German-middleclass. {{U}}(32) {{/U}} the Kissingers were a Jewish family in Germany that was on the brink of Nazism. He and his younger brother were often beaten by anti-Semitic youngsters on their way to and {{U}}(33) {{/U}} their school; finally they were expelled and {{U}}(34) {{/U}} to attend an all-Jewish institution. Their father was forced to resign his professor-ship. After years of social torture, the family {{U}}(35) {{/U}} to the United States in 1938. In America, the Kissinger {{U}}(36) {{/U}} lived in New York City, in a neighborhood of Upper Manhattan among thousands of other {{U}}(37) {{/U}} and Austrian refugees. Henry Kissinger was never assimilated by the culture and society that made up America; in taste {{U}}(38) {{/U}} style, he would always be distinctly European. After four years in a New York City high school, {{U}}(39) {{/U}} he had shown special {{U}}(40) {{/U}} in mathematics, Kissinger began to study accounting at night sessions of the City University of New York, earning his tuition during the daytime. But then, in 1943, he was drafted by the US Army, an army which was at {{U}}(41) {{/U}} with the Axis Powers. After the war, his friend Kraemer got him a job {{U}}(42) {{/U}} an instructor in an Army training school that paid $10,000 a year. "That was real {{U}}(43) {{/U}} power in 1946," Kraemer would remark later. But Kissinger was {{U}}(44) {{/U}} interested in that materialist lure; he felt he wanted {{U}}(45) {{/U}} education of his own. And so he won a New York State scholarship, gave up his well-paying {{U}}(46) {{/U}}, and enrolled at Harvard in September 1946. Since the Civil War, Harvard had carefully nurtured its pipeline to the nation's capital. In the postwar years, the Department of State was small and unsteady; in many situations, its first reflex was to turn {{U}}(47) {{/U}} Harvard's area specialists. In late 1965, Kissinger {{U}}(48) {{/U}} invited to Saigon to investigate American involvement in Vietnam. In the following decades he {{U}}(49) {{/U}} a famous activist of political and diplomatic {{U}}(50) {{/U}}.

填空题A Caesars Palace Hotel Casino: This is one of the older grand hotel casinos in the heart of the strip, and it remains one of the most spectacular. It is decorated in an Imperial Roman theme with 3,348 rooms on 29 floors. The 1,000 seat Circus Maximus theater presents major entertainment events, the Omnimax theater features film spectacles, Cleopatra's Barge has dancing and Ceaser's Magical Kingdom presents a magical experience. The property's other amenities include the new Qua Baths and Spa, a luxurious retreat with an array of unique treatments and services, including Roman Baths. The Garden of the Gods Pool Oasis features four pools and two whirlpools. The 129,000-square-foot casino offers slot machines, table games, poker, keno, and a race and sports book. The Coliseum at Caesars Palace is a 4,000-seat stadium is now home to Bette Midler starting February 2008, Elton John's The Red Piano, and other events. Two onsite shopping venues hold more than 120 stores. The property also features a wedding chapel, a beauty salon, 24-hour room service, tour assistance, golfing arrangements, dry cleaning and laundry services, and a business center. B Circus Circus Hotel Casino: Circus Circus is one of the older hotel casinos located along the northern end of the Strip. In the Big Top, circus performances are held all day long every day. There is a large midway with carnival games for children and a huge computer gaming room with rides and other entertainment activities for children of all ages. The adult casino features low-stakes games and old-time slot machines. The Adventuredome, America's largest--and the Strip's only--indoor theme park features the world's only indoor double-loop, double-corkscrew roller coaster, an IMAX Ridefilm unitizing state-of-the-art motion-simulator technology, and scores of other exciting rides. The world's largest buffet is just one of the dining options on site; others are the family-style pizzeria, snack bar, and award-winning steakhouse. A wedding chapel, three outdoor swimming pools, and a shopping area round out the hotel's offerings. Each of the 3,700 rooms has air-conditioning, cable TV, pay-per-view, telephones, hairdryers, and video check-out. Non-smoking and handicap-accessible units are available on request. The Circus Circus Manor Motor Lodge, the two-star area of Circus Circus, is made up of five three-story buildings approximately a half-block behind the main casino with easy access to all main buildings, and an enclosed, moving walkway, and convenient parking. C Mandalay Bay Hotel Casino: The 60-acre Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino features a large pool area with a wave pool, an aquarium, and a casino. Located on the Las Vegas Strip, a complimentary monorail connects the hotel to the Luxor and Excalibur. This is one of the new hotel casinos, famous for its exotic tropical island theme. It has 3,700 rooms, 13 restaurants and snack bars, a huge spa, two wedding chapels and a shopping mall. It has a 12,000-seat events center that features major entertainments, a smaller House of Blues that features famous jazz and blues musicians and a theater that features Broadway type shows. Newly renovated Deluxe Rooms are the perfect blend of comfort and style, feature an extended living area, floor to ceiling windows, pillow top mattress, 42 inch plasma TV, iPodcompatible alarm clock/radio, his and her closets, desk area with wireless internet, mini bar, cordless phone. D MGM Grand Hotel Casino: This grand-scale hotel casino is located at the south end of the Strip across the boulevard from New York, New York. It is based on the theme of a large Hollywood movie studio. The hotel has 5,005 rooms, an amusement park, 16 restaurants, a fast food court and a small shopping mall. It has 3 outdoor stages, two large indoor theaters, a 16,325-seat auditorium plus a large dance club. The theaters feature major entertainers, rising comedy performers, and featured shows. The auditorium hosts many major sports events and performances by superstars. The MGM Grand Hotel and Casino embodies the spirit of Vegas, complete with posh accommodations, invigorating live shows and nightlife, front-door access to the Strip, and services that are more than enough for even the most pampered celebrity. The Grand Garden Arena hosts world class-boxing events and concert tours by the hottest headline performers. Current shows include the acrobatic spectacle KA by Cirque du Soleil. MGM Grand's Crazy Horse Paris celebrates beautiful women and the artistry of the nude. The 740-seat Hollywood Theatre features top-tier performers in a more intimate setting.The resort also features a Lion Habitat with big cats decended from Leo, the original MGM lion. The casino offers table games, slot machines, poker, and a race and sports book.·has the largest number of rooms among the four hotel casinos? 71. ______·features golfing arrangements? 72. ______·is home to America's largest indoor theme park? 73. ______·has a tropical theme? 74. ______·hosts sport events? 75. ______·caters to families with children? 76. ______·hosts magical performances? 77. ______·has free connecting monorail to its neighbours? 78. ______·has the world's largest buffet? 79. ______·features large windows in its Deluxe rooms? 80. ______

填空题As international commerce grows, there is an amazing development which is expanding at ever-increasing rate—business on the Internet. One of the most arresting auction business is called e-Bay. Down at the local auction house in the city, you would normally find excited bidders raising their hands or nodding agreement as the auctioneer rattles off the prices for a set of bookshelves, heater or second-hand television set. Now the same cut and thrust of auction selling is drawing not the hundreds who cram into a crowded auction room, but millions of Internet surfers who visit e-Bay, the biggest online auction site, and others of similar style. (66) For example, in one month when I looked at the colorful e-Bay site, these were numbers of items for sale in some of the major categories: Collectibles 684,473; Sports Memorabilia 269,051; Books, Movies, Music 267,324; Toys 242,155; (67) According to the e-Bay promotion, users can find the unique and the interesting on e-Bay—everything from chintz china to chairs, teddy bears to trains, and furniture to figurines. So why do people come to e-Bay? As the leading person-to-person trading site, Buyers trade on e-Bay because of the great number of items available. If you want it, somebody's probably selling it on e-Bay. Similarly, sellers are attracted to e-Bay to conduct business because e-Bay has the most buyers. There are over a million auctions happening on e-Bay every day. (68) "People tell us that they come for all the cool stuff they can get, But they stay, even after they finish their collection, for the fun people they meet at e-Bay. 'take your time, and get to know the e-Bay world' is their advice." So how do you make a bid and buy something at this auction? (69) First I had to register my name, email address and password with e-Bay. So they can track the sales and make sure that everybody is fair dealing. Remembering that bidding online is the same as buying or entering a contract with the seller, I searched under guitars in the Musical Instruments section with my mouse clicking on the various pages. I had a good look at the seller's feedback record. If the person selling goods on e-Bay has tried to cheat, or back out of a deal, email users of e-Bay can leave their own feedback comments, praising or criticizing the e-Bay seller, or bidder. This is everyone can see what is going on. The e-Bay company can ban anyone who has not acted by the rules. (70) The auction details were set out and the day the auction was to end (in one week's time). There was a nice picture of the guitar. I reviewed my bid of $20 to ensure that all the information was correct and clicked on the button "Place Bid". Unfortunately I was notified that my bid was not the highest—someone else had bid more money, so I missed out. However, if I had put in the highest bid, the e-Bay website would have notified me that I was the highest bidder for the time being. When the auction ends, the highest bidder buys the goods. A. Among the special items for sale are an illustration of the winners from 84 Years of the USA Open Golf tournament, signed by the famous golfers, and framed. There is a Beatles Original Coin, especially minted for the first US tour in 1964 of the famous Liverpool pop music group. Furniture, new kitchen knives, guitar study programs, computers—you name it e-Bay auction site has it, as people world-wide take advantage of the chance to sell their goods to the biggest market in the world—the cyberspace community of Internet watchers. B. This is a business that allows customers to buy and sell goods by offering them for sale, or bidding for items displayed at the e-Bay website, as if they were at an auction. Currently, e-Bay has listed at its website 2.14 million items for sale in 1,627 categories. Each month the e-Bay site has 1.5 billion visitors who view the e-Bay pages, looking for bargains or working out how much to charge for that bed or unwanted TV they want to list for auction. C. I was looking for a guitar and this is what I did. D. There are not many stores in the world where they praise you as a good shopper or give you minus points in public if you are a bad customer. But this is the kingdom of the Internet where the rules are being constructed as the system develops. E. According to an e-Bay spokesperson, e-Bay is more than just a place to trade. It's also a place to meet that one other person in the world who shares your passion for your own particular interest, whether it's stamps, war memorabilia, sporting goods, furniture or computer programs, for example. F. Then I was ready to bid. It does not cost any money to bid on items at e-Bay. Of course, if you win the auction, you must pay the seller directly, But you will not be charged anything by e-Bay.

填空题·would remain silent in the event of theft?

填空题Accordingtotheman,manyanimalsaresolitarymostofthetime.

填空题A The East and the Gulf Coast The Atlantic Gulf Coastal Plain extends along the east and southeast coasts of the United States from Long Island to the Rio Grande; Cape Cod and the islands off Massachusetts are also part of this region. Although narrow in the north, the Atlantic Coastal Plain widens in the south, merging with the Guff Coastal Plain in Florida. The Atlantic and Gulf coasts are essentially coastlines of submergence, with numerous estuaries, islands and barrier beaches backed by lagoons. The northeast coast has many fine natural harbors, such as those of New York Bay and Chesapeake Bay. A principal feature of the lagoon-lined Gulf Coast is the great delta of the Mississippi River. The Atlantic Coastal Plain rises in the west to the rolling Piedmont ( the falls along which were an early source of waterpower ), a hilly transitional zone leading to the Appalachian Mountains. These ancient mountains, a once towering system now worn low by erosion, extend southwest from Canada to the Gulf Coastal Plain in Alabama. In New England, the Appalachians extend in a few places to the Atlantic Ocean, contributing to a rocky, irregular coastline. The Appalachians and the Adirondack Mountains of New York ( which are geologically related to the Canadian Shield) include all the chief highlands of E United States; Mt. Mitchell (6,684ft/ 2,037m high), in the Black Mts. of North Carolina, is the highest point of North America.B The Plains and Highlands of the Interior Extending more than 1,000 mi (1,610 km) from the Appalachians to the Rocky Mts. and lying between Canada (into which they extend) in the north and the Gulf Coastal Plain in the south are the undulating Interior Plains. Once covered by a great inland sea, the Interior Plains are underlain by sedimentary rock. Almost all of the region is drained by one of the world's greatest river systems-the Mississippi-Missouri. The Interior Plains may be divided into two sections: the fertile central lowlands, the agricultural heartland of the United States; and the Great Plains, a treeless plateau that gently rises from the central lowlands to the foothills of the Rocky Mts. The Black Hills of South Dakota form the region's only upland area.C The Western Mountains and Great Basin West of the Great Plains are the lofty Rocky Mountains. This geologically young and complex system extends into United States from Canada and runs into New Mexico. There are numerous high peaks in the Rockies; the highest is Mt. Elbert (14,433ft/4,399m). The Rocky Mts. are divided into four sections-the Northern Rockies, the Middle Rockies, the Wyoming (Great Divide) Basin, and the Southern Rockies. Along the crest of the Rockies is the Continental Divide, separating Atlantic-bound drainage from that heading for the Pacific Ocean. Between the Rocky Mrs. and the ranges to the west is the Intermontane Region, an add expanse of plateaus, basins, and ranges. The Columbia Plateau, in the north of the region, was formed by volcanic lava and is drained by the Columbia River and its tributary the Snake River, both of which have cut deep canyons into the plateau. The enormous Colorado Plateau, an area of sedimentary rock, is drained by the Colorado River and its tributaries; there the Colorado River has entrenched itself to form the Grand Canyon, one of the world's most impressive scenic wonders. West of the plateaus is the Basin and Range province, an area of extensive semidesert. The lowest point in North America, in Death Valley (282ft/86m below sea level), is there. The largest basin in the region is the Great Basin, an area of interior drainage (the Humboldt River is the largest stream) and of numerous salt lakes, including the Great Salt Lake. Between the Intermontane Region and the Pacific Ocean is the Pacific Mountain System, a series of ranges generally paralleling the coast, formed by faulting and volcanism. The Cascade Range, with its numerous volcanic peaks extends from Canada into California, and from there is continued south by the Sierra Nevada, a great fault block. Mt. Whitney (14,495ft/4,418m), in the Sierra Nevada, is the highest peak in the conterminous United States.D The Pacific Coast, Alaska, and Hawaii West of the Cascades and the Sierra Nevada and separated from them by a structural trough are the Coast Ranges, which extend along the length of the U.S. Pacific coast. The Central Valley in California, the Willamette Valley in Oregon, and the Puget Sound lowlands in Washington are part of the trough. The San Andreas Fault, a fracture in the earth's crust, parallels the trend of the Coast Ranges from San Francisco Bay to Mexico; earthquakes are common along its entire length. The Pacific Coastal Plain is narrow, and in many cases the mountains plunge directly into the sea. A coastline of emergence, it has few islands, except for the Channel Islands (see Santa Barbara Islands) and those in Puget Sound; there are few good harbors besides Puget Sound, San Francisco Bay, and San Diego Bay. Alaska may be divided into four physiographic regions; they are, from north to south, the Arctic Lowlands, the coastal plain of the Arctic Ocean; the Rocky Mountain System, of which the Brooks Range is the northernmost section; the Central Basins and Highlands Region, which is dominated by the Yukon River basin; and the Pacific Mountain System, which parallels Alaska's southern coast and which rises to Mt. McKinley (Denali; 20,320ft/6,194m), be highest peak of North America. The islands of Alaska and those of the Aleutian Islands chain are partially submerged portions of the Pacific Mountain System and are frequently subjected to volcanic activity and earthquakes. These islands, like those of Hawaii, are the tops of volcanoes that rise from the floor of the Pacific Ocean. Manna Kea and Mauna Loa on Hawaii are active volcanoes; the other Hawaiian islands are extinct volcanoes.·is narrow in the north and wide in the south? (74) ·has one of the world's most impressive scenic wonders? (75) ·has large basins with interior drainage and salt lakes? (76) ·was once a towering system but now worn by erosion? (77) ·was once covered by a great inland sea? (78) ·is characterized by a structural trough ? (79) ·was formed by volcanic lava? (80) ·is lined by lagoons with beautiful harbors? (81) ·has the frequent occurrence of earthquake? (82) ·is drained by one of the world's greatest river systems? (83)

填空题In the following article some paragraphs or sentences have been removed. For questions, choose the most suitable paragraph or sentence from the lists A —F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which doesn't fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET 1. Opinion polls repeatedly tell us that the only thing Americans worry about more than the environment is their health. This is entirely understandable, for health is obviously preferable to illness. What makes today's preoccupation with health slightly surprising is that Americans are far healthier now than they have ever been. 16.____________ Nonetheless, health — and the various threats to it — remains everyone's permanent concern. After all, more than half of us will die from either heart disease or cancer, if current trends continue. 17.____________ For instance, AIDS — if you get it—will probably be fatal after a number of years. Cancer induced by smoking or exposure to radiation, on the other hand, may take 20 to 30 years before its catastrophic effects show up. In making choices about health risks, therefore, it is important to bear in mind the likely time lag between taking a risk and suffering its consequences. Those with a mind to "live for today" are apt to be indifferent to health risks that have a very long incubation period. Although this is short-sighted, it does make sense to discount long-term risks more than short-term ones. 18.____________ One commonly used measure to deal with such problems is a concept called years of potential life lost. The idea is that for a 25-year-old, doing something that will kill him in 5 years is much more "costly" than doing something that will kill him in 40 years. Both may involve the same element of risk—the same probability of eventually dying from that activity — but a risk that may cause immediate damage is much more costly than one for which the piper needn't be paid for a long time. In the first case, he will have his normal life span cut short by about 45 years; in the latter case, the deficit is about 5 years. Thinking about matters in this light inevitably causes a reassessment of many of the threats to health. For instance, heart disease is the single largest killer of Americans, way in front of cancer or strokes. 19.____________ Hence, more YPLLs are lost to cancer than to heart disease despite the greater incidence of fatal heart cases. Specifically, cancers claim about 25 percent more YPLLs than heart disease. The concept of YPLLs has an important, if controversial, influence on issues in health care economics. It is frequently argued that money devoted to medical research on curing diseases should be divided up on the basis of the number of lives lost to each disease. Thus, some critics of the massive levels of funding devoted to AIDS research claim that compared to killers such as heart disease and cancer — AIDS receives a disproportionately high support. 20.____________ Put differently, finding a cure for AIDS would be likely to add about 25 to 30 years to the life of each potential victim. Finding a cure for heart disease, although it might save far more lives, would probably add only another 5 to t0 years to the life of its average victim. The assessment of the seriousness of a risk changes, depending upon whether we ask how many lives it claims or how many YPLLs it involves. Some of the differences are quite striking. For instance, accidental deaths appear relatively insignificant compared to cancer and heart disease when we just count the deaths caused. But once we look at the number of lost years, accidents loom into first place among the killers of Americans. These data show that we need to ask not only how large a risk is but also when it becomes payable. A. However, heart disease tends to strike the elderly in much greater proportions than younger people. Cancer, by contrast, kills fewer people but tends to strike somewhat earlier than heart disease. B. After all, when virtually any of us is confronted with the choice of doing something likely to kill us today versus doing something likely to kill us in two decades, the choice is going to be the lesser of the two evils. C. Many diseases that once struck terror into hearts have either been completely eliminated or brought under control. Although AIDS is a notable exception, few new mass killers have come along to replace the ones that have been eliminated. D. Other things being equal, the sooner a risk causes damage or death, the more that risk is to be avoided. E. That criticism fails to consider the fact that AIDS, by virtue of striking people 20, 000 deaths per year, bad as that is, might suggest. F. One major problem with any comparison of health risks — especially life-threatening ones — is that they differ enormously in their immediacy.