填空题What Are the Real Benefits of Green Tea? Headlines announcing a recent Journal of the American Medical Association study linked consumption of green tea with protection from stroke, but not cancer, caught many people (1) surprise. Tea provides a good example of (2) we need to consider both laboratory and population studies in choosing steps to (3) cancer risk and promote overall health. Green tea (4) relatively high amounts of a type of phytochemical called EGCG, proven in laboratory studies to be a powerful antioxidant. A variety of antioxidants (5) plant foods seem to stabilize "free radicals," protecting DNA from damage that could (6) cancer to develop, and protecting blood vessels from damage that could promote blockages. Studies show EGCG can (7) increase production of enzymes that protect us from cancer-causing substances, (8) levels of a substance key to promoting cancer development, and increase cancer cell self-destruction. In most studies checking signs of green tea's effects in people, antioxidant levels (9) the blood increase, showing we can absorb antioxidant compounds in tea. For example, in a study of 133 heavy (10) who are exposed (11) DNA damage from smoking -- four months of drinking four cups (8 ounces each) of decaffeinated green tea daily reduced the signs of DNA damage by 31 percent. But large population-based studies of the impact of green tea show (12) less consistent results. Conflicting -- and Confusing -- Results Some link higher green tea consumption (13) lower risk of colon, stomach, breast, prostate and other cancers. Other, similar-type studies, (14) no effect. In the recent (15) of more than 40,000 Japanese adults, those who drank at least one 3 ounce cup of green tea daily suffered 25 percent fewer deaths (16) to cardiovascular disease (17) those who did not drink it daily. But, deaths due to stomach, lung or colorectal cancer did not decrease, (18) with five or more 3 ounce cups daily. It's possible we might see cancer protection (19) we look at those drinking the equivalent of three or four 8 ounce cups daily, which some researchers suggest may be needed (20) cancer protection.

填空题Perhaps the main social trend of the 21st century is the high level of and quickly increasing inequality between incomes from capital and labor. In industrialized as well as in developing countries, minority of haves seems to derive ever-increasing profits in the stock market and in global economic ventures, while the large majority of have-nots is employed in insecure jobs earning stagnant or slowly rising incomes. Global capital markets can contribute to economic development, but they become socially and economically questionable when they do not contribute to the prosperity of all. A host of UN summits during the 1990s highlighted the global shortfalls in providing social protection, health and education. The question is how the full provision of these basic services can be financed at the global level. 66. ______ However, governments in most countries, and particularly in poor, developing ones, have little leeway to conduct their own economic and social policy making. They are severely hemmed in by conditions imposed by the IMF and the World Bank. In addition, they are often dependent on the changing priorities and pet projects of donors. There is also a great need to improve democratic and transparent structures in developing countries, so their governments can be more closely monitored by their own populations. The emergence of new civil society movements can help governments become more accountable. From the international side, social policy monitoring should focus on a limited number of internationally accepted social objectives, such as universal primary education by 2015. 67. ______ Second, there is the need for a more sustained and predictable basis for financing social investments. It is estimated that access to basic social services for all the world's people could be ensured with an additional US $ 30～40 billion per year over the next 10～15 years. Part of this money could be (and is already) financed by better targeted donor contributions, debt relief and restructuring of national government budgets. However, there is also a structural need for effective taxation of capital incomes internationally. Since capital incomes and Internet trade are so elusive, globalization favors taxes where the location of the tax base is readily identifiable, such as in traditional shopping, real property or labor. The result of recent tax reforms has therefore been that labor income, including social welfare, is taxed more heavily than capital income, with negative consequences for job creation. The co-ordination of taxation policies is a sensitive national issue, as exemplified by the recent European Union-United Kingdom rift over a possible European withholding tax on bond interest. 68. ______ A third step would be a new social contract between governments, civil societies and the private sector, a contract based on mutual interests. Some of the ground rules of such a contract already exist in the UN Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This covenant is supplemented by other rights, which are laid out in the International Labor Organization Declaration on fundamental rights at work. A contract could stipulate, for example, that families who cannot afford to send their children to primary school may receive financial assistance from an international fund. 69. ______ Meeting these objectives would contribute to stronger social cohesion between people and nations and lay the foundation for greater global prosperity. 70. ______ A. At the dawn of the new millennium, it is time to think long term. There are great opportunities for making a quantum leap in social and economic development. We have the knowledge and the means to do it. B. The first step is to improve the quality of social policy making and the efficiency of social investments, such as in social welfare, health and education. C. Perhaps the best way to proceed is to set up multilateral process, either in a new world tax authority or a process within the World Trade Organization, which already has considerable experience with multilateral treaties. D. This cohesion would be of obvious interest to the private sector, which would also play an important part in this worldwide contract. It would promise to abide by the ground rules and provide constructive help in building an efficient, equitable international tax system. E. International financial support for the achievement of these objectives should be provided within the context of well designed multilateral monitoring and evaluation system. F. Another part of the contract would consist of a promise by the international community to co-finance some of the social objectives mentioned above.

填空题 It was a moment most business executives would pause to savor: late last year, German sporting goods pioneer Adidas learned that after years of declining market share, the company had sprinted past U.S. Reebok International to take the second place behind Nike in the race for worldwide sales. But Robert Louis-Dreyfus, the rumpled Frenchman who new runs Adidas, and didn't even stop for one of his trademark Havana cigars in celebration, worried that the company would grow complacent. Instead, he and a group of friends bought French soccer club Olympic de Marseille "Now that's something I have dreamed about since I was a kid." Louis-Dreyfus says with an adolescent grin.66. ______ With sales in the first three quarters of 1996 at $2.5 billion, up a blithering 30.7% over 1995, it's hard to recall the dismal shape Adidas was in when Loins-Dreyfus took over as chairman in April 1993. Founded in 1920 by Adi Dassler, the inventor of the first shoes designed especially for sports, the company enjoyed a near monopoly in athletic shoes until an upstart called Nike appeared in the 1970s and rode the running fad to riches. By the early 1990s Adidas had come under the control of French businessman Bernard Tapie, who was later jailed for bribing three French soccer players. Although the company tried to spruce up its staid image with a team of American designers, Adidas lost more than $100 million in 1992, prompting the French banks that had acquired control of the company from Tapie to begin a desperate search for a new owner.67. ______ The poker-loving Louis-Dreyfus knew he had been dealt a winning hand. Following the lead set by Nike in the 1970s, he moved production to low-wage factories in China, Indonesia and Thailand and sold Adidas' European factories for a token one Deutsche mark apiece. He hired Peter Moore, a former product designer at Nike, as creative director, and set up studios in Germany for the European market and in Portland, Oregon, for the U. S. He then risked everything by doubling his advertising budget. "We went from a manufacturing company to a marketing company," says Louis-Dreyfus. "It didn's take a genius—you just had to look at what Nike and Reebok were doing. It was easier for someone coming from the outside, with no baggage, to do it, than for somebody from inside the company."68. ______ "The marketing at Adidas is very, very good right now," says Eugenio Di Maria, editor of Sporting Good Intelligence, an industry newsletter perceiving Adidas as a very young brand. "The company is particularly strong in apparel, much stronger than Nike and Reebok." Although 90% of Adidas products for wear on street instead of sports fields, Louis-Dreyfus felt the previous management had lost sight of Adidas' roots as a sporting products company. After all, Adi Dassler invented the screw-in stud for the soccer shoe and shod American champion Jesse Owens in the 1936 Olympics. So he sold off or folded other non-core brands that Adidas had developed, including Le Coq Sportif, Arena and Pony. Europe is still the company's largest market because Adidas dominates the apparel industry and thanks to soccer's massive popularity there, Louis-Dreyftts is quick to share credit for the turnaround with a small group of friends who bought the company with him in 1993. One of those fellow investors is a former IMS colleague, Christian Tourres, now sales director at Adidas. "We're pretty complementary because I'm a bit of a dreamer, so it's good to have somebody knocking on your head to remind you there's a budget," says Louis-Dreyfus. Commuting to the firm's headquarters in the Bavarian town of Herzogenaurach from his lakeside house outside Zurich, Louis-Dreyfus also transformed Adidas from a stodgy German company into a business with a global outlook. Appalled on his first day at work that the chief executive had to sign a salesman's travel voucher for $300, he slashed the company's bureaucracy, adopted American accounting rules and brought in international management talent. The company's chief financial officer is Australian and the international marketing manager is a Swede. English is the official language of the head office and no Germans remain on the managing board of the company, now whittled down to just himself and a few trusted aides. "It was clear we needed decentralization and financial controls;" recalls Louis-Dreyfus. "With German accounting rules, I never knew if I was making money or losing."69. ______ "He gives you a lot of freedom," says Michael Michalsky, a 29-year-old German who heads the company's apparel design team. "He has never interfered with a decision and never complained. He's incredibly easy to work for."70. ______ The challenge for Louis-Dreyfus is to keep sales growing in a notoriously trend-driven business. In contrast to the boom at Adidas, for example, Reebok reported a 3% line in sales in the third quarter. Last fall Adidas rolled out a new line of shoes called "Feet You Wear" which are supposed to fit more comfortably than conventional sneakers by matching the natural contour of the foct. The first 500,000 sold out. Adidas is an official sponsor of the World Cup, to be held next June in France, which the company hopes to turn to a marketing bonanza that will build on the strength of soccer worldwide. But Reebok also has introduced a new line called DMX Series 2000 and competition is expected to be fierce coming spring. A. Just as the transition was taking place, Adidas had a run of good luck. The fickle fashion trendsetters decided in early 1993 that they wanted the "retro look", and the three-stripes Adidas logo, which had been overtaken by Nike swoop, was suddenly hot again. Models such as Cindy Crawford and Claudia Schiffer and a score of rock idole sported Adidas gear on television, in films and music videos, giving the the company a free publicity bonanza. Demand for Adidas products soared. B. Louis-Dreyfus, scion of a prominent French trading dynasty with an M. B. A. form Harvard, earned a reputation as a doctor to sick companies after turning around London-based market research firm IMS—a feat that brought him more than $10 million when the company was eventually sold. He later served as chairman of Saatchi & Saatchi, then the world's largest ad agency, which called him in when rapid growth sent profits into a tailspin. With no other company or entrepreneur willing to gamble on Adidas, Louis-Dreyfus got an incredible bargain from the banks: he and a group of friends from his days at IMS contributed just $10,000 each in cash and signed up for $100 million in loans for 15% of the company, with an option to buy the remainder at a fixed price 18 months later. C. In another break with the traditional German workplace, Louis-Dreyfus made corporate life almost gratingly informal: employees ostentatiously called him "Rowbear" as he strides down the corridors, and bankers are still amazed when counterparts from Adidas show up for negotiations wearing sweatshirts and sneakers. D. The company's payroll, which had reached a high of 14,600 in 1986, was pared back to just 4,600 in 1994. (It has since grown to over 6,000.) E. A sports fun who claims he hasn't missed attending a soccer World Cup final since the 1970s or the Olympic Games since 1968, the 50-year-old Louis-Dreyfus now is eminently well placed to live out many of his boyhood fantasies. Not only has he turned Adidas into a global company with market capitalization of $4 billion (he owns stock worth $250 million), but he also has endorsement contracts with a host of sports heroes from tennis great Steffi Graf to track's Donovan Bailey, and considers it part of the job to watch his star athletes perform on the field. "There are very few chances in life to have such fun." he says. F. After reducing losses in 1993, Adidas turned to a profit in 1994 and has continued to surge: net income for the first three quarters in 1996 was a record $214 million, up 29% from the previous year. Louis-Dreyfus and his friends made great personal fortunes when the company went public in 1995. The original investors still own 26% of the stock, which sold for $46 a share when trading has doubled to $90.

填空题Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once. A=BOOK REVIEW 1 B=BOOK REVIEW 2 C=BOOK REVIEW 3 D=BOOK REVIEW 4 Which book review(s) contain(s) the following information? ·Comparison of the significance of two economic books. 71. ______ ·Stiglitz's prestige in the field of economics. 72. ______ ·Stiglitz's criticism of those who exaggerated the power of markets in developing countries. 73. ______ ·Policy making should consider local conditions. 74. ______ ·The intervention of government is the way to assist globalization. 75. ______ ·Stiglitz's dedication to the development of poor countries. 76. ______ ·Stiglitz's preference of one type of economic policy over another one. 77. ______ ·More people joined Stiglitz in criticizing free trade and globalization. 78. ______ ·Stiglitz's points have been supported by what actually happened in the country. 79. ______ ·Mainly gives positive comments on Stiglitz and his new book. 80. ______ A The main point of the book is simple: globalization is not helping many poor countries. Incomes are not rising in much of the world, and adoption of market-based policies such as open capital markets, free trade, and privatization are making developing economies less stable, not more. Instead of a bigger dose of free markets, Stiglitz argues, what's needed to make globalization work better is more and smarter government intervention. While this has been said before, the ideas carry more weight coming from someone with Stiglitz's credentials. In some ways, this book has the potential to be the liberal equivalent of Milton Friedman's 1962 classic Capitalism and Freedom, which helped provide the intellectual foundation for a generation of conservatives. But Globalization and Its Discontents" does not rise to the level of capitalism and freedom. While Stiglitz makes a strong case for government-oriented development policy, be ignores some key arguments in favor of the market. "The book's main villain is the International Monetary Fund, the Washington organization that lends to troubled countries", Stiglitz' contempt for the IMF is boundless, "It is clear that the IMF has failed in its mission, " he declares. "Many of the policies that the IMF pushed have contributed to global instability. " B While parts of this book are disappointingly shallow, Stiglitz's critique of the market-driven 90's still resonates, especially when the business page is full of stories about white-collar crime and the stock market seems stuck in a perpetual rut. Even the United States cannot blithely assume that financial markets will work on autopilot. It is testament to the salience of Stiglitz's arguments that many economists—even some Bush Administration officials—now embrace his view that economic change in the developing world must evolve more with local conditions, not on Washington's calendar. Without a thorough makeover, globalization could easily become a quagmire. Stiglitz shared a Nobel Prize last year for his work analyzing the imperfections of markets. His main complaint against Rubin and Summers, who served as Treasury Secretaries, and against Fischer, the NO. 2 official and de facto chief executive of the international Monetary Fund, is that they had too much faith that markets could transform poor countries overnight. He labels these three men market fundamentalists, who fought to maintain financial stability with the same urgency that an earlier generation struggled to contain communism. Worse, he suggests, they shilled for Wall Street, conflating the interests of the big banks with the financial health of the world. C "Stiglitz, 58, is hardly the first person to accuse the IMF of operating undemocratically and exacerbating Third World poverty. But he is by far the most prominent and his emergence as a critic marks an important shift in the intellectual landscape. Only a few years ago, it was possible for pundits to claim that no mainstream economist, certainly nobody of Stiglitz's stature, took the criticism of free trade and globalization seriously. Such claims are no longer credible, for Stiglitz is part of a small but growing group of economists, sociologists and political scientists, among them Dani Rodrik of Harvard and Robert Wade of the London School of Economics, who not only take the critics seriously but warn that ignoring their concerns could have dire consequences. " Over the past several years, Stiglitz, a celebrated theorist who was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in economics for his work on asymmetric information, has grown accustomed to being at the center of controversy. From 1997 to 2000, he served as senior vice president and chief economist at the World Bank—a title that did not stop him from publicly criticizing the bank's sister institution, the International Monetary Fund, Stiglitz's outspokenness, unprecedented for a highranking insider, infuriated top officials at the IMF and US Treasury Department, and eventually led James Wolfensohn, the World Bank's president, to inform him that he would have to mute his criticism or resign, Stiglitz chose to leave. D "Stiglitz' book makes a compelling case that simple-minded economic doctrine, inadequately tailored to the realities of developing countries, can do more harm than good, and that the subtleties of economic theory are actually quite important for sound policy advice. But simplistic political advice—give developing countries more voice and the institutions of global governance will be rendered more legitimate and efficient—is equally problematic. Political reform is as subtle and complex as economic reform. Evidently, the best minds among us have only begun to think about it. " Joseph Stiglitz's memoirs of his years in Washington, D.C. —first as chair of President Bill Clinton's Council of Economic Advisers and then as chief economist at the World Bank—have the flavor of a morality play. Our goodhearted but slightly native hero, on leave from Stanford University, sets out for the nation's capital to serve his country and improve the lot of the developing world. Once there he finds a morass of political opportunism, ideologically motivated decision-making and bureaucratic inertia. Undeterred, he battles valiantly on behalf of impoverished nations against the unrelenting globalisers of the International Monetary Fund.

填空题The earliest settlers came to the North American continent to establish colonies which were free from the controls that existed in European societies. They wanted to (1) the controls placed on their lives by kings and governments, priests and churches, noblemen and aristocrats. To a great (2) , they succeeded. In 1776 the British colonial settlers (3) their independence from England and (4) a new nation, the United States of America. In (5) doing, they overthrew the king of England and declared that the power to govern would lie in the (6) of the people. They were now (7) from the power of the kings. In 1787, when they (8) the Constitution for their new nation, they separated church and state so that there would never be a governmentsupported church. This greatly (9) the power of the church. Also, in this Constitution they expressly forbade titles of nobility to ensure that an aristocratic society would not develop. There would be (10) ruling class of noblemen in the new nation. The historic decision (11) by those first settlers has had a profound (12) on the shaping of the American character. By limiting the power of the government and the churches and eliminating a formal aristocracy, they (13) a climate of freedom where the emphasis was (14) the individual. The United States came to be associated in their minds (15) the concept of individual freedom. This is probably the most (16) of all the American values. Scholars and outside observers often (17) this value "individualism", but many Americans use the word "freedom". Perhaps the word is one of the most respected popular words in the United States today. By "freedom", Americans (18) the desire and the ability of all individuals to control their own destiny without outside interference from the government, a ruling noble class, the church or (19) other organized authority. The desire to be free of controls was a basic value of the new nation in 1776, and it has continued to (20) immigrants to this country.

填空题·has certain position in modem pharmacology as a symbol?

填空题 Things must be going well in the parcels business. Consumers and companies continue to flock in droves to the internet to buy and sell things. FedEx reported its busiest period ever last December, {{U}}(31) {{/U}} it handled almost 9m packages in a single day. Online retailers also {{U}}(32) {{/U}} new records in America. Excluding travel, some $ 82 billion was spent last year {{U}}(33) {{/U}} things over the internet, 24% more than in 2004, {{U}} (34) {{/U}}to comScore Networks, which tracks consumer behavior. Online sales of clothing, computer software, toys, and home and garden products were all up {{U}}(35) {{/U}} more than 30%. {{U}}(36) {{/U}} most of this stuff was either posted or delivered {{U}}(37) {{/U}} parcel companies. The boom is global, especially now that more companies are outsourcing production. It is becoming increasingly common for products to be {{U}}(38) {{/U}} direct from factory to consumer. "The internet has had a profound effect {{U}}(39) {{/U}} our business," says David Abney, UPS's international president. UPS now {{U}}(40) {{/U}} more than 14m packages worldwide every day. It is striking that postal firms--{{U}} (41) {{/U}} seen as obsolete because of the {{U}}(42) {{/U}} of the internet--are now finding salvation {{U}}(43) {{/U}} it. People are paying more bills online and sending more e-malls {{U}}(44) {{/U}} of letters, but most post offices are making up {{U}}(45) {{/U}} that thanks to e-commerce. {{U}}(46) {{/U}} four years of profits, the United States Postal Service has cleared its $11 billion of {{U}}(47) {{/U}}. Both post officers and express-delivery firms have {{U}}(48) {{/U}} a range of services to help ecommerce and eBay's traders--who listed a colossal 1.9 billion items {{U}}(49) {{/U}} sale last year. {{U}}(50) {{/U}} the most popular services are tracking numbers, which allow people to follow the progress of their deliveries on the internet.

填空题Supermarket shoppers have never been more spoilt for choice. But just when we thought traditional systems of selective farming had created the most tempting array of foods money can buy, we are now being presented with the prospect of genetically created strains of cabbages, onion, tomato, potato and apple. It may not tickle the fancy of food purists but it fires the imagination of scientists. Last week they discovered that the classic Parisian mushroom contains just the properties that, when genetically mixed with a wild strain of mushroom from the Sonora desert in California, could help it grow en masse while at the same time providing it with the resilience of the wild strain. 66. ______ "We have found a way of increasing the success rate from one to 90 per cent. " This is just one of the many products that, according to skeptics, are creating a generation of "Frankenfoods" . The first such food that may be consumed on a wide scale is a tomato which has been genetically manipulated so that it does not soften as it ripens. 67. ______ Critics say that the new tomato—which cost $ 25 million to research—is designed to stay on supermarket shelves for longer. It has a ten-day life span. Not surprisingly, every-hungry US is leading the search for these forbidden fruit. By changing the genes of a grapefruit, a grower from Texas has created a sweet, red, thin-skinned grapefruit expected to sell at a premium over its California and Florida competitors. For chip fanatics who want to watch their waist-lines, new high-starch, low-moisture potatoes that absorb less fat when fried have been created, thanks to a gene from intestinal bacteria. The scientists behind such new food argue that genetic engineering is simply an extension of animal and plant breed ing methods and that by broadening the scope of the genetic changes that can be made, sources of food are increased. Accordingly, they argue, this does not inherently lead to foods that are less safe than those developed by conventional techniques. But if desirable genes are swapped irrespective of species barriers, could things spiral out of control? "Knowledge is not toxic, "said Mark Cantley, head of the biotechnology unit at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, "It has given us a far greater understanding of how living systems work at a molecular level and there is no reason for people to think that scientists and farmers should use that knowledge to do risky things. " Clearly, financial incentive lies behind the development of these bigger, more productive foods. But we may have only ourselves to blame. In the early period of mass food commerce, food varieties were developed by traditional methods of selective breeding to suit the local palate. But as suppliers started to select and preserve plant variants that had larger fruit, consumer expectations rose, leading to the development of the desirable clones. Still, traditionalists and gourmets in Europe are fighting their development. 68. ______ Even in the pre-packaged US, where the slow-softening tomato will soon be reaching supermarkets, 1,500 American chefs have lent their support to the Pure Food Campaign which calls for the international boycott of genetically engineered foods until more is known about the consequences of the technology and reliable controls have been introduced. In the short term, much of the technology remains untested and in the long term the consequences for human biology are unknown. Questions have arisen over whether new proteins in genetically modified food could cause allergies in some people. 69. ______ Then there are the vegetarians who may be consuming animal non-vegetable proteins in what they think is a common tomato, or the practicing Jew who unknowingly consumes a fruit that has been enhanced with a pig's gene. As yet, producers are under no obligation to label "transgeneic" products. Environmentalists worry that new, genetically engineered plants may damage natural environment. A genetically engineered pest-resistant strain of plant that contacts with a native strain, for example, could turn them into virulent weeds beyond chemical control. Animal welfare groups worry about the quality of life of farm animals manipulated so that they produce more meat, milk, and eggs but which may suffer physical damage in the process. 70. ______ Many of these fears spring from ignorance. And although it is hard to separate the paranoia from the benefits, the fact remains that genetic engineering offers ways of solving serious medical and agricultural problems. A. Western farmers have already bred cattle with more muscle than a skeleton can carry. B. Supporters say the tomato, unsurprisingly called Flavr Savr, will taste better because it will be able to nature on the branch longer. C. Consumer opposition means that there are genetically manipulated foods on the German markets, and the Norwegian government has recently put research into genetically engineered foods on hold. D. For example, if a corn gene is introduced into a wheat gene for pest resistance, will those who are allergic to corn then be allergic to wheat? E. "Mushrooms in the past were almost impossible to cross, "says Philippe Callac, one of the three scientists working on the mushroom. F. Genetic engineering will interfere with the balance of nature.

填空题On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind. , home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played. During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $ 35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $ 20 worth of gambling. He visited the casino, lost the $ 20 and left. On his second visit he lost $ 800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card", which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user's gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls electronic morphine. (66) In 1997 he lost $ 21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $ 72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a. m. , then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem. In March 1998, a friend of Williams got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gambling problems. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a "cease admissions" letter. Noting the "medical/psychological" nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being. (67) The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning. "Enjoy the fun...and always bet with your head, not over it". Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams's suit charges that the casino, knowing he was "helplessly addicted to gambling", intentionally worked to "lure" him to "engage in conduct against his will". (68) The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says "pathological gambling" involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of taking risks in quest of a windfall. (69) Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities. (70) Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on—you might say addicted to—revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers' dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of NEWSWEEK reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $ 3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web's most profitable business. A．Although no such evidence was presented, the casino's marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected. B．It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative? C．By the time he had lost $ 5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $ 5,500, but he did not quit. D．Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government. E．David Williams's suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don't bet on it. F．It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.

填空题·is of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs?

填空题For many people, education is about knowledge: What it is, and how it isto be acquired by succeeding generations of learners, and thus by succeedinggenerations of humanity. Politically, education has been a perennial hot topic, because those who control knowledge have potential access on privilege and (54)______ wealth. However, this idea which knowledge is some kind of commodity to (55)______ be traded in intellectual marketplaces known as schools and universities are (56)______ the only one of many characterizations. Attempting to define what it is to (57)______ know has preoccupied philosophers just as many as attempting to answer the (58)______ question of what it is to be. For much of the past century, there has been a passionate debate, in Western educational contexts at least, between those who believe that the function of educational system is the transmission of a (59)______ received body of facts, values, and procedures for conceptualizing and adding to that body of knowledge, yet those who believe that the function of an edu- (60)______ cational system is to create the conditions whereby learners might generate one's own skills and knowledge. It is a debate between those who believe that (61)______ education is a matter of making meaning of the learners on the one hand, and (62)______ those who believe that the function of education is to facilitate the process whereby learner make their own meaning, on the other hand. (63)______

填空题 Walking—like swimming, bicycling and running—is an aerobic exercise, {{U}}(31) {{/U}}builds the capacity for energy output and physical endurance by increasing the supply of oxygen to skin and muscles. Such exercises may be a primary factor in the{{U}} (32) {{/U}}of heart and circulatory disease. As probably the least strenuous, safest aerobic activity, walking is the{{U}} (33) {{/U}}acceptable exercise for the largest number of people. Walking{{U}} (34) {{/U}}comfortable speed improves the efficiency of the cardiorespiratory system{{U}} (35) {{/U}}stimulating the lungs and heart, but at a more gradual rate{{U}} (36) {{/U}}most other forms of exercise. In one test, a group of men 40 to 57 years of age, {{U}}(37) {{/U}}at a fast pace for 40 minutes four days a week, showed improvement{{U}} (38) {{/U}}to men the same age on a 30 minute, three-day-a-week jogging program in the same period. Their resting heart rate and body fat decreased{{U}} (39) {{/U}}. These changes suggest{{U}} (40) {{/U}}of the important—even vital—benefits walking can{{U}} (41) {{/U}}about. Walking{{U}} (42) {{/U}}bums calories. It takes 3,500 calories to gain or{{U}} (43) {{/U}}one pound. Since a one-hour walk at a moderate pace will{{U}} (44) {{/U}}up 300 to 360 calories. By walking one hour every other day, you can bum up a pound-and-a-half monthly, or 18 pounds a{{U}} (45) {{/U}}—providing there is no change in your intake of food. To{{U}} (46) {{/U}}weight faster, walk an hour every day and burn up 3 pounds a month, or 36 pounds a year. {{U}} (47) {{/U}}your age, right, now is the time to give your physical well being as much thought as you{{U}} (48) {{/U}}to pensions or insurance. Walking is a vital defense{{U}} (49) {{/U}}the ravages of degenerative diseases and aging. It is nature's{{U}} (50) {{/U}}of giving you a tuneup.

填空题The shore is an ancient world, for (31) long as there has been an earth and sea (32) , has been this place of the meeting of land and (33) . Yet it is a world that keeps alive the sense (34) continuing creation and of the relentless drive of life. Each time (35) I enter it, I gain some new awareness of its beauty and its deeper meanings, sensing that intricate fabric of life (36) which one creature is linked with another, and each with its surroundings. (37) my thoughts of the shore, one place stands apart for its revelation of exquisite beauty. It is a pool hidden within a cave (38) one can visit only rarely and briefly when (39) lowest of the year's low tides fall below it, and perhaps from that (40) fact it acquires some of its special beauty. Choosing such a tide, I hoped (41) a glimpse of the pool. The ebb was (42) fall early in the morning. I knew that (43) the wind held from the northwest and no interfering swell ran in (44) a distant storm the level of the sea should drop below the entrance (45) the pool. There had been sudden ominous showers in the night, with rain (46) handfuls of gravel flung on the roof. When I looked out into the (47) morning the sky was full of a gray dawn light but the sun had not yet risen. Water and air were pallid. Across the bay (48) moon was a luminous disc in the western sky, suspended (49) the dim line of distant shore—the full August moon, drawing the tide to the low, low levels of the threshold of the alien sea world. As I watched, a gull flew by, above the spruces. Its breast was rosy (50) the light of the unrisen sun. The day was, after all, to be fair.

填空题

填空题·consists of eleven states?

填空题leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts.

填空题Pollution is a "dirty" word. To pollute means to contaminate topsoil or something by introducing impurities which make (31) unfit or unclean to use. Pollution comes in many forms. We see it, smell it, (32) it, drink it, and stumble through it. We literally lived in and breathe pollution, and (33) surprisingly, it is beginning to (34) our health, our happiness, and our civilization. Once we thought of pollution (35) meaning simply the smog—the choking, stinging, dirty (36) that hovers over cities. But air pollution, while it is (37) the most dangerous, is only one type of contamination among several (38) attack the most basic life functions. Through the uncontrolled use of insecticides, man has polluted the land, (39) the wildlife. By (40) sewage and chemicals into rivers and lakes, we have contaminated our (41) water. We are polluting the oceans, too, killing the fish and (42) depriving ourselves (43) an invaluable food supply. Part of the problem is our exploding (44) . More and more people are producing more wastes. But this problem is intensified by our "throw-away" technology. Each year Americans (45) of 7 million autos, 20 million tons of waste paper, 25 million pounds of toothpaste tubes and 48 million cans. We throw away gum wrappers, newspapers, and paper plates. It is no longer wise to (46) anything. Today almost everything is disposable. (47) of repairing a toaster or a radio, it is easier and cheaper to buy another one and discard the old, even (48) 95 percent of its parts may still be functioning. Baby diapers, which used to be made of reusable cloth, are now paper throwaways. Soon we will wear clothing made of (49) : "Wear it once and throw it away" will be the slogan of the fashionable consciousness. Where is this all to end? Are we turning the world into a gigantic dump, or is there hope that we can solve the pollution problem? (50) , solutions are in sight. A few of them are positively ingenious.

填空题 You will hear a talk about elephants. As you listen, you must answer Questions 21-30 by writing {{B}}NO MORE THAN THREE{{/B}} words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk TWICE.{{B}}You now have 60 seconds to read Questions 21-30.{{/B}}

填空题The Nature of Love Love is a wondrous state, deep, tender, and rewarding. Because of its intimate and personal nature it is regarded by some as an improper topic for experimental research. But, whatever our personal feelings may be, our assigned mission as psychologists is to analyze all facets of human and animal behavior into their component variables. 1 But of greater concern is the fact that psychologists tend to give progressively less attention to a motive which pervades our entire lives. Psychologists, at least psychologists who write textbooks, not only show no interest in the origin and development of love or affection, but thev seem to be unaware of its very existence. 2 Thoughtful men, and probably all women, have speculated on the nature of love. From the developmental point of view, the general plan is quite clear: the initial love responses of the human being are those made by the infant to the mother or some mother surrogate. From this intimate attachment of the child to the mother, multiple learned and generalized affectionate responses are formed. 3 The position commonly held by psychologists and sociologists is quite clear: the basic motives are, for the most part, the primary drives—particularly hunger, thirst, elimination, pain, and sex—and all other motives, including love or affection, are derived or secondary drives. The mother is associated with the reduction of the primary drives—particularly hunger, thirst, and pain—and through learning, affection or love is derived. 4 The psychoanalysts have concerned themselves with the problem of the nature of the development of love in the neonate and infant. Their theories range from a belief that the infant has an innate need to achieve and suckle at the breast to beliefs not unlike commonly accepted psychological theories. There are exceptions, as seen in the recent writings of John Bowlby, who attributes importance not only to food and thirst satisfaction, but also to "primary object-clinging", a need for intimate physical contact, which is initially associated with the mother. 5 Many of these difficulties can be resolved by the use of the neonatal and infant macaque monkey as the subject for the analysis of basic affectional variables. It is possible to make precise measurements in this primate beginning at two to ten days of age, depending upon the maturational status of the individual animal at birth. The macaque infant differs from the human infant in that the monkey is more mature at birth and grows more rapidly; but the basic responses relating to affection, including nursing, contact, clinging, and even visual and auditory exploration, exhibit no fundamental differences in the two species. Even the development of perception, fear, frustration, and learning capability follows very similar sequences in rhesus monkeys and human children. A John Bowlby has suggested that there is an affectional variable which he calls "primary object following", characterized by visual and oral search of the mother"s face. Our surrogate-mother-raised baby monkeys are at first inattentive to her face, as are human neonates to human mother faces. But by 30 days of age ever-increasing responsiveness to the mother"s face appears—whether through learning, maturation, or both—and we have reason to believe that the face becomes an object of special attention. B So far as love or affection is concerned, psychologists have failed in this mission. The little we know about love does not transcend simple observation, and the little we write about it has been written better by poets and novelists. C As far as I know, there exists no direct experimental analysis of the relative importance of the stimulus variables determining the affectional or love responses in the neonatal and infant primate. Unfortunately, the human neonate is a limited experimental subject for such researches because of his inadequate motor capabilities. By the time the human infant"s motor responses can be precisely measured, the antecedent determining conditions cannot be defined, having been lost in a jumble and jungle of confounded variables. D It is entirely reasonable to believe that the mother through association with food may become a secondary-reinforcing agent, but this is an inadequate mechanism to account for the persistence of the infant-maternal ties. There can be no question that almost any external stimulus can become a secondary reinforcer if properly associated with tissue-need reduction, but the fact remains that this redundant literature demonstrates unequivocally that such derived drives suffer relatively rapid experimental extinction. Contrariwise, human affection does not extinguish when the mother ceases to have intimate association with the drives in question. E The apparent repression of love by modem psychologists stands in sharp contrast with the attitude taken by many famous and normal people. The word "love" has the highest reference frequency of any word cited in Bartlett"s book of Familiar Quotations. It would appear that this emotion has long had a vast interest and fascination for human beings, regardless of the attitude taken by psychologists; but the quotations cited, even by famous and normal people, have a mundane redundancy. These authors and authorities have stolen love from the child and infant and made it the exclusive property of the adolescent and adult. F Unfortunately, beyond these simple facts we know little about the fundamental variables underlying the formation of affectionate responses and little about the mechanisms through which the love of the infant for the mother develops into the multifaceted response patterns characterizing love or affection in the adult. Because of the dearth of experimentation, theories about the fundamental nature of affection have evolved at the level of observation, intuition, and discerning guesswork.