填空题If you are buying a property in France, whether for a permanent or a holiday home, it is important to open a French bank account. Although it is possible to exist on traveller's cheques, Eurocheques and credit cards {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}by British banks, the {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}for these {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}can be expensive. The simplest way to pay regular {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}, such as electricity, gas or telephone, {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}when you are not in residence, is by direct debit(a sum withdrawn from an account)from your French account. To {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}a current account, you will need to {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}your passport and birth {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}and to provide your address in the United Kingdom. You will be issued with a cheque book within weeks of opening the account. In France it is illegal to be overdrawn. All accounts must be operated {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}credit. However, there are no {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}charges. Note that cheques {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}longer to clear in France than in Britain, and call only be stopped {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}stolen or lost. The easiest way to {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}money from a British bank account to a French {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}is by bank transfer. You simply provide your British bank with the name, address and {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}of your French bank account. The procedure takes about a week and {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}between￡5 and￡413 for each transaction, {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}on your British bank。 {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}. you can transfer money {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}a French bank in London. You can also send a sterling cheque(allow at least l2(1ays for the cheque to be cleared), Eurocheques or traveller's {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Finally. it is a good idea to make a friend of your French bank manager. His help call prove invaluable.

填空题Marie Curie (1867--1934) Karl Wilhelm Rontgen (1845--1923) astounded people with the first x-rays in 1895; this was followed three years (1) by the discovery of radium by Pierre and Marie Curie. But who were they? In 1894, Marie and Pierre Curie met (2) studying in Paris. Their marriage on 25th July 1895 marked the (3) of a partnership which was to receive worldwide recognition. The Curies discovered radium, a radioactive substance, in uranium oxide ore. They (4) techniques for extracting it, but first did not fully (5) its properties. Pierre Curie used to (6) radium around in his waistcoat pocket and could not understand (7) he was developing a massive sore in his chest. This would have been fatal, but Pierre's life was cut short in 1906 when he was knocked (8) and killed by a horse and cart in the street. From then on, Marie devoted herself (9) completing the work that they had begun together. Marie and Pierre Curie were (10) a joint Nobel Prize in 1904, followed up by a second one (11) Marie in 1911. Their research was crucial in the development of x-rays (12) surgery. (13) World War I Marie Curie helped to equip ambulances, (14) she drove to the front lines, (15) x-ray equipment. The International Red Cross made her head of its Radiological Service and she held (16) courses for medical orderlies and doctors in the new techniques. Despite her success, Marie (17) great opposition from male scientists in France and she never received the recognition she deserved. She died in 1934 (18) leukaemia, due to exposure (19) high-energy radiation used in her research. Radiation has since been used to (20) cancer worldwide.

填空题WhatdoyouknowaboutBeethoven'smusictalentwhenhewas7?

填空题 From her vantage point she watched the main doors swing open and the first arrivals pour in. Those who had been at the head of the line paused momentarily on entry, looked around curiously, then quickly moved forward as others behind pressed in. Within moments the central public area of the big branch bank was filled with a chattering, noisy crowd. The building, relatively quiet less than a minute earlier, had become a Babel. Edwina saw a tall heavyset black man wave some dollar bills and declare loudly, "I want to put my money in the bank"66. ______. It seemed as if the report about everyone having come to open an account had been accurate after all. Edwina could see the big man leaning back expansively, still holding his dollar bills. His voice cut across the noise of other conversations and she heard him proclaim, "I'm in no hurry. There's something I'd like you to explain." Two other desks were quickly manned by other clerks. With equal speed, long wide lines of people formed in front of them. Normally, three members of staff were ample to handle new account business, but obviously were inadequate now. Edwina could see Tottenhoe on the far side of the bank and called him on the intercom. She instructed, "Use more desks for new accounts and take all the staff you can spare to man them."67. ______. Tottenhoe grumbled in reply, "You realize we can't possibly process all these people today, and however many we do will tie us up completely" "I've an idea," Edwina said, "that's what someone has in mind. Just hurry the processing all you can."68. ______. First, an application form called for details of residence, employment, social security, and family matters. A specimen signature was obtained. Then proof of identity was needed. After that, the new accounts clerk would take all documents to an officer of the bank for approval and initialing. Finally, a savings passbook was made out or a temporary checkbook issued. Therefore the most new accounts that any bank employee could open in an hour were five, so the three clerks might handle a total of ninety in one business day, if they kept going at top speed, which was unlikely.69. ______. Still the noise within the bank increased. It had become an uproar. A further problem was that the growing mass of arrivals in the central public area of the bank was preventing access to tellers' counters by other customers. Edwina could see a few of them outside, regarding the milling scene with consternation. While she watched, several gave up and walked away. Inside the bank some of the newcomers were engaging tellers in conversation and the tellers, having nothing else to do because of the melee, chatted back. Two assistant managers had gone to the central floor area and were trying to regulate the flood of people so as to clear some space at counters. They were having small success.70. ______. She decided it was time for her own intervention. Edwina left the platform and a railed-off staff area and, with difficulty, made her way through the milling crowd to the main front door. A. Yet she knew however much they hurried it would still take ten to fifteen minutes to open any single new account. It always did. The paperwork required that time. B. But still no hostility was evident. Everyone in the now jam-packed bank who was spoken to by members of the staff answered politely and with a smile. It seemed, Edwina thought, as if all who were here had been briefed to be on best behavior. C. A security guard directed him, "Over there for new accounts." The guard pointed to a desk where a clerk--a young girl--sat waiting. She appeared nervous. The big man walked toward her, smiled reassuringly, and sat down. Immediately a press of others moved into a ragged line behind him, waiting for their turn. D. Even leaning close to the intercom, it was hard to hear above the noise. E. Even tripling the present complement of clerks would permit very few more than two hundred and fifty accounts to be opened in a day, yet already, in the first few minutes of business, the bank was crammed with at least four hundred people, with still more flooding in, and the line outside, which Edwina rose to check, appeared as long as ever. F. Obviously someone had alerted the press in advance, which explained the presence of the TV camera crew outside. Edwina wondered who had done it.

填空题For a child, happiness has a magical nature. I remember making hide-outs in newly-cut hay, playing cops and robbers in the woods, getting a speaking part in the school play. Of course, Kids also experience lows, But their delight at such peaks of pleasure as winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved. In the teenage years the concept of happiness changes. Suddenly it's conditional on such things as excitement, love, popularity and whether that zit will clear up before night. I can still feel the agony of not being invited to a party that almost everyone else was going to. But I also recall the ecstasy of being plucked from obscurity at another event to dance with a John Travolta look-alike. (66) My dictionary defines happy as "lucky" or "fortunate", But I think a better definition of happiness is "the capacity for enjoyment". The more we can appreciate what we have, the happier we are. It's easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, even good health. (67) Later, peace descended again, and my husband and I enjoyed another pleasure—intimacy. Sometimes just the knowledge that he wants can bring me joy. You never know where happiness will turn up next. When I asked friends what made them happy, some mentioned apparently insignificant moments. "I hate shopping," one friend said, "but there's a clerk who always chats and really cheers me up." (68) I get a thrill from driving. One day I stopped to let the school bus turn onto a side road. The driver grinned and gave me a thumbs-up sign. We were two allies in the world of mad motorists. It made me smile. (69) Psychologists tell us that to be happy we need a mixture of enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work. I doubt that my great grandmother, who raised 14 children and took in washing, had none of either. She did have a network of close friends and families, and maybe this is what fulfilled her. If she was content with what she had, perhaps it was because she didn't expect life to be very different. (70) While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever. Happiness isn't about what comes to us—it's about how we perceive what comes to us. It's the knack of finding a positive for every negative, and viewing a setback as a challenge. It's not wishing for what we haven't had, But enjoying what we do possess. A. Another friend loves the telephone. "Every time it rings, I know someone is thinking about me." B. When we think about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, a pinnacle of sheer delight—and those pinnacles seem to get rarer the older we get. C. In adulthood the things that bring profound joy—birth, love, marriage—also bring responsibility and the risk of loss. Love may not last, sex isn't always good, loved ones die. For adults, happiness is complicated. D. We, on the other hand, with so many choices and such pressure to succeed in every area, have changed happiness into one more thing we "gotta have". We're so self-conscious about our "right" to it that it's making us miserable. So we chase it and equate it with wealth and success, without noticing that the people who have those things aren't necessarily happier. E. I added up my little moments of pleasure yesterday. First there was sheer bless when I shut the last lunchbox and had the house for myself. Then I spent an uninterrupted morning writing, which I love. When the kids came back home, I enjoyed their noise after the quiet of the whole day. F. We all experience moments like these. Too few of us register them as happiness.

填空题 With 500 days left until the year 2000, experts said last week, that it may already be too late for many companies to defuse the millennium computer time bomb. According to the Gartner Group, A US high-technology consultant agency, nearly a quarter of all worldwide companies have not yet started work on plans to to solve the year 2000 programme problems.66. ______ The Gartner Group, which said last year the millennium bomb rehabilitation would cost between US $ 300 billion and US $ 600 billion worldwide, also said in the report published this month when only 50 per cent of companies that had projects to eliminate the bug planned to test their corrected systems. Dangerous policy Experts said this was a dangerous policy, because correcting computer programmes often introduced new flaws. Testing was essential. The millennium computer bomb is a legacy from shortcuts by software writers, who in the name of economy expressed years with just the final two digits rather than four. When clocks tick past midnight on December 31, 1999, many unrectified computers and chips will interpret the double zero as 1900.67. ______ Some experts say the problem has been grossly exaggerated by software companies seeking to scare customers into buying the latest, bug-free products.68. ______ "The situation is pretty tatal. Most companies are doing something, but are they doing enough?" He said in an interview. Titterington also said that for the vast majority of businesses there was no external check on the effectiveness of their making-up work. Running out of time69. ______ Companies now could only pinpoint vital computer systems for fixing. less crucial systems would just have to run the risk of crashing and be fixed later, Mehta said. "Some crucial areas apart from computers are not getting enough attention. I don't think networking companies have their act together—meaning manufacturers of routers, switches and network equipment like Bay (Networks Inc) and Cisco (Systms Inc), these kinds of companies." Mehta said. He said, "Anybody looking at their systems now is probably too late anyway." Critical situation In his report, Gartner Group millennium research director, Lou marcoccio, said that of the 15,000 companies and government agencies surveyed 23 percent had not started millennium bomb projects. Of these, 86 per cent were small companies which would not have a chance to remedy their systems unless they began immediately, Marcoccio said.70. ______ "Eastern Europe, Russia, India, Pakistan, Southeast Asia, Japan, most of South America, most of the Middle East and Central Africa all lag the United States by more than 12 months." "Most of Western Europe is six months behind the United States, except for Germany which is 12 months behind, and France, which is eight to 10 months behind." "The US Government has the lead on all other national governments by an even wider margin than the companies in those countries. Most government agencies are significantly behind the United States, "the report said. A. This will turn many computer programmes to mush. Unchecked, many public utilities, assembly lines, bank teller machines, traffic lights and lifts may shut down. B. But Graham Titterington, consultant at London consultancy Ovum, does not enjoy this optimistic view. C. This means most of these organizations will effectively be unable to fix their systems in time. D. The Gartner report said most western European companies and the United States had made good progress. Germany was a notable laggard. E. Mitul Mehta, senior European research manager at Frost & Sullivan in London, said time was insutticient out for many companies. F. Computers are being used in aviation. They are used in the training of airline pilots. Computers also direct the flight of planes from one city to another, control their air speeds and altitudes, and even land them.

填空题 Answer questions 71-80 by referring to the introduction of 3 African countries in the following world atlas. Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B or C and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once.{{B}}A=Uganda B=Kenya C=ZaireWhich country…{{/B}} {{B}}Uganda{{/B}} Uganda is in the central part of Africa, near the equator. It became independent in 1962. Until then it had been a British protectorate. The area of Uganda is 93,981 square miles. About ten million people live there. Uganda is a land of mountains, lakes and plains. Mount Ruwenzori is in a mountain range with peaks above 16,700 feet. The chief rivers are the Victoria Nile and Albert Nile, branches of the great Nile River. Almost all of the people of Uganda are African black people of various tribes. The Buganddas are most powerfull and their language is semi-official, but there are more Bantus — the people who live in the north from another group. Nearly everyone understands the Swahili language. Most of the people are farmers. There are some wandering tribes that raise livestock, workers in the few factories, and miners. Important crops are coffee, tea, cotton, oil seeds, sugar, sisal, maize, and apatite. The climate is usually very hot. The many wild animals include the elephant, buffalo, hippopotamus, and crocodile. Uganda is a republic and a member of the British Commonwealth. It has a National Assemby, a prime minister, and a president. But since independence there has been much political trouble, which has been caused by sectional and tribal rivalries. Uganda is surrounded by Kenya, Sudan, Zaire, and Tanzania. Lake Victoria lies in the south of Uganda. It is one of the Largest lakes in Africa shared by several countries. {{B}}Kenya{{/B}} Kenya is a nation in East Africa that became independent in 1963 after being controlled by Great Britain for more than 75 years. It has an area of 225,000 square miles, and its population is twelve million. Nearly all of the people are African blacks. The largest group being the Kikiyu tribe, but in 1973 there were 270,321 Kenyans who were white Europeans or from India. The central part of Kenya is high and level 3,000 to 6,000 feet above the sea. Here the climate is cool and comfortable. The seacoast of Kenya is hot and damp. There are three big rivers, the Juba, the Tana and the Sabaski. In central Kenya, there is an extinct volcano 17,040 feet high. The equator runs through Kenya. Most of the people are farmers. In central Kenya they grow grains and bananas; along the coast they grow rice, coffee, cotton, tobacco, and many tropical crops such as coconuts, cinnamon, pineapples, sugar cane, vanilla, and dates. There are big forests yielding rubber and olives. The mountains produce gold, marble and other stones. Many tourists go to Kenya for biggame hunting. Great Britain took control of Kenya in 1886 and sent settlers there. In 1920 Kenya became a British colony. But the native Kenyans wanted independence and about 1950 a group called the Mau Mau began a campaign to drive the British out. It won its independence through free elections. It is a member of the British Commonwealth. Kenya's neighboring countries are Somali, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya also shares Lake Victoria. {{B}}Zaire{{/B}} Zaire is an independent country in central equatorial Africa. Prior to its independence in 1960, Zaire was a Belgian colony and was called the Belgian Congo. After its independence, the country has undergone several years of political upheavals. In 1966, political stability was achieved and the country was renamed Zarie. Zaire is rich in tropical vegetation, mineral resources, and abundant wildlife. The country is 905,328 square miles in size, and is subdivided into nine provinces. The country's population is primarily Blacks. They represent more than 200 different Bantu tribes. They speak many different languages but Swahili is widely used. Zaire depends mainly on agriculture and mining for its livelihood. Efforts are being made to expand industry in the country. Many of the people are farmers, and they raise cotton, rubber, bananas, and coffee for export. Corn and sweet potatoes are grown for eating. Mining is important, and many people work in rich uranium, copper, and diamond mines. Geographically, Zaire is made up of a low plateau in the center, which is surrounded by higher land. The central region is tropical rainforest and contains valuable wood such as mahogany. Also from the forest, the country receives rubber, palm oil, and nuts. The animal life of Zaire includes lions, elephants, monkeys, crocodiles and other species. The Zaire River is one of the longest rivers in the world. Zaire borders many countries such as Uganda, Angola, Zambis, Sudan, and central African Republic. * and Zaire do not border Ethiopia? 71. ______ . * depends on both farming and mining? 72. ______ . * is not on the equator? 73. ______ . * gained its independence the latest? 74. ______ . * does not share Lake Victoria? 75. ______ . * grows rice as one of its main crops 76. ______ . * borders the other two? 77. ______ . * is like a basin? 78. ______ . * is a place where people often go for hunting big animals? 79. ______ . * grows sweet potatoes for food? 80. ______ .

填空题The author's secondary school ambition was to major in electrical engineering.

填空题For Richard Leakey, head of the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), conservation often seems to be a continuation of war by other means. His first period as director of the agency saw the introduction of a "shoot to kill" policy to deal with illegal hunters. He also ceremonially burnt the country"s stockpile of confiscated ivory—even though, as critics pointed out, the haul could have paid for a dozen new schools. 1 His second session in the director"s chair began eight months ago (the interregnum was caused by his resignation to enter politics in 1994, after clashes with Daniel arap Moi, Kenya"s president). The years, however, have not softened him. His approach this time is almost as aggressive as shooting illegal hunters—it is a system of heavily defended frontiers for the areas under the KWS" protection, which he refers to as "hard edges". 2 The extent to which wildlife and people can co-exist has 19ng been a worry to conservationists. Some of them argue that peaceful co-existence is possible, especially if the animals are made to pay their way through tourism and the "cropping" of surplus beasts to provide food. But others, though in general willing these days to fall in with the line that nature must earn its keep if it is to survive, suspect that the benefits will frequently accrue to people other than those whose activities actually threaten the animals—and thus that the invisible hand of self-interest will not give animals any protection. 3 The first place to be the target of this attitude is Lake Nakuru. It is surrounded by settlements, and its boundaries have become "blurred" as a result. Now, thanks to a two-metre-high fence, those boundaries will be clear—and people who have been squatting on government land will have to leave. 4 This valley is home to two rare species of monkey, the red colobus and the Tana River mangabey. People have lived there since before it was declared a protected area, but their numbers have expanded considerably in recent years. One or other group of primates must, in Dr. Leakey"s view, therefore go. He plans that it will be the people. The Tana River resettlement scheme is supposed to be voluntary, and comes with incentives such as money for new schools, water supplies and clinics. 5 Whether "hard edges" will work as well as "shoot to kill" remains to be seen. But it could prove a risky strategy. People moved off their land have long memories, and when political circumstances change they may translate those memories into action. Even in Europe, many of those whose homes have been flooded by reservoirs still mourn their lost villages, and would go back given the chance. And dams—with all the attitudes that back them up—are going out of fashion. A. But there are still some locals who would rather stay. In theory, they can. But they will have to put up with a series of restrictive measures designed to make life more comfortable for monkeys and less comfortable for people. Nobody, for instance, will be allowed to cut down trees; and human movements will be strictly controlled. The message is thus pretty clear: "please leave". B. Richard Leakey"s second stint in charge of Kenya"s wild animals looks likely to be as controversial as his first. C. Dr. Leakey seems to take the second approach—at least as far as the beasts in his custody are concerned. He is aware of the fact that his actions will be supported by the government only because of the income they bring to the tourist industry (one of Kenya"s biggest export earners). And if it is to be an industrial project, then industrial public-policy methods should be applied. A western government, he points out, would not hesitate to use compulsory land purchase for a scheme deemed to be in the public interest (a hydroelectric dam, for example). So why should similar methods not apply to tourist-attraction wildlife reserves? D. That, though it will no doubt produce some complaints, is probably reasonable—the squatters should not have been there in the first place. More controversial, however, is a scheme to "encourage" people to leave the valley of the Tana River. E. Such harsh measures (backed, admittedly, by an international ban on all trade in ivory) appear to have worked. After decades of decline, the elephant population in Kenya has stabilised, and even begun to creep up again. F. This scheme means that Kenya"s national parks are, in effect, declaring independence from the rest of the country. They will be surrounded by fences and defended by border guards. Those fences, which will often be electrified, will, of course, serve to keep the animals in and thus stop them damaging the crops on surrounding farms. But their main purpose is to keep unwanted humans out.

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填空题Parent-students seem to stay loyal to one another and support one another.

填空题 Pollution is a "dirty" word. To pollute means to contaminate—topsoil something by introducing impurities which make{{U}} (31) {{/U}}unfit or unclean to use. Pollution comes in many forms. We see it, smell it, {{U}}(32) {{/U}}it, drink it, and stumble through it. We literally lived in and breathe pollution, and{{U}} (33) {{/U}}surprisingly, it is beginning to{{U}} (34) {{/U}}our health, our happiness, and our civilization. Once we thought of pollution{{U}} (35) {{/U}}meaning simply the smog—the choking, stinging, dirty{{U}} (36) {{/U}}that hovers over cities. But air pollution, while it is{{U}} (37) {{/U}}the most dangerous, is only one type of contamination among several{{U}} (38) {{/U}}attack the most basic life functions. Through the uncontrolled use of insecticides, man has polluted the land, {{U}}(39) {{/U}}the wildlife. By{{U}} (40) {{/U}}sewage and chemicals into rivers and lakes, we have contaminated our{{U}} (41) {{/U}}water. We are polluting the oceans, too, killing the fish and{{U}} (42) {{/U}}depriving ourselves{{U}} (43) {{/U}}an invaluable food supply. Part of the problem is our exploding{{U}} (44) {{/U}}. More and more people are producing more wastes. But this problem is intensified by our "throw-away" technology. Each year Americans{{U}} (45) {{/U}}of 7 million autos, 20 million tons of waste paper, 25 million pounds of toothpaste tubes and 48 million cans. We throw away gum wrappers, newspapers, and paper plates. It is no longer wise to{{U}} (46) {{/U}}anything. Today almost everything is disposable. {{U}}(47) {{/U}}of repairing a toaster or a radio, it is easier and cheaper to buy another one and discard the old, even{{U}} (48) {{/U}}95 percent of its parts may still be functioning. Baby diapers, which used to be made of reusable cloth, are now paper throwaways. Soon we will wear clothing made of{{U}} (49) {{/U}}: "Wear it once and throw it away," will be the slogan of the fashionable consciousness. Where is this all to end? Are we turning the world into a gigantic dump, or is there hope that we can solve the pollution problem? {{U}}(50) {{/U}}, solutions are in sight. A few of them are positively ingenious.

填空题______changedthespeaker'sfamilyfortunesdrasticallyinhischildhood.

填空题 You will hear a talk given by a university lecturer. As you listen, you must answer Questions 21-30 by writing {{B}}NO MORE THAN THREE{{/B}} words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk {{B}}TWICE{{/B}}. {{B}}You now have 60 seconds to read Questions 21-30.{{/B}}

填空题The press is constantly reminding us that the dramatic increase in the age of our population over the next 30 or so years will cause national healthcare systems to collapse, economies to crumple under the strain of pension demands and disintegrating families to buckle under increasing care commitments. Yet research at Oxford is beginning to expose some of the widespread myths that underlie this rhetoric. Demographic ageing is undoubtedly a reality. Life expectancy in developed countries has risen continuously over the past century, increasing the percentage of those over the age of 60 relative to those under the age of 15. By 2030 half the population of Western Europe will be over the age of 50, with a predicted average life expectancy of a further 40 years. By then, a quarter of the population will be over 65 and by 2050 the UK's current number of 10,000 centenarians are predicted to have reached a quarter of a million. Some demographers have even suggested that half of all baby girls born in the West today will live to see the next century. 66. ______ Indeed, if this could be achieved throughout the world, it would surely count as the success of civilization, for then we would also have conquered the killers of poverty, disease, famine and war. Decreasing mortality rates, increasing longevity and declining fertility mean smaller percentages of young people within populations. Over the past 20 years life expectancy at birth in the UK has risen by four years for men (to 75) and three years for women (to 80). Meanwhile fertility rates across Europe have declined more or less continuously over the past 40 years and remain well below the levels required for European populations to be able to replace themselves without substantive immigration. But again, rather than seeing this as a doom and gloom scenario, we need to explore the positive aspects of these demographics. The next 50 years should provide us with an opportunity to enjoy the many advantages of a society with a mature population structure. 67. ______ The first of these is the current political rhetoric which claims that health services across the Western world are collapsing under the strain of demographic ageing. 68. ______ The second myth is the view that the ratio of workers to non-workers will become so acute that Western economies will collapse, compounded by a massive growth in pension debt. While there are undoubted concerns over current pension shortfalls, it is also clear that working lives will themselves change over the next few decades, with a predicted increase in flexible and part-time work and the probable extension of working life until the age of 70. Indeed, we have to recognize that we cannot expect to retire at the age of 50 and then be able to support ourselves for another 40 or so years. Neither a solid pension scheme nor savings can carry people that long. 69. ______ A further myth is that we will all live in loose, multigenerational families, experiencing increased emotional distancing from our kin. Evidence from a variety of studies across the developed world suggests that, if anything, the modern family is actually becoming more close-knit. Work carried out by the Oxford Institute in Scandinavia and in a Pan-European Family Care Study, for example, shows that despite the influence of the welfare state, over the past 10 years, people have come to value family relationships more than previously. 70. ______ In the developed world, therefore, we can see actual benefits from population ageing: a better balance between age groups, mature and less volatile societies, with an emphasis on age integration. The issues will be very different in other parts of the world. Herein lies another myth: that the less developed world will escape from demographic ageing. Instead, the massive increase in the age of populations facing these countries-predicted to be up to one billion older people within 30 years—is potentially devastating. The problem is not only that demographic ageing is occurring at a far greater pace than we have seen in Western nations, but also that few if any developing countries have the economic development and infrastructure necessary to provide widespread public pensions and healthcare to these growing elderly populations. As a result, older people are among the poorest in every developing country. They have the lowest levels of income, education and literacy, they lack savings and assets, have only limited access to work, and even in times of crisis are usually the last to be cared for under emergency aid programmes. Perhaps of most concern is healthcare, for as we conquer acute diseases, we are going to see a rapid increase in levels of chronic illness and disability, but no long-term care programmes or facilities to tackle this. A. Since it is likely that a longer active working life will coincide with a predicted labor shortage resulting from a lack of younger workers, we need to provide the opportunities and training to encourage older men and women to remain economically productive. Our studies show that there are benefits from having an age-integrated workforce. It is another myth that older workers are less productive than younger ones. In fact, the combined energy of younger workers with the experience of older ones can lead to increased productivity—something from which young and old alike will benefit. B. In 2001, in recognition of the significance of these demographic changes and the global challenges and opportunities that will accompany them, the Oxford Institute of Ageing was established at the University. It is made up of researchers in demography, sociology, economics, social anthropology, philosophy and psychology, with links to other specialists in medicine, biology, law and policy in research units across the University. This cross-disciplinary approach has made it possible to challenge some of the most pervasive myths about ageing societies. C. As Institute healthcare ethicist Kenneth Howse points out, family obligations towards older relatives may change over the next 20 years, but current indications are that families are retaining a strong responsibility to care. Furthermore, as societies age, the contributory role of older people as grandparents becomes more important. Work by Institute researchers on another European Union study on multi-generational families has highlighted the role that grandparents play by freeing up the responsibilities of the younger reproductive population. D. It is clear that the changing demographic landscape poses challenges for the future. The necessity now is to develop appropriate economic, social and political structures to take advantage of the opportunities that mature societies will bring, while ensuring that there are appropriate safety nets for those left vulnerable within these populations—which will include both young and old alike. E. Rather than fearing such a future, however, we should see this trend as a great success. It must undoubtedly be a major achievement of civilization that most individuals within a society can expect to enjoy a long and healthy lifespan. F. George Leeson, a demographer at the Institute, points out that while a number of cross-national studies have considered the determinants of spiraling healthcare costs, only one has found the explanatory factor to be the proportion of the population aged 65 and over. Rather, it is growth in income, lifestyle characteristics and environmental factors such as technology and drugs that are driving up healthcare costs. In addition, the costs are shifting between population groups. The key here, he adds, is to develop sufficiently flexible health service structures to shift not only economic resources but also personnel.

填空题A=Honda Mowers B=Yard-Man Mowers C=Electric Mowers Which mowers... ● leave very few clippings behind when bagging? 1 ● are cheaper? 2 ● are easy to maneuver? 3 ● are friendlier to the environment? 4 ● were recommended by Maggie Oster? 5 ● occupied two of the top four ranked positions? 6 ● purchase their parts from different companies? 7 ● need rechargeable battery? 8 ● are said to have superior engines? 9 ● are cheap to maintain and operate? 10 Is there any logical reason for buying a Honda instead of a Yard-Man? After analyzing the experts" advice on buying a lawn mower, and reviewing the reviews, that"s the question we were left with. Nine reviews we found recommend models in the Honda Harmony series ($650 to $800), and if money is no object, any of these self-propelled mowers would be an excellent choice. However, other reviewers say that the Yard-Man self-propelled machines, which cost about half as much ($400), are able to cut, bag, mulch and discharge cuttings just as well as the Hondas. Experts say the Honda Harmony mowers are sturdy, rear-bagging models that consistently deliver an even cut. These are reported to leave very few clippings behind when bagging, and they distribute clippings evenly when mulching. They"re also easy to maneuver. In a major comparative review, Harmony mowers occupied two of the top four ranked positions. The Yard-Man self-propelled models, however, are cheaper, and they too deliver a consistent cut. Some credible reviewers say these machines bag, mulch and discharge cuttings just as well as the Hondas. In side-by-side testing, the Yard-Man 12A-979L ($400) performed almost as well as mowers costing twice as much, and the 12A-559K and 12A-999L ($400) appeared as top picks in other reviews. To get some perspective on these competing products, we compared the two mower families at MSN. com"s Eshop and other comparison shopping sites, and saw no major differences between them. We pitted the top-rated Honda HRB2ISK3SXA ($800) against the Yard-Man 12A-559K ($350), which was recommended by Maggie Oster in a National Gardening Association article. The results showed that the Honda outweighs the Yard-Man in only one aspect—number of speed settings. The Honda has three speeds while the Yard-Man has only one. Another Yard-Man, the 12A-999L, which was covered favorably by both Oster and Consumer Guide, has twice as many speed settings as the Honda, yet costs half as much. Some of the Yard-Man machines have the edge in other aspects, too. Our comparisons showed that the 12A-999L has a more powerful engine, allows for more levels of adjustability, and has higher rear wheels, which make it easier to maneuver in tall grass. Since we still weren"t convinced that one group of mowers was intrinsically better than the other, we called representatives at both Honda and Yard-Man. Honda representatives said Honda engines are inherently superior because they are built by Honda, with Honda parts, whereas YardMan purchases parts from several different companies. Honda reps also referred to their own company"s reputation as "an engine company". The representatives at MTD (manufacturer of YardMan mowers) admitted that they actually use Honda motors in some of their more expensive, commercially-oriented lines, so there may be something to Honda"s claim that its motors and parts are better engineered. In any case, Honda lawn mowers are popular among both professional. There is, however, another kind of mowers—electric lawn mowers. They are very environment friendly—they generate zero emission and do not pollute the environment. They come with a long cord or they can be powered by a rechargeable battery. So it is quite cheap to operate. They also require very little maintenance. Electric lawn mowers are better for small to medium sized lawns. Such mower can"t clean bigger sized lawns—these are ideal if you have less than 1 acre of lawn. They have a limited length of cord—few mowers come with more than 100 feet long wire, so are limited to mowing a lawn that is less than 100 feet from a power outlet.

填空题A=BOOK REVIEW 1 B=BOOK REVIEW 2 C=BOOK REVIEWS 3 D=BOOK REVIEW 4 Which book review(s) contain(s) the following information · Comparison of the significance of two economic books. (71) · Stiglitz's prestige in the field of economics. (72) · Stiglitz's criticism of those who exaggerated the power of markets in developing countries. (73) · Policy making should consider local conditions. (74) · The intervention of government is the way to assist globalization. (75) · Stiglitz's dedication to the development of poor countries. (76) · Stiglitz's preference of one type of economic policy over another one. (77) · More people joined Stiglitz in criticizing free trade and globalization. (78) · Stiglitz's points have been supported by what actually happened in the country. (79) · Mainly gives positive comments on Stiglitz and his new book. (80) A The main point of the book is simple: globalization is not helping many poor countries. Incomes are not rising in much of the world, and adoption of market-based policies such as open capital markets, free trade, and privatization is making developing economies less stable, not more. Instead of a bigger dose of free markets, Stiglitz argues, what's needed to make globalization work better is more and smarter government intervention. While this has been said before, the ideas carry more weight coming from someone with Stiglitz's credentials. In some ways, this book has the potential to be the liberal equivalent of Milton Friedman's 1962 classic Capitalism and Freedom, which helped provide the intellectual foundation for a generation of conservatives. But Globalization and Its Discontents does not rise to the level of Capitalism and Freedom. While Stiglitz makes a strong case for government-oriented development policy, he ignores some key arguments in favor of the market. "The book's main villain is the International Monetary Fund, the Washington organization that lends to troubled countries", Stiglitz' contempt for the LMF is boundless. "It is clear that the IMF has failed in its mission," he declares. "Many of the policies that the IMF pushed have contributed to global instability. " B While parts of this book are disappointingly shallow, Stiglitz's critique of the market-driven of 1990s still resonates, especially when the business page is full of stories about white-collar crime and the stock market seems stuck in a perpetual rut. Even the United States cannot blithely assume that financial markets will work on autopilot. It is testament to the salience of Stiglitz's arguments that many economists—even some Bush Administration officials—now embrace his view that economic change in the developing world must evolve more with local conditions, not on Washington's calendar. Without a thorough makeover, globalization could easily become a quagmire. Stiglitz shared a Nobel Prize last year for his work analyzing the imperfections of markets. His main complaint against Rubin and Summers, who served as Treasury Secretaries, and against Fischer, the NO. 2 official and de facto chief executive of the International Monetary Fund, is that they had too much faith that markets could transform poor countries overnight. He labels these three men market fundamentalists, who fought to maintain financial stability with the same urgency that an earlier generation struggled to contain communism. Worse, he suggest, they shilled for Wall Street, conflating the interests of the big banks with the financial health of the world. C "Stiglitz, 58, is hardly the first person to accuse the IMF of operating undemocratically and exacerbating Third World poverty. But he is by far the most prominent and his emergence as a critic marks an important shift in the intellectual landscape. Only a few years ago, it was possible for pundits to claim that no mainstream economist, certainly nobody of Stiglitz's stature, took the criticism of free trade and globalization seriously. Such claims are no longer credible, for Stiglitz is part of a small but growing group of economists, sociologists and political scientists, among them Dani Rodrik of Harvard and Robert Wade of the London School of Economics, who not only take the critics seriously but warn that ignoring their concerns could have dire consequences. " Over the past several years, Stiglitz, a celebrated theorist who was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in economics for his work on asymmetric information, has grown accustomed to being at the center of controversy. From 1997 to 2000, he served as senior vice president and chief economist at the World Bank—a title that did not stop him from publicly criticizing the bank's sister institution, the International Monetary Fund, Stiglitz's outspokenness, unprecedented for a high-ranking insider, infuriated top officials at the IMF and US Treasury Department, and eventually led James Wolfensohn, the World Bank's president, to inform him that he would have to mute his criticism or resign, and Stiglitz chose to leave. D " Stiglitz' book makes a compelling case that simpleminded economic doctrine, inadequately tailored to the realities of developing countries, can do more harm than good, and that the subtleties of economic theory are actually quite important for sound policy advice. But simplistic political advice—give developing countries more voice and the institutions of global governance will be rendered more legitimate and efficient—is equally problematic. Political reform is as subtle and complex as economic reform. Evidently, the best minds among us have only begun to think about it. " Joseph Stiglitz's memoirs of his years in Washington, D. C.—first as Chair of President Bill Clinton's Council of Economic Advisers and then as chief economist at the World Bank—have the flavor of a morality play. Our goodhearted but slightly native hero, on leave from Stanford University, sets out for the nation's capital to serve his country and improve the lot of the developing world. Once there he finds a morass of political opportunism, ideologically motivated decision-making and bureaucratic inertia. Undeterred, he battles valiantly on behalf of impoverished nations against the unrelenting globalisers of the International Monetary Fund.

填空题 Children who grip their pens too close to the writing point are likely to be at a disadvantage in examinations, {{U}}(31) {{/U}}to the first serious investigation into the way in which writing technique can dramatically affect educational achievement. The survey of 643 children and adults, ranking from pre-school to 40-phis, also suggests{{U}} (32) {{/U}}pen-holding techniques have deteriorated sharply over one generation, with teachers now paying far{{U}} (33) {{/U}}attention to correct pen grip and handwriting style. Stephanie Thomas, a learning support teacher{{U}} (34) {{/U}}findings have been published, was inspired to investigate this area{{U}} (35) {{/U}}she noticed that those students who had the most trouble with spelling{{U}} (36) {{/U}}had a poor pen grip. While Mr. Thomas could not establish a significant statistical link{{U}} (37) {{/U}}pen-holding style and accuracy in spoiling, she{{U}} (38) {{/U}}find huge differences in technique between the young children and the mature adults, and a definite{{U}} (39) {{/U}}between near-point gripping and slow, illegible writing. People who{{U}} (40) {{/U}}their pens at the writing point also show other characteristics{{U}} (41) {{/U}}inhibit learning, {{U}}(42) {{/U}}as poor posture, leaning too{{U}} (43) {{/U}}to the desk, using four fingers to grip the pen{{U}} (44) {{/U}}than three, and clumsy positioning of the thumb (which can obscure{{U}} (45) {{/U}}is being written). Mr. Thomas believes that the{{U}} (46) {{/U}}between elder and younger writers is{{U}} (47) {{/U}}too dramatic to be accounted for simply by the possibility that people get better at writing as they grow{{U}} (48) {{/U}}. She attributes it to a failure to teach the most effective methods, pointing out that the differences between{{U}} (49) {{/U}}groups coincides with the abandonment of formal handwriting instruction in classrooms in the sixties. "The 30-year-old showed a huge diversity of grips, {{U}}(50) {{/U}}the over 40s group all had a uniform 'tripod' grip."

填空题Chris'particularbriefinherworkistheAsiansection,especially______.