填空题Tips for Effective Study 1. Take good notes. Suggestions: —Take notes for a particular class in (1) ; —Date each entry into your notebook; —Keep the notes for different classes; —Your notes should contain a complete record; —Write down everything the instructor writes (2) ; —Take your notes in some kind of outline form; —Highlight important ideas or indicate vocabulary. 2. Use your textbook. —Use your own initiative; — (3) the relevant chapters before each lecture. 3. Prepare assignments. —Don't leave assignments until the day before they are due; —Be aware of (4) of the work you submit. 4. Prepare for exams. —Be (5) ; —Don't wait until the night before an exam to study; —Read through (6) a couple of times; —Prepare (7) ; —Have a good rest before an exam. 5. Some final suggestions. —Receive a syllabus for each class; —Never (8) an exam if you can help it; —Never throw away a handout or a returned assignment or exam; —Develop systematic (9) associated with your schoolwork, e.g. 1) Keep class materials together and neat; 2) Take necessary notebooks and materials. —Set aside a study area at home; —Schedule (10) .

填空题·cares most about politics and social problems.

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. Write your answers on {{B}}ANSWER SHEET 1.{{/B}} Walking--like swimming, bicycling and running—is an aerobic exercise,{{U}} (31) {{/U}}builds the capacity for energy output and physical endurance by increasing the supply of oxygen to skin and muscles. Such exercises may be a primary factor in the{{U}} (32) {{/U}}of heart and circulatory disease. As probably the least strenuous, safest aerobic activity, walking is the{{U}} (33) {{/U}}acceptable exercise for the largest number of people. Walking{{U}} (34) {{/U}}comfortable speed improves the efficiency of the cardiovasculary system{{U}} (35) {{/U}}stimulating the lungs and heart, but at a more gradual rate{{U}} (36) {{/U}}most other forms of exercise. In one test, a group of men 40 to 57 years of age,{{U}} (37) {{/U}}at a fast pace for 40 minutes four days a week, showed improvement{{U}} (38) {{/U}}to men the same age on a 30 minutes, three-day-a-week jogging program in the same period. Their resting heart rate and body fat decreased{{U}} (39) {{/U}}. These changes suggest{{U}} (40) {{/U}}of the important—even benefits—walking can{{U}} (41) {{/U}}about. Walking{{U}} (42) {{/U}}bums calories. It takes 3500 calories to gain or{{U}} (43) {{/U}}one pound. Since a one-hour walk at a moderate pace will{{U}} (44) {{/U}}up 300 to 360 calories. By walking one hour every other day, you can burn up a pound-and-a-half monthly, or 18 pounds a{{U}} (45) {{/U}}—providing there is no change in your intake of food. To{{U}} (46) {{/U}}weight faster, walk an hour every day and burn up 3 pounds a month, or 36 pounds a year. {{U}} (47) {{/U}}your age, right, now is the time to give your physical well being as much thought as you{{U}} (48) {{/U}}to pensions or insurance. Walking is vital defense{{U}} (49) {{/U}}the ravages of degenerative diseases and aging. It is nature's{{U}} (50) {{/U}}of giving you a tune-up.

填空题Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from (31) praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, (32) research the relation (33) actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain (34) rewards often destroy creativity (35) encouraging dependence (36) approval and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, especially (37) educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks (38) in grade-school children, suggesting (39) properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, (40) to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. "If kids know they're working for a (41) and can focus (42) a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity", says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for (43) performance or creating too (44) anticipation for rewards." A teacher (45) continually draws attention to rewards or who hands (46) high grades for ordinary achievement ends up (47) discouraged students, Eisenberger holds. (48) an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing (49) . In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in (50) students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

填空题Answer questions by referring to the introduction to 3 different architectures. Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B or C and mark it on ANSWER SHEET. Some choices may be required more than once. A = Buddhist Architecture B = Taoist Architecture C= Imperial Mausoleum Architecture are there various structures serving different functions? 21. ______ can we enjoy the highest architectural techniques of the ancient time ? 22. ______ can we find totems representing emperors and their consorts? 23. ______ are the temples built most probably because of the emperors' religious belief ? 24. ______ is it possible to find various architectural decorations such as imagines of heavenly bodies symbolizing certain good wishes? 25. ______ are there drainage systems under huge hills of clay? 26. ______ can we enjoy architecture with foreign flavors? 27. ______ are garden structural units built with decorations reflecting the nature topography? 28. ______ is it most likely to find glazed tiles due to improved architectural techniques? 29. ______ can we find Heavenly King Hall and Sutra Library stand on the axis? 30. ______ Buddhist Architecture Chinese Buddhist architecture consists of temple, pagoda and grotto. As the central structure of spreading Buddhism in China, the temple is where cenobites preceding their religious life. Since emperors of dynasties believed in Buddhism, temples erected like mushrooms, usually splendid like palaces, for many were built under imperial orders. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, there were more than 30,000 temples scattered in the country. Later as architectural techniques improved, glazed tiles, exquisite engravings and delicate paintings were applied in the construction of temples, which came to be more magnificent and splendid. Chinese Buddhist architecture follows symmetric style strictly. Usually main buildings will be set on the central axis, facing the south. Annexe structures will be on the west and east flanks. Temple gate, Heavenly King Hall, the Main Hall and Sutra Library successively stands on the axis. Dorm, kitchen, dinning hall, storehouse and antechamber usually cluster on the right side while left side remains for the visitors. Pagoda is also the main integrating part of the Buddhist architecture, with varied styles and strong local flavors. Pagoda followed Buddhism into China around the first century, and developed into pavilion-like pagoda on which one can view scenery after immediate combination with traditional Chinese architecture. Another Buddhist architecture is grotto complex with its caves hewn on cliff walls, usually huge projects and with exquisite engravings. It came from India with Buddhism too and boomed during the Northern and Southern dynasty. Taoist Architecture Taoist architecture includes various structures according to different functions, categorized as palace for oblation and sacrifice, altar for praying and offering, cubby for religious service, residence for Taoist abbes and garden for visitors. Taoist architecture applies two architectural styles — traditional style and Bagua style. Most Taoist architectures resort to nature topography to build towers, pavilions, lobbies and other garden structural units, decorated with murals, sculptures and steles to entertain people, fully interpreting Taoist philosophy of nature.Taoist architectural decoration reflects Taoist pursuit of luck and fulfillment, long lifespan, and evolution into the fairyland. Taoist architectural motifs are all meaningful. Celestial bodies mean brightness shining everywhere while landscape and rocks immortality. Folding fan, fish, narcissus, bat and deer are used to imply beneficence, wealth, celestial being, fortune and official position, while pine and cypress stand for affection, tortoise for longevity, crane for man of honor. There are many other symbols very traditional and Taoist decorations root deep in Chinese folk residential houses. Imperial Mausoleum ArchitectureImperial mausoleum architecture accounts for a major part in ancient Chinese architecture since they usually stand for the highest architectural techniques of the time. Emperors would often force thousands of the nations, best architects to build these structures. They would withdraw millions, even billions from the exchequer to fund their tombs. These tombs were always magnificently deluxe and consisted of finest structures of the period. In vicissitude of the history, imperial mausoleums scattered around places which used to be capitals of different dynasties. These mausoleums were usually built against hills or mountains and facing plains. Most imperial mausoleums have broad ways called Shendao (the Sacred Way) at the entrance. Along both sides of the Shendao, there are stone sculptures of men and animals which guard the tombs. Other imperial structures were also built beside the tomb. Under huge hills of clay, splendid and superior structures were constructed with free facilities such as drainage systems. Dragon and phoenix, called Long and Feng in Chinese respectively, are totems of Chinese people. They were used to represent emperors and their consorts and were the main decorative patterns to be seen on various imperial structures. Palaces, columns, pathways and screen walls were all inscribed or carved or painted with their images.

填空题It has taken many a pick and shovel to prove to the unbelieving world that the history of Greece went back long before the year 776 B. C., the year with which historians used to begin it. But with Egypt the case has been different. The magic spades of archaeology have given us the whole lost world of Egypt. We know more about the vanished Egyptians than we know about the early Greeks and Romans, whose civilization died just yesterday. We know nearly everything there is to know. And one of the reasons is climate. 1 For nearly fifty centuries the Egyptians kept depositing in the all-preserving soil everything their great civilization produced—food, dishes, clothing, furniture, jewelry, statues, ornaments, book—together with the bodies of their dead. Is it any wonder that we have a complete record of their civilization? It has been estimated that in those 4,700 years, something like 731,000,000 persons received burial, each with all the trappings his family could afford. Egypt is one vast cemetery out of which have come the richest treasures ever found by man. Even today, when so much has already been found, you may put your spade in any virgin soil and have a good chance of bringing something to light. 2 The discovery which caused all his excitement was made in the year 1799 by one of Napoleon"s soldiers. He was digging a trench when his spade struck something hard. He dug carefully all around the object and pulled it out. It was a flat stone, about the size of a sheet of an opened newspaper, and had curious writing on it. He wiped it off, but he could not make head or tail of the writing. However, he could recognize that some of the characters were like the mysterious symbols inscribed on the obelisks and tombs. The soldier decided it was something important. He had no idea that before his eyes was one of the greatest treasures ever found by man. 3 There seemed to be no getting at the hieroglyphics. Snakes, geese, lions, heads, owls, hawks, beetles, bees, fish, palm leaves, lotus flowers, people squatting on their haunches, people with their hands raised over their heads, triangles, half-moons, knots, loops—not one of them could be made out. One scholar after another had been obliged to come to the conclusion that he was beaten. There was just one way of solving the riddle—they must get hold of something written in both hieroglyphics and a language already known, and compare the two. 4 Getting to the bottom of the hieroglyphics was a much harder job than any of them had anticipated, however. One after another was forced to give up in despair. But the French scholar Jean Francois Champollion refused to be defeated. Stubbornly he stuck to the task he had set for himself. 5 He little knew that he was only at the beginning of his difficulties. The Egyptians had used letters only for writing names. Other words they had written in various ways. Some signs stood for whole words, some for syllables, some for letters. The only path open to Champollion was to keep on working with names, and this he did, searching the monuments for cartouches, as the little frames were called. It was slow, slow work, and twenty-three years after the Rosetta Stone was found, he had worked out only one hundred and eleven of the thousands of symbols. But it was a beginning, and already the mystery of Egypt was giving way before it. Victory over the whole was just a question of time. A. Before Napoleon wend down to Egypt for his campaign, he made plans to study the country as no one else had done, because he had been so impressed with its monuments. Along with his army, he arranged to bring to Egypt a number of scholars whose business would be to tell the world about the wonders of the land. And then came a discovery which raised excitement to a pitch and sent thousands of curiosity seekers scurrying to Egypt. B. And now, here was the Rosetta Stone, answering the description exactly, a priestly decree written in Greek, in hieroglyphics, and in ancient Egyptian business script! The scholars were filled with joy, and, when in 1801 the stone was ceded to England and placed in the British Museum, they fell to work on the inscription immediately. C. Egypt is the archaeologist"s paradise—dig and you shall find. In Egypt, almost nothing rots, nothing spoils, nothing crumbles away. Dig up the most delicate carving, the finest substance, and you will find it fresh and perfect after thousands of years of lying in the sand, as though it had just come from the artist"s hand. The dry, desert soil keeps everything forever. D. This stone—which we call the Rosetta Stone because it was found near the Rosetta arm of the Nile—was the magic key for which scholars had been sighing for centuries. Nothing had intrigued them like the hieroglyphics. If they could only get to the bottom of those curious symbols, the curtain of time would roll back and they would be able to read all the forgotten history of Egyptians, learn all the manners and customs and thoughts of that once mighty people. But though they had puzzled and puzzled till they were weary, they seemed no nearer the solution than when they began. E. The oldest stone buildings in the world are the pyramids. They have stood for nearly 5,000 years and it seems likely that they will continue to stand for thousands of years. There are over eighty of them scattered along the banks of Nile. F. He employed the method of working through proper names. Some of the signs on the Rosetta Stone were set off in a little frame. When he looked at the corresponding place in the Greek inscription, he saw written there the name of a pharaoh—Ptolemy. The natural thing to conclude was that in the Egyptian writing, the word in the frame was likewise Ptolemy. The signs, he decided, stood for letters.

填空题Biological rhythms make us a different person at 9 a.m. from we are at 3 p.m. Here"s a guide to when you work better, feel better, think better. Every fall, Jane, a young mother and part-time librarian, begin to eat more and often feels sleepy. Her mood is also darker, especially when she awakens in the morning; it takes all her energy just to drag herself out of bed. These symptoms persist until April, when warmer weather and longer days seem to lighten her cravings for food and sleep. 66. ______ All living organisms, from mollusks to men and women, exhibit biological rhythms. Some are short and can be measured in minutes or hours. Others last days or months. The peaking of body temperature, which occurs in most people every evening, is a daily rhythm. The menstrual cycle is a monthly rhythm. The increase in sexual drive in the autumn — not in the spring, as poets would have us believe — is a seasonal, or yearly, rhythm. The idea that our bodies are in constant flux is fairly new — and goes against traditional medical training. In the past many doctors were taught to believe the body has a relatively stable, or homeostatic, internal environment. Any fluctuations were considered random and not meaningful enough to be studied. As early as the 1940s, however, some scientists questioned the homeostatic view of the body. Franz Halborg, a young European scientist working in the United States, noticed that the number of white blood cells in laboratory mice was dramatically higher and lower at different times of day. Gradually, such research spread to the study of other rhythms in other life forms, and the findings were sometimes startling. For example, the time of day when a person receives X-ray or drug treatment for cancer can affect treatment benefits and ultimately mean the difference between life and death. This new science is called chronobiology, and the evidence supporting it has become increasingly persuasive. Along the way, the scientific and medical communities are beginning to rethink their ideas about how the human body works, and gradually what had been considered a minor science just a few years ago is being studied in major universities and medical centers around the world. There are even chronobiologists working for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, as well as for the National institutes of Health and other government laboratories. 67. ______ Because they are easy to detect and measure, more is known of daily — or circadian (Latin for "about a day") — rhythms than other types. The most obvious daily rhythm is the sleep-wake cycle. But there are other daily cycles as well: temperature, blood pressure, hormone levels. Amid these and the body"s other changing rhythms, you are simply a different person at 9 a. m. from you are at 3 p. m. How you feel, how well you work, your level of alertness, your sensitivity to taste and smell, the degree with which you enjoy food or take pleasure in music — all are changing throughout the day. Most of us seem to reach our peak of alertness around noon. Soon after that, alertness declines, and sleepiness may set in by mid-afternoon. 68. ______ Long-term memory is different. Afternoon is the best time for learning material that you want to recall days, weeks or months later. Politicians, business executives or others who must learn speeches would be smart to do their memorizing during that time of day. If you are a student, you would be wise to schedule your more difficult classes in the afternoon, rather than in the morning. You should also try to do most of your studying in the afternoon, rather than late at night. Many students believe they memorize better while burning the midnight oil because their short-term recall is better during the wee hours of the morning than in the afternoon. But short-term memory won"t help them much several days later, when they face the exam. 69. ______ Your manual dexterity — the speed and coordination with which you perform complicated tasks with your hand — peaks during the afternoon hours. Such work as carpentry, typing or sewing will be a little easier at this time of day. What about sports? During afternoon and early evening, your coordination is at its peak, and you"re able to react the quickest to an outside stimulus like a baseball toward you at home plate. Studies have also shown that late in the day, when your body temperature is peaking, you will perceive a physical workout to be easier and less fatiguing — whether it actually is or not. That means you are more likely to work harder during a late-afternoon or early-evening workout, and therefore benefit more from it. Studies involving swimmers, runners, shot-putters and rowing crews have shown consistently that performance is better in the evening than in the morning. In fact, all of your senses — taste, sight, hearing, touch and smell — may be at their keenest during late afternoon and early evening. That could be why dinner usually tastes better to us than breakfast and why night lights irritate us. Even our perception of time changes from hour to hour. Not only does time seem to fly when you"re having fun, but it also seems to fly even faster if you are having that fun in the late afternoon or early evening, when your body temperature is also peaking. While all of us follow the same general pattern of ups and downs, the exact timing varies from person to person. It all depends on how your "biological" day is structured and how much of a morning or night person you are. The earlier your biological day gets going, the earlier you are likely to enter — and exit — the peak times for performing various tasks. An extreme morning person and an extreme night person may have circadian cycles that are a few hours apart. 70. ______ A. Each of us can increase our knowledge about our individual rhythms. Learn how to listen to the inner beats of your body; let them set the pace of your day. You will live a healthier — and happier — life B. By contrast, we tend to do best on cognitive tasks — things that require the juggling of words and figures in one"s head — during the morning hours. This might be a good time, say, to balance a checkbook. C. With their new findings, they are teaching us things that can literally change our lives while helping us organize ourselves so we can work with our natural rhythms rather than against them. This can enhance our outlook on life as well as our performance at work and play. D. Your short-term memory is best during the morning — in fact, about 15 percent more efficient than at any other time of day. So, students, take heed when face with a morning exam, it really does pay to review your notes right before the test is given. E. After a time, the rhythms resynchronize and the problems disappear. But the various rhythms follow different time schedules in returning to normal. Thus, one rhythm may adjust within a matter of hours while another may require many days. F. Joseph, a 48-year-old engineer for a Midwestern computer company, feels cranky early in the morning. But as the day progresses, he becomes friendlier and more accommodating.

填空题·is marked by its industry?

填空题The author found that his two fields of study did not mix well and he could not apply them easily.

填空题 At the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, psychology professor Bella DePaulo got 77 students and 70 townspeople to volunteer for an unusual project. All kept diaries for a week, recording the numbers and details of the lies they told. One student and six Charlottesville residents professed to have told no falsehoods. The other 140 participants told 1535. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} Most strikingly, these tellers-of-a-thousand-lies reported that their deceptions caused them "little preoccupation or regret." Might that too be a lie? Perhaps. But there is evidence that this attitude toward casual use of prevarication is common. Last year, for example, 20,000 middle- and high-schoolers were surveyed by the Josephson Institute of Ethics — a nonprofit organization in Marina del Rey, Calif. devoted to character education. Ninety-two percent of the teenagers admitted having lied to their parents in the previous years, and 73 percent characterized themselves as "serial liars," meaning they told lies weekly. Despite these admissions, 91 percent of all respondents said they were "satisfied with my own ethics and character." Think how often we hear the expressions "I'll call you" or "The check is in the mail." And then there are professions — lawyers, experts, PR consultants — whose members seem to specialize in shaping or spinning the truth to suit clients' needs. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} "What's wrong with that.'?" Tom asked Professor Josephson, president of the Josephson Institute. It's a question we might all ask. Josephson replied by asking Tom to consider the lie from his mother-in-law's point of view. Suppose that one day Tom' s child blurts out the truth, and she discovers the deceit. Will she tell her son-in-law, "Thank you for caring so much?" Or is she more likely to feel hurt and say, "How could you have misled me all these years? And what else have you lied to me about?" {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} How often do we compliment people on how well they look, or express our appreciation for gifts, when we don't really mean it? Surely, these "nice lies" are harmless and well intended, a necessary social lubricant. But like Tom, we should remember the words of English novelist Sir Walt Scott, who wrote, "What a tangled web we weave, when first we practice to deceive." Even seemingly harmless falsehoods can have unforeseen consequences. Philosopher Sissela Bok warns us that they can put us on a slippery slope. "After the first lies, others can come more easily." {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} Who believes it anymore when they're told that the person they want to reach by phone is "in a meeting"? By itself, that kind of lie is of no great consequence. Still, the endless proliferation of these little prevarication does not matter. Once they become common enough, even the small untruths that are not meant to hurt encourage a certain cynicism and loss of trust. Are all white lies to be avoided at all costs? Not necessarily. The most understandable and forgivable lies are an exchange of what ethicists refer to as the principle of trust for the principle of caring, "like telling children about the tooth fairy, or deceiving someone to set them up for a surprise party," Josephson says. "Still, we must ask ourselves if we are willing to give our friends and associates the authority to lie to us whenever they think it is for our own good." {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} And if you' re not sure, Mark Twain has given us a good rule of thumb. "When in doubt, tell the truth. It will confound your enemies and astound your friends." A. When Tom tells a lie, his face may not show it, but certain other changes in his body take place that would give him away. His pulse would beat faster, his breath would come in gasps, and his blood pressure would change. B. The lies were most often not what most of us would call earth-shattering. Someone would pretend to be more positive or supportive of a spouse or friend than he or she really was, or feign agreement with a relative's opinion. C. Little white lies have become ubiquitous, and the reasons we give each other for telling fibs are familiar. For example, every year my friend, whom I'll call Tom, goes with his wife and son to his mother-in-law' s home for Thanksgiving for dinner. Tom doesn't quite like the pumpkin pie intensely, but he invariably tells her how wonderful the pie is to avoid hurting her feelings. D. Josephson suggests a simple test. If someone you lie to finds out the truth, will he thank you for caring? Or will he feel his long-term trust in you has been undermined? E. And what might Tom's mother-in-law suspect about her own daughter? And will Tom's boy lie to his parents and yet be satisfied with his own character? F. Take the pumpkin-pie lies. In the first place, it wasn't just that he wanted his mother-in-law to feel good. Whether he realized it or not, he really wanted her to think highly of him. And after the initial deceit he needed to tell more lies to cover up the first one.

填空题More than one thousand years ago, students were sent to China to study Confucianism. They came from

填空题has become one of the world's busiest ports.

填空题·has few large cities despite its great size?

填空题Wheredidriceoriginate?

填空题 Dolphins are not the only animals{{U}} (31) {{/U}}humans that use sounds in an apparently intelligent manner. Whales also use a complex system of sounds{{U}} (32) {{/U}}is similar in many ways to a human language. One type of whale even sings, and its songs can{{U}} (33) {{/U}}on for as long as three or four hours. What is more, they can be heard under water at{{U}} (34) {{/U}}of more than 300 kilometers. After analyzing one of these songs with the aid of a computer, Carl Sagan said it{{U}} (35) {{/U}}at least a million "bits" of information. This is approximately the same{{U}} (36) {{/U}}of "bits" as in a long poem like the Odyssey. Chimpanzees also use a system of different sounds to communicate with each{{U}} (37) {{/U}}. One type of cry{{U}} (38) {{/U}}to mean something like "danger in the air" or "big bird" and another apparently means "danger on the ground" or "snake". When they{{U}} (39) {{/U}}the first cry, they hide under trees or in holes and look up at the sky. The second cry causes them to hide in the upper{{U}} (40) {{/U}}of trees and to stare nervously at the grass. Chimpanzees are also{{U}} (41) {{/U}}of learning sign language. So are gorillas. One chimp called Washoe learned to{{U}} (42) {{/U}}about 160 separate signs meaning{{U}} (43) {{/U}}things as "Give me a drink" and "banana". Washoe even{{U}} (44) {{/U}}to swear. She had a teacher called Jack{{U}} (45) {{/U}}once refused to give her a drink. Washoe{{U}} (46) {{/U}}angrier and angrier and used several signs which{{U}} (47) {{/U}}"dirty Jack" ! A group of chimps at research institute in Atlanta, Georgia, have recently{{U}} (48) {{/U}}taught to type sentences, using a type of computer. The chimps' trainer was called Tim, and he kept correcting the{{U}} (49) {{/U}}one of the chimps made. The chimp obviously wanted Tim to stop{{U}} (50) {{/U}}him and typed out the following request: "Tim, please leave room!"

填空题The question of health care reform again wafts about the corridors of power in Washington. The revolutionary spirit of Thomas Jefferson is invoked with the language of a Patients' Bill of Rights. Life and liberty are again at stake, threatened by the tyrannical Chief Efficiency Officers of the managed care empires. 16. ______ Sadly, the answer is "no." Harry lost his management position three years ago in a downsizing applauded by Wall Street. He now works two jobs at $9 per hour and has no health benefits. Louise has metastatic breast cancer. They've re-mortgaged their house to pay her medical bills. They have no time for pointless political posturing. In 1993 the Clinton administration undertook an honest effort at health reform. It was flawed in many ways. But it was inspired by a genuine moral vision that a just and caring society ought to assure all of its citizens the right to health care. The defining moral features of the plan were: · Universality (no one would be uninsured). · Nearly equal access (a thick package of health benefits would be guaranteed to all; no segregation of the poor in dilapidated health plans). · No discrimination against the chronically ill (health plans could reject no one for pre-existing conditions). · Choice among health plans for virtually all (contrary to the Harry and Louise commercials). Cost control through managed competition (health plans would have to compete by improving quality and efficiency, not by dumping costly patients with the most serious health needs). The sad fact about the two proposals now before the U.S. Senate is that not a single one of the six moral goals above are advanced even minimally by either. Meanwhile, the ranks of the uninsured have grown by 7 million in the past six years during the most prosperous period we have ever enjoyed as a nation. 17. ______ These proposals are really just consumer protection bills, and there's nothing ignoble about that. The unmanaged competition among health plans that characterizes today's market has proven to be a real threat to the well-being of many less healthy middle class paytients. But for the uninsured who are merely "patients" -the sick and poor -what good is a right to sue for denied health benefits when you have no right to benefits to begin with? Speaking of which, what benefits do middle class patients in managed care plans have a right to? The answer to this question is a lot murkier than you may think. The technical answer usually given is that they're entitled to "all medically necessary care." But in 1994, the Clinton Health Reform Task Force spent days trying to attach a precise meaning to that phrase, and the phrase is again crucial to the Senate bills. Medical experts can surely tell us what care is medically necessary. And if medical care is really necessary (if some essential function or life itself may be lost without access to that care), then that seems to make a moral claim as well. That is, wouldn't it be indecent, unjust and lacking in compassion to deny sick and vulnerable persons access to care like that? The concept of "medically necessary care" is supposed to be the rational foundation for a middle class right to sue a provider when such care is denied. But if the middle class hopes to invoke this kind of moral argument to protect their own rights, then the very same argument requires that they put in place policies that would also guarantee the uninsured access to all medically necessary care. 18. ______ The Clinton administration is making the same mistake in this current bill that I believe was the fatal flaw in the earlier reform effort. That is, it believes some combination of experts and bureaucrats and organizational or legal wizardry can achieve health care reform, either wholesale or by increments. But I would contend that what we are faced with is fundamentally a moral problem: What does it mean to be a just and caring society when we have only limited resources to meet virtually unlimited needs? This moral problem can only be addressed through a national process of democratic deliberation aimed at explicitly deciding the difficult tradeoffs we're willing to make. 19. ______ A concluding example of the kind of thing we'd be discussing: In the past several months, researchers have perfected something called a left ventricular assist device. This device strengthens the part of the heart that is failing when patients are in congestive heart failure. Such patients are faced with death in a year or two. With the device, they may gain an extra year or two of life. The cost of the procedure to implant it is between $100,000 and $140,000. There are potentially 200,000 patients each year in the United States who could use the device, most of them on Medicare. If we did that many open heart surgeries, we would add $20 billion to $28 billion per year to the cost of health care in the United States, mostly in the Medicare program, where we are presently deciding whether to add a prescription drug benefit. 20. ______A. Both bills are misleadingly titled. A more honest name would be a "Bill of Rights for Mostly Healthy Middle Class'Paytients'".B. Private-sector insurers are more concerned with the so-called "medically necessary", for their health programs are more profit-oriented than providing health care for patients.C. Is this "medically necessary" care? Is it more important, morally speaking, to add this new device or a drug benefit to the Medicare program or to provide a good basic package of health benefits to the uninsured? I wonder what Harry and Louise would have to say about that.D. We have to decide for ourselves what we regard as medically necessary care-care that our moral ideals would require we guarantee to all. No experts can give this answer to us.E. If the middle class is unwilling to accept the logic of this moral argument, then the consequence is that managed care bureaucrats alone have the right to decide what they will or will not regard as medically necessary.F. Can we hope thatTV ad stars Harry and Louise will once again summon reserves of political courage and organize legions of patients to mount the ramparts against (this time) the corporate forces of death and denial?

填空题Not every President is a leader, but every time we elect a President we hope for one, especially in times of doubt and crisis. In easy times we are ambivalent -- the leader, after all, makes demands, challenges the status quo, shakes things up. Leadership is as much a question of timing as anything else. (67) And when he comes, he must offer a simple, eloquent message. Great leaders are almost always great simplifiers, who cut through argument, debate and doubt to offer a solution everybody can understand and remember. Churchill warned the British to expect "blood, toil, tears and sweat"; FDR told Americans that "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself"; Lenin promised the war-weary Russians peace, land and bread. Straightforward but potent messages. We have an image of what a leader ought to be. We even recognize the physical signs: Leaders may not necessarily be tall, but they must have bigger-than-life, commanding features--LBJ's nose and ear lobes, Ike's broad grin. A trademark also comes in handy: Lincoln's stovepipe hat, JFK's rocker. We expect our leaders to stand out a little, not to be like ordinary men. Half of President Ford's trouble lay in the fact that, if you closed your eyes for a moment, you couldn't remember his face, figure or clothes. A leader should have an unforgettable identity, instantly and permanently fixed in people's minds. It also helps for a leader to be able to do something most of us can' t: FDR overcame polio; Mao swam the Yangtze River at the age of 72. We don't want our leaders to be "just like us". We want them to be like us but better, special, more so. (68) Even television, which comes in for a lot of knocks as an image-builder that magnifies form over substance, doesn't altogether obscure the qualities of leadership we recognize, or their absence. Television exposed Nixon's insecurity, Humphrey's fatal infatuation with his own voice. A leader must know how to use power, but he also has to have a way of showing that he does. He has to be able to project firmness-- no physical clumsiness(like Ford., no rapid eye movements(like Carter). A Chinese philosopher once remarked that a leader must have the grace of a good dancer, and there is a great deal of wisdom to this. (69) He should be able, like Lincoln, FDR, Truman, Ike and JFK, to give a good, hearty, belly laugh, instead of the sickly grin that passes for good humor in Nixon or Carter. Ronald Reagan's training as an actor showed to good effect in the debate with Carter, when by his easy manner and apparent affability, he managed to convey the impression that in fact he was the President and Carter the challenger. If we know what we' re looking for, why is it so difficult to find? The answer lies in a very simple truth about leadership. People can only be led where they want to go. The leader follows, though a step ahead. (70) The British believed that they could still win the war after the defeats of 1940, and Churchill told them they were right. A leader rides the waves, moves with the tides, understands the deepest yearnings of his people. He cannot make a nation that wants peace at any price go to war, or stop a nation determined to fight from doing so. His purpose must match the national mood. His task is to focus the people's energies and desires, to define them in simple terms, to inspire, and make what people already want seem attainable, important, within their grasp. (71) Winston Churchill managed, by sheer rhetoric, to turn the British defeat and the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940 into a major victory. FDR's words turned the sinking of the American fleet at Pearl Harbor into a national rallying cry instead of a humiliating national scandal. A leader must stir our blood, not appeal to our reason... A great leader must have a certain irrational quality, a stubborn refusal to face facts, infectious optimism, the ability to convince us that all is not lost even when we're afraid it is. Confucius suggested that, while the advisers of a great leader should be as cold as ice, the leader himself should have fire, a spark of divine madness. A. Yet if they are too different, we reject them. Adlai Stevenson was too cerebral. Nelson Rockefeller, too rich. B. The leader must appear on the scene at a moment when people are looking for leadership, as Churchill did in 1940, as Roosevelt did in 1933, as Lenin did in 1917. C. Americans wanted to climb out of the Depression and needed someone to tell them they could do it, and FDR did. D. Our strength makes him strong; our determination makes him determined; our courage makes him a hero. He is the symbol of the best in us. E. Above all, he must dignify our desires, convince us that we are taking part in the making of great history, give us a sense of glory about ourselves. F. A leader should know how to appear relaxed and confident. His walk should be firm and purposeful.

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填空题·is not for boys?