填空题Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. (66) American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Taylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. (67) In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. (68) Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. (69) Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. (70) Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology. A．Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism. B．In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy. C．He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest", in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies. D．They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood. E．Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved. F．For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.

填空题It goes without saying that exercise is good for your body, but what many don"t realize is that it"s also good for your mind. No, we don"t mean that weight training will suddenly turn you into an Einstein—but study after study has found that working out regularly improves your mood, boosts your sense of self-esteem and even enhances the functioning of your brain. 1 Working out can give you a sense of exhilaration and accomplishment, and the increased self-esteem that results from doing something you know is good for you. Exercise causes your body to produce endorphins, the chemicals that dull pain and help produce what"s known as the exercise high. Weight-bearing exercise in particular raises your testosterone levels, which can help improve your mood, especially if your levels are naturally on the low side. According to Harvard psychiatrist John J. Ratey, M. D., co-author of a book on psychological disorders called Shadow Syndromes, a single workout can raise your brain"s levels of antidepressant chemicals, such as dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine. 2 Working out helps you deal with stress in your job, relationships or any area of life—possibly because exercise is a form of stress itself and helps condition your body to deal with it. 3 Even a little exercise can make you less anxious. Studies have shown that any amount of exercise, from a brisk 10-minute walk to an intense aerobics or weightlifting session, seems to decrease feelings of anxiety. 4 Working out regularly may make you smarter now and lessen the possibility that you"ll lose brain function as you age. According to a recent animal study at the university of Illinois, exercise can actually help the brain develop new cells. In several studies, regular weight training or aerobic exercise was shown to improve the quality and duration of sleep. Naturally, this can make you less fatigue and able to function better during the day. Like meditation, hobbies or any other leisure activity, exercise gives your mind a needed break from everyday thoughts, responsibilities and commitments. 5 A . CAT scans provide accurate, detailed information. They can detect such a thing as bleeding inside the brain. They are helping to save lives. B. There is one more reason to keep exercising. When you work out regularly (but don"t overtrain), your body simply functions better—you are fitter, healthier and less likely to suffer painful physical conditions. And just pain feels good. C. If you are feeling down, exercise may help pick you up. Although researchers disagree on this issue, one review of past studies found that long-term exercise, especially when it includes long-lasting, strenuous training sessions, has about as much of an effect on depression as psychotherapy. (Of course, this does not mean you shouldn"t seek therapy.)If you believe you may be suffering from depression the first thing to do is to consult a mental-health professional. D. When Australian researchers compared people who did 30 minutes of aerobic exercise three times a week to those who practiced progressive-relaxation techniques, they found that the former group responded better to acute stress and had lower blood pressure. E. Aerobic exercise may make you think better. Over time, cardio exercise (coupled with a healthful diet) improves the flow of blood that carries oxygen and nutrients to your brain. F. As with other aspects of the health connection between mind and body, scientists are only beginning to understand why physical workouts also provide a mental and emotional boost. But many possibilities are already known, and new research is continually going forward. For those in search of mental as well as physical motivation, here are some extra reasons to begin a workout program for the new millennium.

填空题Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from 1 praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, 2 research the relation 3 actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain 4 rewards often destroy creativity 5 encouraging dependence 6 approval and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, especially 7 educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks 8 in grade-school children, suggesting 9 properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, 10 to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. "If kids know they"re working for a 11 and can focus 12 a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity", says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it"s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for 13 performance or crea- ting too 14 anticipation for rewards." A teacher 15 continually draws attention to rewards or who hands 16 high grades for ordinary achievement ends up 17 discouraged students, Eisenberger holds. 18 an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing 19 . In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in 20 students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

填空题the degradation of environment causes the change of climate?

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填空题According to the American Academy of Dermatology, an estimated 10 to 50 million people in this country have an allergic reaction to poison ivy each year. Poison ivy is often very difficult to spot. It closely resembles several other common garden plants, and can also blend in with other plants and weeds. But if you come into contact with it, you'll soon know by the itchy, blistery rash that forms on your skin. Poison ivy is a red, itchy rash caused by the plant that bears its name. Many people get it when they are hiking or working in their garden and accidentally come into direct contact with the plant's leaves, roots, or stems. The poison ivy rash often looks like red lines, and sometimes it forms blisters. 66.______ About 85 percent of people are allergic to the urushiol in poison ivy, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. Only a tiny amount of this chemical—1 billionth of a gram—is enough to cause a rash in many people. Some people may boast that they've been exposed to poison ivy many times and have never gotten the rash, but that doesn't necessarily mean they're not allergic. Sometimes the allergy doesn't emerge until you've been ex- posed several times, and some people develop a rash after their very first exposure. It may take up to ten days for the rash to emerge the first time. 67.______ Here are some other ways to identify the poison ivy plant. It generally grows in a cluster of low, weed-like plants or a woody vine which can climb trees or fences. It is most often found in moist areas, such as riverbanks, woods, and pastures. The edges of the leaves are generally smooth or have tiny "teeth". Their color changes based on the season—reddish in the spring; green in the summer; and yellow, orange, or red in the fall. Its berries are typically white. 68.______ The body's immune system is normally in the business of protecting us from bacteria, viruses, and their foreign invaders that can make us sick. But when urushiol from the poison ivy plant touches the skin, it instigates an immune response, called dermatitis, to what would otherwise be a harmless substance. Hay fever is another example of this type of response; in the case of hay fever, the immune system overreacts to pollen, or another plant-produced substance. 69.______ The allergic reaction to poison ivy is known as delayed hypersensitivity. Unlike immediate hypersensitivity, which causes an allergic reaction within minutes of exposure to an antigen, delayed hypersensitivity reactions don't emerge for several hours or even days after the exposure. 70.______ In the places where your skin has come into contact with poison ivy leaves or urushiol, within one to two days you'll develop a rash, which will usually itch, redden, bum, swell, and form blisters. The rash should go away within a week, but it can last longer. The severity of the reaction often has to do with how much urushiol you've touched. The rash may appear sooner in some parts of the body than in others, but it doesn't spread—the urushiol simply absorbs into the skin at different rates in different parts of the body. Thicker skin such as the skin on the on soles of your feet, is harder to penetrate than thinner skin on your arms and legs. A. Because urushiol is found in all parts of the poison ivy plant—the leaves, stems, and roots—it's best to a- void the plant entirely to prevent a rash. The trouble is, poison ivy grows almost everywhere in the United States (with the exception of the Southwest, Alaska, and Hawaii), so geography won't help you. The general rote to identify poison ivy, "leaflets three, let it be," doesn't always apply. Poison ivy usually does grow in groups of three leaves, with a longer middle leaf—bnt it can also grow with up to nine leaves in a group. B. Most people don't have a reaction the first time they touch poison ivy, but develop an allergic reaction after repeated exposure. Everyone has a different sensitivity, and therefore a slightly different reaction, to poison ivy. Sensitivity usually decreases with age and with repeat exposures to the plant. C. Here's how the poison ivy response occurs. Urushiol makes its way down through the skin, where it is metabolized, or broken down. Immune cells called T lymphocytes (or T-cells) recognize the urushiol derivatives as a foreign substance, or antigen. They send out inflammatory signals called cytokines, which bring in white blood cells. Under orders from the cytokines, these white blood cells turn into macrophages. The macrophages eat foreign substances, but in doing so they also damage normal tissue, resulting in the skin inflammation that occurs with poison ivy. D. Poison ivy's cousins, poison oak and poison sumac, each have their own unique appearance. Poison oak grows as a shrub (one to six feet tall). It is typically found along the West Coast and in the South, in dry areas such fields, woodlands, and thickets. Like poison ivy, the leaves of poison oak are usually clustered in groups of three. They tend to be thick, green, and hairy on both sides. Poison sumac mainly grows in moist, swampy areas in the Northeast, Midwest, and along the Mississippi River. It is a woody shrub made up of stems with rows of seven to thirteen smooth-edged leaflets. E. The culprit behind the rash is a chemical in the sap of poison ivy plants called umshiol. Its name comes from the Japanese word "urushi," meaning lacquer. Urushiol is the same substance that triggers an allergic reaction when people touch poison oak and poison sumac plants. Poison ivy, Eastern poison oak, Western poi- son oak, and poison sumac are all members of the same family—Anacardiaceae. F. Call your doctor if you experience these more serious reactions: ·Pus around the rash (which could indicate an infection). ·A rash around your mouth, eyes, or genital area. ·A fever above 100 degrees. ·A rash that does not heal after a week.

填空题Despite all the progress towards job equality, women are still being victimized and discriminated (1) in the workplace. In the (2) year the Equal Opportunities Commission has helped 1 800 people (3) pregnancy and maternity issues -and this is only a (4) of the true number, "We know that those (5) contact us are likely to be just the (6) of an iceberg," says EOC chairman Julie Mellor. Unscrupulous bosses try to avoid their legal (7) by giving a pregnant employee the cold (8) , telling her the job won't be there (9) she has had the baby or claiming ignorance of the law. "It's vital to get to know (10) your legal rights are", says Sharon Sawyer, who won a sex discrimination (11) against stockbrokers Robson Cottrell and was awarded 10 000 (12) "If you don't know, then people can walk all over you". Sharon had worked as a contracts and checking clerk for nine years (13) she became pregnant. She says, "1 told them I was pregnant at three months and immediately began to (14) rube and offensive comments from one of the directors." "When I asked him about rights, I was told the company didn't recognise maternity leave. Throughout my (15) it continued. I'd go home in tears." Two weeks before giving birth to daughter Lydia, Sharon left work, hoping to return but unsure if she was able to. Her husband Stephen had written to the EOC, (16) told her she had a case. It was eventually decided by a tribunal. "It was tough, but I would go (17) it all again," says Sharon. "They really thought they had done nothing wrong, and said it was up (18) them to run the company (19) they saw fit, (20) any regard for people's rights./

填空题 {{B}} A = The New England Region B = The Middle Atlantic Region C = The South Region Which region...{{/B}}·is marked by its industry? 71. ______.·has, in general, a warm climate? 72. ______.·is among the oldest sections and played an important role in American history? 73. ______.·is often called the "Sunny South"?. 74. ______.·is abundant in minerals, particularly coal and iron? 75. ______.·has been well-known as a fishing center? 76. ______.·is not a farming area, though there is a large part of farmland? 77. ______.·has few large cities despite its great size? 78. ______.·includes some of the oldest states of the U. S. A? 79. ______.·consists of eleven states? 80. ______.{{B}}A{{/B}} New England consists of six states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. All are located in the northeastern comer of the country. This section is among the oldest and played an important role in American history. New England is featured with mountains, valleys and rivers. Although there is large area of farmland, New England is not a farming area which is due to the poor soil there. Most New Englanders, therefore, are working in factories today. They are good at making watches and clocks, shoes and clothing, leather goods and special tools for industry. New England has also been famous as a fishing center ever since its early part of history because of its advantageous location and some of the best fishing waters. Many people are today involved in fishing and fish processing. Of the six states which form New England, Massachusetts has the largest population and is generally considered the most important one because in history no other state in the entire United States played so important a part. Boston, the capital, is a leading port and a financial and cultural center. Rhode Island is the smallest state in size but the most densely populated state of the U. S. A..{{B}}B{{/B}} This region also contains six states: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia. To the north of this region lies the New England region and to the south lies another region--the South region. The six states are very important in many ways. One fourth of the whole population lives in this section. One-third of all the products made in America are from these six states. Three-fourths of the country's foreign trade pass through New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, all of which lie within this region. The region is marked by its industry, and it is often called the "Industrial Northeast". Many large factories are located in this section. The main transportation of every kind is concentrated and highly developed here. Almost every industrial product of any importance is produced, in whole or in part, somewhere within this area. This region is also rich in minerals, particularly coal and iron. Owing to the good soil and temperate climate here, agriculture is also important. There are many large farms and ranches. In order to meet the needs of the cities, the agricultural products such as vegetables, dairy products, poultry and various kinds of fruits are grown and processed in large quantities. Many important cities are located in this section such as New York City, Philadelphia and Baltimore. The states of this region are also among the oldest in the U. S. A.{{B}}C{{/B}} The South is a large section of the United States, consisting of eleven states: Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Louisiana and Arkansas. The South has, in general, a warm climate. Paople often call it the "Sunny South". In the past, this region grew no other important crops than cotton and tobacco. But in recent years, the southern farmers have turned to raising other things such as sugar, peanuts, corn and a wide variety of garden vegetables. Florida is very rich in citrus fruits. Over half of the people of the South live on farms or in small towns, making their living from the land. In recent years, however, a great deal of industries have moved into the South from the North due to the lower wages paid to the black workers here. Much of the cotton grown in the South can now be directly sent to the textile plants in southern cities. Other industries such as oil refinery, aircraft and spacecraft have been established in many places in the South. The South, in spite of its great size, has few large cities. The notable ones are New Orleans, Memphis, Atlanta and Birmingham.

填空题Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry—William Shakespeare—. But there are two distinctly separate and increasing hostile branches. There is the (57)______ Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, and to look at Anne (58)______ Hathaway's Cottage, Shakespeare's birthplace and the other sights. The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly like the RSC's actors, them with their long hair and beards (59)______ and sandals and noisiness. It's all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns his living, was himself an actor and did his share of (60)______ noise-making. The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus don't usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage little sight-seeing along (61)______ with their playgoing. The townsfolk don't see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the RSC. Stratford cries poorly (62)______ traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, all which you may (63)______ be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very cheap. (64)______ Anyway, the townsfolk can't understand why the RSC needs a subsidy. The reason, of course, is that the costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low. It would be a shame to rise prices too much (65)______ much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford's most attractive customers. They come entirely for the plays, not sights. (66)______ They all seem to look alike.

填空题is probably full of facts?

填空题WhousuallytakecareoftheelderlypeopleintheUnitedStates?

填空题Legislation makes big progress in 20 years CHINA has made great achievements over the past two decades in its legal construction, said a recent article in China Daily. In line with a market economy, many laws and regulations in the country have been established or revised. Reform of state-owned enterprises is the key to China's economic reform drive. Its goal is to make firms responsible for their own gains and losses in the market place. In 1988, a new law gave a legal basis for the State enterprises' independent management. 66. ______ The newly issued Company Law is important in protecting the interests of both companies and shareholders. The law clearly defines the organization and operation of companies and thus guarantees order for the country's overall economic situation. China witnessed a great development in township enterprises in the past 20 years. To support and guide the development of township firms, and to boost economic development in rural areas, a law on these township enterprises was formulated. Establishment of a modern corporate system, which is at the core of a market economy, has been promoted by the country's progress in legislation. To set up a healthy macro-ecomomic control system, promoting a balanced allocation of resources, is an important aspect of economic reform. 67. ______ The division of central and local taxes represents a significant step forward in reforming the country's fiscal mechanisms. Backup laws and regulations have been mapped out on supervising tax collection. The Budget Law has helped strengthen government administration and macro-economic control measures to guarantee sound economic development. In the financial sector, the People's Bank of China has been identified through legislation as the central bank of the country. At the same time, policy banks and commercial banks have also been established. 68. ______ The world's most populous country, China has more than 80 percent of its population in rural areas. The country's further development largely depends on development of those regions. A law on agricultural development has been launched to guarantee the basic role of agriculture and the interests of rural businesses and residents. 69. ______ Laws regarding forests, water, water conservancy and flood prevention have played an important role in the country's agricultural development. Environmental protection is now one of the country's basic policies. To protect natural resources and maintain sustainable development, relevant laws and regulations have been promulgated. Promoting the market economy and guaranteeing fair competition, the Ethical Competition Law has also been enacted. At the same time, laws on product quality, consumer protection and advertising have helped maintain market order and healthy economic development. 70. ______ To guarantee the smooth development of infrastructure, laws regulating post and telecommunications, electricity, railways and highways have been inaugurated. Science and technology are essential to the country's overall progress. To promote progress in these fields, the country has set up laws on science and technology development, technological contract and utilization of science and technology in production. In line with the opening-up policy, laws and regulations on foreign-funded firms and Sino-foreign joint ventures have been launched, which are introducing foreign investment into the country. A. Different from last year, the government needs to collect more money to support the judiciary and security departments, because these departments have recently turned over their affiliated enterprises to the government. B. By relevant laws and regulations, agriculture's fundamental role in the national economy has been confirmed. C. To accelerate the reform, the National People's Congress has passed a series of laws on such issues as pricing, auditing, accounting statistics and metrology. D. A law to promote agro-technologies has greatly developed the application of science and technology in agriculture. E. Relevant regulations on the transitional period of State firm reform had also been established. F. Also, special laws and regulations have been drafted on the transfer and assignment of State owned land resources.

填空题WhatdoyouknowaboutBeethoven'smusictalentwhenhewas7?

填空题The earliest classical books of Confucius translated into European language appeared in

填空题Besidestheformofreports,inwhatotherformscanwegiveoralpresentations?

填空题·has a driver seat that can be adjusted to fit most people?

填空题There are several things about motorcycling that the average citizen dislikes. A cyclist's (31) has something to do with this dislike. Motorcylists frequently look dirty, in fact, they are dirty. On the road there is little to (32) them from mud, crushed insects, and bird droppings. For practical reasons they often (33) in old clothing which looks much less (34) than the clothing of people who ride in cars. For the same reason motorcyclists usually wear (35) colors. Perhaps this helps to explain why they are sometimes (36) of having evil natures. In old (37) of long ago, evil characters usually wear black. In (38) movies the "bad guys" usually wear black hats (39) the "good guys" wear lighter colors. Something else about their appearance makes an (40) impression. In their practical, protective clothing they very much like the men (41) military motorcycles in the movies of World War Two-cruel enemies who reared into (42) villages (43) people's hearts with fear. Probably (44) machine itself also produces anger and fear. Motorcycles are noisy, though some big trucks are even noisier. But trucks are big and carry heavy (45) . They are accepted (If not really welcomed) because they perform a (46) service, making America move. Motorcycles, on the (47) hand, make an unpleasant noise just to give their riders (48) . That is what is commonly thought. In the woods motorcycles frighten animals. (49) along quiet streets, they disturb (50) families and make babies cry.

填空题In March the first iron-collar workers joined the legions of blue-collar cleaning and services employees at Marriott Corporation. Avoiding walls and sidestepping obstacles, these services robots or sabots, trace a sudsy path 1 the corridors of two Chicago hospitals. They are an attempt 2 the $7.5-billion company to explore 3 some jobs might eventually be 4 by machine labor. Marriott is 5 of the first institutional service companies to add robots to 6 work force. They are also being tested by the U.S. Postal Service and are even being 7 in France to clean floors at the Louver Museum. The inspiration for Marriott"s experiment was a 1990 study prepared by the company with a consultant, Joseph Engelberger, a robot pioneer. The study 8 that the corporation could automate 8,000 jobs in a single year, achieving immediate payroll savings of $200 million. Additional savings would follow in each of 10 years afterward. The plan attracted the rapt attention of the top executives, 9 the chairman and a vice chairman. The ambitious original scheme was scaled down when the company was forced to slash its annual $1.3 billion capital budget by $650 million. So far it has 10 a well-oiled worker at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in downtown Chicago and one more at a medical center a few miles away. Although the first units cost more, Marriott eventually expects to buy robots 11 $20,000 a piece, 12 four times more than a manual-cleaning machine. Based on early experience with mechanical workers so far, Marriott has ordered 13 units. Robots might eventually be used for 14 tasks as cutting the grass on golf 15 or perhaps placing silverware on trays.

填空题You will hear an interview about Galapagos Adventure Tour in Ecuador. As you listen, answer the questions or complete the notes in your test booklet for Questions 21 to 30 by writing no more than three words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the interview twice.