填空题 Some Problems Facing Learners of EnglishAlthough many English learners have got high scores in an English test such as IELTS or TOEFL, they still face some problems concerning its learning. Here we'd like to talk about some of the problems and try to come up with suggestions on how to overcome them. I. Psychological Problems 1. the 1st reason: fear of (1) (1) ______the solution: —not to look too far ahead —concentrate on increasing knowledge and developing ability 2. the 2nd reason: separation from the family and (2) (2) ______the solution: —enjoy (3) —time heals nostalgia (3) ______ II. Cultural Problems 1. practical problems — (4) (4) ______ —money —food —weather 2. problems difficult to define —the reason: the British way of life (5) , habits and traditions) (5) ______ —the solution: be open-minded and (6) (6) ______ III. Linguistic Problems 1. problems regarding (7) 1) difficulties in understanding English-speaking people (7) ______ 3 reasons: —fast speed of speech —a variety of accents —different styles of speech 2) ways of overcoming the difficulties —attend (8) (8) _____ —use a language laboratory —listen to English programs —meet and speak with native speakers of English 2. problems regarding speaking 1) difficulties: knowing what to say but not knowing how to say it in English 2) solutions — (9) the language (9)______ —think in English instead of translating —practice speaking as much as possible —imitate the educated people's (10) (10) ______

填空题{{B}}Part A{{/B}}{{I}} You will hear an interview about campus life. As you listen, answer Questions 2 to 10 by circling True or False. You will hear the conversation ONLY ONCE. You now have 1 minute to read Questions 1 to 10.{{/I}}

填空题{{B}}A{{/B}} George Clooney: George Clooney has had a bumpy ride up the Hollywood ladder. He started acting seriously at age 2l, and after appearing in about 15 failed TV shows, he got his big break and made it big on ER. He has played everything from the caring, "break the roles" doctor to "do what it takes" billionaire superhero. If there is one character trait from these parts that reflects George Clooney, it is the calculated recklessness that seems to govern his actions. Any way you slice it, George Clooney has made his mark on Hollywood and is well on his way to superstardom. His films generally make for good entertainment and he gives off a "one of the boys" feel that makes even guys warm up to him. He's the kind of guy you would invite over to watch football on Sunday afternoons. George is somewhat of a Hollywood anomaly in that he doesn't buy into the whole "I'm a big star so I should get special treatment" notion. He's a regular guy that happens to be a star and he likes it that way. The man has been at the top of People magazine's "Most Beautiful People" list for what seems like forever, with no signs of him dropping off anytime soon. He's cool and that's no lie. Here's a guy that would look good dressed in a garbage bag. It doesn't seem to matter what he wears because he always pulls it off with flying colors. Part of the reason he's known for being such a snazzy dresser is that he doesn't deviate too far from the norm, but at the same time he isn't afraid to add his own personal touch. {{B}}B{{/B}} Johnny Depp: Johnny Depp is an actor who takes his job seriously. He knows the ins and outs of life in Hollywood and doesn't let himself get caught up in the hype machine. He does whatever he likes and has so far enjoyed a successful career on the big screen. His films do well with audiences and critics alike. Furthermore, he constantly tries to mix it up and try his hand at different roles to broaden his repertoire. Johnny Depp is the mysterious type. He isn't a big talker and when he does have something to say, it's usually short and sweet. Depp comes across as the brooding type, but he is much more congenial than he looks. He's a movie star yet doesn't look like one. Low-key may be the best way to describe him. However, he has had his wild times. He once trashed a swanky hotel room in New York and has thrown the occasional punch at the paparazzi. He once played guitar in a band (quite well, apparently), and he owned the infamous Viper Room, a club in Los Angeles. Is it a wonder that women flock to him? The fact that he's attached and has two children does not seem to deter the legions of adoring females that want to get deep with Depp. Johnny Depp simply exudes coolness. He's not a rebel but does march to his own beat. Perhaps it is his quirks and laid-back style that set him apart from the Hollywood rabble; whatever it is, there is definitely something about Johnny that says cool. Johnny prefers to dress casually, some would even say sloppily. He wears jeans and leather pants with open shirts. He is also big on leather jackets and tends to wear his hair long. {{B}}C{{/B}} Will Smith: Will Smith has triumphed in just about every venue in entertainment: from music to television to the big screen. His success is attributed to his incredible charisma and his instantly recognizable smile that helped him win over fans of all ages from around the world. He writes his own songs, produces and acts. Well, if he was a weak actor he would be labeled as a singer trying to act, and if he couldn't rap he would be deemed an actor trying to sing. The thing is that we can't accuse him of either, because Smith has been consistently excellent on every level. Despite being constantly criticized by other rap artists who deem Will Smith as soft, Smith lives the life that everyone desires. He is the ever-faithful husband despite the daily temptations thrust upon him by groupies. He was a self-proclaimed womanizer but family life has domesticated him considerably. His image as a positive role model sets him apart in so many different ways that we don't know who to compare him to. He has Grammy Awards and Billboard album sales plaques, but where is the Oscar? Will is a perfectionist and he won't rest until an Oscar is sitting on his mantel. Smith loves to dress sharp in smooth threads. He ii one of those men that take pride in grooming himself and looking good. Knowing the importance of style, he has become fast friends with some heavy-hitting fashion designers and has even taken part in several fashion shows. {{B}}D{{/B}} Matt Damon: A few years ago, Matt Damon seemed to be everywhere and anywhere. He was Hollywood's new "Golden Boy", and who could blame the media for its fascination with the talented Mr. Damon? He is virtually a rags to riches story, a young turk who became one of Hollywood's most influential stars seemingly overnight. Still, despite his vast popularity and fame, he continues to be generally under-appreciated and unrecognized for his talent as an actor. He is more than a pretty boy; he is a great all-round actor. Thanks to his charm, talent, matinee-idol looks, and dedication to his craft, Matt Damon is set to remain a fixture in Hollywood for some time to come. With the humility he has and plenty of gray matter upstairs, it seems only a matter of time before his Oscar has a buddy. It's very easy for a person in Damon's situation to fall into the trappings of celebrity. But we never worry about Damon falling into such a trap. In fact, we can't even imagine him being anything but courteous and genial. Matt's killer wardrobe of choice consists of jeans and a T-shirt. His look is all about comfort, not appearance. When necessary, he'll dress for success, but the rest of the time he's as simple as his Boston roots. But when he does turn it on, he quickly becomes one of his industry's best- dressed men, often spotted wearing the latest fashions from top designers who clamor to put a shirt on his back.· is willing to spend a lot to follow fashion design? {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}· is the one that people would like to watch sports together? {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}· both have talents in music though in different genres? {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}· embodies the dream of becoming famous overnight? {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}· is quite elusive and difficult to pin down? {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}· experienced hard time before gaining fame on the big screen? {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}· has already won an Academy Award? {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}· has a positive image of a responsible married man? {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}· will probably be among the most beautiful people for a long time? {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}

填空题A=Section A B=Section B C=Section C ● It is urgent to take action against greenhouse gas emission rather than 1 wait for decades. ● Greater emphasis is being given to the scientific uncertainties in relating global climate change to future emissions of greenhouse gases. 2 ● Some people believe that economic impact of climate change is small. 3 ● Inaction could prove catastrophic to the future generation. 4 ● It is difficult to predict future worldwide emissions of greenhouse gases. 5 ● Higher gasoline taxes would encourage energy efficiency. 6 ● The author is against the use of emission target as justification for asking the rich nations to finance new thermal power plants. 7 ● The question of the consequences of global climate changes on human society is important. 8 ● The developed countries are encouraged to adopt CO 2 emission targets. 9 ● The author thinks that taxes on carbon emissions are too costly for the American government to take any measures. 10 Section A Two important changes have occurred in the global climate debate. The first is that greater emphasis is being given to the scientific uncertainties in relating global climate change to future emissions of so-called greenhouse gases, primarily chlorofluorocarbons, carbon dioxide, and methane. The second is that new studies are showing the economic costs of adapting to climate change to be smaller than initially expected. Both changes suggest that while the United States should be prepared to move aggressively as new information becomes available, we should not rush to adopt costly new initiatives such as carbon emission quotas or taxes. Any analysis of global warming is hampered by questions at every step. To begin with, no one is able to reliably predict future worldwide emissions of greenhouse gases, and there are significant uncertainties about the quantity of CO 2 emanating from the biosphere. Even if such predictions existed, deducing the resulting atmospheric concentrations of these gases is not an easy matter, and questions remain about the exact climatic effect of any atmospheric changes. The 1991 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reflects greater uncertainty about the panel"s earlier (and widely cited) prediction of 0.3℃ temperature rise per decade in a "business as usual" scenario. Aside from the difficulty of forecasting global climatic change is the equally important question of the consequences of such alterations both on human society and on natural ecosystems. The time scale of climate change is critical: adaptation is less difficult if changes occur over centuries than if they occur over decades. Section B It will be decades before we have a thorough scientific understanding of the effect of green-house-gas emissions on global climate. But public policy decisions will not wait that long. At least one segment of the public—the environmental groups in Europe and the United States—believes inaction could prove catastrophic to future generations. The heart of the global warming policy debate is that different people have different attitudes about how much resources we should be willing to invest now to lessen the possibility of future catastrophe. Our ultimate concern is the ecological, social, and economic effects of climate change. Recently, William Nordhaus of Yale and other economists have come to some surprising conclusions. They estimate that the economic impact of climate change will be relatively small and the costs of some mitigative actions, dikes for example, seem manageable. Nordhaus estimates, for instance, that potential environmental costs of global warming might justify cutting carbon-dioxide emissions by 12 percent, a goal that he says could be achieved by a manageable tax of $ 5 per ton of carbon-equivalent emitted. Conventional wisdom holds that environmental costs might justify a 50 percent reduction in emissions, which would probably require a tax of $100 per ton—significantly hampering economic growth. Nations that did not adopt the tax would enjoy significant economic advantage. The best policies, I believe, concentrate on actions—such as those encouraging energy efficiency-that cost little and that have other benefits besides helping prevent global warming. Higher gasoline taxes as well as a modest tax on coal, for example, would encourage energy efficiency and yield immediate economic and national-security benefits. I also urge greater use of nuclear power by the United States and other developed us-lions that can afford the cost and have the technical expertise to deal with the safety, waste disposal, and nonproliferation problems. These policies have a favorable effect on global warming while contributing to a reasonable national energy policy. Section C This June in Brazil, at the UN Conference on Environment and Development, India, China, Brazil, and others will call upon the developed nations to adopt CO 2 emission targets. These targets will then be used as justification for asking the developed nations to finance new thermal power plants and modernize inefficient older units. I caution against use of emission targets as justification for such costly initiatives, however, because they would divert funds from projects that contribute in a more cost-effective way to a county"s overall energy development. This latter approach will of course include projects that stress energy efficiency and thus indirectly reduce CO 2 emissions. In the long term, domestic and international policies must adapt to new scientific information. Fortunately, such rationality is not unprecedented; in the case of chlomfluofbcintons, the United States demonstrated an ability to act decisively once the scientific evidence was in. Policymakers should do as well as they respond to the vexing challenge posed by possible global warming.

填空题Does the publisher of Douglas Starr's excellent Blood—An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce actually expect to sell many copies? Whoever chose the title is certain to scare off the squeamish, and the subtitle, which makes the effort sound like a dry, dense survey text, has really done this book a disservice. In fact, the brave and curious will enjoy a brightly written, intriguing, and disquieting book, with some important lessons for public health. (66) The book begins with a historical view on centuries of lore about blood—in particular, the belief that blood carried the evil humors of disease and required occasional draining. As recently as the Revolutionary War, Bloodletting was widely applied to treat fevers. The idea of using one person's blood to heal another is only about 75 years old—although rogue scientists had experimented with transfusing animal blood at least as early as the 1600s. The first transfusion experiments involved stitching a donor's vein (in early cases the physician's) to a patient's vein. (67) Sabotaged by notions about the "purity" of their groups' blood, Japan and Germany lagged well behind the Allies in transfusion science. Once they realized they were losing injured troops the Allies had learned to save, they tried to catch up, conducting horrible and unproductive experiments such as draining blood from POWs and injecting them with horse blood or polymers. (68) During the early to mid-1980s, Start says, 10,000 American hemophiliacs and 12,000 others contracted HIV from transfusions and receipt of blood products. Blood banks both here and abroad moved slowly to acknowledge the threat of the virus and in some cases even acted with criminal negligence, allowing the distribution of blood they knew was tainted. This is not new material. But Starr's insights add a dimension to a story first explored in the late Randy Shilts's And the Bond Played On. (69) Is the blood supply safe now? Screening procedures and technology have gotten much more advanced. Yet it's disturbing to read Starr's contention that a person receiving multiple transfusions today has about a 1 in 90,000 chance of contracting HIV—far higher than the "one in a million" figure that blood bankers once blithely and falsely quoted. Moreover, new pathogens threaten to emerge and spread through the increasingly high-speed, global blood-product network faster than science can stop them. This prompts Starr to argue that today's blood stores are "simultaneously safer and more threatening" than when distribution was less sophisticated. (70) A. The massive wartime blood drives laid the groundwork for modern blood-banking, which has saved countless lives. Unfortunately, these developments also set the stage for a great modern tragedy—the spread of AIDS through the international blood supply. B. There is so much drama, power, resonance, and important information in this book that it would be a shame if the squeamish were scared off. Perhaps the key lesson is this: The public health must always be guarded against the pressures and pitfalls of competitive markets and human fallibility. C. In his chronicle of a resource, Start covers an enormous amount of ground. He gives us an account of mankind's attitudes over a 400-year period towards this "precious, mysterious, and hazardous material"; of medicine's efforts to understand, control, and develop blood's life-saving properties; and of the multibillion-dollar industry that benefits from it. He describes disparate institutions that use blood, from the military and the pharmaceutical industry to blood banks. The culmination is a rich examination of how something as horrifying as distributing blood tainted with the HIV virus could have occurred. D. The book's most interesting section considers the huge strides transfusion science took during World War Ⅱ. Medicine benefited significantly from the initiative to collect and supply blood to the Allied troops and from new trauma procedures developed to administer it. It was then that scientists learned to separate blood into useful elements, such as freeze-dried plasma and clotting factors, paving the way for both battlefield miracles and dramatic improvement in the lives of hemophiliacs. E. Starr's tale ends with a warning about the safety of today's blood supply. F. Starr obtained memos and other evidence used in Japanese, French, and Canadian criminal trials over the tainted-blood distribution. (American blood banks enjoyed legal protections that made U. S. trials more complex and provided less closure for those harmed.) His account of the French situation is particularly poignant. Start explains that in postwar France, donating blood was viewed as a sacred and patriotic act. Prison populations were urged to give blood as a way to connect more with society. Unfortunately, the French came to believe that such benevolence somehow offered a magical protection to the blood itself and that it would be unseemly to question volunteer donors about their medical history or sexual or drug practices. Combined with other factors, including greed and hubris, this led to tragedy. Some blood banks were collecting blood from high-risk groups as late as 1990, well into the crisis. And France, along with Canada, Japan, and even Britain, stalled approval and distribution of safer, American heat-treated plasma products when they became available, in part because they were giving their domestic companies time to catch up with scientific advances.

填空题Which game... · is sold well? (71) · allows garners to select games with equal-caliber opponents? (72) · is probably frightening? (73) · offers some more ways to destroy what the players have built? (74) · seems difficult to save the game? (75) · has no easy track for the game? (76) · enables players to construct buildings in different styles? (77) · has detailed and spectacular racing environments? (78) · enables players to make up their own stories? (79) · allows garners to challenge other players in team-based multiplayer games on Xbox Live and System Link? (80) A Like your motorcycle games big, Bold, and beautiful? All those superlatives and more apply to Motocross Madness 2, the sequel to one of the most funny (if not the most realistic) motocross simulations ever created. This sequel improves on the original by offering larger racing environments, more modes of play, and much more detailed graphics. The environments now have a full complement of trees, cacti, Bushes, and other solid objects to smack into, and some game modes even introduce highway traffic into the mix. There's nothing like jumping over a moving semi on your way to the finish line. The new Pro Circuit career mode adds a lot of replay-ability (and long-term strategy) to the game, and fun multiplayer modes like tag offer a refreshing break to standard racing when playing online. On the downside, all the new graphical goodness requires some advanced computer hardwares. While a 3-D accelerator isn't required, that's a little like saying your car doesn't need an engine because you can still push it. With a decent 3-D card, at least a 350 MHz processor, and plenty of RAM, however, the game really comes to fife. Those of you with 3-D audio cards are also in for a treat, as it becomes possible to tell where other riders are just by listening. It took time to get used to Motocross Madness 2's complete over-the-topphysics. Hitting even a minor jump launches the bike straight up into the air, and bigger hills can leave you staring down at the treetops for over five seconds. It's a little ridiculous, But once we gained some familiarity with the tracks it virtually made the game a lot of fun. More air time means more chances to perform outrageous aerial stunts, from the Tail Grab to the back-bending Cordova. Unfortunately, it also means unfortunate encounters with trees which are much harder to avoid. If you buy sports games based only on their ability to realistically portray the sports they are simulating, Motocross Madness 2 will disappoint. For those of you who like big air, Big stunts, enormous open environments, and lots of challenging arcade action, this game is better than its predecessor in every way. B SimCity 3,000 is back, and it's bigger than ever! Maxis pulled out all the stops for this new version of the bestselling game, adding enough new customized graphics to recreate cities from all over the world. The new European and Asian building sets serve up hundreds of new buildings that match the architecture of these diverse environments. From the Great Wall to the Berlin Wall, it's in there. Of course, you can still mix and match—freedom to manage a city as you choose has always been the name of this game. No addition to the SimCity family would be complete without some new methods for destroying your creations, and SimCity 3,000 Unlimited has four more devastating disasters than the old version. You can recreate the movie Armageddon by unleashing large chunks of flaming space debris, smite your populace with a buzzing swarm of locusts, destroy seaports and coastal developments with a whirlpool, or uncork some toxic clouds. The Building Architect, formerly available as a free download, i now packed on the CD-ROM. This 3-D architectural program lets users set up the buildings of their dreams, from dilapidated outhouses to towering skyscrapers to works of modern art that are intended for pure decoration. Don't worry if you don't feel like using this powerful tool to create things yourself—the game comes with dozens of new ways to make your cities unique, and you can always head to the SimCity Exchange to download imaginative add-ons created by other users. The infinite expand-ability and infinite replay-ability of this game should keep would-be mayors completely occupied until they move to the suburbs of the Sims. C Want to live forever? Get a taste for what it's like with Vampire: The Masquerade Redemption, the first computer role-playing game based on the tremendously popular dice-and-paper and live-action RPG from White Wolf Game Studio. Die-hard fans will grumble a bit at some of the translation concessions from book to hard drive. The vampiric disciplines in particular are less flexible and occasionally more hassle than they're worth—sure, you can turn into a wolf, But you can't return to your natural form until the time limit expires. Still, these limitations don't interfere with the gameplay, which is fast moving, challenging, and genuinely creepy. Graphics and sounds are well designed, and along with the plot they evoke the mood of gothic horror that has made Vampire so popular. The single-player mode locks you into the story line of Christof, a medieval crusader who blunders into immortality at the fangs of an ancient Brujah vampire. Christof's damnation and search for redemption lead him from the Prague of the Dark Ages to modem New York City. Multiplayer options include local area network and Internet play as well as the ability to make and run your own stories for other players. The manual is beautiful and helpful, a rare combination. Clearly, the designers took their cue from White Wolf, as evidenced by the clarity of text and carefully chosen illustrations. Though Redemption is really worth playing, gamers should be warned that the save-game feature is irritating and often beyond the player's control and that the installation requires at least 720 MB (and up to 1.3 GB!). Despite these flaws, the game is still wicked fun and merits plenty of praise. D Counter-Strike, the world's most popular online action game and first-person shooter for the PC, makes its console debut exclusively on Xbox and Xbox Live. Counter-Strike for Xbox features single-player missions, taking place over a gritty realistic counterterrorist world. It allows garners to challenge other players in team-based multiplayer games on Xbox Live and System Link. Counter-Strike for Xbox will be the most graphically advanced version of the game to date, showcasing the technical prowess of Xbox, including immersive and intense multiplayer action on Xbox Live. In addition, players will benefit by strategizing and communicating with their teammates via the Xbox Live Communicator headset. Features: · Intense Xbox Live multiplayer action: Gamers can battle real players throughout the world with Xbox Live, strategizing and communicating with up to 15 other players. A unique player-ranking system will allow gamers to select games with equal-caliber opponents, while Xbox Live helps ensure cheat-free playing fields. · Xbox enhancements and exclusives: Players will be treated to new graphically enhanced missions from Counter-Strike: Condition Zero, as well as new, exclusive content designed only for Xbox. · Realistic counterterrorist experience: Players will experience a deep and involving counterterrorism world, where danger abounds. Lead an elite team through the jungles of Asia, the cold regions of Eastern Europe, and the unbearable humidity of Colombia. · Real-life weapons and gadgets: Players can choose from more than 25 real-life weapons, including shotguns, sniper rifles, pistols, and other military artillery. · Downloadable content: New downloadable content will be available via Xbox Live.

填空题The author mentions that she has had to develop time management skills. 71. ______ Parent-students cherish their chance to study in school again. 72. ______ Parent-students seem to stay loyal to one another and support one another. 73. ______ There are some unexpected items in the author's book bag. 74. ______ The author is pursuing an advanced degree. 75. ______ Once in a special occasion, the author was embarrassed when her daughter said she wanted to go to the bathroom. 76. ______ The children participate in the parent's studying. 77. ______ Old parent-students are good listeners, midway between roommates and parents. 78. ______ Most teachers praise parent-students for their assiduity. 79. ______ Parent-students are different from other students in class in that they participate more in class discussion. 80. ______ Section A I am a 27-year-old single mother. I am also travelling the road to my Ph.D. in psychology. I do not believe I am so different from the rest of the student population. I do know, however, that we parent-students have a few characteristics that set us apart on campus. For instance, we parent-students carry book bags with the requisite textbooks, spirals and pens. Ours, though, have added dimensions. At this moments, mine also contains a HeMan sword, a picture of a "big thing that grinds wood " drawn by my son Michael, a copy of "Are You My Mother ?" and a Girl Scout cookie-order form. Parent-students have developed strong back muscles to lug this gear around. We parent-students are extra-friendly creatures. Some combination of an air of maturity and our relaxed outlook makes us natural confidants. We don't have time to listen to confession but we do anyway, for we realize we are a sort of haven midway between loudmouthed roommates and parents. A student's interests may be narrow; ours must expand to include consumer information, local school-bond issues and the names of all the Smurfs. Our knowledge spans generations-- our own, our classmates', our children's. Multigenerational wisdom makes beginning Spanish easy when we use the espanol we've learned from Bert, Ernie and Big Bird. If other students need to know what time it is, they ask us. We always wear a watch. We may lack a spark of spontaneity, but we still enjoy going out for movies, concerts and hot-chocolate breaks. We just need some warning to juggle our schedule. After our efforts, we do not appreciate no-shows. Section B We are tired beings. We put our kids to bed by 9:30 (if we're lucky) and then we open the books. This schedule usually catches up to me after lunch the next day. I have several pages of notes from afternoon classes that are downward-sloping lines, my last efforts before I succumbed to slumber. We may appear exhausted, too, because of our daily sprints across campus when we have five minutes to meet a daughter's school bus. One full-load semester I thought I was going blind. No, said the ophthalmologist, those dark shadowy objects are not detached retinas, they are your eyelids. You need more rest. We may raise our hands more in class discussion. Stating an opinion aloud is no longer an intimidating event when compared with having a Caesarean section. We may also have more applied examples for what the professor is saying. Or maybe we're just loudmouths because we've learned to speak above the roar of children's voices. Sometimes we bring a child with us to class, when there are no babysitters available on the planet. Some may marvel at how well-behaved the child is. They do not see the trepidation behind such visits, the bribes, the threats and the bushel of M ＆ M's purchased as silencers. We don't want our child interfering with the education of others. If there is a club meeting after school hours, the probability increases that Junior will be there with us. This has usually gone smoothly, except for the time I was being initiated into an honor society, and my daughter announced nature's call to the solemn group. It may seem that we stick together, we parent-students, there being a magnet that attracts crazies to one another. The other day one such 23-year old with a two-year-old daughter motioned for me to come over to her study area. She produced a cassette player. "I really should be studying Spanish, but listen to this, "she said. A second passed and then a tiny voice sang, "A-B-C-D-E-E-G. ""It's Rachel saying her ABCs, " she explained. "God, isn't it wonderful?" Another time two men and two women stood in the mainstream of between class traffic at the humanities building discussing the joys of natural childbirth. Section C We are seldom lonely. We do not go home to an empty--or chokingly crowded-- dorm but to a house full of welcoming Munchkins eager to be the first to hug us and to tattle on the other sibling. The children permeate our school projects, if we need to measure the moon's orbit, the kids are outside in the chilly night air calculating with us, coming up with impressive figures only a few billion degrees off. They agree to be our subjects for behavior modification projects in Child Development classes, with mixed results: my daughter stopped sucking her thumb for good; Michael stopped sleeping in Mommy's room only for the 30 days necessary to collect his positive reinforcement. A parent's research trips become magical outings for the kids, who learn in the library that one dollar's worth of nickels can produce 20 Xeroxed copies of their hands. We have a lot of confidence. How could we miss when we have our own cheering section? My children have fully convinced me I am the smartest student on campus. I picked up a term paper once after school with my son in tow, and he boomed out down the hall, "Gee, Morn, you get as in everything. " Most professors compliment us on our diligence in doing homework. We are usually good students. Many of us were in school once before and played when we should have worked. This is our second chance, probably our last chance. We are 20;we are 50. We are single parents; we are married; we are grandparents. We have all sacrificed for the privilege of sitting at a cramped desk, and we don't take our education lightly. Our greatest common bond? We parent-students all love school.

填空题Confucius has been given a thorough study and review for the sake of capital expansion in

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word． Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards，from{{U}} (31) {{/U}}praise to cold cash，affect motivation and creativity．Behaviorists，{{U}} (32) {{/U}}research the relation{{U}} (33) {{/U}}actions and their consequences argue that rewards Can improve performance at work and school．Cognitive researchers，who study various aspects of mental life，maintain{{U}} (34) {{/U}}rewards often destroy creativity{{U}} (35) {{/U}}encouraging dependence{{U}} (36) {{/U}}approval and gifts from others． The latter view has gained many supporters，especially{{U}} (37) {{/U}}educators．But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks{{U}} (38) {{/U}}in grade-school children，suggesting{{U}} (39) {{/U}}properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness，{{U}} (40) {{/U}}to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology． “If kids know they're working for a{{U}} (41) {{/U}}and can focus{{U}} (42) {{/U}}a relatively challenging task，they show the most creativity”，says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark．“But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for{{U}} (43) {{/U}}performance or creating too{{U}} (44) {{/U}}anticipation for rewards．” A teacher{{U}} (45) {{/U}}continually draws attention to rewards or who hands{{U}} (46) {{/U}}high grades for ordinary achievement ends up{{U}} (47) {{/U}}discouraged students，Eisenberger holds．{{U}} (48) {{/U}}an example of the latter point，he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing{{U}} (49) {{/U}} In earlier grades，the use of so-called token economies，in{{U}} (50) {{/U}}students handle challenging problem sand receive performance-based points toward valued rewards，shows promise in raising effort and creativity，the Delaware psychologist claims．

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填空题The Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station made headlines in April when the doctor for that remote science facility was taken seriously ill in the middle of the dark, frigid Antarctic winter. Thankfully, Canadian pilots successfully evacuated the stricken physician—but he was not all that was ailing at the bottom of the world. The station itself has been deteriorating for years, prompting the National Science Foundation to begin this past year a $153 million modernization, which should be completed by early 2006. 1 But construction at this remote site is no small task. All materials have to be carried in by air from McMurdo Station on the coast using special ski-equipped transport planes. And workers have to contend with temperatures that average around -32 degrees Celsius over the summer months. 2 The South Pole also provides astrophysicists with a remarkable laboratory to study high-energy neutrinos: AMANDA (Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array) uses deeply buried sensors at the South Pole to register the rare interactions between these particles and the ice itself. Such rationale for a base at the South Pole do not, however, hold up very well under scrutiny. AMANDA could, for example, be installed at any Antarctic site where the glacial ice is thick and free of dust. 3 Indeed, these problems make the South Pole appropriate for only a limited number of astronomical observations, primarily those in the sub-millimeter to millimeter regime. Shorter wavelengths (infrared and optical) can be better studied in places like Mauna Kea in Hawaii, which lacks a troublesome inversion layer. And longer wavelengths (centimeter and longer-wave radio frequencies) are so little bothered by atmospheric absorption that siting the receiving antennas at the ends of the earth is not necessary. 4 So some astronomers are quite keen to set up their instruments in Antarctica to take advantage of the thin, cold air. Still, the South Pole is probably not the best place to conduct these operations from a purely scientific perspective, because higher elevations on the Antarctic Plateau offer even thinner and colder air. 5 Peter Timbie, a physicist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, who plans to study the microwave background radiation from Antarctica, says that although Dome C might be a slightly better place to deploy his instrument, he plans to use South Pole Station because he is reluctant to ask the NSF for money to do astronomy at a French-Italian base: "My guess is that they would not be real excited about that." Timbie notes that there is really very little difference between the two sites for his research, but he points out that the turbulent inversion layer may be absent at Concordia, making it superior to the Pole for optical and infrared astronomy. A. One such place is Dome C (located in the Australian sector, at roughly 73 degrees South latitude), where French and Italian scientists are now setting up a permanent base, called Concordia Station. B. The logistical difficulties and great expense prompt one to ask: Why maintain a permanent science base at the South Pole at all? One answer is that certain kinds of research can be done in no other spot. In particular, the South Pole is said to offer an ideal setting for astronomers, because the air is exceptionally cold, thin and dry, making this locale the next best place for sitting a telescope. C. European and Australian astronomers are indeed quite interested in the opportunities that Dome C affords. Still, U.S. participation will probably not amount to much, because, as Bally notes, "the U. S. has put all its eggs in the South Pole." This strategy is hard to defend on the basis of doing the best astronomy, the discipline most often cited in official statements about the scientific importance of Amundsen-Scott Station. D. The submillimeter to millimeter-scale observations are, however, critical to the study of the cosmic microwave background radiation, and they are useful, too, for examining molecular clouds in stellar nurseries. E. Also, the air at the South Pole is, in fact, not so perfect for astronomy, because it is colder at the surface than a few hundred meters above. John Bally, an astronomer now at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who was responsible for site testing at the South Pole, points out that this temperature inversion combined with the stiff winds there give rise to a turbulent layer of air that blurs optical and infrared images. Bally also notes that there is a perpetual ice fog at the South Pole in winter and that the base is situated on the auroral circle, the locus where charged particles in the upper atmosphere light up the sky most intensely: "You would not go about picking astronomical sites the way this was done." F. Built in the 1970s to replace an even older South Pole base (which is now buried under nine meters of snow), the Amundsen-Scott Station consists of a large geodesic dome and several smaller outbuildings. The dome is half-buried in drifts and suffers from an unstable foundation that threatens its integrity. Many other parts of the infrastructure—from fuel distribution to waste disposal—are also in dire need of refurbishment.

填空题 Andrena Gravida is the name of a wild bee declining in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. A {{U}}(31) {{/U}} of months ago the recent drop in migratory bird populations was known, based on a study {{U}}(32) {{/U}} in the Netherlands. Now there's more troubling news from that part of the world: a study released today by the journal Science reports that there's been a dramatic loss of {{U}}(33) {{/U}} among wild bees over the past 25 years in Holland. There's {{U}}(34) {{/U}} to a 70% decline in the variety and {{U}}(35) {{/U}} of bee {{U}}(36) {{/U}} in some areas in Britain. A loss of biodiversity is more subtle {{U}}(37) {{/U}} an overall drop in absolute numbers of {{U}}(38) {{/U}} or plants, but it's still {{U}}(39) {{/U}} a problem because the {{U}}(40) {{/U}} species in an ecosystem, the more the system {{U}}(41) {{/U}} on each one of them, and if disease or some other {{U}}(42) {{/U}} wipes out a species, its function could go unfilled. In the {{U}}(43) {{/U}} of bees, that {{U}}(44) {{/U}} is to pollinate plants, both wild and crop plants. And {{U}}(45) {{/U}} the authors of the study show, there's been a {{U}}(46) {{/U}} decline in plants that were once pollinated {{U}}(47) {{/U}} the disappearing bees. Indeed, it isn't clear {{U}}(48) {{/U}} came first, the plant decline or the decline in bees. It's also not clear {{U}}(49) {{/U}} any crops are in trouble, only that there's a potential for it if this trend continues. It's also not clear {{U}}(50) {{/U}} it's happening. Climatic changes caused by global warming are a possibility, but so is the destruction of wild habitat in both countries, as population and industry both expand.

填空题Our demand for electricity is climbing so fast that over the next decade U.S. generating capacity must increase by a third. Fossil fuels supply nearly three-quarters of this energy. But the smoke-belching stacks of coal-fired, gas-fired and oil-fired plants are also responsible for about half of our air pollution. That, we used to think, is a small price to pay for progress. But there is an alternative, one that produces no smoke and can actually create more fuel than it consumes. In many regions it is even cheaper than coal-fired electricity: nuclear power. Already nuclear power is the second largest source of our electricity, and a new family of "failsafe" nuclear reactors — some now under construction in Japan — may one day make nuclear power even cheaper and more plentiful. The only major difference between nuclear and conventional plants is that nuclear fuel is far more radioactive. For this reason, the core must be sealed from the outside environment — and so must the spent fuel, which remains radioactive for year. If other types of power didn't present equal or worse problems, it would make no sense to consider nuclear power at all. But they do: Coal is much dirtier than it used to be. The U.S. reserves of clean-burning anthracite are virtually exhausted. Today, power plants must use soft coal, often contaminated with sulfur. When the smoke from this coal is dissolved by precipitation, it results in "acid rain". Burning coal produces carbon dioxide as well, which can act as a blanket, trapping solar heat in our atmosphere. Eventually, this could contribute to global warming, the greenhouse effect, though there is no conclusive evidence that this has begun. Coal also contains a surprising amount of radioactive material. Indeed, a coal-fired electric plant spews more radioactive pollution into the air than a nuclear plant. Oil and natural gas are too scarce to meet our electrical needs now, let alone in the next century. We already import over 40 percent of our oil from abroad, and that will likely increase. Solar power seems to be a wonderful idea: Every square yard of sunshine contains about 1000 watts of inexhaustible energy, free for the taking. The trouble is, the taking isn't free. To meet our electrical needs, we'd have to build enough collector plates to cover the state of Delaware. No serious student of solar power expects it to be anything but a supplement to conventional electricity for decades. Wind power generated a lot of excitement in the early 1980s, when magazines featured photographs of a "wind farm" at Altamont Pass, California, with hundreds of windmills. Everyone seemed to forget that taxpayers' money helped buy the farm. Today, the giant blades spin productively only half a year, because winds frequently aren't strong enough to cover costs. Hydro power is the cleanest practical source of electricity. But in the United States, most rivers that can be profitably dammed already are. Other, more exotic energy schemes would harness ocean tides and waves, nuclear fusion (the process that powers the sun) or heat from the eath's crust or the sea. But even proponents admit that none of these will become a major source of energy soon. Now Let's look at the advantages of nuclear power. 1. It's clean. Radioactive emissions are negligible, much less than the radioactivity released into the air naturally from the earth or produced by cosmic rays. Standing next to a nuclear plant, I am exposed to only one-half of one percent more radiation than when sitting in my living room. A coal station, on the other hand, requires huge dumps of fuel and ashes that menace the environment. Despite a widespread misconception, nuclear waste is not a technical problem. The 108 nuclear plants in the United States generate less than 4,000 tons of fuel waste each year. In fact, all 33 years' worth of the nation's spent nuclear fuel would only fill a football field to a depth of five feet. Non-nuclear hazardous waste, by contrast, totals 275 million tons annually. And nuclear waste is easy to monitor and control. The spent fuel can be kept on the premises of years until it decays to a radiation level suitable for trucking to long-term storage sites. 2. It's inexhaustible. The U.S. uranium reserves will last many decades, and our long-term supply is guaranteed. Through a process called "breeding", a reactor can convert uranium into plutonium—an even better fuel. Breeder reactors, now in use in France, could thus extend the reserves for millions of years. 3. It's secure. Because it needs so little fuel, a nuclear plant is less vulnerable to shortages produced by. strikes or by natural calamities. And since uranium is more evenly scattered about the globe than fossil fuels, nuclear power is less threatened by cartels and international crises. 4. It's cheap. In France, where nuclear power supplies 70 percent of the electricity, nuclear power costs 30 percent less than coalfired power. This enables France to export electricity to its neighbors. In Canada, where nuclear power supplies 15 percent of the electricity, Ontario Hydro has proposed building ten more nuclear reactors over the next 25 years.A=Hydro powerB=Nuclear powerC=Coal-fired powerD=Solar powerWhich power ...· results in "Acid rain"? 71. ______· is already the 2nd largest source of electricity in the U.S.? 72. ______· may give off more radioactive pollution into the air than a nuclear plant? 73. ______· can be taken only when large enough collector plates are built? 74. ______· is the cleanest practical source of electricity? 75. ______· cost 30% less than coal-fired power in France? 76. ______· is less easy to subject to shortages caused by strikes and natural disasters? 77. ______· is less threatened by international crises? 78. ______· will not be considered as a supplement to conventional electricity for several decades? 79. ______· could contribute to global warming? 80. ______

填空题WhendidDr.Hubergethisowntelescope?

填空题 When Donald Olayer enrolled in nursing school nine years ago, his father took it hard. "Here's my father, a steelworker, hearing about other steelworkers' sons who were becoming welders or getting football scholarships," Mr. Olayer recalls. "The thought of his on becoming a nurse was too much." 66. ______ That's not an unusual turnabout nowadays. Just as women have gained a footing in nearly every occupation once reserved for men, men can be found today working routinely in a wide variety of jobs once held nearly exclusively by women. The men are working as receptionists and flight attendants, servants, and even "Kelly girls". The Urban Institute, a research group in Washington, recently estimated that the number of male secretaries rose 24% to 31,000 in 1978 from 25,000 in 1972. The number of male telephone operators over the same span rose 38%, and the number of male nurses 94%. Labor experts expect the trend to continue. For one thing, tightness in the job market seems to have given men an additional incentive to take jobs where they can find them. Although female-dominated office and service jobs for the most part rank lower in pay and status, "they're still there," says June O'Neil, director of program and policy research at the institute. Traditionally male blue-collar jobs, meanwhile, "aren't increasing at all." 67. ______ Although views have softened, men who cross the sexual segregation line in the job market may still face discrimination and ridicule. David Anderson, a 36-year-old former high school teacher, says he found secretarial work "a way out of teaching and into the business world". He had applied for work at 23 employment agencies for "management training jobs that didn't exist", and he discovered that "the best skill I had was being able to type 70 words a minute". 68. ______ He took a job as a secretary to the marketing director of a New York publishing company. But he says he could feel "a lot of people wondering what I was doing there and if something was wrong with me". Males sometimes find themselves mistaken for higher-status professionals. Anthony Shee, a flight attendant with U.S. Air Ine., has been mistaken for a pilot. Mr. Anderson, the secretary, says he found himself being "treated in executive tones whenever I wore a suit". In fact the men in traditional female jobs often move up the ladder fast. Mr. Anderson actually worked only seven months as a secretary. Then he got a higher-level, better-paying job as a placement counselor at an employment agency. "I got a lot of encouragement to advance," he says, "including job tips from male executives who couldn't quite see me staying a secretary." Experts say, for example, that while men make up only a small fraction of elementary school teachers, a disproportionate number of elementary principals are men. Barbara Bergmann, an economist at the University of Maryland who has studied sex segregation at work believes that's partly because of "sexism in the occupational structure" and partly because men have been raised to assert themselves and to assume responsibility. Men may also feel more compelled than women to advance, she suspects. 69. ______ "Men are more likely than women to see nursing as a full-time careen" Mr. Olayer says. He also says the men are more assertive. "Men don't buy the Florence Nightingale garbage they teach in nursing school — that the doctor is everything, and the nurse is there just to take orders," he says. "Men will ask questions more and think for themselves." 70. ______A. Mr. Anderson's boss was a woman. When she asked him to fetch coffee, the other secretaries' eyebrows went up. Sales executives who came in to see his boss, he says, "couldn't quite believe that I could and would type, take dictation, and answer the phones."B. But in asserting themselves, the males in female-dominated fields may be making life easier for the women, too. "Guys get together and organize and are willing to fight for more," Mr. Olayer says. "Once we get a 30% to 40% ratio of men in nursing, you'll see salaries and the whole status of the job improve."C. Today, Mr. Olayer, a registered nurse trained as an anesthetist, earns about $ 30,000 a year at Jameson Memorial Hospital in New Castle, Pennsylvania. His father, he says, has "done an about face". Now he tells the guys he works with that their sons, who can't find jobs even after four years of college, should have become nurses.D. Donald Olayer, the nurse, is typical. Almost as soon as he graduated from nursing school, he says he decided "not to stay just a regular floor nurse earning only $12,000 a year". Now he can look forward to earning three times that much. "Enough to support a family, on." he says, and he also has "much more responsibility".E. Beginning in the 1960s. American women started entering jobs and professions that had been dominated almost completely by men. In the'1970s, another pattern emerged in employment: Men began entering jobs and professions previously dominated by women.F. At the same time, she says, "The outlooks of young people are different." Younger men with less rigid views on what constitutes male or female work "may not feel there's such a stigma to working in a female-dominated field".

填空题 Not every President is a leader, but every time we elect a President we hope for one, especially in times of doubt and crisis. In easy times we are ambivalent(有矛盾心理的)—the leader, after all, makes demands, challenges the status quo, shakes things up. Leadership is as much as question of timing as anything else. 66. ______ And when he comes, he must offer a simple, eloquent message. Great leaders are almost always great simplifiers, who cut through argument, debate and doubt to offer a solution everybody can understand and remember. Churchill warned the British to expect "blood, toil, tears and sweat"; FDR told Americans that "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself"; Lenin promised the warweary Russians peace, land and bread. Straightforward but potent messages. We have an image of what a leader ought to be. We even recognize the physical signs: Leaders may not necessarily be all, but they must have bigger-than-life, commanding features — LBJ's nose and ear lobes, Ike's broad grin. A trademark also comes in handy: Lincoln's stovepipe hat (礼帽), JFK's rocker. We expect our leaders to stand out a little, not to be like ordinary men. Half of President Ford' trouble lay in the fact that, if you closed your eyes for a moment, you couldn't remember his face, figure or clothes. A leader should have an unforgettable identity, instantly and permanently fixed in people's minds. It also helps for a leader to be able to do something most of us can't: FDR overcame polio(小儿麻痹症); Mao swam the Yangtze River at the age of 72. We don't want our leaders to be "just like us". We want them to be like us but better, special, more so. 67. ______ Even television, which comes in for a lot of knocks as an imagebuilder that magnifies form over substance, doesn't altogether obscure the qualities of leadership we recognize, or their absence. Television exposed Nixon's insecurity, Humphrey's fatal infatuation(迷恋)with his own voice. A leader must know how to use power, but he also has to have a way of showing that he does. He has to be able to project firmness — no physical clumsiness (like Ford), no rapid eye movements (like Carter). A Chinese philosopher once remarked that a leader must have the grace of a good dancer, and there is a great deal of wisdom to this. 68. ______ He should be able, like Lincoln, FDR, Truman, Ike and JFK, to give a good, hearty, belly laugh, instead of the sickly grin that passes for good humor in Nixon or Carter. Ronald Reagan's training as an actor showed to good effect in the debate with Carter, when by his easy manner and apparent affability(和蔼可亲), he managed to convey the impression that in fact he was the President and Carter the challenger. If we know what we're looking for, why is it so difficult to find? The answer lies in a very simple truth about leadership. People can only be led where they want to go. The leader follows, though a step ahead. 69. ______ The British believed that they could still win the war after the defeats of 1940, and Churchill told them they were right. A leader rides the waves, moves with the tides, understands the deepest yearnings of his people. He cannot make a nation that wants peace at any price go to war, or stop a nation determined to fight from doing so. His purpose must match the national mood. His task is to focus the people's energies and desires, to define them in simple terms, to inspire, and make what people already want seem attainable, important, within their grasp. 70. ______ Winston Churchill managed, by sheer rhetoric, to turn the British defeat and the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940 into a major victory. FDR's words turned the sinking of the American fleet at Pearl Harbor into a national rallying cry instead of a humiliating national scandal. A leader must stir our blood, not appeal to our reason ... A great leader must have a certain irrational quality, a stubborn refusal to face facts, infectious optimism, the ability to convince us that all is not lost even when we're afraid it is. Confucius suggested that, while the advisers of a great leader should be as cold as ice, the leader himself should have fire, a spark of divine madness. A. Yet if they are too different, we reject them. Adlai Stevenson was too cerebral. Nelson Rockefeller, too rich. B. The leader must appear on the scene at a moment when people are looking for leadership, as Churchill did in 1940. as Roosevelt did in 1933. as Lenin did in 1917. C. Americans wanted to climb out of the Depression and needed someone to tell them they could do it, and FDR did. D. Our strength makes him strong; our determination makes him determined; our courage makes him a hero. He is the symbol of the best in us. E. Above all, he must dignify our desires, convince us that we are taking part in the making of great history, give us a sense of glory about ourselves. E A leader should know how to appear relaxed and confident. His walk should be firm and purposeful.

填空题Block Scheduling Block scheduling is (1) to do many positive things such as reduce truancy, make school (2) stressful, increase planning time for teachers, improve teacher-student relationships, and provide time for off-site work experiences at local businesses. However, the critical issue is (3) it does for actual learning. The desire for a (4) on academic achievement has been criticized by some proponents of block scheduling, (5) some parents feel that academic achievement is what public education is (6) The studies and trade articles that are used in (7) of block scheduling frequently base their conclusions on (8) criteria, e.g., many teachers enjoy it, kids seem to (9) having fun, the atmosphere is more relaxed, etc. However, proponents are unable to demonstrate academic benefits with hard, scientific data. On the (10) , the largest scientific study (11) objective student performance in block classes with student performance in full year classes found that the full year students outscored the block students (12) every measure. Dr. David J. Bateson of the University of British Columbia studied 30,000 10th grade students in British Columbia (13) took science courses in year-long or semester-long blocks. Students in year-long science courses significantly outperformed (14) those taking science in the first semester and students taking science in the second semester. Furthermore, Bateson's study (15) that first semester students had forgotten a significant amount of class material (16) the time they took the test at the end of the year, contrary to the popular myth (17) retention is not a problem. Considering that typical block schedules cause a gap of three to thirteen months between consecutive classes, (18) an average gap of 7 months, many parents (19) that students may have serious problems in classes which (20) on retention of material taught in the last course.

填空题A=Maturationist Theory B=Environmentalist Theory C=Constructivist Theory Which theory's advocates believe that... · young children are expected to learn repetitively both in class and at home? (71) · each child is given individual attention and can express his ideas freely? (72) · young children are not ready for school unless they can recite the alphabet and count? (73) · building blocks and large puzzles are helpful toys stimulating children's interaction? (74) · as young children grow older, they will learn naturally and automatically? (75) · young children are ready for school when they initiatively interact with the environment and people around them? (76) · young children are best taught by their parents to learn to recite the alphabet and count before they go to the kindergarten? (77) · children are both the designers and participants in classroom activities? (78) · children with learning disabilities have to attend special classes if they can't respond properly? (79) · young children are not ready for school unless they can follow instructions from adults? (80) A Maturationist Theory The maturationist theory was advanced by the work of Arnold Gessell. Maturationists believe that development is a biological process that occurs automatically in predictable, sequential stages over time. This perspective leads many educators and families to assume that young children will acquire knowledge naturally and automatically as they grow physically and become older, provided that they are healthy. School readiness, according to maturationists, is a state at which all healthy young children arrive when they can perform tasks such as reciting the alphabet and counting; these tasks are required for learning more complex tasks such as reading and arithmetic. Because development and school readiness occur naturally and automatically, maturationists believe the best practices are for parents to teach young children to recite the alphabet and count while being patient and waiting for children to become ready for kindergarten. If a child is developmentally unready for school, maturationists might suggest referrals to transitional kindergartens, retention, or holding children out of school for an additional year. These practices are sometimes used by schools, educators, and parents when a young child developmentally lags behind his or her peers. The young child's under performance is interpreted as the child needing more time to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to perform at the level of his or her peers. B Environmentalist Theory Theorists such as John Watson, B. F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura contributed greatly to the environmentalist perspective of development. Environmentalists believe the child's environment shapes learning and behavior; in fact, human behavior, development, and learning are thought of as reactions to the environment. This perspective leads many families, schools, and educators to assume that young children develop and acquire new knowledge by reacting to their surroundings. Kindergarten readiness, according to the environmentalists, is the age or stage when young children can respond appropriately to the environment of the school and the classroom (e. g. , roles and regulations, curriculum activities, positive behavior in group settings, and directions and instructions from teachers and other adults in the school). The ability to respond appropriately to this environment is necessary for young children to participate in teacher-initiated learning activities. Success is dependent on the child following instructions from the teacher or the adult in the classroom. Many environmentalist-influenced educators and parents believe that young children learn best by rote activities, such as reciting the alphabet over and over, copying letters, and tracing numbers. This viewpoint is evident in kindergarten classrooms where young children are expected to sit at desks arranged in rows and listen attentively to their teachers. At home, parents may provide their young children with workbooks containing such activities as coloring or tracing letters and numbers—activities that require little interaction between parent and child. When young children are unable to respond appropriately to the classroom and school environment, they often are labeled as having some form of learning disabilities and are tracked in classrooms with curriculum designed to control their behaviors and responses. C Constructivist Theory The constructivist perspective of readiness and development was advanced by theorists such as Jean Piaget, Mafia Montessori, and Lev Vygotsky. Although their work varies greatly, each articulates a similar context of learning and development. They are consistent in their belief that learning and development occur when young children interact with the environment and people around them (Hunt, 1969). Constructivists view young children as active participants in the learning process; In addition, constructivists believe young children initiate most of the activities required for learning and development. Because active interaction with the environment and people are necessary for learning and development, constructivists believe that children are ready for school when they can initiate many of the interactions they have with the environment and people around them. Constructivist-influenced schools and educators pay a lot of attention to the physical environment and the curriculum of the early childhood classroom. Kindergarten classrooms often are divided into different learning centers and are equipped with developmentally appropriate materials for young children to play with and manipulate. Teachers and adults have direct conversations with children, children move actively from center to another, and daily activities are made meaningful through the incorporation of children's experiences into the curriculum. At home, parents engage their young children in reading and storytelling activities and encourage children's participation in daily household activities in a way that introduces such concepts as counting and language use. In addition, parents may provide young children with picture books containing very large print, and toys that stimulate interaction (such as building blocks and large puzzles). When a young child encounters difficulties in the learning process, the constructivist approach is neither to label the child nor to retain him or her; instead, constructivists give the child some individualized attention and customize the classroom curriculum to help the child address his or her difficulties.

填空题Among the raft of books, articles, jokes, romantic comedies, self-help guides and other writings discussing marriage, some familiar ideas often crop up. Few appear more often than the 1 that many old couples look alike. You have probably seen it before—two elderly people walking hand-in-hand down the street or sitting at a care, 2 each other so strongly that they could be siblings. Do these couples actually look alike, and if 3 what has caused them to develop this way? A study published in the March 2006 issue of Personality and Individual Differences may have the 4 Twenty-two people, divided equally 5 male and female, 6 in the study. They were asked to judge the looks, personalities and ages of 160 married couples. The participants viewed photographs of men and women separately and were 7 told who was married to 8 The subjects consistently judged people who were married 9 being similar 10 appearance and personality. The researchers also found that couples who had been together longer appeared 11 similar. This result 12 itself may not seem surprising, but the study also offered some answers on 13 couples may look alike. To start, consider that life experiences can end up 14 reflected physically. Someone 15 is happy and smiles more will develop the facial muscles and wrinkles related to smiling. The years of experience of an elderly couple"s marriage, happy 16 not, would then be reflected in their 17 Genetic influences are 18 factor. A past study showed that genetically similar people have better marriages. Such families have 19 incidents of child abuse and a lower rate of miscarriages. People also appear to be more selfless 20 involved with genetically similar partners.

填空题 Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from{{U}} (31) {{/U}}praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, {{U}}(32) {{/U}}research the relation{{U}} (33) {{/U}}actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain{{U}} (34) {{/U}}rewards often destroy creativity{{U}} (35) {{/U}}encouraging dependence{{U}} (36) {{/U}}approval and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, especially{{U}} (37) {{/U}}educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks{{U}} (38) {{/U}}in grade-school children, suggesting{{U}} (39) {{/U}}properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, {{U}}(40) {{/U}}to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. "If kids know they're working for a{{U}} (41) {{/U}}and can focus{{U}} (42) {{/U}}a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity", says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for{{U}} (43) {{/U}}performance or creating too{{U}} (44) {{/U}}anticipation for rewards." A teacher{{U}} (45) {{/U}}continually draws attention to rewards or who hands{{U}} (46) {{/U}}high grades for ordinary achievement ends up{{U}} (47) {{/U}}discouraged students, Eisenberger holds. {{U}}(48) {{/U}}an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing{{U}} (49) {{/U}}. In earlier grades, the use of se-called token economies, in{{U}} (50) {{/U}}students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.