填空题Maintaining an imperial tradition that originated from the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1066-221 BC), the Ming emperors selected the location and design of their tombs while they were still alive. The selection of sites, based on the prevailing winds and the water level, ensured that only benevolent spirits were inhabiting the area. Of the 16 Ming emperors, 13 chose to be buried in this serene valley (Shisanling) just north of Beijing. The Sacred Way. The road to the tombs, which branches off the route to the Great Wall, was once a 6.4km. (4mi.) long sacred way, forbidden to all but the emperor's funeral cottege. The road begins at a five-arched marble gate, built in 1540. A mile further down stands a three-arched gateway, the Dahongmen (Great Red Gate). The emperor's body was carried through the central archway. Only on this one occasion was the center door opened. Just beyond the gate sits a huge stone tortoise (symbol of longevity) with a 9.1m. (30ft.) stele mounted on its back. The stele, the largest such tablet in China, was inscribed by the fourth Ming emperor at the time of the death of his predecessor, Yong Le, in 1424. This tortoise marks the beginning of the famous Avenue of the Animals. Lions, camels, elephants, horses, and two sets of mythical (or at least unrecognizable) beasts, 12 statues in all, line either side of the road, alternately standing and kneeling and most, these days, supporting tourists on their backs while being photographed. Beyond the animal figures stretches a series of 12 stone human statues, dating from the 15th century: four military men, four civilian officials, and four obedient retainers, all with stately postures and fixed stares—an honor guard for the dead emperor. A legend says that an emperor of the later Qing Dynasty wanted to transport the statues to line the road to his own tomb. One of the emperor's ministers was told, in a dream, that the statues were eternally loyal to the Ming emperors and therefore should not be moved. The Qing emperor took this as a warning that if the statues were disturbed, a deadly wind would blow down from the Ming Tombs upon the capital and he abandoned the project. Chang Ling. Of the 13 tombs, only two have been excavated, those of Chang (the burial name for Yong Le, 1403-24), and Ding (Emperor Wan Li, 1562-1620). The Chang Ling tomb is the largest and best preserved of the tombs; it served as a model for the remaining 12. Visitors enter through a red gate which opens toward a courtyard. From here they pass under the Gate of Eminent Favors (Lingenmen) into a second courtyard, in which stands the marble Hall of Eminent Favors (Lingendian), surrounded by pine trees (another ancient symbol of longevity ). The roof of the hall is supported by 32 giant tree columns. Beyond this hall is a third courtyard, where the visitor will see a simple stele with the inscription Da Ming—Great Ming. This marks the passage to the sepulcher. Ding Ling. Also known as the Underground Palace, this is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China. The work was completed over a period of three years (1956-59). Ding (Emperor Wan Li) was buried here in 1620 with two of his wives in a deep marble vault located four stories underground (on the hottest of summer days the vault remains mercifully cool). The entrance to the grounds is marked by a large red gate with a magnificent bronze lion. Gigantic marble doors stand at the entrance to the first of the three burial chambers. (After burial, a "locking stone", similar to the modem "police" lock, was rolled in front of the tomb itself.) Inside are three coffins. Twenty six chests of jewelry and other artifacts were discovered at the foot of the coffins, and many of these finds can be viewed in the two exhibition halls constructed above ground. The broad, tree shaded grounds surrounding the tomb are dotted with stone picnic tables and seats. Tour groups are usually provided with box lunches which may be eaten outdoors or in a "picnic room" at the foot of the Great Wall. Emperor Qian Long's Tomb. In 1978, the tomb of the Qing emperor Qian Long (1736-96), located about 100km. (62.5mi) east of Beijing, was opened to the public. Known as Yu Ling, the tomb is on a grander scale and of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs. Construction began in 1743 and cost 90 tons of silver. The wood used was the durable, fragrant, close-grained nanmu. Some logs weighed up to 20 tons. The tomb is, in fact, an underground palace, similar to the tomb of Ding Ling. Nevertheless, YuLing has distinctive architectural features. Flanking the roadway leading to the tomb are eight pairs of stone sculptures depicting civil officials, military officers, homes, qilin (a mythical animal of good omen), elephants, camels, suanni (mythical monsters), and lions. Each figure was carved from a single stone block. The largest weighs about 43 tons. The underground palace contains three stone halls and four pairs of stone gates, all arched. The overhanging eaves, tile gutters, ridges, and animal-shaped ornaments on the gate corners are in white marble. Each gate weighs about two tons and contains a Bod-hisattva, each with a different mien. The inner walls and arched ceilings of the gateways and halls are decorated with four celestial guardians (also called Deva kings), seated statues of gods and Buddhas, carvings of potted flowers, and small three-legged tables to hold incense burners and Buddhist scriptures. The coffin of Qian Long lies in the innermost recess of the underground palace. It was placed over a well that never runs dry.· was opened to the public as early as 1978? 71. ______· served as a model for the remaining 12 for its good preservation? 72. ______· is of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs? 73. ______· is the largest tomb? 74. ______· is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China? 75. ______· has the inner walls and arched ceiling of its gateway and halls decorated with four celestial guardians? 76. ______· owns three coffins within it? 77. ______· holds the coffin of an emperor which was placed over a well? 78. ______· has a large red gate with a significant bronze lion which marks the entrance to the ground? 79. ______· was a huge and costly construction project which began in 1743? 80. ______

填空题If mothers could choose the sex of their children, a disproportionate number of boys would undoubtedly be (31) at first but the sex ration at birth would ultimately even out. (32) to new findings of a national survey released yesterday. The survey (33) questioned 5981 married women (34) their sex preferences in children, indicated that most would prefer their first-born to be a boy (35) by a girl (36) the second child. Thus, in the United States at least, the survey indicates that counter to the fears of some, the ability to select the sex of offspring would not greatly distort the ultimate sex ratio of the population. The survey findings, a part of the 1970 National Fertility Study, also (37) that (38) the time they were questioned, at least half of currently married women (39) to leave sex selection to nature (40) than use some new technology to predetermine the (41) of their children. The National Fertility Study, first done in 1966, is based (42) national random sample of married women under 45 years of age living in the United States. If left to (43) the national sex ratio (44) birth is 105 boys to 100 girls, with an approximately equal chance that a family with two children would have the following combinations: boy-girl, girl-boy, boy-boy or girl-girl. The survey findings, published in the current(May 10) (45) of the journal Science, indicate that (46) sex selection were readily available and widely used, (47) would be a temporary"20 per cent excess of male births. "This would occur mainly (48) most women who have not yet had children would select a boy as their first-born, giving a birth ratio of 189 boys to 100 girls. Then, as these women select girls as their second child, the sex ratio would ultimately balance out. Among women who have already started their families, the survey showed that in subsequent births they would seek to balance the sexes of their children, (49) would have little if any effect (50) the national sex ratio.

填空题 Bill Gates is the richest private citizen in the world. There is nothing he can't{{U}} (31) {{/U}}. Every morning, when his alarm clock goes off, the software tycoon is ＄20 million{{U}} (32) {{/U}}than he went to bed. His wealth is based on his company, Microsoft, of which he{{U}} (33) {{/U}}39% of the shares. He is not shy about{{U}} (34) {{/U}}it. He has built a mansion that he's packed with high-tech gadgetry. Visitors are given a smart card encoded{{U}} (35) {{/U}}their personal preferences, so that{{U}} (36) {{/U}}they wander from room to room, their favorite pictures will{{U}} (37) {{/U}}on the screens, and the music they like will play. The card is{{U}} (38) {{/U}}so that only the most intimate friends can open all the doors. This cold-blooded approach to human relationships also seems to be true{{U}} (39) {{/U}}his love life. When he went out with his ex-girlfriend, Ann Winblad, on a virtual{{U}} (40) {{/U}}, each would drive alone to the same movie at the same time in different towns, and then talk about it{{U}} (41) {{/U}}on their mobiles, discussing the plots and{{U}} (42) {{/U}}opinions. When finally he got{{U}} (43) {{/U}}, he and his wife, Melinda, signed a premarital agreement{{U}} (44) {{/U}}allows him to go on an annual holiday with Ann. Gates has been called "King of the Nerds", but this simply isn't fair. In the ninth{{U}} (45) {{/U}}at school, he got straight A's. Gates went on to Harvard University, {{U}}(46) {{/U}}he managed to be in the same class as the girls he fancied{{U}} (47) {{/U}}inserting a piece of software into the college computer. But he never{{U}} (48) {{/U}}college. When he left, he knew exactly what to do. He{{U}} (49) {{/U}}up his own company. The reason why Microsoft has been so successful is because Gates saw that his fortune lay in{{U}} (50) {{/U}},not hardware.

填空题{{B}} A = SCENARIO 1 B = SCENARIO 2 C = SCENARIO 3 D = SCENARIO 4 In which scenario(s) ...{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} Scenario 1: In this first scenario, the Arctic in 2040 has become an integral component of the global economic system. Formerly a hinterland, the region has rapidly been drawn into the globalization age. Abundant natural resources, a less-harsh climate, mostly sparse populations, and a geography permitting shorter global air and sea routes between North America and Euroasia have been critical factors influencing the Arctic's development. The Arctic remains a bellwether for global environmental change, because the manifestations of global warming are amplified in the high latitudes. The Arctic's dramatic environmental changes include the shrinking and thinning of sea ice and significant thawing of permafrost in the Russian Arctic, Alaska, and northern regions of Canada. Arctic sea ice disappeared completely for a two-week period during summer 2040. Such climatic change has had profound and largely unfavorable consequences for a majority of the Arctic's indigenous peoples. Several coastal communities in Alaska and Canada have simply washed away. The age of polar transportation has arrived, as the Arctic now offers greater access than at any other period in circumpolar history. The opening of Russian airspace over the Arctic early in the twenty-first century shortened flights between North America and Asia and have relieved congestion on trans-Pacific routes. {{B}}B{{/B}} Scenario 2: In this scenario, there is substantial international cooperation and harmony among many actors and stakeholders, principally because the circumpolar nations realize they have significant environmental, social, and economic interests and responsibilities in the Arctic. The indigenous organizations around the Arctic have a much higher profile and significant influence over decisions related to regional environmental protection and economic development. The Arctic continues as a key indicator of global climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions have remained relatively high, and the resulting impacts on the Arctic by 2040 are widespread and serious. Visible effects of decades of warming—on land and sea—are observed over large expanse of the Arctic. A full-scale assault on Arctic oil and gas has not yet materialized. World prices have risen, but not enough for all regions of the Arctic to be competitive. New developments in the Caspian Sea, offshore Sakhalin Island, and in deep waters have generally met global energy demand. While northwest Russia and the Alaskan Arctic have witnessed expanded oil and gas development, the Canadian Arctic and offshore Barents Sea have experienced only minimal investment. Transportation system are more robust in the Arctic than ever before. Polar air routes are thriving, as in the Globalized Frontier scenario, but international accords have controlled aircraft emissions, limiting their impacts on the Arctic atmosphere. {{B}}C{{/B}} Scenario 3: Widespread resource exploitation and increased international tension exist throughout the Arctic in this scenario. The Arctic is viewed by much of the global community as a storehouse of natural resources that is being jealously guarded and developed by a handful of wealthy circumpolar nations. Preventing uncontrolled access to these vital resources, especially oil and natural gas, has become an obsession for all Arctic stakeholders. The Arctic is a part of the global economic system, but any linkage is orchestrated or dictated by the most powerful Arctic states. The Arctic is undergoing extreme environmental stress as global warming continues unabated. Greenhouse gas emissions have been unleashed globally at unprecedented rates; The result has been massive permafrost thawing (and disappearance), rapid glacial retreat in Greenland and Canada, extensive coastal shore erosion, and a historic retreat of Arctic sea ice in all marginal seas and the central Arctic Ocean. Multiyear sea ice—that is, ice that survives the summer melt season—has disappeared, as no Arctic sea ice has been observed anywhere in the Arctic Ocean during September of the past two years. Many Arctic indigenous populations have been displaced from their traditional homelands due to extreme environmental events. For the first time in history, illegal immigration into many subarctic regions is a reality. {{B}}D{{/B}} Scenario 4: In this scenario, the Arctic remains integrated with the global economic system in 2040, but the evolving international sustainability paradigm has altered the region's development strategy to one emphasizing gradualism. Resource exploitation such as fishing is a given (not an option) in much of the Arctic, but such commercial activities are being tempered by greater consideration of broad social and environmental concerns. Mutual respect and cooperation among the circumpolar nations are the norm. The Arctic governance system is viewed as a model for resolving complex sustainable development issues and regional disputes. While the International Global Climate Treaty has resulted in sizable and continuing reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, these changes have had little immediate impact on the Arctic. Eight decades of unprecedented regional warming have taken their toll on the cryosphere. Thus, a comprehensive set of adaptive strategies has evolved to take into account such regional changes as thinner permafrost layers, an elevated sea level, and longer seasons 9f open water normally covered by Arctic sea ice. Transport user fees and other eco-taxes have funded the implementation of these strategies in cases where change has seriously impacted indigenous communities. Social well-being and quality of life in the Arctic has been transformed: Poverty has been reduced thanks to revenue sharing from tourism, transport, and minerals extraction, which has created sustainable incomes and helped develop affordable housing.· air and marine transportation has greatly expanded but is under stricterinternational regulation? 71. ______· global warming has caused some coastal communities to wash away? 72. ______· arctic states guard natural resources prevent uncontrolled access by globalcommunity? 73. ______· the Arctic is an integral part of the global economic system? 74. ______ 75. ______· illegal immigration into subarctic areas becomes a major problem? 76. ______· indigenous organizations have a greater say in environmental andeconomic development decision making? 77. ______· new polar air routes have eased congestion between North America and Asia? 78. ______· poverty among indigenous peoples has been reduced due to revenue sharingfrom industries such as tourism, transportation, and minerals extraction? 79. ______· tapping into Arctic resources has not become a reality? 80. ______

填空题Without exaggeration, all products and services -- explicitly "cultural" or not -- may be described as "spectacle-commodities". Indeed, a certain "cultural" luster now serves as the indispensable packaging for every commodity, as a general gloss on the rationality and intelligence of the capitalist system as a whole, and as the chief product of that system. 1. ______ Wars, riots, law enforcement, criminal justice, elections, political scandals, investigative journalism, expert opinion of all stripes, predictions and forecasts, and news, traffic and weather reports (to name just a few) are produced, distributed and consumed as entertainment products. Even commercial advertisements for products are produced to be consumed as entertainment, as integrated "info-tainment". The spectacular integration that produces "info-tainment" presupposes that both entertainment and information are capable of and are now being created with the needs of the marketplace "in mind". Information -- without regard for its subject matter -- must be as easily conceived and comprehended as a bar of soap or any other commodity, and it must contain or lead to nothing harmful to the logic or regime of the commodity. Data must be narrowly re-cast as "information" and strictly defined as a source of value and a form of merchandise before it can be integrated into "info-tainment". 2. ______ Data can only circulate productively after it has been "raised up" (or abstracted) to the level of the objective and the universal. When the process of abstraction works according to the "logic" of the commodity -- that is, when the process isolates what it produces from its context, its past, its original intentions, and its consequences -- the end result can only be irrational. 3. ______ But because "raised up" data remains knowledge about particulars, it is also essentially totalitarian: information as commodity is the imposition of a fragmentary vision on the totality of social practice. Therefore, there is nothing "objective" or "universal" about information at all, except for its relationship to power, which is absolute. 4. ______ An example: the rhyme of the neologism "edutainment" (presumably a shortening of the phrase educational entertainment) with "infotainment" suggests that integrated edutainment is "education for the Information Age" and that "infotainment" can't be so bad because it can mutate into something called "edutainment". Literally speaking, edutainment is unthinkable without infotainment, which is its role model. Industry has long regarded the school systems (the main repositories and sources of popular knowledge) as an important potential entrance point into the minds of children and, thus, into the minds and pocketbooks of parents. But advertising has wisely been forbidden in textbooks and on school grounds, thus depriving the marketing specialists of the beach-head needed for their invasion, so to speak. And so they have had to produce "informative" videotapes specially designed for use in the classroom, produced by the likes of the Cartoon Channel, the Discovery Channel, CNN in the Classroom, and Turner Broadcasting Systems. The degree of the commodity's colonisations of edutainment generally can be gauged by the title of TBS's very popular edutainment tape, Just Yabba-Dabba-Doo It.t, which plays on both Fred Flintstone's cry of falsified happiness and the command-slogan of the Nike Corporation (itself a recuperation of the Yippies' slogan "Do it!"). Such integrated works may indeed be the "effective teaching tools" that their sellers proclaim them to be, but it seems clear that what they teach is how to be a good "citizen-consumer" of the reigning spectacle. 5. ______ These are an ominous developments -- "commercialization" and "privatization" are taking place in an increasing number of important municipal entities and functions, such as sanitation, security, correctional institutions and park maintenance -- but especially because of the conditions in which all of the other libraries, archives and museums are now forced to operate. A The interest of a neologism like "infotainment" (which is applied to a lot more these days than just half-hour-long commercials) is that, like a spectacle-commodity, it is as easily conceived and comprehended as a bar of soap: its meaning -- such as it is -- is immediately clear to a broad range of people. Though essentially it is an empty phrase, "infotainment" grows more valuable as an object of exchange the more the term can be filled with references to other easily-comprehended spectacles. B For this to have happened, all of culture must first have been stabilized, homogenized and integrated into something called "entertainment". Once it may have been upsetting to contemplate the idea that "guerilla war struggle is the new entertainment". Today, the all-embracing spectacle of televised entertainment (mass culture) includes even (and ever) more exotic forms of social practice. C And yet there is a certain "logic" to the systematic irrationality of all information: if theory can define information as "a measure of the probability of a message being selected from the set of all possible messages", then the probability of information containing a "commercial message" is, in a capitalist society, very high indeed. D Faced with severe budgetary restrictions and declining in-person usage, public and private knowledge centers have had, some more willingly than others, to begin the long process of digitizing and commercializing access to their entire holdings and to promote the corporations that so graciously allowed them to do so at such a good price. E There are always plenty of fresh examples to hammer home the point that there is no other choice but to be a good "citizen-consumer". In the context of the global imposition of edutainment as the (only) pedagogic method, no more compelling a lesson could be imagined than the current campaign in New York State to shrink drastically tax-derived funding for the State University of New York system and then to commercialize and profit from decentralized access to all of the individual components and everything that they each contain -- the "in-house" libraries, museums, and archives -- in the names of "learning productivity", an obvious rhyme with "worker productivity" and "distance- learning". F But, unlike culture, which is "the locus of the search for lost unity", data is concrete knowledge about particular facts or circumstances. Won in the course of the straggles of everyday life, data is local and subjective by definition. As such, it poses a problem for the marketplace, which can only circulate "objectively" valuable goods that have "universal" appeal.

填空题Married mothers who also hold jobs, despite having to juggle career and home, enjoy 1 health than their underemployed or childless peers. Data from a long-term study launched in the UK in 1946 shows that such working moms are the 2 likely to be obese 3 middle age and the most likely to report generally good health. And this result cannot be explained simply 4 the healthiest women take on the most. Epidemiologist Anne McMunn of University College London drew more than 1,400 female 5 from a study of 5,362 Britons born during the first week of March 1946. Followed 6 their lives, including face-to-face interviews at 7 26, 36, 46 and 53, the women provided data from both their own views of their health as well as 8 measures such as body-mass index. By assessing both 9 and objective information, the researchers hoped to discover 10 working moms undertook such multitasking because of their inherent 11 or achieved good health because of their multiple roles. Of the 555 working mothers, only 23 percent proved obese 12 age 53, compared to 38 percent of the 151 full-time homemakers, 13 also averaged the highest body-mass index of all six categories of 14 , rounded out by single working mothers, the childless, multiply-married working moms and intermittently-employed married mothers. In 15 , full-time homemakers reported the most poor health, 16 by single mothers and the childless. Of course, the data do not show 17 working moms are healthiest but the women"s view of their own health at 26 did not correlate 18 whether they undertook 19 careers and families, seeming to discount a definitive role for good health in determining a woman"s choices. Working correlated with low body mass 20 all groups, including single moms and childless women.

填空题

填空题Answer Questions 71 to 80 by referring to the passages on the following pages. Answer each question by choosing A, B, or C and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Note: When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order. Some choices may be required more than once. A=Yahoo! B=eBay C=Amazon Which company (companies) rents its own logistics and infrastructure to other companies to computeon the Internet? {{U}}{{U}} 1 {{/U}}{{/U}} are run without a clear vision for the future? {{U}}{{U}} 2 {{/U}}{{/U}}　{{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}}{{/U}} held a dominant position in its business but alienated its users? {{U}}{{U}} 4 {{/U}}{{/U}} employed internal competition in a way that confused advertisers andusers? {{U}}{{U}} 5 {{/U}}{{/U}} is the youngest among the three survivors in the great Internet crisis? {{U}}{{U}} 6 {{/U}}{{/U}} has not changed its leader since the very beginning and still sticks to thesame vision? {{U}}{{U}} 7 {{/U}}{{/U}} acquired other companies without making them an integral part of it? {{U}}{{U}} 8 {{/U}}{{/U}} used to be less profitable but is now on the right track? {{U}}{{U}} 9 {{/U}}{{/U}} provides services similar to Google but does not confront it directly? {{U}}{{U}} 10 {{/U}}{{/U}} The Internet company, Yahoo! appears in the end to have rebuffed Microsoft, the software Goliath that wanted to buy it. It has done so, in part, by surrendering to Google, the younger Internet company that is its main rival. Yahoo! lives, but on the web's equivalent of life support. Yahoo! 's descent, first gradual then sudden, during this decade marks a surprising reversal of the fates of the only three big Internet firms to have survived since the web's earliest days. Back in 1994, Jerry Yang and David Filo, truant PhD students at Stanford, started to publish a list, eventually named Yahoo!, of links to cool destinations on the nascent web. Around the same time, Jeff Bezos was writing his business plan for a website, soon to be called Amazon, for selling books online. The following year, Pierre Omidyar, a French-born Iranian-American, put an auction site on the web that would become eBay. Even as hundreds of other dotcoms fell by the wayside at the turn of the century, these three made it through the great Internet crisis and have since prospered, to varying degrees and at different times. Their fates have reflected the evolution of the web as a whole, and now suggest its future direction. For many years eBay and Yahoo! made more money than Amazon, which, as a capital-intensive retailer, struggled longer with losses and then made profits at lower margins. And yet, says Pip Coburn of Coburn Ventures, an investment adviser, Yahoo! is now drifting and eBay is a washed-up quasi-monopoly, whereas Amazon finds itself at the Internet's cutting edge. Yahoo! set out to be a new sort of media company. Its site became a tawdry strip mall, with big, flashing advertisements next to users' e-mail inboxes. The firm slipped into a mindset of product silos, with the teams for the home-page, e-mail, finance and sports pages competing with each other and for advertisers, and confusing users. Yahoo! 's bigger mistake was not to see how the web was changing. Google, also founded by two truant Stanford PhD students, became the leader of a new generation with a vision that web search, rather than Yahoo! 's "portal" approach, would guide surfers around the Internet. Yahoo! belatedly tried to keep up and bought sites such as flicker, corn for photo-sharing and del.icio.us.com for bookmark-sharing, but it "put them in the curio cabinet" without transforming the company, say's Jerry Michalski, a technology consultant. EBay took a different route, recognising that its business—in effect, online yard sales—had potential network effects: in short, that sellers and buyers would flock to whichever site already did the most trading. The firm became a de facto monopoly, but with that came a culture that left many of its users disenchanted, and growth slowed. Some measures, such as the number of new listings of items for sale, are even in decline. Buyers and sellers increasingly rely on Google's search model, or online social networks, to find things and one another. EBay's new boss, John Donahoe, is not facing a crisis like Yahoo! 's—but neither does he appear to have a big idea for the future. Amazon, by contrast, has found exactly that. It is the only one of the three that has been led continuously by the same man, its founder Jeff Bezos. Unlike his peers at the other two firms, Mr. Bezos has stuck to his original vision—while adding two new ideas as they presented themselves. His original plan was to become "Earth's biggest fiver" of merchandise, from books and toys to electronics and almost anything else that can be shipped. Then Mr. Bezos realised that the same online store-front and logistics system that worked for Amazon itself could also work for others. So he added an entirely new category of customers: third-party sellers, who account for 30% of all items sold through Amazon's site today. Then, about four years ago, another, and potentially bigger, idea struck Mr. Bezos. Their infrastructure is rivalled in scale by only a few other firms in the world, including Google. So Mr. Bezos again added an entire category of customers: firms that wanted to rent computing capacity from Amazon over the Internet, rather than build their own data centres in a warehouse. It has signed up over 370,000 customers. Almost by accident, Amazon has thus "backed into cloud computing". If there is a leader in the cloud, it is Google. But Amazon is now fight up there. Better yet, although Amazon overlaps with Google in the cloud, it does not rival it directly. Google mostly offers entire applications, such as word processing or spreadsheets, to consumers through their web browsers. Amazon offers services to programmers so they can build and run their own applications. So there they are. Jerry Yang is still boss of Yahoo !, although angry, restive shareholders may oust him at their annual meeting on August 1st, and his top lieutenants are leaving in droves. John Donahoe is looking hard for a purpose that will enable eBay to survive another decade. And Mr. Bezos is right where he wants to be.

填空题A=James Hargrove B=John Joe C=Sergeant Jackson Which black officer... ● staged in the car and radioed for help when seeing a robbery? 1 ● is a son of retired Los Angeles police officer? 2 ● believes that in most cases white and black officers would help each other in case of the danger? 3 ● thinks that the conflicts arising from being" black in blue" can be humiliating? 4 ● said he and the white officers didn"t talk to each other for eight hours when at work? 5 ● thinks that the relationship between black officers and the black community has improved? 6 ● mentioned that black and white officers were partners on the job, but the story was different when they were off duty? 7 ● said that when black officers took off their uniforms, whites would treat them as the ordinary black? 8 ● prefers to work in minority communities? 9 ● mentioned that they were asked to think of themselves as being blue rather than black? 10 James Hargrove He remembers the time he saw a robbery in progress in Manhattan. As a police officer, he wanted to jump out of his patrol car. As a black man in civilian clothes, carry a weapon, he knew better. So Patrolman Hargrove did what most other off-duty black police officers have been trained by instinct and by the job to do in such situations: he stayed in the car and radioed for help. It underscores a more complex issue: how the pervasive stereotype of criminals as young black males may influence police officers" responses. That point was illustrated in December in Prince Georges country, Md., when a black Washington, D. C. police officer was shot and killed in his home by a white country police officer who mistook him for an armed burglar. In an interview, Patrolman Hargrove, who lives in a predominantly black section of the capital, said the conflicts and ambiguities that arise from being "black in blue" can be humiliating and demoralizing. "When the white guys finish work, they go home to their white neighborhoods and the black guys go home to the black community." He continued, "You may be their partner on the job, but the minute you"re off duty, it"s a different story. It"s like you"ll find a bunch of white cops hovering in the locker room snickering at something—then when you walk in they stop. Now what are you supposed to think?" John Joe "I work in a white area on the West Side. Being black, in plain clothes, people might mistake me for a burglar and shoot me. It"s better for me to be in a black area. Very few black officers work in white areas. The majority of the policeman in the station where I work are young whites," said John Joe. In an interview he said, "Most of us believe that regardless of personal likes, dislikes or prejudice, white officers would come to our aid and we would aid them. And we share the view that the relationship between black police officers and the black community, where the black officer is sometimes regarded as a traitor and often shunned, has improved in recent years, in part because of attempts by black police officers to control the high incidence of crime in black neighborhoods." "We"re tied to the black community by this umbilical cord," he continued, "We can"t sever it because we have a commonality, and that is our color. We know that if we take off our uniforms, whites would treat us the same as they do other blacks in Anacostia," a predominantly, low-income black community in the District of Columbia. "On the one hand, we"re asked to think of ourselves as being blue, not black. I had one fellow officer, who was white, tell me that if he calls blacks niggers it shouldn"t offend me because I"m blue, not black." Sergeant Jackson He is 29 years old, a graduate of California Lutheran College and the son of a retired Los Angeles police officer. In an interview, he said, "They give you a different partner about every day. You ride around, patrol the area, answer the phone calls, write tickets—it gets pretty dull. You and the white don"t talk to each other for eight hours." The white guys feel, "I"m with this black to put on a comrade of integration." I am saying to myself, "The only reason I"m with this white cop is to protect his life while he"s riding around in the black community." "We can always feel that we are treated differently from whites in assignments and promotions. We are more likely to be assigned to high crime areas in which minority groups live. I preferred to work in minority communities, even with the greater potential for danger. We serve a dual purpose in the black community in that we are seen as protectors of the community and in some respects as role models. Most of us have learned how to respond to the pressures we face on and off the job, and most also concede that constant stress may eventually begin to take its toll." "Sometimes I feel that it was destroying me as a black man. When I joined the force eight years ago I went along with the racial slurs in order to be accepted by the police fraternity. It began to turn me against my own people. I began to see fellow blacks as untrustworthy, as thieves and criminals. I began to shut myself off from my family and friends."

填空题A= BOOK1 B= BOOK2 C= BOOK3 D= BOOK4 Which book(s) say(s) that... · the climate affects the future sustainable agricultural development? (71) · environmental control is related with the national revenues? (72) · the environmental problems are not caused overnight? (73) · a variety of species are on the decrease? (74) · agriculture is also a factor for the degradation of environment? (75) · pollution can be controlled by increasing the production cost of polluting goods? (76) · pollution control needs the support of technology and techniques? (77) · provides lessons for agriculture, trade, land use and tax policy from an economic perspective? (78) · the degradation of environment causes the change of climate? (79) · the approaches to research should be adjusted to the changing situation? (80) A BOOK 1 The book offers a comprehensive perspective on the consequences and possible policy solutions for climatic change as we move into the twenty-first century. It assesses the impact of potential feature global climate change on agriculture and the need to sustain agricultural growth for the economic development. The book begins by examining the role of international research institutions in overcoming environmental constraints on sustainable agricultural growth and economic development. The authors then discuss how agricultural research systems may be restructured to respond to global environmental problems such as climate change and loss of genetic diversity. The discussion then extends to consider environmental accounting and indexing, to illustrate how environmental quality can be included formally in measures of national income, social welfare and sustainability. The third part of the book focuses on the effects of and policy responses to climate change. Chapters in this part examine the effect of climate change on production, trade, land use patterns and livelihoods. They consider impacts on the distribution of income between developed and developing countries remain a major economic activity. Authors take on an economy-wide perspective to draw lessons for agriculture, trade, land use and tax policy. B BOOK 2 The ozone layer is threatened by chemical emissions; the climate is endangered from fossil and deforestation, and global biodiversity is being lost by reason of thousands of years of habitat conversions. Global environmental problems arise out of the accumulated impacts from many years' and many countries' economic development. In order to address these problems the states of the world must cooperate to manage their development processes together—this is what an international environmental agreement must do. But can the world's countries cooperate successfully to manage global development? How should they manage it? Who should pay for the process, as well as for the underlying problems? This book presents an examination of both the problem and the process underlying international environmental lawmaking: the recognition of international interdependence, the negotiation of international agreements and the evolution of international resource management. It examines the general problem of global resource management by means of general principles and case studies and by looking at how and why specific negotiations and agreements have failed to achieve their targets. The book is designed as an introductory text for those studying global environmental policy making and institution building. It will also be of interest to practitioners and policy makers and scholars in the areas of environmental economics and law. C BOOK 3 Industrialization to achieve economic development has resulted in global environmental degradation. While the impacts of industrial activity on the natural environment are a major concern in developed countries, much less is known about these impacts in developing countries. This source book identifies and quantifies the environmental consequences of industrial growth, and provides policy advice, including the use of clean technologies and environmentally sound production techniques, with special reference to the developing world. The developing world is often seen as having a high percentage of heavily polluting activities within its industrial sector. This, combined with a substantial agriculture sector, which contributes to deforestation, the erosion of the top soil and desertification, has led to extreme pressures on the environment and impoverishes the population by destroying its natural resource base. This crisis suggests that sound industrialization policies are of paramount importance in developing countries' economic development, and calls for the management of natural resources and the adoption of low-waste of environmentally clean technologies. The authors consider the industrial sector as a pollutant to other sectors of the economy, and then focus on some industrial-specific pollutants within the manufacturing sector and some process-specific industrial pollutants. They conclude by reviewing the economic implications of promoting environmentally sound industrial development, specially adressing the question of the conflict or complementarily which may exist between environmental goods and industrial production. D BOOK 4 This is an important book which presents new concepts of the marginal cost of substituting non-pollutive for pollutive goods. Technically in its approach it complements the other literature in the field and will be a significant contribution to the understanding of microeconomic issues in pollution control. The book focuses on the three main concepts: substitutions in consumption, emission abatement and exposure avoidance. The first part considers the adjustment of the scope and combination of goods produced as a method for controlling pollution. The author argues that pollution is controlled by increasing the relative price of the polluting goods in the production process, thereby reducing demand and subsequent production of the goods. In the second part, the discussion is extended to include the possibilities of preventing or abating emissions in relation to three models: first, pollution prevention when non-polluting inputs and processes are substituted for pollutants; second, when a proportion of the polluting output is recycled rather than being discarded; and finally end-of-pipe abatement where additional technology is used. In conclusion, the author assesses the extent to which pollution damage is controlled by avoidance of emissions, with avoidance being modeled as an add-on technology with its own returns to scale.

填空题 You may say that the business of marking books is going to slow down your reading.{{U}} (31) {{/U}}probably will. That's one of the{{U}} (32) {{/U}}for doing it. Most of us have been taken in by the notion that speed of{{U}} (33) {{/U}}is a measure of our intelligence. There is{{U}} (34) {{/U}}such thing as the right{{U}} (35) {{/U}}for intelligent reading. Some things should be{{U}} (36) {{/U}}quickly and effortlessly, and some should be read{{U}} (37) {{/U}}and even laboriously. The sign of intelligence{{U}} (38) {{/U}}reading is the ability to read{{U}} (39) {{/U}}thing differently according to their worth. In the{{U}} (40) {{/U}}of good books, the point is not to see how many of them you can get through,{{U}} (41) {{/U}}how many can you get through--how many you can{{U}} (42) {{/U}}your own. A few friends are{{U}} (43) {{/U}}than a thousand acquaintances. If this be your goal,{{U}} (44) {{/U}}it should be, you will not be impatient if it takes more time and effort to read a great book than it{{U}} (45) {{/U}}a newspaper. You may have another objection to{{U}} (46) {{/U}}books. You can't lend them to your friends{{U}} (47) {{/U}}nobody else can read them{{U}} (48) {{/U}}being distracted by your notes. What's more, you won't want to lend them because a{{U}} (49) {{/U}}copy is a kind of intellectual diary, and{{U}} (50) {{/U}}it is almost like giving your mind away. If your friend hopes to read your "Shakespeare", or "The Federalist Papers", tell him, gently but firmly, to buy a copy. You will lend him your car or your coat--but your books are as much a part of you as your head or your heart.

填空题A=Washington D.C. B=New York City C=Chicago D=Los Angeles Which city... ·is the headquarter of the Supreme Court? 71. ______ ·was discovered as early as 1524? 72. ______ ·has served as the capital of the country? 73. ______ ·is now the largest industrial city in the country? 74. ______ ·leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts?75. ______ ·is the largest city? 76. ______ ·is the second largest city in population in U. S. A. ? 77. ______ ·has become one of the world's busiest ports? 78. ______ ·covers an area of over 69 square miles? 79. ______ ·is now considered the center of industry, transportation, commerce and finance in the mid-west area? 80. ______ A Washington D. C. Washington, the capital of the United States, is in Washington D. C. and is situated on the Potomac River between the two states of Maryland and Virginia. The population of the city is about 800,000 and it covers an area of over 69 square miles (including 8 square miles of water surface). The section was named the District of Columbia after Christopher Columbus, who discovered the continent. The city itself was named Washington after George Washington, the first president of U. S. A. The building of the city was accomplished in 1800 and since that year, it has served as the capital of the country. Thomas Jefferson was the first president inaugurated there. In the War of 1812, the Britain army seized the city, burning the White House and many other buildings. Washington is the headquarters of all the branches of the American federal system: Congress, the Supreme Court and the Presidency. Apart from the government buildings, there are also some other places of interest such as the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, the Literary of the Congress and Mt. Vernon, home of George Washington. B New York City New York City, located in New York State, is the largest city and the chief port of the United States. The city of New York has a population of over 7 million (1970) and Metropolitan, 12 million. The city with its good harbor was discovered as early as 1524, and it was established by Dutch who named the city New Amsterdam. In 1664, the city was taken by the English and it got the name New York as it bears now. During the American Revolution in 1776, George Washington had his head-quarters for a time in New York City. The Declaration of Independence was first read there in July 4th, 1776. The city remained the nation's capital until 1790. New York became an important port early in the last century. A large portion of the national exports passed through New York Harbor. New York has become one of the world's busiest ports and also the financial, manufacturing, and travel center of the country. Some of the places of interest in the city are: the State of Liberty (152 meters high) which was given by the French people to the American people as a gift in 1877. It was erected on Liberty Island in the middle of New York Harbor. Broadway, Wall Street and Fifth Avenue are a few of New York's most famous streets. Wall Street, where many famous banks are centered, is the financial center of America and has be come a symbol of the American monopoly capitalism. Fifth Avenue is the street with famous stores and shops. Time Square is in the center of New York City, at Broadway and 42nd Street. Greenwich Village is an art center. Many American artists and writers have lived and worked there. The group of the third largest city buildings of the United Nations stands along the East River at the end of the 42nd Street. C Chicago Chicago, the second largest city in population in the United States, lies on the southwestern shore of the Lake Michigan at a point where the Chicago River enters the lake. The city is now the largest industrial city in the country. Both heavy and light industries are highly developed, particularly the former. Black metallurgical industry and meat processing are assumed to be the head in the U. S. . It is now considered the center of industry, transportation, commerce and finance in the mid-west area. The working class in Chicago has a glorious revolutionary tradition. On May lst, 1886, thousands upon thousands of workers in the city and the country went on strike for the eight-hour workday and succeeded. Since 1890, May 1 st has been observed every year as an International Labor Day. On March 8th, 1909, women workers in Chicago held a big strike for freedom and equal rights with men and since 1910, March 8th has been celebrated each year as an International Working Women's Day. D Los Angeles Los Angeles is situated near the Pacific coast in California. It is an important center of shipping, industry and communication. The city was first founded by a Spanish explorer in 1542 and turned over to the US in 1846. The city leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts and the area has become an aviation center. California is a leading state in the production of electronic products and the area of Los Angeles has grown into an important electronic center. Since the first American movie was made in Los Angeles in 1908, the city has remained the film center of the United States. Hollywood, the base of the film industry in the city, is a world famous film producing center.

填空题 Impatience characterizes young intellectual workers. They want to make their mark{{U}} (31) {{/U}}. So it's important to get{{U}} (32) {{/U}}to them in a challenging manner the idea{{U}} (33) {{/U}}big achievements rarely come easily and quickly. Point out that the little successes are essential. Show that they{{U}} (34) {{/U}}turn become the foundation on{{U}} (35) {{/U}}reputations are built add from which more important tasks can be accomphished. A variety of job assignments, including job or project rotation, also keep a job{{U}} (36) {{/U}}becoming dull. Whereas it's natural for some individuals to want to move ahead immediately to mere difficult assignments, {{U}}(37) {{/U}}proper guidance they can continue to learn and to gain versatility by working on a number of jobs that are essentially{{U}} (38) {{/U}}the same complexity. This way they gain breadth, if not depth. Probably the greatest offense to guard{{U}} (39) {{/U}}when dealing with younger specialists is to reject ideas out of hand. You must listen—and listen objectively—to their suggestions. Avoid{{U}} (40) {{/U}}overcritical. You want to nurture an inquiring mind with a fresh approach. You'll frustrate it quickly if you revert too often{{U}} (41) {{/U}}"We've tried that before and it won't{{U}} (42) {{/U}}here." One sure way to disenchant{{U}} (43) {{/U}}college graduates is flagrantly misusing their talents. Expect them to do some routine work, of course. But don't make their{{U}} (44) {{/U}}work just one long series of errands. This includes such break-in assignments{{U}} (45) {{/U}}performing routine calculations, digging up{{U}} (46) {{/U}}material, {{U}}(47) {{/U}}operating reproduction equipment. One large manufacturing company recently interviewed a number of{{U}} (48) {{/U}}engineers who had left them. The company found that the overwhelming complaint was that the company not only did not offer work that{{U}} (49) {{/U}}challenging but also expected{{U}} (50) {{/U}}too little from them in the way of performance.

填空题There is one kind of pain for which nobody has yet devised a cure—the pain that comes from the ending of a relationship. The relationship—it can be a marriage, a love affair, or a deep friendship, in fact, any emotional bond between two people—may have come to an abrupt but premeditated end, or it may have simply fizzled out as people and circumstances change. You may have been the one to break it off, or you may have been on the receiving end a brief phone call, a "Dear John" letter such as soldiers at the front used to dread receiving from their girlfriends back home who had got tired of waiting, or simply a quiet fading away. 1 Although there is no cure for grief, we cannot help looking for one to ease the pain, and help us forget our tears. We seek refuge in other relationships, keep ourselves busy with work, try to immerse ourselves in our hobbies. Perhaps we start to drink a little more than is good for us to "drown our sorrows", or we heed the conventional advice and join a club or society. 2 Moreover, we are always in a hurry to get rid of our grief. It is as if we were ashamed of it, feeling that we should be able to "pull ourselves together", and trying to convince ourselves as we bite on the pillow that we are much too old to be crying. 3 It is not easy to explain why we adopt this attitude to emotional pain, when it would never occur to us to suggest that we ought to overcome physical pain by a simple effort of will power. Part of the answer must lie in the nature of grief itself. When the love affair dies, you cannot believe that you will ever find another to replace the one who has gone so completely out of your life. 4 And yet, grief is like one of those illnesses that must run their course, regardless of what we might do. Memories do fade, a healing skin does start to grow over the wound, the intervals between sudden glimpses of the love you have lost do get longer and longer, and bit by bit, painfully, life resumes its normal flow. Such is the perversity of human nature that we can even start to feel guilty as these things start to happen, as if it were an insult to the lost loved one that we can begin to forget at all. 5 How much time is needed will vary from person to person, but psychiatrists have a rule of thumb: your grief will last as long as the original relationship. The sad thing is that when the breakdown occurs we can only stumble forward over the stones beneath our feet. It is dark ahead and we must be prepared to fall painfully many times on the way before we begin to discern the light at the end of the tunnel. A. Some bury their grief deep inside themselves so that few realize what they are going through; others seek relief by pouring their hearts out to their friends, or to anyone else who is prepared to offer a sympathetic shoulder to lean on. But even our friends after a while start to show their irritation, and suggest with their reproachful glances that it is about time we stopped our crying. They, too, are in a hurry for the thing to be over. B. The future stretches endlessly and bleakly ahead of you: you are utterly alone and without hope of consolation. Even after many, many months, when you think that you have begun to learn to live without your lost love, something—a familiar place, a snatch of music, a whiff of perfume, a casual work—will suddenly bring the bittersweet memories flooding back. You choke back the tears and the desperate, almost angry feeling that you are no better now than the day the affair ended. C. The important thing to admit about grief is that it will take its time. By trying to convince ourselves that it ought to be over sooner, we create an additional tension which can only aggravate the condition. People who have gone through the agony of a broken relationship—and there must be few who have not—agree that time is the great healer. D. The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to us. But this is not a business that can be undertaken in a day. The growth of alterative mental interest is a long process. E. Unfortunately, all of these things do little more than alleviate the symptoms without touching the cause of the ailment. F. However it ended and whoever took the initiative to end it, the pain is equally intense and hard to bear. It is a sort of death, and it requires the same period of mourning, the same time for grief.

填空题{{B}} A = Superficial Spreading Melanoma B = Nodular Melanoma C = Lentigo Maligna Melanoma D = Acral Lentiginous Melanoma Which type(s) has/ve the trait that ...{{/B}} Melanoma, also referred to as "malignant melanoma", is the most serious form of skin cancer. It is the skin cancer most likely to spread to lymph nodes and internal organs. There are four most common types of melanoma, which accounts for about 100% of diagnosed cases. {{B}}A{{/B}} {{B}}Superficial Spreading Melanoma:{{/B}} Superficial spreading melanoma (SSM) is the most common type of melanoma in the United States, accounting for about 70% of all diagnosed melanoma cases. This type of melanoma can strike at any age and occurs slightly more often in females than males. SSM is the leading cause of death from cancer in young adults. When SSM occurs in females, it most commonly appears on the legs. In males, it is more likely to develop between the neck and pelvis. However, this does not mean that females do not get SSM on their trunks or that males do not see SSM on their legs. This melanoma can occur anywhere on the skin's surface. A typical SSM lesion has irregular borders and various shades of black, brown, gray, blue, pink, red, or white. Within the lesion there can be a remarkable variation in color involving white, pink, brown, and black. In the early stages, SSM usually appears as a flat spot that looks like a freckle that is spreading sideways on the skin. Over time, the pigmentation in the lesion may darken, and the lesion may grow, develop increasingly irregular borders, and have areas of inflammation within the lesion. The area around the lesion may begin to itch. Occasionally, a SSM may become "less" pigmented as a person's immune responses try to destroy it. Superficial spreading melanoma can progress rapidly. {{B}}B{{/B}} {{B}}Nodular Melanoma:{{/B}} Nodular melanoma (NM) is the most aggressive type of melanoma and accounts for about 15% of all melanomas diagnosed in the United States. It can appear anywhere on the body and occurs more often in males than females. It can develop at any age; however, it is most often seen in people aged 60 and older. NM is different from other types of melanoma. It tends to grow more rapidly in thickness than in diameter and it may not have a readily visible phase of development. Instead of arising from a pre-existing mole, it may appear in a spot where a lesion did not previously exist. Since NM tends to grow deeper more quickly than it does wide and can occur in a spot that did not have a previous lesion, the prognosis is often worse because it takes longer for a person to be aware of the changes. NM is most often darkly pigmented; however, some NM lesions can be light brown or even colorless (non-pigmented). A light-colored or non-pigmented NM lesion may escape detection because the appearance is not alarming. An ulcerated and bleeding lesion is common. {{B}}C{{/B}} {{B}}Lentigo Maligna Melanoma:{{/B}} Lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM) typically occurs on sun-damaged skin in the middle-aged and elderly, especially on the face. This melanoma may be mistaken in its early, and most treatable, stages for a benign "age spot" or "sun spot". LMM accounts for about 10% of the melanomas diagnosed in the United States. Since LMM is so easily mistaken, it can go undetected for years. This can be quite dangerous. LMM begins as a spreading, flat, patch with irregular borders and variable colors of brown. This lesion is called "lentigo rnaligna". This spreading brownish patch may grow slowly for years and is often mistaken for lentigo simplex—a benign (non cancerous) brownish patch that can develop in the elderly after years of sun exposure. As the lesion grows and evolves, both the pigmentation and borders tend to become more irregular. This often occurs slowly over a period of 10 to 15 years. It also can happen rapidly--in a matter of weeks or months. As the lesion grows deeper into the skin (thickness increases), it may become various shades of black and brown. Dark nodules may appear within the irregular borders. These nodules me the invasive tumor, and if large enough to be felt by touch, will feel lumpy. {{B}}D{{/B}} {{B}}Acral Lentiginous Melanoma:{{/B}} In the United States, acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) accounts for about 5% of all diagnosed melanomas. It also is the most common form of melanoma in Asians and people with dark skin, accounting for 50% of melanomas that occur in people with these skin types. ALM is sometimes referred to as a "hidden melanoma" because these lesions occur on parts of the body not easily examined or not thought necessary to examine. ALM develops on the palms, soles, mucous membranes (such as those that line the mouth, nose, and female genitals), and underneath or near fingernails and toenails. ALM is often overlooked until it is well advanced because in the early stages, it often looks like a bruise or nail streak. As an ALM tumor increases in size, it usually becomes more irregular in shape and color. However, some ALM lesions can be lightly colored or colorless. The surface of the ALM lesion may remain flat, even as the rumor invades deeply into the skin. Thickening ALM on the sole of the foot can make walking painful and be mistaken for a plantar wart.· it is the most common form of melanoma in people of color? 71. ______· this type of melanoma occurs more often in males than females? 72. ______· dark nodules may appear within the irregular borders of the lesions? 73. ______· it may develop on mucous membranes? 74. ______· it can occur anywhere on the skin's surface? 75. ______ 76. ______· this type of melanoma occurs more often in females than males? 77. ______· it often looks like a bruise or nail streak in the early stages? 78. ______· it can develop on sun-damaged skin especially on the face? 79. ______· it looks like a freckle that is spreading sideways on the skin in the early stages? 80. ______

填空题Old parent-students are good listeners, midway between roommates and parents.

填空题 In the United States there are six million tennis players and twelve{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}golfers. These figures would not surprise most people. But many would be{{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}to learn that twenty million Americans{{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}motorcycles. Few people realize that motorcycling is fast becoming{{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}of America's most popular sports. Many kinds of people enjoy motorcycling. They include blacks and{{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}, businessmen, professionals, and blue-collar workers. According to the Cycle News,{{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}reaches more than 50 000 readers each week, the average American motorcyclist is between the ages of twenty-one and thirty-five. He owns his own house, and has a wife, more than one{{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}},and at least one car. He is a responsible citizen. Cycle Magazine, a monthly publication with almost 280000{{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}, claims that approximately fifty-five per cent of American motorcyclists are businessmen,{{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}three per cent in the professions and nine per cent in government service. Such informantion is offered by motorcyclists in the hope{{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}improving the general public's impression of their{{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}. The public has tended to believe that all motorcycles are ridden by wild, irresponsible, lawless young men. There are several things{{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}motorcycling that the average citizen dislikes. A cyclist's appearance has{{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}to do with this dislike. Motorcyclists frequently look dirty; in fact, they are dirty. On the road there is little to protect them{{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}mud, crushed insects,{{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}bird droppings.{{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}practical reasons they often dress{{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}old clothing which looks much{{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}respectable than the clothing of people who ride in cars. For the same reason motorcyclists usually wear dark colors. Perhaps this helps to explain{{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}they are sometimes suspected of having evil natures. In old plays of long ago, evil characters usually wore black. In cowboy movies the "bad guys" usually{{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}black hats while the "good guys" wear lighter colors.

填空题A=Rotherhithe B=Barnes C=Willesden Green D=King's Cross Which district(s) ... · used to have lots of problems such as drugs, street crime, etc. ? 71. ______ · has the unpopular style of architecture? 72. ______ · has the most expensive properties? 73. ______ · offers big out-fashioned houses at lower price? 74. ______ · is located in a quiet residential area? 75. ______ · saw a big increase in price last year? 76. ______ · will build a lot of new facilities? 77. ______ · is estimated to be a good investment? 78. ______ · encourages night-life culture for young people? 79. ______ · creates a relative energetic multi-cultural atmosphere? 80. ______ A Rotherhithe Rotherhithe may be most famous for its congested tunnel but many young buyers are warming to its riverside charms. It is still much cheaper than its waterside neighbors. The housing stock is predominately 1980s flats, many arranged in cul-de-sacs(死胡同) and closes around Surrey Quays Road. The unpopular architecture has led to the area being called the Milton Keynes of London but properties are spacious and unfashionable style has kept prices down. Paul Mitchell, of estate agents Alex Neil, says, "There is precious little period property, but you will get far more for your money here than a Victorian house with lots of original features down the road in Bermondsey. " Surry Quays shopping center provides all the amenities of a high street but the area is lacking in fun. However, Southwark Council is in talks to develop the "night time economy" which could well lead to an increase in bars and restaurants to cater for the growing number of young professional residents. "It is possible to get a good three-bedroom house in Rotherhithe for 280000," says Wumine Jordan Robinson, of agents Burwood Marsh. "About eight minutes' walk from the Jubilee Line which will have you in Bond Street in 15 minutes. There are not that many areas in London where that is possible." B Barnes Barnes sits just across the river from Hammersmith in southwest London, but it could not be more different from the noise and bustle of the opposite bank. It has been called one of the last true London "villages" with happy residents keeping its old school charms quiet from nosey outsiders and potential developers. Being by the river and predominately residential gives Barnes an attractively lazy vibe. It has a traditional village green complete with idyllic duck pond and quaint pub. The high street is about as far from the Pound Shop and Primark ambience of its neighbors as is possible. But buying into Barnes is not cheap. "Family houses are snapped up incredibly quickly," claims Chris Carney, sales negotiator at Boileaus estate agents. "It is very hard to get properties of this size, with outside space so close to London, which is why they are expensive." Large detached Victorian houses on the two main roads, Casttenau and Lonsdale, normally have between five and seven bedrooms, gardens of 120 ft and off-street parking. These sell for anything between ￡2 million and ￡5 million. By the village green there are rows of immaculate terraced houses on a number of streets that run off Church and Station roads, and four-bedroom houses of this kind sell for around ￡1 million. C Willesden Green Willesden Green has both suffered and benefited from its famous neighbors. Despite its growing popularity, the area remains interesting and multi-cultural, injecting a little bit of soul into what could otherwise become just another yuppie backwater. "Willesden Green has a diverse range of properties from 1930s semi-detached houses to large Victorian properties and new-builds which attract all kinds of buyers," says Richard Chiti, sales manager at estate agents Ellis ＆ Co. "The roads bordering West Hampstead are popular, as they are wide, tree-lined streets with sizeable family houses. Properties in and around Dobree Road, which lead down to Kensal Rise, are also in high demand." Estate agents and residents agree that the area used to be regarded as dangerous and undesirable, but this has changed over the last decade. It's popular because it is still affordable, although prices have rocketed over the last year. D King's Cross King's Cross used to be renowned for problems including drugs, prostitution and street crime but a ￡2 billion regeneration programme should help the area lose its seedy reputation. The project includes a new Eurostar terminal opening this year and a spruced-up tube station, alongside hundreds of new homes, offices and leisure facilities set to be completed in 2015. Such development has had a predictable effect on house prices. "There are a lot more amenities now, such as supermarkets, cafes and bars, and the issue people used to have with safety a few years ago has disappeared. " By the canal basin, new-built flats and luxury warehouse conversions from the bulk of property, and at the top end of the market there are stunning penthouses available with views across London. Much of the new development is centered on the back of the station, off York way, and flats are being sold to eager buyers off plan. The older properties are mainly mid-Victorian terraces around Caledonian Road and the streets heading towards Angel, and ex-local authority blocks where it is possible to pick up a two-bedroom refurnished flat for under ￡250000. Smith adds, "Investment-wise, King's Cross is a good bet. There is a big rental market here and prices will go up. There are still cheaper properties available, one- to two-bedroom flats in Victorian conversions, or ex-council properties. But people are holding on to them for dear life in the hope they will go up in value. If you find one, it is worth investing in./

填空题{{B}} A ＝ REPORT 1 B ＝ REPORT 2 C ＝ REPORT 3 D ＝ REPORT 4 Which report(s) say(s) that:{{/B}} {{B}} A Report 1{{/B}} A new study requested by the U. S. Congress is helping clear up some of the controversies regarding global warming. It finds the warming of the northern hemisphere in the last decades of the 20th century was unprecedented in the past thousand years. It also says the decade of the 1990s was the warmest on record. Authors believe human activities are at least partly responsible for recent warming. The study comes as extreme weather has shuck many parts of the United States. There was flooding in parts of the Midwest last week, more heavy rains this week in the southern and eastern United States. Scientists say that the warmer the air, the more evaporated water it holds. Winds pick up more moisture from the hotter ocean surfaces, resulting in heavier and more frequent downpours. Recent data compiled on wildfires indicate an increasing frequency in North America and elsewhere around the world. Scientists say generally over the last five decades snows are melting sooner and faster, producing hot, dry drought conditions in many parts of the world. Weather patterns have natural cycles, but this latest study suggests more frequent extremes of too dry and too wet conditions may exist for the rest of the decade and beyond.{{B}} B Report 2{{/B}} Scientists observed the highest air pollution on record above the Arctic Circle in May. Air pollution has been linked to a number of medical problems including heart attacks, asthma and stroke. It is so hot in many parts of the U. S. that officials are cautioning people to stay indoors. Even short exposure to high temperatures can cause serious health problems. Heat is not the only danger factor. Hot weather with little or no wind can lead to high levels of air pollution, especially ozone. Last year researchers in Boston analyzed pollution rates in nine major U. S. cities. They found the risk of stroke was one percent higher on days with relatively higher air pollution. Scientists say while this increase may seem small, it has a huge effect, since the number of people living in pollution-prone cities is so great. Researchers say pollution particles in the air may enter the body through the lungs and irritate the walls of blood vessels, encouraging clots that travel to the brain. The Hopkins scientists found these fine particles can reach the small airways and the air sacks in the lungs. A study found a link between fine particles in air pollution and risk of death. It also found that reducing exposure to air pollution decreased the number of deaths associated with pollution.{{B}} C Report 3{{/B}} Europe is baking under a heat wave that has sent temperatures soaring past 36 degrees Celsius in some places. The sizzling weather is blamed for the deaths of at least half a dozen people. Temperatures in parts of France were expected to soar as high as 36 degrees celsius Wednesday. Other parts of Europe are expected to be even hotter. So far, the heat wave has killed at least six people around Europe, including three in France. The heat is accompanied by unusually dry weather in many places. The sizzling scenario seems eerily similar to the heat wave of 2003, when heat was linked to the deaths of roughly 30,000 people around Europe, half of them in France. Things are different this summer. French social workers and ordinary French are checking in on older people, to make sure they're OK. The government has established a weather warning system, and a help hot line for the elderly and other fragile people. Other European countries are taking similar preventative measures. Nobody wants a repeat of the killer heat wave of 2003.{{B}} D Report 4{{/B}} Eleven days of triple digit temperatures in California are taking a toll on the state agricultural industry. Meteorologists expect the deadly heat wave that has killed at least 60 people could subside by this weekend. But the relief may be too late for many California farmers. California dairy farmer Hank Van Exel is doing his best to keep his herds comfortable. But the effect of the heat on his dairy cows is evident. He has lost 14 cows and says milk production is down more than 20 percent. The heat has led to emergency declarations in several counties. The heat has been unprecedented. It's been oppressively hot at night. All of these factors coming together have made it very challenging for the local community. "And California's $ 50-billion a year dairy industry is not the only victim. In vineyard, the scorching temperatures will affect the taste of the wines and grapes are beyond raisin. Over in the tomato fields, the heat has killed about 15 percent of the blossoms that typically yield 46,000 tons of tomatoes per season. People obviously losing money as the days continue to be hot. It's a story repeated in peach orchards and walnut groves and melon patches up and down the state. It's too early to assess total damages but consumers will feel the heat in their pocketbooks. The consumer deals with it in the prices they're going to pay when they go to the store or when they go to the restaurant."·a weather warning system is established to help people away 71. ______.from danger heat? ·hot weather without ozone may cause serious health problems 72. ______.associated with air pollution? ·not only people but also animals and crops are victims of 73. ______.heat wave? ·heat can be predicted because of natural cycle? 74. ______.·human activities contribute to global warming? 75. ______.·the deadly heat wave can kill people? 76. ______.·hot weather lasting for a long time can cause loss of money? 77. ______.·warm air causes heavier rain and wildfire for the next decade? 78. ______.·hot weather had attacked France twice since 2003? 　79. ______.·snows are melting in many place to cause dry and drought conditions? 80. ______.

填空题No matter what your situation is, one of the greatest dangers now is that you'll stop doing what you're already doing right. 66. ______ The first fundamental is maintaining a clear-eyed view of reality, no matter how unpleasantly it may differ from what you expected. It's amazing how many executives are driven by management fads and slogans, big hairy audacious goals (BHAGs), quantum leaps, inspirational leadership--and then refuse to deviate from course even when the environment changes dramatically. 67. ______ As the economy slows, you need to wipe your whiteboard clean and rethink your strategy based on what's realistically achievable. We know of a major chemical company that in the recent era of super growth declared a goal of growing ten times bigger in ten years. It' s a wonderful aspiration, but it shouldn't be the company's focus now. 68. ______ The second fundamental--like the others, it must be non--is to focus on the quality of your people. We hope it' s no longer necessary to argue that this is increasingly your company' s only source of competitive advantage. Yet when times get tough, many companies ease up on recruiting, figuring a slow economy will drive more applicants their way, and they spend less on training as a way to raise profits quickly without doing immediate damage to the business. That's just dumb, people do become obsolete~ they also grow. To put it in old economy terms, can you imagine postponing maintenance on an aircraft for six months? You wouldn't consider it, yet you may be tempted to do something even worse. Successful companies avoid this mistake. 69. ______ The third fundamental is continual, day by day insistence on improving productivity. In a slowdown, productivity typically tanks, leading some people to conclude that it is an unavoidable fact of life. It isn' t, and improving productivity during a downturn puts a company in a stronger competitive position when things turn up. 70. ______ Maintaining a commitment to reality, a focus on people, and rising productivity--assuming you can keep those three plate spinning, you' ll want to make several other moves quickly. (No one said this was easy. ) Speed is the key. Most companies will make most of these eventually, when they' re forced to. Your challenge is to make them first. A. Indeed, researchers have found that when the pressure is on, people exhibit a dismaying tendency to focus on insignificant problems while their perceptions become distorted and they insist on proving that their mistaken view of the situation is actually correct. B. Colgate Palmolive has a remarkable record of improving productivity, as reflected in gross margin, virtually every year for the past ]5 years, even during the last recession. In the brutally competitive slow growing business of household products. Colgate' s stock has risen an average of 28% annually over the past five years. C. This company, like most, should be asking how it' s going to be No. 1 in a new environment. The winning strategies and tactics will not be the same as those for growing tenfold in ten years. All managers will have to be prepared for more frequent shifts in priorities, not just at their own companies but also with customers and supply chain partners. D. Based on our long experience--as a consultant working with some of America' s most important companies and as a journalist investigating them---we're confident that as the economy slows, you' 11 be tempted to forget three of the most important fundamentals for keeping any business successful. This is the time when it's most crucial not to forget them. E.We need to acknowledge when we haven't done things as well as we would like or when we do something wrong, but getting things wrong does not make us useless people. That does not mean we should not face up to our deficiencies, but facing up means moving forward, not allowing in the past. F.The most valuable airline in the world, Southwest, is one of America's most desirable employers and in 1999 received 170, 000 applications for just 6, 000 positions. Yet the company recruits vigorously and never lets up, nor does it get stingy on training. The story is similar at Trilogy, General Electric, McKinley--getting the best people and malting them better is in the DNA of the most successful companies.