翻译题It is, perhaps, no accident that many of the outstanding figures of the past were exceptionally versatile men. 61)^Right up until comparatively recent times, it was possible for an intelligent person to acquaint himself with almost every branch of knowledge.# Thus, men of genius like Leonardo da Vinci or Sir Philip Sidney, engaged in many careers at once as a matter of curse. Da Vinci was so busy with his numerous inventions, that he barely found the time to complete his paintings; Sidney , who died in battle when he was only thirty -two years old, was not only a great soldier, but a brilliant scholar and poet at well. 62 )^Both these men came very near to fulfilling the Renaissance ideal of the "universal man" , the man who was proficient at everything.# Today, we rarely, if ever, hear that a musician has just invented a new type of submarine. Knowledge has become divided and sub-divided into countless, narrowly-defined compartments. The specialist is venerated; the versatile person, far from being admired, is more often regarded with suspicion. 63)^The modern world is a world of highly -skill " experts" who have had to devote the greater part of their lives to a very limited field of study in order to compete with their fellows.# With this high degree of specialization, the frontiers of knowledge are steadily being pushed back more rapidly than ever before. But this has not been achieved without considerable cost. 64)^ The scientist, who outside his own particular subject is little more than a moron, is a modern phenomenon ; as is the man of letters who is barely aware of the tremendous strides that have been made in technology.# Similarly, specialization has indirectly affected quite ordinary people in every walk of life. Many activities which were once pursued for their own sakes are often given up in despair; their require techniques, the experts tell us, which take a life-time to master. Why learn to play the piano, when you can listen to the world''s greatest pianists in your own drawing-room? Little-by-little, we are becoming more and more isolated form each other. 65)^It is almost impossible to talk to your neighbor about his job, even if he is engaged in roughly the same work as you are.# The Royal Society in Britain includes among its members only the most eminent scientists in the country. Yet it is highly disconcerting to find that even here, as one of its fellow put it, at a lecture only 10% of the members can understand 50% of what is being said!

Publicity offers several benefits. There are no costs for message time or space. An ad in prime time television may cost $250,000 to $500,000 or more per minute, whereas a five-minute report on a network newscast would not cost anything. However, there are costs for news releases, a publicity department, and other items. As with advertising, publicity reaches a mass audience. Within a short time, new products or company policies are widely known. Credibility about messages is high, because they are reported in independent media. A newspaper review of a movie has more believability than an ad in the same paper, because the reader associates independence with objectivity. Similarly, people are more likely to pay attention to news reports than ads. Readers spend time reading the stories, but they flip through the ads. Furthermore, there may be 10 commercials during a half hour television program or hundreds of ads in a magazine, Feature stories are much fewer in number and stand out clearly. Publicity also has some significant limitations. A firm has little control over messages, their timing, their placement, or their coverage by a given medium. It may issue detailed news releases and find only portions cited by the media; and media have the ability to be much more critical than a company would like. For example, in 1982, Procter ii may follow a report on crime or sports. Finally, the media ascertain whether to cover a story at all and the amount of coverage to be devoted to it. A company sponsored job program might go unreported or receive three-sentence coverage in a local newspaper.

翻译题This is a historic occasion. And I am particularly pleased to see Chairman Deng Xiaoping is able to be present. 　　【61】^ The Joint Declaration on the Future of Hong Kong, which we have just signed on behalf of our two Governments, is a landmark in the life of the territory; in the course of Anglo-Chinese relations; and in the history of international diplomacy.# The Agreement establishes a firm basis for confidence in Hong Kong up to 1997 and beyond, and for its continued stability, prosperity and growth. 　　I remember with pleasure my last visit to China in September 1982 and my discussions with Chinese leaders. At my meeting with Chairman Deng Xiaoping on that occasion we agreed to open talks on the future of Hong Kong. 　　【62】^Our common aim was to maintain the territory''s stability and prosperity. It is in a spirit of pride and of optimism about the future that I now return to sign the agreement, which is the result of those talks.# 　　I think you will agree that the negotiations were not always easy. At certain points there were difficult decisions to be made on both sides. There were moments of tension. 　　【63】^To overcome these difficulties we needed to draw on a shared fund of goodwill, on friendship , and on a common commitment to Hong Kong''s future.# This was what made success possible. I should like to pay tribute to the dedication of the two negotiating teams and all their supporting staff, under the guidance of Sir Geoffrey Howe and State Councilor and foreign Minister Wu Xueqian. It is thanks to the imagination and resource which they showed that we can sign an agreement today. 　　The agreement fully meets the political requirements of Britain and China, as well as the interests of the Hong Kong people. 　　【64】^It provides the framework in which as a Special Administrative Region of the People''s Republic of China, Hong Kong will maintain its economic system and way of life for 50 years after the first of July, 1997.# It gives Hong Kong a high degree of autonomy: Hong Kong people will administer Hong Kong and the Special Administrative Region will pass its own legislation. It allows Hong Kong to continue to decide its own economic, financial and trade policies and to participate as appropriate in international organizations and agreements. It preserves Hong Kong''s familiar legal system and the rights and freedoms enjoyed there. 　　【65】^In short it provides the assurances for future which Hong Kong needs, in order to continue to play its unique role in the world as a trading and financial center.#

翻译题【61】^In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent, notions of male superiority are hard to maintain.# The pattern of sharing in tasks and in decisions makes for equality, and this in turn leads to further sharing. 【62】^In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to accept that equality more easily than did their parents and to prepare more fully for participation in a world characterized by cooperation rather than by the "battle of the sexes".# If the process goes too far and man''s role is not regarded as important as before ― and that has happened in some cases ― we are as badly off as before, only in reverse. We should reassess the role of the man in the American family. We are getting a little tired of "Momism", but we don''t want to change it into a "Neo-popism". What we need is the recognition that bringing up children involves a partnership of equality. 【63】^There are signs that psychologists and specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the credit, nor all the blame. We have almost given up saying that a woman''s place is in the home.# 【64】^We are beginning, however, to study man''s place in the home and to insist that he does have a place in it. Nor is that place irrelevant to the healthy development of the child.# 【65】^The family is a cooperative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family member needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems. # Excessive authoritarianism has unhappy consequences, whether it wears skirts or trousers, and the ideal of equal fights and equal responsibilities is relevant not only to a healthy democracy, but also to a healthy family.

翻译题Laws of nature are of two basic forms: (1) a law is universal if it states that some conditions, so far as are known, invariably are found together with certain other conditions; and (2 ) a law is probabilistic if it affirms that, on the average, a stated fraction of cases displaying a given condition will display a certain other condition as well. In either case, a law may be valid even though it obtains only under special circumstances or as a convenient approximation. 61 )^ Moreover, a law of nature has no logical necessity; rather, it rests directly or indirectly upon the evidence of experience.# Laws of universal form must be distinguished from generalizations, such as " All chairs in this office are gray," which appear to be accidental. Generalizations, for example, cannot support counterfactual conditional statements such as " If this chair had been in my office, it would be gray" nor subjunctive conditionals such as "If this chair were put in my office, it would be gray. " On the other hand, the statement " All planetary objects move in nearly elliptical paths about their star" does provide this support. All scientific laws appear to give similar results. 62)^The class of universal statements that can be candidates for the status of laws, however, is determined at any time in history by the theories of science then current.# Several positive attributes are commonly required of a natural law. Statements about things or events limited to one location or one date cannot be lawlike. Also, most scientists hold that the predicate must apply to evidence not used in deriving the law; though the law is founded upon experience, it must predict or help one to understand matters not included among these experiences. Finally, it is normally expected that a law will be explainable by more embracing laws or by some theory. 63)^Thus, a regularity for which there are general theoretical grounds for expecting it will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories.# Universal laws are of several types. 64)^Many assert a dependence between varying quantities measuring certain properties, as in the law that the pressure of a gas under steady temperature is inversely proportional to its volume.# Others state that events occur in an invariant order, as in "Vertebrates always occur in the fossil record after the rise of invertebrates. " Lastly, there are laws affirming that if an object is of a stated sort it will have certain observable properties. 65)^Part of the reason for the ambiguity of the term law of nature lies in the temptation to apply the term only to statements of one of these sorts of laws, as in the claim that science deals solely with cause and effect relationships, when in fact all three kinds are equally valid.#

If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work force skills, American firms have a problem. Human resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered as an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired—rented at the lowest possible cost—much as one buys raw materials or equipment. The lack of importance attached to human resource management can be seen in the corporation hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human resource managements is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human resource management is central—usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm's hierarchy. While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skill of their employees than the Japanese or German firms do. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies. As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United Stated. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can't effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.

翻译题The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 61)^Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.# Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 62)^This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.# It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. 63 )^This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.# This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility are more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the appraisable one of supporting good as opposed to bad science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 64)^However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world''s more fascinating and delightful aspects.# 65)^New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.#

Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. (21) a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the (22) in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The (23) student is considered to be (24) who is motivated to learn for the sake of (25) , not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned (26) brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is (27) for learning the material assigned. When research is (28) , the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with (29) guidance. It is the (30) responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain (31) a university library works; they expect students, (32) graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference (33) in the library. Professors will help students who need guidance, but (34) that their students should not be (35) pendent to them. in the United States professors have many other duties (36) aching, such as research work. (37) the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is (38) If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either (39) a professor’s office (40) e an appointment with the professor.

翻译题Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It seems a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 【61】^Actually, it isn''t because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.# On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 【62】^Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.# So, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd; for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people ― for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you answer to somebody who says "I don''t like this contract"? The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 【63】^It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.# This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all? Many deny it. 【64】^Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.# Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake ― a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans. This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equal to chopping wood, may seem bravely "logical". In fact it is simply shallow, the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning ― the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl ― is to weigh others'' interests against one''s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 【65】^ When that happens, it is not a mistake :it is mankind''s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.#

翻译题"Intelligence" at best is an assumptive construct― the word''s meaning has never been clear. 【61】^There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them.# But it is generally agreed that a person who has high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and use verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child''s capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to ― it was not designed for such purposes . 【62】^To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.# The other thing we should notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair. 【63】^Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison.# It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do one''s best, the knowledge required for understanding what you must do, and the intellectual ability to do it. 【64】^The first two must be equal for all who axe being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.# In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. Nobody is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require" general intelligence”. 【65】^On the whole, such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.#

翻译题【61】^The Chinese Constitution stipulates that women enjoy equal political rights with men and they also enjoy the equal right to vote and to stand for election.# In the past 4 decades, the number of women deputies elected to the National People''s Congress, the country''s highest organ of state power, has been steadily increasing. At the First National People''s Congress held in 1954, there were only 147 women deputies, comprising 11.9% of the total, whereas in 1993 at the Eighth People''s Congress, the number had risen to 626, or 21.03% of the total. 【62】^Chinese women participate in the management of state affairs through their own organization―the All-China Women''s Federation, which is a mass organization for women of all nationalities and all trades and professions.# The basic function of the women''s federation is to represent and protect women''s rights and interests and to achieve equality between women and men. Women''s federations at various levels and their member organizations also recommend female cadres to state organs, mass organizations, enterprises or institutions. In China, these women''s organizations range from central government-level to local-level, and from village and township-level in rural areas to street-level in cities. Through these organizations women put forward proposals concerning their own interests or air their views on important national affairs. Many of their proposals and opinions have been conveyed by the women''s federations to the governments at all levels or the departments concerned, where they were given serious consideration. 【63】^Many distinguished women now occupy responsible positions in the People''s Congress, the People''s Political Consultative Conferences, and the governments at various levels.# There are 17 women members on the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People''s Congress and among the 19 vice chairpersons, 2 are women. In the Chinese People''s Political Consultative Conferences, there are 28 women members on the standing committee and 1 woman vice chairperson. Up to September 1991, the percentage of female officials at various levels accounted for 30.6% of the country''s total, an increase of 26 times over the figure in 1951. China now has 1 female state councilor and 3 female ministers. Nearly 13 % of the country''s 1,500 mayors are women. 【64】^Many problems still exist that stand in the way of Chinese women contributing more to the political and social life of tile country.# For instance, in some under-developed areas, women are still despised and discriminated against by some sections of the society while the political consciousness of women remains to be awakened and developed. Though many women now hold important offices, the number of women officials is still quite small, compared with the country''s large female population and workforce. Furthermore, the higher the government positions, the fewer women there are to hold offices, and the majority of female leaders are put in subordinate or deputy positions. 【65】^To promote women''s involvement in state affairs, the whole society should make strenuous efforts to speed up the country''s economic and cultural development while raising the consciousness of both women and men, and encouraging self-respect, self-confidence, self-reliance and self-strengthening in women.# Meanwhile, women cadres should be given more opportunities for involvement in the country''s political life.

A land free from destruction, wealth, natural resources, and labor supply--all these were important (21) in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. (22) they were not enough. Something (23) was needed to start the industrial process. That "something special", was men (24) individuals who could invent machines, find new (25) of power, and establish business organizations to reshape the society. The men who (26) the machines of the Industrial Revolution (27) from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were (28) inventors than scientists, A man who is a (29) scientist is primarily interested in doing his research (30) . He is not necessarily working (31) that his findings can be used. An inventor or one interested in applied science is (32) trying to make something that has a concrete (33) He tries to solve a problem by following the theories (34) science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a (35) result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of (36) other objectives. Most of the people who (37) the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had (38) or no training in science might have made their inventions, (39) a groundwork had been laid by scientists years (40) .

{{I}} Questions 14-16 are based on the following monologue introducing the development of vaccines. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.{{/I}}

翻译题In these years, economic, social and technological factors have influenced the kitchens'' design. 【61】^Since it is often used simultaneously by both family members as well as guests, the kitchen requires not only a glamorous look but a practical one.# Also, the design elements must meet the needs of modern family. Environmental concerns have had an enormous impact on the design of kitchens. 【62】^This concern includes recycling of household materials, as well as energy efficient appliances and the purity of both water and air.# Research shows that up to 85 percent of the population is concerned about what comes out of their tap. This is why it''s important to consider adding a water filter system. 【63】^The character of today''s kitchen is very different from the way it was thirty years ago. There''s more sophistication in food preparation, and more technological help with cooking and cleaning up.# When choosing cabinets, first consider the style. Use the architectural style of your house as guide. Because cabinets are a big investment, it is best to choose quality. Popular styles in kitchen cabinets are framed panel doors with raised or recessed panels of wood, cabinet fronts with glass panes, or simple slab doors in a rich painted or laminated finish. Cabinet pulls, handles and knobs are offered in a myriad of designs and finishes. Treat hardware as jewelry and don''t be afraid to mix and match styles. 【64】^Because many of today''s kitchens consist of two or more cooks sharing in the meal preparation, there is a need for more counter space, cooktops and sinks.# Life styles are changing, but the primary function of the kitchen as an area for preparing food has remained unchanged. The sink remains one of the most used areas in the kitchen as well as an important decorative statement. Appliance technology is moving very fast. Choosing what type of appliances as well as how many will depend on several factors such as how often and how much you cook and the size of your kitchen. Don''t limit yourself to one of each kind of appliance. 【65】^You can have a refrigerator in one place and a freezer in a separate area or two sets of cooktops : one on the counter next to the wall oven and one on an island.# You can even have two dishwashers if size and budget require and permit― think of it as saving time in the lone run.

翻译题It is, perhaps, no accident that many of the outstanding figures of the past were exceptionally versatile men. Right up until comparatively recent times, it was possible for an intelligent person to acquaint himself with almost every branch of knowledge. Thus, men of genius like Leonardo da Vinci or Sir Philip Sidney, engaged in many careers at once as a matter of course. 61)^Da Vinci was so busy with his numerous inventions that he barely found the time to complete his paintings; Sidney, who died in battle when he was only thirty-two years old, was not only a great soldier but a brilliant scholar and poet as well.# Both these men came very near to fulfilling the Renaissance ideal of the "universal man" , the man who was proficient at everything. Today, we rarely, if ever, hear that a musician has just invented a new type of submarine. Knowledge has become divided and subdivided into countless, narrowly defined compartments. The specialist is venerated; the versatile person, far from being admired, is more often regarded with suspicion. 62)^ The modern world is a world of highly skilled " experts" who have had to devote the greater part of their lives to a very limited field of study in order to compete with their fellows.# With this degree of specialization, the frontiers of knowledge are steadily being pushed back more rapidly than ever before. But this has not been achieved without considerable cost. 63)^The scientist who outside his own particular subject is little more than a moron is a modern phenomenon, as is the man of letters who is barely aware of the tremendous strides that have been made in technology.# Similarly, specialization has indirectly affected quite ordinary people in every walk of life. 64 )^Many activities which were once pursued for their own sakes are often given up in despair; they required techniques, the experts tell us, which take a life time to master.# Why learn to play the piano, when you can listen to the world''s greatest pianists in your own drawing room? Little by little, we are becoming more and more isolated from each other. It is almost impossible to talk to your neighbor about his job, even if he is engaged in roughly the same work as you are. The Royal Society in Britain includes among its members only the most famous scientists in the country. 65 )^Yet it is highly disconcerting to find that even here, as one of its fellows put it, at a lecture only 10% of the members can understand 50% of what is being said!#

翻译题The case for college has been accepted without question for more than a generation. 61)^All high school graduates ought to go, says conventional wisdom and statistical evidence, because college will help them earn more money, become " better" people, and learn to be more responsible citizens than those who don''t go.# But college has never been able to work its magic for everyone. And now that close to half our high school graduates are attending, those who don''t fit the pattern are becoming more numerous, and more obvious. College graduates are selling shoes and driving taxis; college students interfere with each other''s experiments and write false letters of recommendation in the intense competition for admission to graduate school. 62)^Others find no stimulation in their studies, and drop out — often encouraged by college administrators.# Some observers say the fault is with the young people themselves — they are spoiled and they are expecting too much. But that''s a condemnation of the students as a whole, and doesn''t explain all campus unhappiness. Others blame the state of the world, and they are partly right. We''ve been told that young people have to go to college because our economy can''t absorb an army of untrained eighteen-year-olds. 63)^But disappointed graduates are learning that it can no longer absorb an army of trained twenty-two-year-olds, either.# 64)^Some adventuresome educators and campus watchers have openly begun to suggest that college may not be the best, the proper, the only place for every young person after the completion of high school.# We may have been looking at all those surveys and statistics upside down, it seems, and through the rosy glow of our own remembered college experiences. Perhaps college doesn''t make people intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, or quick to learn things — maybe it''s just the other way around, and intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, quick-learning people are merely the ones who have been attracted to college in the first place. 65 )^And perhaps all those successful college graduates would have been successful whether they had gone to college or not.# This is heresy to those of us who have been brought up to believe that if a little schooling is good, more has to be much better. But contrary evidence is beginning to mount up.

A market is commonly thought of as a place where commodities are bought and sold. Thus fruit and vegetables are sold wholesale at Covent Garden Market and meat is sold wholesale at Smithfield Market. But there are markets for things (21) commodities, in the usual sense. There are (22) estate markets, foreign exchange markets, labor markets, short-term capital markets, and so on; there may be a market for anything which has a price. And there may be no particular place (23) dealings are confined. Buyers and sellers may be (24) over the whole world and instead of actually meeting together in a market-place they may deal with one another (25) telephone, telegram, cable or letter. (26) dealings are (27) to a particular place, the dealers may consist wholly or in part of agents (28) instructions from clients far away. Thus agents buy meat at Smithfield (29) retail butchers all over England; and (30) on the London Stock Exchange buy and sell (31) on instructions from clients all over the world. We must therefore define a market (32) any area over which buyers and sellers are (33) such close touch with one another, either directly or (34) dealers, that the prices (35) in one part of the market affect the prices paid in other parts.　　Modem means of communication are so rapid that a buyer can discover (36) asking, and can accept it if he wishes, (37) he may be thousands of miles away. Thus the market for anything is (38) . the whole world. But in fact things have, normally, only a local or national market.　　This may be because nearly the whole demand is concentrated (39) one locality. These special local demands, (40) , are of quite minor importance. The main reason why many things do not have a world market is that they are costly or difficult to transport.

{{I}} Questions 11-13 are based on the following monologue introducing the Curies. You ,now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.{{/I}}

If you look closely at some of the early copies of the Declaration of Independence, beyond the flourished signature of John Hancock and the other 55 men who signed it, you will also find the name of one woman, Mary Katherine Goddard. It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies. Mary Goddard first got into printing at the age of twenty-four when her brother opened a printing shop in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1762. When he proceeded to get into trouble with his partners and creditors, it was Mary Goddard and her mother who were left to run the shop. In 1765 they began publishing the Providence Gazette, a weekly newspaper. Similar problems seemed to follow her brother as he opened businesses in Philadelphia and again in Baltimore. Each time Ms. Goddard was brought in to run the newspapers. After starting Baltimore"s first newspaper, The Maryland Journal, in 1773, her brother went broke trying to organize a colonial postal service. While he was in debtor"s prison, Mary Katherine Goddard"s name appeared On the newspaper"s masthead for the first time. When the Continental Congress fled there from Philadelphia in 1776, it commissioned Ms. Goddard to print the first official version of the Declaration of Independence in January 1777: After printing the documents, she herself paid the post riders to deliver the Declaration throughout the colonies. During the American Revolution, Mary Goddard continued to publish Baltimore"s only newspaper, which one historian claimed was "second to none among the colonies". She was also the city"s postmaster from 1775 to 1789—appointed by Benjamin Frankli—and is considered to be the first woman to hold a federal position.

Ginger originated in ______.