{{I}} Questions 17-20 are based on the
following monologue introducing the "Clovis first" theory. You now have 20
seconds to read Questions 17-20.{{/I}}
It was a cold, rainy and wholly miserable afternoon in Washington, and a hot muggy night in Miami. It was Sunday, and three games were played in the two cities. The people playing them and the people watching them tell us much about the ever-changing ethnic structure of the United States, Professional football in the United States is almost wholly played by native-born American citizens, mostly very large and very strong, many of them black. It is a game of physical strength. Linemen routinely weigh more than 300 pounds. Players are valued for their weigh and muscles, for how fast they can run, and how hard they can hit each other, Football draws the biggest crowds, but the teams play only once a week, because they get so battered. The 67,204 fans were in Miami for the final game of the Baseball World Series. Baseball was once America's favorite game, but has lost that claim to basketball. Baseball is a game that requires strength, but not hugeness. Agility, quickness, perfect vision and quick reaction are more important than pure strength. Baseball was once a purely American game, but has spread around much of the New World. In that Sunday's final, the final hit of the extra inning game was delivered by a native of Columbia. The Most Valuable Player in the game was a native of Columbia. The rosters of both teams were awash with Hispanic names, as is Miami, which now claims the World Championship is a game that may be losing popularity in America, but has gained it in much of the rest of the world. Baseball in America has taken on a strong Hispanic flavor, with a dash of Japanese added for seasoning. Soccer, which many countries just call football, is the most widely enjoyed sport in the world. In soccer, which many countries just call football, the ethnic tide has been the reverse of baseball. Until recently, professional soccer in the United States has largely been an import, played by South Americans and Europeans. Now, American citizens in large numbers are finally taking up the most popular game in the world. Basketball, an American invention increasingly played around the world, these days draws large crowds back home. Likewise, hockey, a game largely imported to the United States from neighboring Canada. Lacrosse, a version of which was played by Native Americans before the Europeans arrived, is also gaining a keen national following. Sports of all kinds are winning support from American armchair enthusiasts from a variety of ethnic backgrounds.
Since the September 11 attack, US President George
W. Bush has{{U}} (21) {{/U}}himself as a superpower leader of hard
resolve, tolerating no{{U}} (22) {{/U}}to his goals-until he came up
against Israel. {{U}} (23) {{/U}}the past week he has faced a
dramatic{{U}} (24) {{/U}}to his international authority from the Jewish state.
Israel is the chief US ally in the Middle East and{{U}} (25) {{/U}}of the largest
chunk of US foreign aid. Stung by{{U}} (26)
{{/U}}Israeli defiance, Bush on Monday urged Israeli Prime Minister Ariel
Sharon publicly,{{U}} (27) {{/U}}the third time, to withdraw his forces
"without delay"{{U}} (28) {{/U}}Palestinian areas. A bloody offensive
has been{{U}} (29) {{/U}}there for 11 days. He sent envoy Anthony Zinni
to deliver the message personally as Secretary of State Colin Powell{{U}}
(30) {{/U}}a new US initiative to 0chieve an Israeli-Palestinian
cease-fire. Israel Radio reported later on Monday that the army began pulling
out of two West Bank cities within hours.{{U}} (31) {{/U}}there was no{{U}} (32)
{{/U}}that a full withdrawal might follow. Some analysts{{U}}
(33) {{/U}}the standoff as an unprecedented and{{U}} (34)
{{/U}}damaging{{U}} (35) {{/U}}between the United States and Israel,
which annually receives US $3 billion in US aid. The US administration has sent
enough{{U}} (36) {{/U}}messages to suggest Bush may not be{{U}} (37)
{{/U}}rigid as his words appear. Until recently, Bush,
conducting his war on terrorism around the world, had given. Sharon a{{U}}
(38) {{/U}}free hand to go after Palestinian militants following a
wave of suicide bombings that killed scores of Israelis. Powell's peace mission
began in Morocco and will land him in Israel on Friday. Analysts say this will
give Sharon time to finish his crackdown. Analysts said Bush
could be sincere in wanting Israel to withdraw but was trying to have it both
ways—continuing to give Israel some flexibility while{{U}} (39) {{/U}}US
credibility with Arabs by talking tough to Sharon. Powell's mission got off to a
frosty start on Monday,{{U}} (40) {{/U}}, when Morocco's King Mohammed asked
him why be had not headed first to Jerusalem.
A market is commonly thought of as a place where
commodities are bought and sold. Thus fruit and vegetables are sold wholesale at
Covent Garden Market and meat is sold wholesale at Smithfield Market. But there
are markets for things{{U}} (21) {{/U}}commodities, in the usual sense.
There are{{U}} (22) {{/U}}estate markets, foreign exchange markets,
labor markets, short-term capital markets, and so on; there may be a market for
anything which has a price. And there may be no particular place{{U}} (23)
{{/U}}dealings are confined. Buyers and sellers may be (24) over
the whole world and instead of actually meeting together in a market-place they
may deal with one another{{U}} (25) {{/U}}telephone, telegram, cable or
letter.{{U}} (26) {{/U}}dealings are{{U}} (27) {{/U}}to a
particular place, the dealers may consist wholly or in part of agents{{U}}
(28) {{/U}}instructions from clients far away. Thus agents buy meat at
Smithfield (29) retail butchers all over England; and{{U}} (30)
{{/U}}on the London Stock Exchange buy and sell{{U}} (31) {{/U}}on
instructions from clients all over the world. We must therefore define a
market{{U}} (32) {{/U}}any area over which buyers and sellers are{{U}}
(33) {{/U}}such close touch with one another, either directly or{{U}}
(34) {{/U}}dealers, that the prices{{U}} (35) {{/U}}in one
part of the market affect the prices paid in other parts. Modem means of
communication are so rapid that a buyer can discover{{U}} (36)
{{/U}}asking, and can accept it if he wishes,{{U}} (37) {{/U}}he may
be thousands of miles away. Thus the market for anything is{{U}}(38)
{{/U}}. the whole world. But in fact things have, normally, only a local or
national market. This may be because nearly the whole demand is
concentrated{{U}} (39) {{/U}}one locality. These special local
demands,{{U}} (40) {{/U}}, are of quite minor importance. The main
reason why many things do not have a world market is that they are costly or
difficult to transport.
We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is some 7—8 hours' sleep alternating with some 16—17 hours' wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified. The question is no more academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night, is a question of growing importance in industries where automation calls for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industries where shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and soon. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently. The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep and other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work. This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work, the pattern will only gradually go back to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice.
If you look closely at some of the early copies of the Declaration of Independence, beyond the flourished signature of John Hancock and the other 55 men who signed it, you will also find the name of one woman, Mary Katherine Goddard. It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies. Mary Goddard first got into printing at the age of twenty-four when her brother opened a printing shop in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1762. When he proceeded to get into trouble with his partners and creditors, it was Mary Goddard and her mother who were left to run the shop. In 1765 they began publishing the Providence Gazette, a weekly newspaper. Similar problems seemed to follow her brother as he opened businesses in Philadelphia and again in Baltimore. Each time Ms. Goddard was brought in to run the newspapers. After starting Baltimore's first newspaper, The Maryland Journal, in 1773, her brother went broke trying to organize a colonial postal service. While he was in debtor's prison, Mary Katherine Goddard's name appeared On the newspaper's masthead for the first time. When the Continental Congress fled there from Philadelphia in 1776, it commissioned Ms. Goddard to print the first official version of the Declaration of Independence in January 1777: After printing the documents, she herself paid the post riders to deliver the Declaration throughout the colonies. During the American Revolution, Mary Goddard continued to publish Baltimore's only newspaper, which one historian claimed was "second to none among the colonies". She was also the city's postmaster from 1775 to 1789—appointed by Benjamin Frankli—and is considered to be the first woman to hold a federal position.
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填空题ThedivorcerateinAmericahasreached
Since the September 11 attack, US President George W. Bush has (21) himself as a superpower leader of hard resolve, tolerating no (22) to his goals-until he came up against Israel. (23) the past week he has faced a dramatic (24) to his international authority from the Jewish state. Israel is the chief US ally in the Middle East and (25) of the largest chunk of US foreign aid. Stung by (26) Israeli defiance, Bush on Monday urged Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon publicly, (27) the third time, to withdraw his forces "without delay" (28) Palestinian areas. A bloody offensive has been (29) there for 11 days. He sent envoy Anthony Zinni to deliver the message personally as Secretary of State Colin Powell (30) a new US initiative to 0chieve an Israeli-Palestinian cease-fire. Israel Radio reported later on Monday that the army began pulling out of two West Bank cities within hours. (31) there was no (32) that a full withdrawal might follow. Some analysts (33) the standoff as an unprecedented and (34) damaging (35) between the United States and Israel, which annually receives US $3 billion in US aid. The US administration has sent enough (36) messages to suggest Bush may not be (37) rigid as his words appear. Until recently, Bush, conducting his war on terrorism around the world, had given. Sharon a (38) free hand to go after Palestinian militants following a wave of suicide bombings that killed scores of Israelis. Powell's peace mission began in Morocco and will land him in Israel on Friday. Analysts say this will give Sharon time to finish his crackdown. Analysts said Bush could be sincere in wanting Israel to withdraw but was trying to have it both ways—continuing to give Israel some flexibility while (39) US credibility with Arabs by talking tough to Sharon. Powell's mission got off to a frosty start on Monday, (40) , when Morocco's King Mohammed asked him why be had not headed first to Jerusalem.
填空题{{B}}Part A{{/B}}{{I}} For questions 1-5, you will hear a talk
about the country of Switzerland. While you listen, fill out the table with the
information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the
table. Write only 1 word in each numbered box. You will hear the recording
twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.{{/I}}
Information about Switzerland
Total Area
1
Population in 1995
6,905,000
The Country to Its West
2
Capital
Berne
The Fur Official Languages
3
4
5
Romansch
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填空题Sarah'sfatherwasan______.
填空题Whattypeofcarwouldthecustomerliketochoose?
A land free from destruction, wealth, natural
resources, and labor supply--all these were important{{U}} (21) {{/U}}in
helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution.{{U}}
(22) {{/U}}they were not enough. Something{{U}} (23)
{{/U}}was needed to start the industrial process. That "something special",
was men{{U}} (24) {{/U}}individuals who could invent machines, find
new{{U}} (25) {{/U}}of power, and establish business organizations to
reshape the society. The men who{{U}} (26) {{/U}}the
machines of the Industrial Revolution{{U}} (27) {{/U}}from many
backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were{{U}} (28)
{{/U}}inventors than scientists, A man who is a{{U}} (29)
{{/U}}scientist is primarily interested in doing his research{{U}} (30)
{{/U}}. He is not necessarily working{{U}} (31) {{/U}}that his
findings can be used. An inventor or one interested in applied
science is{{U}} (32) {{/U}}trying to make something that has a
concrete{{U}} (33) {{/U}}He tries to solve a problem by following
the theories{{U}} (34) {{/U}}science or by experimenting through trial
and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a{{U}} (35)
{{/U}}result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a
light bulb, or one of{{U}} (36) {{/U}}other objectives.
Most of the people who{{U}} (37)
{{/U}}the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors. A few were
both scientists and inventors. Even those who had{{U}} (38) {{/U}}or no
training in science might have made their inventions,{{U}} (39) {{/U}}a
groundwork had been laid by scientists years{{U}} (40)
{{/U}}.
填空题"Intelligence" at best is an assumptive construct—the meaning of the word has never been clear. (21) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child's capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to—it was not designed for such purposes. (22) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer, for not measuring wind velocity. The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair. (23) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides an "effective" or "fair" comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least three actors: the intention to do one's best, the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do, and the intellectual ability to do it. (24) The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the values of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require "general intelligence". (25) On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
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填空题For Questions 1—5, you will hear a radio weather report. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.
Michigan Weather Report
Chicago is reporting light
1
The temperature at Ann Arbor Airport is
2
Tomorrow morning the sun will rise at
3
The pollution index today is
4
The weekend is likely to be
5
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