填空题 No one had ever believed him, that one summer evening he had wandered on to the docks, under the legs of the biggest crane, and climbed the steel ladder, up, up, and up into the swaying heights of the counterweights and control house. The view over the city had been inspiring — the smoking derelict docklands, with miles of kingfisher — walled warehouses; the sun-tinted towers of distant churches; the cars, like insects, creeping one after the other along expressway. Clinging to the drifting girders, he felt like the most successful man in the world. 66. ______ It was so perfect that he could do it. He stood up, balancing against the breeze, feeling on top of the world. Slowly he raised his hands above his head, cast a glance upwards into the icy sky, then, just before he lost his balance, he chose to rise on tiptoe and launch himself into a taut dive. He tipped off the jib and began to tilt through the sunset. The sound which came from him was an involuntary shrink of pure joy—he cared neither if he lived nor if he died. His body, pointed like a shuttle, wove a slow circle through the air, hurtling ever downwards to the peaky grey surface. 67. ______ The shock of the water stopping his flight, and of the vicious cold, prevented him from realising immediately that he was still alive. His clothing dragged in the dark water and he started to fight his way upward to the dull light above. Disbelieving and stunned, he gasped as he broke the surface, returning to an almost unchanged peachy evening. The impetus of his dive still with him, he floundered in his shoes and jacket to the nearest quayside ladder and clambered up the vertical green wall. Once on the quay, he squeezed the edges of his jacket and emptied his shoes. He looked up to the monstrous structure towering above him and scarcely believed that he'd actually dived from that threadlike piece of lattice-work. 68. ______ Consequently, when he told anyone he'd dived off the biggest of the dockland cranes into the Clyde, and just for fun, no one believed him. 69. ______ But this time he was afraid. The metal seemed hostile as he hand-over handed his way up. The evening was still and thundery He had to get it over. Below, the river lay like sheet steel. The angle of the jib was changed automatically along the arm until he reached the end. He could barely make out their pinpoint pale faces, upturned. He just wanted to get it over. Careless, he repeated the movements of the first time, toppling headfirst towards the grey below. He felt no inclination to make a sound, not even when he realized there was no reflection expanding to meet him. 70. ______ Two weeks later, a fifteen-foot fence with angled rows of barbed wire at the top prevented further unauthorised access to the crane. A. His last thought was, "They'll still never believe me, damn it." B. He crawled, monkey-fashion along the steel lacework of the jib until he crouched, hundreds of feet up, above the wrinkling khaki river. A flock of sunstruck pigeons whorled in harmony around the control house roof. C. So, tonight, he'd told them to come and watch him do it again. D. Yet, he was certainly soaking and he remembered the exhilaration of his descent. He looked around to see if there had been any witnesses to his dive. The docks remained silent and deserted as rustcoloured sunlight flooded the area. E. By chance, his dive had him angled perfectly to enter the water with a splashless "gulp" at some dangerously high speed. E He took a last look at the city where he had lived more than 20 years.

填空题 You will hear a talk about womens social role. As you listen, you must answer Questions 21-30 by writing NO MORE THAN THREE words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk TWICE. {{B}}You now have 60 seconds to read Questions 21-30.{{/B}}

填空题No matter what your situation is, one of the greatest dangers now is that you'll stop doing what you're already doing right. 66. ______. The first fundamental is maintaining a clear-eyed view of reality, no matter how unpleasantly it may differ from what you expected. It's amazing how many executives are driven by management fads and slogans, big hairy audacious goals (BHAGs), quantum leaps, inspirational leadership-and then refuse to deviate from course even when the environment changes dramatically. 67. ______. As the economy slows, you need to wipe your whiteboard clean and rethink your strategy based on what's realistically achievable. We know of a major chemical company that in the recent era of super growth declared a goal of growing ten times bigger in ten years. It's a wonderful aspiration, but it shouldn't be the company's focus now. 68. ______. The second fundamental-like the others, it must be non-is to focus on the quality of your people. We hope it's no longer necessary to argue that this is increasingly your company's only source of competitive advantage. Yet when times get tough, many companies ease up on recruiting, figuring a slow economy will drive more applicants their way, and they spend less on training as a way to raise profits quickly without doing immediate damage to the business. That's just dumb, people do become obsolete; they also grow. To put "it in old economy terms, can you imagine postponing maintenance on an aircraft for six months? You wouldn't consider it, yet you may be tempted to do something even worse. Successful companies avoid this mistake. 69. ______. The third fundamental is continual, day by day insistence on improving productivity. In a slowdown, productivity typically tanks, leading some people to conclude that it is an unavoidable fact of Fife. It isn't, and improving productivity during a downturn puts a company in a stronger competitive position when things turn up. 70. ______. Maintaining a commitment to reality, a focus on people, and rising productivity-assuming you can keep those three plate spinning, you'll want to make several other moves quickly. (No one said this was easy. ) Speed is the key. Most companies will make most of these eventually, when they're forced to. Your challenge is to make them first. A. Indeed, researchers have found that when the pressure is on, people exhibit a dismaying tendency to focus on insignificant problems while their perceptions become distorted and they insist on proving that their mistaken view of the situation is actually correct. B. Colgate Palmolive has a remarkable record of improving productivity, as reflected in gross margin, virtually every year for the past 15 years, even during the last recession. In the brutally competitive slow growing business of household products, Colgate's stock has risen an average of 28% annually over the past five years. C. This company, like most, should be asking how it's going to be No. l in a new environment. The winning strategies and tactics will not be the same as those for growing tenfold in ten years. All managers will have to be prepared for more frequent shifts in ten years. All managers will have to be prepared for more frequent shifts in priorities, not just at their own companies but also with customers and supply chain partners. D. Based on our long experience-as a consultant working with some of America's most important companies and as a journalist investigating them-we're confident that as the economy slows, you'll be tempted to forget three of the most important fundamentals for keeping any business successful. This is the time when it's most crucial not to forget them. E. We need to acknowledge when we haven't done things as well as we would like or when we do something wrong, but getting things wrong does not make us useless people. That does not mean we should not face up to our deficiencies, but facing up means moving forward, not allowing in the past. F. The most valuable airline in the world, Southwest, is one of America's most desirable employers and in 1999 received 170,000 applications for just 6,000 positions. Yet the company recruits vigorously and never lets up, nor does it get stingy on training. The story is similar at Trilogy, General Electric, McKinley-getting the best people and malting them better is in the DNA of the most successful companies.

填空题A=Nokia B=Ericsson C=Philip D=Siemens E=Motorola Which mobile phone (s)... · has a too small and complex keyboard and screen? (71) · has combined handwriting and keying? (72) · can recognize voices? (73) · has a voice dial tag? (74) · has a pen which can write in the air? (75) · might carry out financial transactions (76) · has a dual slot? (77) · can be connected to your home by saying "Home"? (78) · is popular among young users? (79) · is both a phone and personal digital assistant? (80) Once the exclusive domain of executives with expense accounts, the mobile phone is set to become one of the central technologies of the 21st century. Within a few years, the mobile phone will evolve from a voice-only device to a multi-functional communicator capable of transmitting and receiving not only sound, but video, still images, data and text. A whole new era of personal communication is on the way. Thanks in part to the growth of wireless networks, the telephone is converging with the personal computer and the television. Soon lightweight phones outfitted with high-resolution screens-which can be embedded in everything from wristwatches to palm-held units—will be connected to series of low orbit satellites enabling people to talk, send and receive e-mail, or take part in video conferences anytime, anywhere. These phones might also absorb many of the key functions of the desktop computer. Mobile devices are expected to be ideal for some of the new personalized services that are becoming available via the Internet, such as trading stocks, gambling, shopping and buying theater and airline tickets. The communications revolution is already taking shape around the globe. In Europe, small-scale trials are under way using mobile phones for electronic commerce. For example, most phones contain a subscriber identification module (SIM) card that serves primarily to identify a user to the phone network. But the card could also facilitate limited financial transactions. Deutsche Bank and Nokia, for example, are working together to develop mobile banking services. Some manufacturers plan to upgrade the SIM card to an all-in-one personal identification and credit card. Another approach is to add a slot to mobile phones for a second smart card designed specifically for mobile ecommerce. These cards could be used to make payments over the Internet or removed from the phone for use in point-of-sale terminals to pay for things like public transportation, movie tickets or a round of drinks at the bar. In France, Motorola is currently testing a dual slot phone, the StarTACD, in a trial with France Telecom, while in Finland Nokia is testing a phone that uses a special plug-in reader for a tiny smart card. Siemens is pursuing a different approach. Since it is not yet clear whether it's best to do everything with a single device, Siemens is developing dual slot phones and Einstein, a device equipped with a smart card reader and keypad that can be linked to the phone via infrared wireless technology. For those who want to, though, it will be possible to receive almost all forms of electronic communication through a single device, most likely a three-in-one phone that serves as a cordless at home, a cell phone on the road and an intercom at work. "The mobile phone will become increasingly multifunctional," says Burghardt Schallenberger, vice president for technology and innovation at Siemens Information and Consumer Products in Munich, "and fingerprint technology or advanced speech recognition will ensure that only one or two authorized users will be able to operate it. " New hybrid devices, such as Nokia's 9110 Communicator, a combination phone and personal digital assistant (PDA), are already on the market. But some customers feel the keyboard and screen are too small and complex for comfort. To gel around these problems, Nokia's 7110 mobile phone has a larger screen and is operated by a tracking ball in addition to a keyboard. The phone has found a ready market among young people, who tend to send more text messages than they make mobile phone calls—not surprising given the fact that text is approximately a tenth as costly as voice. The Nokia 7110 also offers Internet access via Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), an open standard that allows streamlined versions of website contents to be displayed on mobile phone screens. Phones equipped with WAP enable people on the move to access basic information—such as news services, stock prices and flight timetables—from specially "cut-down" sites. For some, any device that bridges the gap between handwriting and keying in text will be a world-beater. Ericsson is researching a "smart quill" pen that could do just that. Though the smart quill looks like any other pen, it permits writers to write on any surface—or even in the air—while a microchip in the tip of the pen records the shape of the scribbling and transmits them to a remote PC, where special software converts them into normal text. Could this mean the end of typing. Not yet. Ericsson cannot say when a prototype will be ready. Keyboards might eventually be unnecessary on mobile handsets if speech recognition software continues to improve. Mobile phones might then be reduced to a few computer chips, a microphone and a receiver embedded in an earring. The Philip's Genie, a light-weight mobile phone, can be operated by uttering a single word. When you type a name into the Genie's keypad, the system asks whether you would like to assign a voice-dial tag to that name. Through a series of yes or no prompts, the Genie compiles a list of up to 10 voice tags. The next time you want to call a person listed as one of these tags, just say that person's name or a relevant code word. The word "home", for example, is sufficient to place a call to your family.

填空题is less threatened by international crises?

填空题 As international commerce grows, there is an amazing development which is expanding at ever-increasing rate—business on the Internet. One of the most arresting auction business called e-Bay. Down at the local auction house in the city, you would normally find excited bidders raising their hands or nodding agreement as the auctioneer rattles off the prices for a set of bookshelves, heater or second-hand television set. Now the same cut and thrust of auction selling is drawing not the hundreds who cram into a crowded auction room, but millions of Internet suffers who visit e-Bay, the biggest online auction site, and others of similar style.66. ______ For example, in one month when I looked at the colorful e-Bay site, these were numbers of items for sale in some of the major categories: Collectibles 684,473; Sports Memorabilia 269,051; Books, Movies, Music 267,324; Toys 242,155;67. ______ According to the e-Bay promotion, users can find the unique and the interesting on e-Bay—everything from chintz china to chairs, teddy bears to trains, and furniture to figurines. So why do people come to e-Bay? As the leading person-to-person trading site, buyers trade on e-Bay because of the great number of items available. If you want, somebody's probably selling it on e-Bay. Similarly, sellers are attracted to e-Bay to conduct business because e-Bay has the most buyers. There are over a million auctions happening on e-Bay every day.68. ______ "People tell us that they come for all the cool stuff they can get, but they stay, even after they finish their collection, for the fun people they meet at e-Bay. Take your time, and get to know the e-Bay world." is their advice. So how do you make a bid and buy something at this auction?69. ______ First I had to register my name, email address and password with e-Bay. So they can track the sales and make sure that everybody is fair dealing. Remembering that bidding online is the same as buying or entering a contract with the seller, I searched under guitars in the Musical Instruments section with my mouse clicking on the various pages. I had a good look at the seller's feedback record. If the person selling goods on e-Bay has tried to cheat, or back out of a deal, email users of e-Bay can leave their own feedback comments, praising or criticizing the e-Bay seller, or bidder. This is everyone can see what is going on. The e-Bay company can ban anyone who has not acted by the rules.70. ______ The auction details were set out and the day the auction was to end (in one week's time). There was a nice picture of the guitar. I reviewed my bid of $20 to ensure that all the information was correct and clicked on the button "Place Bid". Unfortunately I was notified that my bid was not the highest—someone else had bid more money, so I missed out. However, If I had put in the highest bid, the e-Bay website would have notified me that I was the highest bidder for the time being. When the auction ends, the highest bidder buys the goods. A. Among the special items for sale are an illustration of the winners from 84 Years of the USA Open Golf tournament, signed by the famous golfers, and framed. There is a Beatles Original Coin, especially minted for the first US tour in 1964 of the famous Liverpool pop music group. Furniture, new kitchen knives, guitar study programs, computers—you name it e-Bay auction site has it, as people world-wide take advantage of the chance to sell their goods to the biggest market in the world—the cyberspace community of Internet watchers. B. This is a business that allows customers to buy and sell goods by offering them for sale, or bidding for items displayed at the e-Bay website, as if they were at an auction. Currently, e-Bay has listed at its website 2.14 million items for sale in 1,627 categories. Each month the e-Bay site has 1.5 billion visitors who view the e-Bay pages, looking for bargains or working out how much to charge for that bed or unwanted TV they want to list for auction. C. I was looking for a guitar and this is what I did. D. There are not many stores in the world where they praise you as a good shopper or give you minus points in public if you are a bad customer. But this is the kingdom of the Internet where the rules are being constructed as the system develops. E. According to an e-Bay spokesperson, e-Bay is more than just a place to trade. It's also a place to meet that one other person in the world who shares your passion for your own particular interest, whether it's stamps, war memorabilia, sporting goods, furniture or computer programs, for example. F. Then I was ready to bid. It does not cost any money to bid on items at e-Bay. Of course, if you win the auction, you must pay the seller directly, but you will not be charged anything by e-Bay.

填空题A=The Imperial Palace B=The Temple of Heaven C=Potala Palace D=Jokhang Temple Which palace or temple... ·is the spiritual center of Tibet? 71. ______ ·is circular in the northern part while square in the southern part? 72. ______ ·presents the largest and most complete ensemble of traditional architecture? 73. ______ ·covers a building space of 90 thousand square meters? 74. ______ ·is the oldest one among the four in the text? 75. ______ ·can present the visitor the significance of Heaven Kitchen? 76. ______ ·is a combination of architectural styles from Han, Tibetan and Nepalese? 77. ______ ·was the religious and political center of old Tibet? 78. ______ ·is along with many comparatively small buildings on either side? 79. ______ ·presents an edict signed with the Great Fifth's handprint? 80. ______ A The Imperial Palace What strikes one first in a bird's-eye view of Beijing proper is a vast tract of golden roofs flashing brilliantly in the sun with purple walls occasionally emerging amid them and a stretch of luxuriant tree leaves flanking on each side. That is the former Imperial Palace, popularly known as the Forbidden City, from which twenty-four emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties ruled China for some 500 years—from 1420 to 1911. The Ming Emperor Yong Le, who usurped the throne from his nephew and made Beijing the capital, ordered its construction, on which approximately 10,000 artists and a million workmen toiled for 14 years from 1406 to 1420. At present, the Palace is an elaborate museum that presents the largest and most complete ensemble of traditional architecture complex and more than 900,000 pieces of court treasures in all dynasties in China. Located in the center of Beijing, the entire palace area, rectangular in shape and 72 hectares in size, is surrounded by walls ten meters high and a moat 52 meters wide. At each corner of the wall stands a watchtower with a double-eave roof covered with yellow glazed tiles. The main buildings, the six great halls, one following the other, are set facing south along the central north south axis from the Meridian Gate, the south entrance, to Shenwumen, the great gate piercing in the north wall. On either side of the palace are many comparatively small buildings. Symmetrically in the northeastern section lie the six Eastern Palaces and in the northwestern section the six Western Palaces. The Palace area is divided into two parts: the Outer Court and the Inner Palace. The former consists of the first three main halls, where the emperor received his courtiers and conducted grand ceremonies, while the latter was the living quarters for the imperial residence. At the rear of the Inner Palace is the Imperial Garden where the emperor and his family sought recreation. B The Temple of Heaven The Temple of Heaven was initially built in Yongle Year 18 of the Ming Dynasty (in 1420). Situated in the southern part of the city, it covers the total area of 273 hectares. With the additions and rebuilding during the Ming, Qing and other Dynasties, this grand set of structures look magnificent and glorious; the dignified environ- ment appears solemn and respectful. It is the place for both Ming and Qing Dynasty's Emperors to worship Heaven and pray for good harvest. The northern part of the Temple is circular while the southern part is square, implying "sky is round and earth is square" to better symbolize heaven and earth. The whole compound is enclosed by two walls, dividing the whole Temple into inner and outer areas, with the main structures enclosed in the inner area. The most important constructions are the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest, the Circular Mound Altar, Imperial Heaven, The Imperial Vault of Heaven, Heaven Kitchen, Long Corridor and so on, as well as the Echo Wall, the Triple Sound Stone, the Seven-Star Stone and others of historic interest and scenic beauty. The Temple of Heaven is a comprehensive expression of the unique construction techniques from Ming and Qing Dynasties; it is China's most treasured ancient architecture; it is also the world's largest architectural complex for worshipping heaven. In 1998, it was included in the "list of the world heritages" by the United Nation's Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. C Potala Palace In 641, after marrying Princess Wencheng, Songtsen Gampo decided to build a grand palace to accommodate her and let his descendants remember the event. However, the original palace was destroyed due to a lightening strike and succeeding warfare during Landama's reign. In the seventeenth century under the reign of the Fifth Dalai Lama, Potala was rebuilt. The Thirteenth Dalai Lama expanded it to today's scale. The monastery-like palace, reclining against and capping Red Hill, was the religious and political center of old Tibet and the winter palace of Dalai Lamas. The palace is more than 117 meters (384 feet) in height and 360 (1,180 feet) in width, occupying a building space of 90 thousand square meters. Potala is composed of White Palace and Red Palace. The former is for secular use while the latter is for religious. The White Palace consists of offices, dormitories, a Buddhist official seminary and a printing house. From the east entrance of the palace, painted with images of Four Heavenly Kings, a broad corridor upwards leads to Deyang Shar courtyard, which used to be where Dalai Lamas watched operas. Around the large and open courtyard, there used to be a seminary and dormitories. West of the courtyard is the White Palace. There are three ladder stairs reaching in side of it, however, the central one was reserved for only Dalai Lamas and central government magistrates dispatched to Tibet. In the first hallway, there are huge murals describing the construction of Potala Palace and Jokhang Temple and the procession of Princess Wencheng reaching Tibet. On the south wall, visitors will see an edict signed with the Great Fifth's handprint. The White Palace mainly serves as the political headquarter and Dalai Lamas' living quarters. The West Chamber of Sunshine and the East Chamber of Sunshine lie as the roof of the White Palace. They belonged to the Thirteenth Dalai Lama and the Fourteenth Dalai Lama respectively. Beneath the East Chamber of Sunshine is the largest hall in the White Palace, where Dalai Lamas ascended throne and ruled Tibet. D Jokhang Temple Jokhang Temple is the spiritual center of Tibet. Everyday pilgrims from every corner of Tibet trek a long distance to the temple. Some of them even progress prostrate by body length to the threshold of the temple. Pilgrims fuel myriad of flickering butter lamps with yak butter, or honor their deities with white scarves (Kha-btags or Hada) while murmuring sacred mantras to show their pieties to the Buddha. It lies at the center of the old Lhasa. Built in 647 by Songtsen Gampo and his two foreign wives, it has a history of more than 1,300. It was said that Nepal Princess Tritsun decided to build a temple to house the Jowo Sakyamuni aged 12 brought by Chinese Princess Wencheng. Princess Wencheng reckoned according to Chinese astrology that the temple should be built on the pool where the Jokhang now locates. She contended that the pool was a witch's heart, so the temple should be built on the pool to get rid of evils. The pool still exists under the temple. Then goats were used as the main pack animals, as is the reason the city is called Lhasa. The construction took 12 months. However it was originally small and had been expanded to today's scale in later dynasties. When the Fifth Dalai Lama took reign, large-scale reconstruction and renovation had been done. The temple is a combination of Han. Tibetan and Nepalese architectural techniques. Visitors will see sphinx and other weird and sacred sculptures.

填空题A = Nathaniel Hawthorne B = Galph Waldo Emerson C = Henry David Thoreau D = Herman Melville Who... ※ kept a journal throughout his life. 71. ______ ※ had Nathaniel Hawthorne as his neighbor. 72. ______ ※ met Wordsworth when on a tour of Europe. 73. ______ ※ wrote as a moralist. 74. ______ ※ was born where many of the literary figures 75. ______ of the 19th century lived. ※ completed a novelette just before his death. 76. ______ ※ was concerned with the abolition of slavery. 77. ______ ※ worked as a customs inspector in New York. 78. ______ ※ his "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" is a study of 79. ______ right and wrong in human Conduct. ※ thought a minimum of material kept men 80. ______ closer to nature. Nathaniel Hawthorne Hawthorne was imbued with an inquiring imagination, an intensely meditative mind, and an unceasing interest in the ambiguity of man's being. He was an anatomist of "the interior of the heart," conscious of the loneliness of man in the universe, of the darkness that enshrouds all joy,and of the need of man to look into his own soul. In both his novels and his short stories, Hawthorne wrote essentially as a moralist. He was interested in what happened in the minds and hearts of men and women when they knew they had done wrong. He focused his examination on the moral and psychological consequences that manifested themselves in human beings as a result of their vanity, their hatred, their egotism, their ambition, and their pride. He was intrigued by the way they felt and the way they acted when they knew they had done wrong. In "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment," Hawthorne illustrates several sides of his writing: his disenchanted view of human nature, his use of symbolism, and his interest in the supernatural. In addition, the story treats one of the new nineteenth century ideas that concerned Hawthorne: scientific experiment. The story itself is a stimulating and rewarding study of right and wrong in human conduct. Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson was born in Boston, where his father was a Unitarian clergyman, as six generations of Emersons had been before him. While a student at Harvard he began keeping journals—records of his thoughts — a practice he continued throughout his life. He later drew on the journals for material for his essays and poetry. After graduating, he ran a school for young ladies for a time, but eventually he returned to Harvard to study for the ministry. Following his second graduation he served as pastor of a church for a few years, but finally resigned his position because he had doubts about the beliefs of the church. In 1832 Emerson toured Europe, meeting such major English poets as Wordsworth, Carlyle, and Coleridge. Through his acquaintance with these men he became closely involved with German idealism and Transcendentalism. Returning to Boston, he devoted most of his time to lecturing. An address that he delivered at the Harvard Divinity School in 1838 in which he attacked formal religion and defended intuitive spiritual experience aroused such an adverse reaction that he was not invited back to Harvard for 30 years. Emerson was concerned with many reform movements, among them the abolition of slavery. In 1840 he joined with other Transcendentalists in an attempt to spread ideas through publication of a small magazine named The Dial. Henry David Thoreau Thoreau(1817—1862) was born in Concord, a village near Boston where many of the literary figures of the 19th century, including Emerson, lived. After graduating from Harvard and teaching school for a few years, Thoreau went to live with Emerson both to study with him and to work as a handyman. Later in his life he traveled a little, but in general Thoreau stayed near his home. He had a strong attachment to his family, and he preferred to travel vicariously through books. The trips he did take were often camping trips, for he enjoyed the outdoors and was skillful woodsman. Through his writing Thoreau wanted to illustrate that the pursuit of material things had no value. He desired a life of contemplation, of being in harmony with nature, and of acting on his own principles. His study of Eastern religions contributed to his desire for a simple life, while his reaction against such Yankee pragmatists as Benjamin Franklin is also apparent. Both Franklin and Thoreau advocated thrift and hard work, but while Franklin expected the frugal to get richer and richer, Thoreau thought physical labor and a minimum of material goods made men more sensitive and kept them closer to nature. Herman Melville In 1841 Melville went to the South Seas on a whaling ship, where he gained the information about whaling that he later used in Moby-Dick. After jumping ship in teh Marquesa Islands, he and a friend were captured by some of the islanders. They lived with these people for a month, then escaped on an Australian ship, deserting the latter in Tahiti, where they worked for a time as field laborers. Melville finally returned to the United States as a seaman on an American ship. These experiences provided material for his first and most popular books, which are primarily adventure stories. In 1850 Melville moved to a farm in Massachusetts where Nathaniel Hawthorne was his neighbor. The latter soon became a confidant with whom Melville often discussed his work. As he changed from writing adventure stories to philosophical and symbolic works, Melville's popularity began to wane. From the writing of complex novels such as Mob? Dick, Pierre and The Confidence Man, Melville turned to writing poetry. But unable to support himself by his writing, he secured a political appointment as a customs inspector ill New York. When he retired from that job, after 20 years, he wrote the novelette, Billy Budd, completing it just before his death, it was not until the i920s that his work again came to the attention of literary scholars anti the public. His reputation now rests not only on his rich, poetic prose, but also on his philosophy and his effective use of symbolism.

填空题 There are several things about motorcycling that the average citizen dislikes. A cyclist's{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}has something to do with this dislike. Motorcylists frequently look dirty, in fact, they are dirty. On the road there is little to{{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}them from mud, crushed insects, and bird droppings. For practical reasons they often{{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}in old clothing which looks much less{{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}than the clothing of people who ride in cars. For the same reason motorcyclists usually wear{{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}colors. Perhaps this helps to explain why they are sometimes{{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}of having evil natures. In old{{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}of long ago, evil characters usually wear black. In{{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}movies the "bad guys" usually wear black hats{{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}the "good guys" wear lighter colors. Something else about their appearance makes an{{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}impression. In their practical, protective clothing they very much like the men{{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}military motorcycles in the movies of World War Two-cruel enemies who reared into{{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}villages{{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}people's hearts with fear. Probably{{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}machine itself also produces anger and fear. Motorcycles are noisy, though some big trucks are even noisier. But trucks are big and carry heavy{{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}. They are accepted (If not really welcomed) because they perform a{{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}service, making America move. Motorcycles, on the{{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}hand, make an unpleasant noise just to give their riders{{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}. That is what is commonly thought. In the woods motorcycles frighten animals. {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}along quiet streets, they disturb{{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}families and make babies cry.

填空题Formatting for results. a) the use of underlines, italics, bold, and all caps b) (1) is key to make the information on the resume simple for employers to read. 2. Start by including your personal information. Your name, address, phone number, and e-mail address. 3. Including an objective or summary of qualifications is optional. a) An objective can help identify the (2) to which you are applying. b) A Summary of Qualifications can offer a list of your (3) at the beginning of your resume. 4. Marketing yourself. a) the most relevant experiences related to the job b) Business Experience c)______. 5. Use Action Verbs to describe your responsibilities & accomplishments. Creating effective verb statements (5) your skills and accomplishments. 6. Include all relevant Education, Honors, Degrees, & (6) . 7. Prepare several resumes. Be prepared to change your resume based on the position in which you are applying. a) change the information provided b) change the (7) in which you present the information 8. Focus on the qualifications of the position and the needs of the employer. a) include certifications, achievements, volunteer, (8) , employment experiences . b) include any special skills such as computer, foreign language, music, art, etc. 9. Review the overall format and how the resume appears visually. a) Take a good look at how the resume looks. b) The overall (9) of the resume will provide the employer with a lasting first impression of you. 10. Proofread. a) allowing no room for grammatical and/or (10) in a resume b) ensuring that your document is absolutely perfect

填空题Using a public telephone may well be one of the minor irritations of life, demanding patience, determination and a strong possibility of failure together on occasion with considerable unpopularity. The hopeful 1 (shall we call him George?) waits till six o"clock in the evening to take 2 of the so-called "cheap rates" for a long distance call. The telephone box, with two broken panes of glass in the side, stands at the 3 of two main roads with buses, lorries and cars roaring past. It is pouring with rain as George 4 a queue of four depressed-looking people. Time passes slowly and seems to come to a standstill 5 the person immediately before George 6 on an endless conversation, pausing only to insert another coin every minute or so. Eventually the receiver is replaced and the caller leaves the 7 . George enters and picks up one of the directories inside, only to discover that someone unknown has tom out the 8 page he needs. Nothing for it but to dial Directory Enquiries. He waits patiently for a reply (while someone outside 9 repeatedly on the door) and finally notes down the number given. At last George can go 10 with his call. Just as he is starting to dial, however, the door opens and an unpleasant-looking face peers in with the demand "can"t you hurry up?". 11 such barbarity, George continues to dial and his unwanted companion withdraws. At last he hears the burr-burr of the ringing 12 , immediately followed by rapid pips demanding his money, but he is now so upset that he knocks down the coins he has placed ready on the top of the box. Having at last located them, he dials again the pips are repeated and he hastily inserts the coins. A cold voice 13 him, "Grand Hotel, Chalfont Well." "I"ve an urgent message for a Mr. Smith who is a guest in your hotel. Could you put me through to him? I"m afraid I don"t know his room number." The response appears less than enthusiastic and a long silence 14 . George inserts more coins. Then the voice informs him, "I"ve been trying to locate Mr. Smith but the hall porter reports having seen him leave about a minute ago." Breathing heavily, George 15 the receiver, just as the knocking on the door starts again.

填空题Which game... · is sold well? 71. ______ · allows gamers to select games with equal-caliber opponents? 72. ______ · is probably frightening? 73. ______ · offers some more ways to destroy what the players have built? 74. ______ · seems difficult to save the game? 75. ______ · has no easy track for the game? 76. ______ · enables players to construct buildings in different styles? 77. ______ · has detailed and spectacular racing environments? 78. ______ · enables players to make up their own stories? 79. ______ · allows gamers to challenge other players in team-based multiplayer games on Xbox Live and System Link? 80. ______ A Like your motorcycle games big, Bold, and beautiful? All those superlatives and more apply to Motocross Madness 2, the sequel to one of the most funny(if not the most realistic) motocross simulations ever created. This sequel improves on the original by offering larger racing environments, more modes of play, and much more detailed graphics. The environments now have a full complement of trees, cacti, Bushes, and other solid objects to smack into, and some game modes even introduce highway traffic into the mix. There's nothing like jumping over a moving semi on your way to the finish line. The new Pro Circuit career mode adds a lot of replay-ability( and long-term strategy) to the game, and fun multiplayer modes like tag offer a refreshing break to standard racing when playing online. On the downside, all the new graphical goodness requires some advanced computer hard-wares. While a 3-D accelerator isn't required, that's a little like saying your car doesn't need an engine because you can still push it. With a decent 3-D card, at least a 350 MHz processor, and plenty of RAM, however, the game really comes to life. Those of you with 3-D audio cards are also in for a treat, as it becomes possible to tell where other riders are just by listening. It took time to get used to Motocross Madness 2's complete over-the-topphysics. Hitting even a minor jump launches the bike straight up into the air, and bigger hills can leave you staring down at the treetops for over five seconds. It's a little ridiculous, But once we gained some familiarity with the tracks it virtually made the game a lot of fun. More air time means more chances to perform outrageous aerial stunts, from the Tail Grab to the back-bending Cordova. Unfortunately, it also means unfortunate encounters with trees which are much harder to avoid. If you buy sports games based only on their ability to realistically portray the sports they are simulating, Motocross Madness 2 will disappoint. For those of you who like big air, Big stunts, enormous open environments, and lots of challenging arcade action, this game is better than its predecessor in every way. B SimCity 3,000 is back, and it's bigger than ever! Maxis pulled out all the stops for this new version of the bestselling game, adding enough new customized graphics to recreate cities from all over the world. The new European and Asian building sets serve up hundreds of new buildings that match the architecture of these diverse environments. From the Great Wall to the Berlin Wall, it's in there. Of course, you can still mix and match—freedom to manage a city as you choose has always been the name of this game. No addition to the SimCity family would be complete without some new methods for destroying your creations, and SimCity 3,000 Unlimited has four more devastating disasters than the old version. You can recreate the movie Armageddon by unleashing large chunks of flaming space debris, smite your populace with a buzzing swarm of locusts, destroy seaports and coastal developments with a whirlpool, or uncork some toxic clouds. The Building Architect, formerly available as a free download, is now packed on the CD-ROM. This 3-D architectural program lets users set up the buildings of their dreams, from dilapidated outhouses to towering skyscrapers to works of modern art that are intended for pure decoration. Don't worry if you don't feel like using this powerful tool to create things yourself—the game comes with dozens of new ways to make your cities unique, and you can always head to the SimCity Exchange to download imaginative add-ons created by other users. The infinite expand-ability and infinite replay-ability of this game should keep would-be mayors completely occupied until they move to the suburbs of the Sims. C Want to live forever? Get a taste for what it's like with Vampire: The Masquerade Redemption, the first computer role-playing game based on the tremendously popular dice-and-paper and live-action RPG from White Wolf Game Studio. Die-hard fans will grumble a bit at some of the translation concessions from book to hard drive. The vampiric disciplines in particular are less flexible and occasionally more hassle than they're worth—sure, you can turn into a wolf, But you Can't return to your natural form until the time limit expires. Still, these limitations don't interfere with the gameplay, which is fast moving, challenging, and genuinely creepy. Graphics and sounds are well designed, and along with the plot they evoke the mood of gothic horror that has made Vampire so popular. The single-player mode locks you into the story line of Christof, a medieval crusader who blunders into immortality at the fangs of an ancient Brujah vampire. Christof's damnation and search for redemption lead him from the Prague of the Dark Ages to modern New York City. Multiplayer options include local area network and Internet play as well as the ability to make and run your own stories for other players. The manual is beautiful and helpful, a rare combination. Clearly, the designers took their cue from White Wolf, as evidenced by the clarity of text and carefully chosen illustrations. Though Redemption is really worth playing, garners should be warned that the save-game feature is irritating and often beyond the player's control and that the installation requires at least 720 MB (and up to 1.3 GB! ). Despite these flaws, the game is still wicked fun and merits plenty of praise. D Counter-Strike, the world's most popular online action game and first-person shooter for the PC, makes its console debut exclusively on Xbox and Xbox Live. Counter-Strike for Xbox features single-player missions, taking place over a gritty realistic counterterrorist world. It allows garners to challenge other players in team-based multiplayer games on Xbox Live and System Link. Counter-Strike for Xbox will be the most graphically advanced version of the game to date, showcasing the technical prowess of Xbox, including immersive and intense multiplayer action on Xbox Live. In addition, players will benefit by strategizing and communicating with their teammates via the Xbox Live Communicator headset. Features: ·Intense Xbox Live multiplayer action: Gamers can battle real players throughout the world with Xbox Live, strategizing and communicating with up to 15 other players. A unique player-ranking system will allow garners to select games with equal-caliber opponents, while Xbox Live helps ensure cheat-free playing fields. ·Xbox enhancements and exclusives: Players will be treated to new graphically enhanced missions from Counter-Strike: Condition Zero, as well as new, exclusive content designed only for Xbox. ·Realistic counterterrorist experience: Players will experience a deep and involving counterterrorism world, where danger abounds. Lead an elite team through the jungles of Asia, the cold regions of Eastern Europe, and the unbearable humidity of Colombia. ·Real-life weapons and gadgets: Players can choose from more than 25 real-life weapons, including shotguns, sniper rifles, pistols, and other military artillery. ·Downloadable content: New downloadable content will be available via Xbox Live.

填空题Does the publisher of Douglas Starr's excellent Blood—An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce actually expect to sell many copies? Whoever chose the title, certain to scare off the squeamish, and the subtitle, which makes the effort sound like a dry, dense survey text, has really done this book a disservice. In fact, the brave and curious will enjoy a brightly written, intriguing, and disquieting book, with some important lessons for public health. (67) The book begins with a historical view on centuries of lore about blood—in particular, the belief that blood carried the evil humors of disease and required occasional draining. As recently as the Revolutionary War, bloodletting was widely applied to treat fevers. The idea of using one person's blood to heal another is only about 75 years old—although rogue scientists had experimented with transfusing animal blood at least as early as the 1600s. The first transfusion experiments involved stitching a donor's vein (in early cases the physician's) to a patient's vein. (68) Sabotaged by notions about the "purity" of their groups' blood, Japan and Germany lagged well behind the Allies in transfusion science. Once they realized they were losing injured troops the Allies had learned to save, they tried to catch up, conducting horrible and unproductive experiments such as draining blood from POWs and injecting them with horse blood or polymers. (69) During the early to mid-1980s, Starr says, 10,000 American hemophiliacs and 12,000 others contracted HIV from transfusions and receipt of blood products. Blood banks both here and abroad moved slowly to acknowledge the threat of the virus and in some cases even acted with criminal negligence, allowing the distribution of blood they knew was tainted. This is not new material. But Starr's insights add a dimension to a story first explored in the late Randy Shilts's And the Bond Played On. (70) Is the blood supply safe now? Screening procedures and technology have gotten much more advanced. Yet it's disturbing to read Starr's contention that a person receiving multiple transfusions today has about a 1 in 90,000 chance of contracting HIV—far higher than the "one in a million" figure that blood bankers once blithely and falsely quoted. Moreover, new pathogens threaten to emerge and spread through the increasingly high-speed, global blood-product network faster than science can stop them. This prompts Starr to argue that today's blood stores are "simultaneously safer and more threatening" than when distribution was less sophisticated. (71) A. The massive wartime blood drives laid the groundwork for modern blood-banking, which has saved countless lives. Unfortunately, these developments also set the stage for a great modern tragedy— the spread of AIDS through the international blood supply. B. There is so much drama, power, resonance, and important information in this book that it would be a shame if the squeamish were scared off. Perhaps the key lessen is this: The public health must always be guarded against the pressures and pitfalls of competitive markets and human fallibility. C. In his "chronicle of a resource", Starr covers an enormous amount of ground. He gives us an account of mankind's attitudes over a 400-year period towards this "precious, mysterious, and hazardous material"; of medicine's efforts to understand, control, and develop blood's life-saving properties; and of the multibillion-dollar industry that benefits from it. He describes disparate institutions that use blood, from the military and the pharmaceutical industry to blood banks. The culmination is a rich examination of how something as horrifying as distributing blood tainted with the HIV virus could have occurred. D. The book's most interesting section considers the huge strides transfusion science took during World War Ⅱ. Medicine benefited significantly from the initiative to collect and supply blood to the Allied troops and from new trauma procedures developed to administer it. It was then that scientists learned to separate blood into useful elements, such as freeze-dried plasma and clotting factors, paving the way for both battlefield miracles and dramatic improvement in the lives of hemophiliacs. E. Starr's tale ends with a warning about the safety of today's blood supply. F. Starr obtained memos and other evidence used in Japanese, French, and Canadian criminal trials over the tainted-blood distribution. (American blood banks enjoyed legal protections that made U. S. trials more complex and provided less closure for those harmed.) His account of the French situation is particularly poignant. Starr explains that in postwar France, donating blood was viewed as a sacred and patriotic act. Prison populations were urged to give blood as a way to connect more with society. Unfortunately, the French came to believe that such benevolence somehow offered a magical protection to the blood itself and that it would be unseemly to question volunteer donors about their medical history or sexual or drug practices. Combined with other factors, including greed and hubris, this led to tragedy. Some blood banks were collecting blood from high-risk groups as late as 1990, well into the crisis. And France, along with Canada, Japan, and even Britain, stalled approval and distribution of safer, American heat-treated plasma products when they became available, in part because they were giving their domestic companies time to catch up with scientific advances.

填空题·offers some more ways to destroy what the players have built?

填空题 The culture industry did away with yesterday's rubbish by its own perfection, and by forbidding and domesticating the amateurish, although it constantly allows gross blunders without which the standard of the exalted style cannot be perceived. 66. ______. Nevertheless the culture industry remains the entertainment business. Its influence over the consumers is established by entertainment; that will ultimately be broken not by an outright decree, but by the hostility inherent in the principle of entertainment to what is greater than itself. Since all the trends of the culture industry are profoundly embedded in the public by the whole social process, they are encouraged by the survival of the market in this area. Demand has not yet been replaced by simple obedience. As is well known, the major reorganization of the film industry shortly before World War I, the material prerequisite of its expansion, was precisely its deliberate acceptance of the public's needs as recorded at the box-office, a procedure which was hardly thought necessary in the pioneering days of the screen. 67. ______. Amusement under late capitalism is the prolongation of work. It is sought after as an escape from the mechanized work process, and to recruit strength in order to be able to cope with it again. But at the same time mechanization has such power over a man's leisure and happiness, and so profoundly determines the manufacture of amusement goods, that his experiences are inevitably after-images of the work process itself. The ostensible content is merely a faded foreground; what sinks in is the automatic succession of standardized operations. What happens at work, in the factory, or in the office can only be escaped from by approximation to it in one's leisure time. 68. ______. The tendency mischievously to fall back on pare nonsense, which was a legitimate part of popular art, farce and clowning, right up to Chaplin and the Marx Brothers, is most obvious in the unpretentious kinds. 69. ______. The idea itself, together with the objects of comedy and terror, is massacred and fragmented. Novelty songs have always existed on a contempt for meaning which, as predecessors and successors of psychoanalysis, they reduce to the monotony of sexual symbolism. 70. ______. Cartoons were once exponents of fantasy as opposed to rationalism. They ensured that justice was done to the creatures and objects they electrified, by giving the maimed specimens a second life. A. All amusement suffers from this incurable malady. Pleasure hardens into boredom because, if it is to remain pleasure, it must not demand any effort and therefore moves rigorously in the worn grooves of association'. No independent thinking must be expected from the audience: the product prescribes every reaction: not by its natural structure (which collapses under reflection), but by signals. Any logical connection calling for mental effort is painstakingly avoided. As far as possible, developments must follow from the immediately preceding situation and never from the idea of the whole. For the attentive movie-goer any individual scene will give him the whole thing. Even the set pattern itself still seems dangerous, offering some meaning, wretched as it might he, where only meaninglessness is acceptable. B. But what is new is that the irreconcilable elements of culture, art and distraction, are subordinated to one end and subsumed under one false formula: the totality of the culture industry. It consists of repetition. That its characteristic innovations are never anything more than improvements of mass reproduction is not external to the system. It is with good mason that the interest of innumerable consumers is directed to the technique, and not to the contents which are stubbornly repeated, outworn, and by now half-discredited. The social power which the spectators worship shows itself more effectively in the omnipresence of the stereotype imposed by technical skill than in the stale ideologies for which the ephemeral contents stand in. C. The same opinion is held today by the captains of the film industry, who take as their criterion the more or less phenomenal song hits but wisely never have recourse to the judgment of truth, the opposite criterion. Business is their ideology. It is quite correct that the power of the culture industry resides in its identification with a manufactured need, and not in simple contrast to it, even if this contrast were one of complete power and complete powerlessness. D. Today, detective and adventure films no longer give the audience the opportunity to experience the resolution. In the non-ironic varieties of the genre, it has also to rest content with the simple horror of situations which have almost ceased to be linked in any way. E. This tendency has completely asserted itself in the text of the novelty song, in the thriller movie, and in cartoons, although in films starring Greer Garson and Bette Davis the unity of the socio- psychological case study provides something approximating a claim to a consistent plot. F. Often the plot is maliciously deprived of the development demanded by characters and matter according to the old pattern. Instead, the next step is what the script writer takes to be the most striking effect in the particular situation. Banal though elaborate surprise interrupts the story- line.

填空题Periodically in history, there come periods of great transition in which work changes its meaning. There was a time, perhaps 10,000 years ago, when human beings stopped feeding themselves by hunting game and gathering plants, and increasingly turned to agriculture. In a way, that represented the invention of "work." Then, in the latter decades of the 18th century, as the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, there was another transition in which the symbols of work were no longer the hoe and the plow; they were replaced by the mill and the assembly line. 66. ______ With the Industrial Revolution, machinery -powered first by steam, then by electricity and internal combustion engines -took over the hard physical tasks and relieved the strain on human and animal muscles. 67. ______ And yet, such jobs have been characteristic of the human condition in the first threequarters of the 20th century. They've made too little demand on the human mind and spirit to keep them fresh and alive, made too much demand for any machine to serve the purpose -until now. The electronic computer, invented in the 1940's and improved at breakneck speed, was a machine that, for the first time, seemed capable of doing work that had until then been the preserve of the human mind. With the coming of the microchip in the 1970 s, computers became compact enough, versatile enough and (most important of all) cheap enough to serve as the brains of affordable machines that could take their place on the assembly line and in the office. 68. ______ First, what will happen to the human beings who have been working at these disappearing jobs? Second, where will we get the human beings that will do the new jobs that will appear -jobs that are demanding, interesting and mind-exercising, but that require a hightech level of thought and education? 69. ______ The first problem, that of technological unemployment, will be temporary, for it will arise out of the fact that there is now a generation of employees who have not been educated to fit the computer age. However, (in advanced nations, at least) they will be the last generation to be so lacking, so that with them this problem will disappear or, at least, diminish to the point of non-crisis proportions. The second problem -that of developing a large enough number of high-tech minds to run a high-tech world -will be no problem at all, once we adjust our thinking. 70. ______ Right now, creativity seems to be confined to a very few, and it is easy to suppose that that is the way it must be. However, with the proper availability of computerized education, humanity will surprise the elite few once again. A. There remained, however, the "easier" labor -the labor that required the human eyes, ears, judgment and mind but no sweating. It nevertheless had its miseries, for it tended to be dull, repetitious, and boring. And there is always the sour sense of endlessly doing something unpleasant under compulsion. B. For one thing, much of human effort that is today put into "running the world" will be unnecessary. With computers, robots and automation, a great deal of the daily grind will appear to be running itself. This is nothing startling. It is a trend that has been rapidly on its way ever since World War II. C. And now we stand at the brink of a change that will be the greatest of all, for work in its old sense will disappear altogether. To most people, work has always been an effortful exercising of mind or body -compelled by the bitter necessity of earning the necessities of life -plus an occasional period of leisure in which to rest or have fun. D. Clearly there will be a painful period of transition, one that is starting already, and one that will be in full swing as the 21st century begins. E. In the first place, the computer age will introduce a total revolution in our notions of education, and is beginning to do so now The coming of the computer will make learning fun, and a successfully stimulated mind will learn quickly. It will undoubtedly turn out that the "average" child is much more intelligent and creative than we generally suppose. There was a time, after all, when the ability to read and write was confined to a very small group of "scholars" and almost all of them would have scouted the notion that just about anyone could learn the intricacies of literacy. Yet with mass education general literacy came to be a fact. F. This means that the dull, the boring, the repetitious, the mind-stultifying work will begin to disappear from the job market -is already beginning to disappear. This, of course, will introduce two vital sets of problem -is already introducing them.

填空题Note: When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order. Some choices may be required more than once. A= Caribou Indians B= The Coastal Indians C= Plain Indians Which group of Indians ... · hunt animals by driving them into falling off the cliffs? 21. ______ · wore nothing but a piece of cloth around the waist? 22. ______ · lived in houses easily packed up and moved? 23. ______ · depend their main catch for food and clothing? 24. ______ 25. ______ · joined their lodging places? 26. ______ · could have adopted white man's clothing? 27. ______ 28. ______ · built their houses with the skins of animals? 29. ______ · were highly advanced in house-building? 30. ______ CARIBOU INDIANS Caribou (Indian for reindeer)roam in herds from one feeding-ground to the next in the forests and on the plains extending to the Arctic coasts of North America; they are hunted by the Eskimos in the summer and by the Indians farther south in the winter. Before the days of guns the Indians caught them in traps or pitfalls, they drove them over soft snow and pursued them on snow-shoes, or they drove them into the water and speared them from their sprucebark canoes. For a big drive they set up rows of stakes and drove them into ambushes or enclosures or into narrow gorges from which they could not escape. By these means they killed many more caribou than they could eat, so they stored the dried flesh in pits or caches. Much of the flesh was pounded into pemmican and packed in fat, in which condition it would keep for months. These Indians made their shirts, leggings or trousers, and moccasins of skins. Women wore much the same clothes as the men, only of softer materials -often doeskin -and their clothes were more richly decorated with shells, dyed porcupine quills, or feathers. Wealthy men wore robes of beaver, wolf, bear, or coyote fur. But most Indians have come in contact with trading-posts and have adopted white man's clothing. During the winter many Indians lived in solid wooden houses, sometimes partly underground for warmth; and in some parts they built a large "ceremonial lodge", 40 or 50 feet long, for feasts, dances, and great occasions. In many parts there were no permanent settlements, and the Indians, when they were hunting, lived in their bark wigwams which were easily moved from camp to camp. THE GOASTAL INBIANS These Indians depended mainly on fish, and especially on salmon. These fish came up the river once a year to spawn, crowding in such masses that the Indians could scoop them up in buckets. They also caught them in nets, harpooned them, or took them in staked enclosures. The fish were dried and smoked, sometimes made into a paste and stored in finely plaited baskets to keep until the next salmon "run". The Indians built large houses of spruce or fine planks from the great forests which run down almost to the coast. The villages generally consisted of thirty or more houses set in a line facing the sea along a sheltered part of the coast. The houses used to be large, solid, and rectangular, 40 to 50 feet long, in which several related families lived together. In early days these houses were built without nails, by fitting and tying the timbers together; and reed mats made partitions inside. In front they set up their 'totem poles', carved with the crests of the animals which were linked in mythical tales with the particular clan and family. Closing-fitting clothing was not needed in this mild coastal region -men often went barefoot, wearing nothing but a loincloth. Cloaks were made of skins, fiber matting, and beautiful blankets woven of wool and hair. Women had long garments of dressed skins, often decorated with beads and shells. Traders, railways, and industries such as fishing, canning, mining, and lumber have, in recent years, invaded the region and altered native life: now European houses and clothes are replacing native styles. PLAIN INDIANS These tribes whose names are famous in story hunted the bison, called 'buffalo', on the treeless prairies of North America, between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains. They were tall, well-built, and muscular, proud of their physical fitness and of their ability to bear pain and hardships without complaint. Down to the middle of the last century herds of bison roamed the prairies in great numbers and provided the Indians with plenty of food. They stalked them and surrounded them on horseback, shooting them with bows and arrows. They trapped them in various ways. A common plan was to set up rows of stakes or piles of stones in a V-shape, converging to a point at the edge of a cliff. The younger men would lure or urge the herd towards the trap, and when within the lines they were stamped over the cliff, to fall, injured into an enclosure below, where they were easily slaughtered. Men, women, and children helped in cutting up the animals and carrying the loads back to camp. Bison skins, carefully cured, scraped, and softened, were used to cover tents (tepees), for bags, and for men's robes. For shirts, leggings, and moccasins the lighter skins of deer were preferred. A thick piece of bison skin supported on sticks was the cooking-pot, and this was heated in the same way as that used by Caribou Indians. The hair of the bison was used for stuffing, its paunch as a water-bucket, its sinews for string, its horns for spoons, and its bone for tools.

填空题Questions 1--3 Choose the best answer.

填空题 For as long as most people can remember, food has been getting cheaper and farming has been in decline. In 1974--2005 food prices on world markets fell by three-quarters in real terms. Food today is so cheap that the West is battling gluttony even as it scrapes piles of half-eaten leftovers into the bin.66. __________. The Economist's food-price index is higher today than at any time since it was created in 1845. Even in real terms, prices have jumped by 75% since 2005. No doubt farmers will meet higher prices with investment and more production, but dearer food is likely to persist for years. That is because "agflation" is underpinned by long-running changes in diet that accompany the growing wealth of emerging economies--the Chinese consumer who ate 20kg of meat in 1985 will scoff over 50kg of the stuff this year. That in turn pushes up demand for grain: It takes 8kg of grain to produce one of beef.67. __________. Dearer food has the capacity to do enormous good and enormous harm. It will hurt urban consumers, especially in poor countries, by increasing the price of what is already the most expensive item in their household budgets. It will benefit farmers and agricultural communities by increasing the rewards of their labour; in many poor rural places it will boost the most important source of jobs and economic growth.68. __________. That, at least, is the lesson of half a century of food policy. Whatever the supposed threat-- the lack of food security, rural poverty, environmental stewardship--the world seems to have only one solution: government intervention. Most of the subsidies and trade barriers have come at a huge cost. The trillions of dollars spent supporting farmers in rich countries have led to higher taxes, worse food, intensively farmed monocultures, overproduction and world prices that wreck the lives of poor farmers in the emerging markets.69. __________. With agflation, policy has reached a new level of self-parody. Take America's supposedly verdant ethanol subsidies. It is not just that they are supporting a relatively dirty version of ethanol (far better to import Brazil's sugar-based liquor); they are also offsetting older grain subsidies that lowered prices by encouraging overproduction. Intervention multiplies like lies. Now countries such as Russia and Venezuela have imposed price controls--an aid to consumers--to offset America's aid to ethanol producers. Meanwhile, high grain prices ale persuading people to clear forests to plant more maize.70. __________. Cutting rich-world subsidies and trade barriers would help taxpayers; it could revive the stalled Doha round of world trade talks, boosting the World economy; and, most important, it would directly help many of the world's poor. In terms of economic policy, it is hard to think of a greater good.A. However, there is an obvious catch-- and one that justifies government help- High prices have a mixed impact on poverty: They hurt anyone who loses more from dear food than he gains from a higher income.B. And for what? Despite the help, plenty of Western farmers have been beset by poverty. Increasing productivity means you need fewer farmers, which steadily drives the least efficient off the land. Even a vast subsidy cannot reverse that.C. That is why this year's price rise has been so extraordinary. Since the spring, wheat prices have doubled and almost every crop under the sun--maize, milk, oilseeds, you name it--is at or near a peak in nominal terms.D. Dearer food is a chance to break this dizzying cycle. Higher market prices make it possible to reduce subsidies without hurting incomes. A farm bill is now going through America's Congress. The European Union has promised a root-and-branch review (not yet reform) of its farm-support scheme. The reforms of the past few decades have, in fact, grappled with the rich world's farm programmes--but only timidly. Now comes the chance for politicians to show that they are serious when they say they want to put agriculture right.E. Although the cost of food is determined by fundamental patterns of demand and supply, the balance between good and ill also depends in part on governments. If politicians do nothing, or the wrong things, the world faces more misery, especially among the urban poor. If they get policy right, they can help increase the wealth of the poorest nations, aid the rural poor, rescue farming from subsidies and neglect--and minimise the harm to the slum-dwellers and landless labourers. So far, the auguries look gloomy.F. But the rise in prices is also the self-inflicted result of America's reckless ethanol subsidies. This year biofuels will take a third of America's (record) maize harvest. That affects food markets directly: Fill up an SUV's fuel tank with ethanol and you have used enough maize to feed a person for a year. And it affects them indirectly, as farmers switch to maize from other crops. The 30m tonnes of extra maize going to ethanol this year amounts to half the fall in the world's overall grain stocks.