填空题But in preserving the balance we have to be clear where the problem actually lies. Of the total carbon dioxide emissions caused by burning fossil fuels, only 20 percent comes from transportation. 80 percent comes from static Uses of energy -- the energy used in our homes, in industry and in power generation of the total, 43 percent comes from petroleum. 1 On top of that, a further one megaton is produced by our chemical operations. If you add to that the carbon produced by the consumption of the products we produce -- the total goes up to around 95 megatons. That is just 1 percent of the total carbon dioxide emissions which come from all human activity. 2 Only a fraction of the total emissions come from the transportation sector -- so the problem is not just caused by vehicles. Any response which is going to have a real impact has to look at all the sources. That means ensuring our own house is in order. It also means contributing to the wider analysis of the problem -- through research, technology and through engagement in the search for the best public policy mechanisms -- the actions which can produce the right solutions for the long term common interest. We have a responsibility to act, and I hope that through our actions we can contribute to the much wider process which is desirable and necessary. First we will monitor and control our own carbon dioxide emissions. This follows the commitment we"ve made in relation to other environmental issues. Our overall goal is to do no harm or damage to the natural environment. That"s an ambitious goal which we approach systematically. 3 Now, as well as continuing our efforts in relation to the other greenhouse gases, it is time to establish a similar process for carbon dioxide. Our carbon dioxide emissions result from burning hydrocarbon fuels to produce heat and power, from flaring feed and product gases, and directly from the process of separation or transformation. So far our approach to carbon dioxide has been indirect and has mainly come through improvements in the energy efficiency of our production processes. Over the last decade, efficiency in our major manufacturing activities has improved by 20 percent. 4 It is a learning process -- just as it has been with the other emissions we"ve targeted but the learning is cumulative and I think it will have a substantial impact. Other steps will require investment to make existing facilities more energy efficient. For instance, we"re researching ways in which we can remove the carbon dioxide from large compressors and reinject it to improve oil recovery. That would bring a double benefit -- a cut in emissions and an improvement in production efficiency. The task is particularly challenging in the refining sector where the production of cleaner products re quires more extensive processing and a higher energy demand for each unit of output. That means that to make gasoline cleaner, with lower sulphur levels, takes more energy at the manufacturing stage. That"s the trade off. In each case our aim will be to establish a database, including benchmark data; to create a monitoring process, and then to develop targets for improvement through operational line management. 5 We will increase our support for that work. That support will be focused on finding solutions and will be directed to work of high quality which we believe can address the key outstanding questions. A. Let me put that another way -- to be clear. Human activity accounts for a small part of the total volume of emissions of carbon -- but it is that part which could cause disequilibrium. B. As I said a few moments ago, there are still areas of significant uncertainty around the subject of climate change. Those who tell you they know all the answers are fools or knaves. More research is needed -- on the detail of cause and effect, on the consequences of what appears to be happening, and on the effectiveness of the various actions which can be taken. C. Monitoring and controlling emissions is one step. The second is to increase the level of support we give to the continuing scientific work which is necessary. D. Now we want to go further. We have to continue to improve the efficiency with which we use energy. And in addition we need a better understanding of how our own emissions of carbon can be monitored and controlled, using a variety of measures including sequestration. It is a very simple business lesson that what gets measured gets managed. E. Our method has been to focus on one item at a time, to identify what can be delivered, to establish monitoring processes and targets as part of our internal management system and to put in place an external confirmation of delivery. In most cases the approach has meant that we"ve been able to go well beyond the regulatory requirements. F. We"ve looked carefully, using the best available data, at the precise impact of our own activities. Our operations -- in exploration and in refining -- produce around eight megatons of carbon.

填空题In a world where it gets more and more difficult to move or surprise readers who are (1) or wearied by their (2) to images of violence, conflict and strife, writers have a more difficult task if they want to shake us (3) of complacency. Knopf is a publisher (4) for producing exciting first novels, but first-time authors are often obsessed (5) finding new ways of (6) under our increasingly thick skin. Sometimes, (7) , the most outrageousincidents in contemporary fiction read like gimmicks a game of "guess the shocking secret". Anne-Marie MacDonald's wonderful novel, Fall on Your Knees, not only avoids the (8) of first novels, it has created a voice which pierces the (9) of cynicism that surrounds us. Yes, it is often shocking with its insistence (10) stark images, but it is also a sensitive (11) of comedic, tragic and, surprisingly, romantic stories. What ultimately sets (12) Fall on Your Knees is the (13) of the narrative voice. This voice acts (14) a Greek chorus which speaks directly to you, directing your gaze and compelling your involvement. Always using the present tense, the action is (15) infinitely more dramatic and immediate. A compassionate, independent voice, MacDonald herself told me it has a strong connection to Cape Breton, where the novel is mostly (16) She had in mind her father's tone when he told ghost stories, a slow and measured cadence that (17) a tale full of sweetness, sadness and terror, a tone which brings the story into each person's "own private world", (18) being obtrusive. A recurring motif in Fall on Your Knees is that of guardian angels; I came to think of this voice as the guardian angel of the novel it is not in the (19) of passing judgement, but it tries to protect its charges by showing us what is going on inside them, by reminding us how imperfect the human mind is and how illusory our memories sometimes (20) out to be. As we learn in the book, "Memory is another word for story, and nothing is more unreliable./

填空题Exercising but Not Enough Americans are sold on the value of exercise. More than eight in ten (86%) believe exercising (1) fitness improves a person's odds of a long and healthy life by "a lot". And, about six in ten believe that exercising has "a lot" of impact (2) a person's attractiveness. (3) just 28% report that they get as (4) physical exercise as they should. There is no demographic or weight classification group (5) which a majority feels they get as much exercise as they should. Some 57% of Americans report that they do some (6) of exercise program to (7) physically fit. Even among this group, (8) , just 34% say they are getting as much exercise as they should while 65% think they should be (9) more. Those who are currently dieting are more (10) than those not currently dieting to also be exercising. The overweight may need exercise more (11) they are less likely to be doing it (12) with those who are about the right weight. About half (53%) of those who (13) themselves overweight are exercising; the comparable figure among those who consider their weight about right is 61%. Both men and women, young and old are about equally likely to be exercising. Those with more education and (14) incomes are more likely than their counterparts to take part in an exercise program. There are modest differences in exercising (15) race and ethnicity; Hispanics are less likely than non-Hispanic whites to exercise (16) blacks and whites are about equally likely to (17) so. What keeps people out of the gym? One impediment to more (18) activity may be the fun factor. There is a strong correlation between enjoyment of exercise and doing it. Among those who (19) exercising a great deal, 85% take part in an exercise program; this figure (20) to 68% among those who say they enjoy exercising "a fair amount" and to just 37% among those who are less enthusiastic about exercise.

填空题{{B}} A=BOOK 1 B=BOOK 2 C=BOOK 3 D=BOOK 4 Which book(s) say(s) that ...{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} BOOK 1 The book offers a comprehensive perspective on the consequences and possible policy solutions for climatic change as we move into the twenty-first century. It assesses the impact of potential future global climate change on agriculture and the need to sustain agricultural growth for economic development. The book begins by examining the role of international research institutions in overcoming environmental constraints on sustainable agricultural growth and economic development. The authors then discuss how agricultural research systems may be restructured to respond to global environmental problems such as climate change and loss of genetic diversity. The discussion then extends to consider environmental accounting and indexing, to illustrate how environmental quality can be included formally in measures of national income, social welfare and sustainability. Tile third part of the book focuses on the effects of and policy responses to climate change. Chapters in this part examine the effect of climate change on production, trade, land use patterns and livelihoods. They consider impacts on the distribution of income between developed and developing countries and between different social classes within the developing world, where agriculture remains a major economic activity. Authors take on an economy-wide perspective to draw lessons for agriculture, trade, land use and tax policy. {{B}}B{{/B}} BOOK 2 The ozone layer is threatened by chemical emissions, the climate is endangered from fossil fuels and deforestation, and global biodiversity is being lost by reason of thousands of years of habitat conversions. Global environmental problems arise out of the accumulated impacts from many years' and many Countries' economic development. In order to address these problems the states of the world must cooperate to manage their development processes together -- this is what an international environmental agreement must do. But can the world's countries cooperate successfully to manage global development? How should they manage it? Who should pay for the process, as well as for the underlying problems? This book presents an examination of both the problem and the process underlying international environmental lawmaking: the recognition of international interdependence, the negotiation of international agreements and the evolution of international resource management. It examines the general problem of global resource management by means of general principles and case studies and by looking at how and why specific negotiations and agreements have failed to achieve their targets. The book is designed as an introductory text for those studying global environmental policy making and institution building. It will also be of interest to practitioners and policy makers and scholars in the areas of environmental economics and law. {{B}}C{{/B}} BOOK 3 Industrialization to achieve economic development has resulted in global environmental degradation. While the impacts of industrial activity on the natural environment are a major concern in developed countries, much less is known about these impacts in developing countries. This source book identifies and quantifies the environmental consequences of industrial growth, and provides policy advice, including the use of clean technologies and environmentally sound production techniques, with special reference to the developing world. The developing world is often seen as having a high percentage of heavily polluting activities within its industrial sector. This, combined with a substantial agricultural sector, which contributes to deforestation, the erosion of the top soil and desertification, has led to extreme pressures on the environment and impoverishes the population by destroying its natural resource base. This crisis suggests that sound industrialization policies are of paramount importance in developing countries' economic development, and calls for the management of natural resources and the adoption of low-waste or environmentally clean technologies. The authors consider the industrial sector as a pollutant vis-à-vis other sectors of the economy, and then focus on some industry-specific pollutants within the manufacturing sector and some process-specific industrial pollutants. They conclude by reviewing the economic implications of promoting environmentally sound industrial development, specifically addressing the question of the conflict or complementarity which may exist between environmental goods and industrial production. {{B}}D{{/B}} BOOK 4 This is an important book which presents new concepts of the marginal cost of substituting nonpollutive for pollutive goods. Technical in its approach it complements the other literature in the field and will be a significant contribution to the understanding of microeconomic issues in pollution control. The book focuses on three main concepts: substitutions in consumption, emission abatement and exposure avoidance. The first part considers the adjustment of the scope and combination of goods produced as a method for controlling pollution. The author argues that pollution is controlled by increasing the relative price of the polluting goods in the production process; thereby reducing demand and subsequent production of the goods. In the second part, the discussion is extended to include the possibilities of preventing or abating emissions in relation to three models: first, pollution prevention when non-polluting inputs and processes are substituted for pollutants~ second, when a proportion of the polluting output is recycled rather than being discarded; and finally end-of-pipe abatement where additional technology is used. In conclusion the author assesses the extent to which pollution damage is controlled by avoidance of emissions, with avoidance being modeled as an add-on technology with its own returns to scale.·the climate affects the future sustainable agricultural development? 71. ______·environmental control is related with the national revenue? 72. ______·the environmental problems are not caused overnight? 73. ______·a variety of species are on the decrease? 74. ______·agriculture is also a factor for the degradation of environment? 75. ______·pollution can be controlled by increasing the production cost of polluting goods? 76. ______·pollution control needs the support of technology and techniques? 77. ______ 78. ______·the degradation of environment causes the change of climate? 79. ______·the approaches to research should be adjusted to the changing situation? 80. ______

填空题This book is an invitation to share the experiences of people (31) like you, learn a new language or come to live in a culture different from the (32) they grew up in. We hope (33) the experience of reading the stories in this book will be a pleasure for you. Reading literature in a language (34) is not your native one is more likely to be a pleasant experience if you first read the text through without stopping (35) understand the meaning of every word. Words only have meaning (36) they are used with (37) words. Most of the words in these stories are used in context which makes their meanings (38) clear as they need to be for the stories to make (39) . So don't let an unfamiliar word stop you the first time you (40) it; read on. There will be time later to pay attention to the word. (41) you stop when you see it the first time, you may lose interest in the story. Reading these stories is rather (42) taking an automobile trip. Once you' re on a trip, you watch (43) signs that tell you that you' re going (44) the right direction. (45) if you stop too many times to ask for directions on the trip, you aren't likely to go very far. (46) , you put your trust in the road signs and continue. Then you (47) enjoy the sights you see or the feeling and ideas that occur to you at the time. (48) , you think back over your trip, tell other people about (49) you noticed, discover what others may (50) observed, and find out about things you wondered about. If you really like the trip, you may decide to take it again.

填空题Until about two million years ago, Africa's vegetation had always been controlled by the interactions of climate; geology, soil, and groundwater conditions; and the activities of animals. The addition of humans to the latter group, however, has increasingly rendered unreal the concept of a fully developed "natural" vegetation—i.e., one approximating the ideal of a vegetational climax. (16) Early attempts at mapping and classifying Africa's vegetation stressed this relationship. sometimes the names of plant zones were derived directly from climates. In this discussion the idea of zones is retained only in a broad descriptive sense. (17) In addition, over time more floral regions of varying shape and size have been recognized. Many schemes have arisen successively, all of which have had to take views on two important aspects, the general scale of treatment to be adopted, and the degree to which human modification is to be comprehended or discounted. (18) Quite the opposite assumption is now frequently advanced. An intimate combination of many species—in complex associations and related to localized soils, slopes, and drainage—has been detailed in many studies of the African tropics. In a few square miles there may be a visible succession from swamp with papyrus, the grass of which the ancient Egyptians made paper and from which the word "paper" originated, through swampy grassland and broad-leaved woodland and grass to a patch of forest on richer hillside soil, and finally to juicy fleshy plants on a nearly naked rock summit. (19) Correspondingly, classifications have differed greatly in their principles for naming, grouping, and describing formations, some have chosen terms such as forest, woodland, thorn-bush, thicket, and shrub for much of the same broad tracts that others have grouped as wooded savanna (treeless grassy plain) and steppe (grassy plain with few trees). This is best seen in the nomenclature, naming of plants, adopted by two of the most comprehensive and authoritative maps of Africa's vegetation that have been published. R. W. J. Keay's Vegetation Map of Africa South of the Tropic of Cancer and its more widely based successor, The Vegetation Map of Africa, compiled by Frank White. In the Keay map the herb layer and the coverage of woody vegetation; the White map, however, discarded these two categories as specific classifications. Yet any rapid absence of savanna as in its popular and more general sense is doubtful. (20) However, some 100 specific types of vegetation identified on the source map have been compressed into 14 broader classifications. A. As more has become known of the many thousands of African plant species and their complex ecology, naming, classification, and mapping have also become more particular, stressing what was actually present rather than postulating about climatic potential. B. In regions of higher rainfall, such as eastern Africa, savanna vegetation is maintained by periodic fires. Consuming dry grass at the end of the rainy season, the fires burn back the forest vegetation, check the invasion of trees and shrubs, and stimulate new grass growth. C. Once, as with the scientific treatment of African soils, a much greater uniformity was attributed to the vegetation than would have been generally accepted in the same period for treatments of the lands of western Europe or the United States. D. The vegetational map of Africa and general vegetation groupings used here follow the White map and its extensive annotations. E. Nevertheless, in broad terms, climate remains the dominant control over vegetation. Zonal belts of precipitation, reflection latitude and contrasting exposure to the Atlantic and Indian oceans and their currents, give some reality to related belts of vegetation. F. The span of human occupation in Africa is believed to exceed that of any other continent. All the resultant activities have tended, on balance, to reduce tree cover and increase grassland; but there has been considerable dispute among scholars concerning the natural versus human-caused development of most African grasslands at the regional level.

填空题The shore is an ancient world, for 1 long as there has been an earth and sea 2 , has been this place of the meeting of land and 3 . Yet it is a world that keeps alive the sense 4 continuing creation and of the relentless drive of life. Each time 5 I enter it, I gain some new awareness of its beauty and its deeper meanings, sensing that intricate fabric of life 6 which one creature is linked with another, and each with its surroundings. 7 my thoughts of the shore, one place stands apart for its revelation of exquisite beauty. It is a pool hidden within a cave 8 one can visit only rarely and briefly when 9 lowest of the year"s low tides fall below it, and perhaps from that 10 fact it acquires some of its special beauty. Choosing such a tide, I hoped 11 a glimpse of the pool. The ebb was 12 fall early in the morning. I knew that 13 the wind held from the northwest and no interfering swell ran in 14 a distant storm the level of the sea should drop below the entrance 15 the pool. There had been sudden ominous showers in the night, with rain 16 handfuls of gravel flung on the roof. When I looked out into the 17 morning the sky was full of a gray dawn light but the sun had not yet risen. Water and air were pallid. Across the bay 18 moon was a luminous disc in the western sky, suspended 19 the dim line of distant shore—the full August moon, drawing the tide to the low, low levels of the threshold of the alien sea world. As I watched, a gull flew by, above the spruces. Its breast was rosy 20 the light of the unrisen sun. The day was, after all, to be fair.

填空题A=Brain 1 B=Brain 2 C=Brain 3 Which part of brains... ● differentiates human being from other animals? 1 ● controls human emotions? 2 ● sends information from the other two brains to the body? 3 ● controls the involuntary functions? 4 ● controls memory and learning? 5 ● is little different from that of mammals in structure? 6 ● makes people speak and write? 7 ● makes people have the senses of taste and smell? 8 ● acts as a unifying control of the other two brains? 9 ● is responsible for aggressive behaviour? 10 When you refer to your brain, you should probably say "brains". Most modem scientists studying the brain have concluded at there are three major parts of our brain, that each is separate from the others, and that each has its own functions and distinctive processes. Brain 1 Brain 1 includes the spinal cord, the medulla—which sits directly atop the cord—and the middle section of the brain. It includes the controls for involuntary functions like breathing and digestion, along with the nerves necessary for reproduction. The structure of the human brain 1 is little different from the structures of the brains of mammals and reptiles. Brain 1 is apparently responsible both for aggressive and social behavior. Brain 2 Brain 2 is an area surrounding brain 1. In this second brain are the various glands located in the brain, such as the pituitary and amygdala. Scientists studying brain 2 are convinced that human emotions such as excitement, fear, and love are centered here, as well as the senses of taste and smell. Memory and learning are also controlled by brain 2. Electrical charges applied to this section of the brain cause seizures and psychotic behavior. Brain 3 Brain 3 is the neocortex, the thick covering that surrounds the top and side portions of the brain. This is the "gray matter" we often think of when we speak of the brain. Only the higher orders of animals have brain 3, and none is as highly developed as the human neocortex. Brain 3 sends information from the other two brains to the body and receives data from the body. It is apparently brain 3 that makes us fully human. Brain 3 allows us to stand erect, to plan and anticipate the future, to see, to speak, to write, to use symbols and tools, and to remember. Brain 3 apparently also acts as a unifying control of the other two Brains. As scientists continue to study the brain, they discover specific areas that control particular functions of the body and particular emotions. It is interesting to speculate about the future of the old idea of "the mind". As we learn more about our three brains, will we be more or less awed by our own complexity?

填空题Howmanyplanetsarethereinthesolarsystemrevolvingaroundthesun?

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填空题Accordingtotheman,manyanimalsaresolitarymostofthetime.

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填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Impatience characterizes young intellectual workers. They want to make their mark{{U}} (31) {{/U}}. So it's important to get{{U}} (32) {{/U}}to them in a challenging manner the idea{{U}} (33) {{/U}}big achievements rarely come easily and quickly. Point out that the little successes are essential. Show that they{{U}} (34) {{/U}}turn become the foundation on{{U}} (35) {{/U}}reputations are built and from which more important tasks can be accomplished. A variety of job assignments,including job or project rotation, also keep a job{{U}} (36) {{/U}}becoming dull. Whereas it's natural for some individuals to want to move ahead immediately to more difficult assignments,{{U}} (37) {{/U}} proper guidance they can continue to learn and to gain versatility by working on a number of jobs that are essentially{{U}} (38) {{/U}}the same complexity. This way they gain breadth, if not depth. Probably the greatest offense to guard{{U}} (39) {{/U}}when dealing with younger specialists is to reject ideas out of hand. You must listen--and listen objectively--to their suggestions. Avoid{{U}} (40) {{/U}}overcritical. You want to nurture an inquiring mind with a fresh approach. You'll frustrate it quickly if you revert too often{{U}} (41) {{/U}}"We've tried that before and it won't{{U}} (42) {{/U}}here. " One sure way to disenchant{{U}} (43) {{/U}}college graduates is flagrantly misusing their talents. Expect them to do some routine work,of course. But don't make their{{U}} (44) {{/U}}work just one long series of errands. This includes such break-in assignments{{U}} (45) {{/U}}performing routine calculations, digging up{{U}} (46) {{/U}}material,{{U}} (47) {{/U}}operating reproduction equipment. One large manufacturing company recently interviewed a number of{{U}} (48) {{/U}}engineers who had left them. The company found that the overwhelming complaint was that the company not only did not offer work that{{U}} (49) {{/U}}challenging but also expected{{U}} (50) {{/U}}too little from them in the way of performance.

填空题略{{B}}Section Ⅱ Use of English{{/B}} Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word． If you are buying a property in France，whether for a permanent or a holiday home，it is important to open a French bank account．Although it is possible to exist on traveller's cheques，Eurocheques and credit cards{{U}} (1) {{/U}}by British banks，the{{U}} (2) {{/U}}for these{{U}} (3) {{/U}}can be expensive． The simplest way to pay regular{{U}} (4) {{/U}}，such as electricity，gas or telephone，{{U}} (5) {{/U}}when you are not in residence，is by direct debit(a sum withdrawn from an account)from your French account． To{{U}} (6) {{/U}}a current account，you will need to{{U}} (7) {{/U}}your passport and birth{{U}} (8) {{/U}}and to provide your address in the United Kingdom．You will be issued with a cheque book within weeks of opening the account．In France it is illegal to be overdrawn．All accounts must be operated{{U}} (9) {{/U}}credit．However，there are no{{U}} (10) {{/U}}charges． Note that cheques{{U}} (11) {{/U}}longer to clear in France than in Britain，and can only be stopped{{U}} (12) {{/U}}stolen or lost． The easiest way to{{U}} (13) {{/U}}money from a British bank account to a French{{U}} (14) {{/U}}is by bank transfer．You simply provide your British bank with the name，address and{{U}} (15) {{/U}}of your French bank account．The procedure takes about a week and{{U}} (16) {{/U}}between ￡5 and ￡40 for each transaction，{{U}} (17) {{/U}}on your British bank． {{U}} (18) {{/U}}，you Can transfer money{{U}} (19) {{/U}}a French bank in London．You can also send a sterling cheque(allow at least 12 days for the cheque to be cleared)，Eurocheques or traveller's{{U}} (20) {{/U}}． Finally，it is a good idea to make a friend of your French bank manager．His help can prove invaluable．

填空题Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments) ,if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, to reduce health-care costs. They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing components of which are pharmaceutical costs. 66. ______ What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care — to say nothing of reports from other experts — recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution. 67. ______ But "national" doesn't have to mean that. "National" could mean interprovincial — provinces combining efforts to create one body. Either way, one benefit of a "national" organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province — or a series of hospitals within a province — negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces. Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price. 68. ______ A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health technology assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join. A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta. just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a national list hasn't gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast. 69. ______ Premiers love to quote Mr Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: "A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs." 70. ______ So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint lists, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients. A. Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14. 3 percent to 26.8 percent! B. Or they could read Mr Kirby's report: "The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies." C. What does "national" mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council. D. Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it. E. According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription-drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatment. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices. F. So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative cost, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.

填空题Supermarket shoppers have never been more spoilt for choice. But just when we thought traditional systems of selective farming had created the most tempting array of foods money can buy, we are now being presented with the prospect of genetically created strains of cabbages, onion, tomato, potato and apple. It may not tickle the fancy of food purists but it fires the imagination of scientists. Last week they discovered that the classic Parisian mushroom contains just the properties that, when genetically mixed with a wild strain of mushroom from the Sonora desert in California, could help it grow en masse while at the same time providing it with the resilience of the wild strain. 1 "We have found a way of increasing the success rate from one to 90 per cent." This is just one of the many products that, according to skeptics, are creating a generation of "Franken foods". The first such food that may be consumed on a wide scale is a tomato which has been genetically manipulated so that it does not soften as it ripens. Critics say that the new tomato-which cost $25 million to research is designed to stay on supermarket shelves for longer. It has a ten-day life span. Not surprisingly, every-hungry US is leading the search for these forbidden fruit. By changing the genes of a grapefruit, a grower from Texas has created a sweet, red, thin-skinned grapefruit expected to sell at a premium over its California and Florida competitors. For chip fanatics who want to watch their waist-lines, new high-starch, low-moisture potatoes that absorb less fat when fried have been created, thanks to a gene from intestinal bacteria. The scientists behind such new food argue that genetic engineering is simply an extension of animal and plant breeding methods and that by broadening the scope of the genetic changes that can be made, sources of food are increased. Accordingly, they argue, this does not inherently lead to foods that are less safe than those developed by conventional techniques. But if desirable genes are swapped irrespective of species barriers, could things spiral out of control? "Knowledge is not toxic," said Mark Cantley, head of the biotechnology unit at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, "It has given us a far greater understanding of how living systems work at a molecular level and there is no reason for people to think that scientists and farmers should use that knowledge to do risky things." 2 Clearly, financial incentive lies behind the development of these bigger, more productive foods. But we may have only ourselves to blame. In the early period of mass food commerce, food varieties were developed by traditional methods of selective breeding to suit the local palate. But as suppliers started to select and preserve plant variants that had larger fruit, consumer expectations rose, leading to the development of the desirable clones. Still, traditionalists and gourmets in Europe are fighting their development. 3 Even in the pre-packaged US, where the slow-softening tomato will soon be reaching supermarkets, 1,500 American chefs have lent their support to the Pure Food Campaign which calls for the international boycott of genetically engineered foods until more is known about the consequences of the technology and reliable controls have been introduced. In the short term, much of the technology remains untested and in the long term the consequences for human biology are unknown. Questions have arisen over whether new proteins in genetically modified food could cause allergies in some people. 4 Then there are the vegetarians who may be consuming animal non-vegetable proteins in what they think is a common tomato, or the practicing Jew who unknowingly consumes a fruit that has been enhanced with a pig"s gene. As yet, producers are under no obligation to label "transgeneie" products. Environmentalists worry that new, genetically engineered plants may damage natural environment. A genetically engineered pest-resistant strain of plant that contacts with a native strain, for example, could turn them into virulent weeds beyond chemical control. Animal welfare groups worry about the quality of life of farm animals manipulated so that they produce more meat, milk, and eggs but which may suffer physical damage in the process. 5 Many of these fears spring from ignorance. And although it is hard to separate the paranoia from the benefits, the fact remains that genetic engineering offers ways of solving serious medical and agricultural problems. A. Western farmers have already bred cattle with more muscle than a skeleton can carry. B. Supporters say the tomato, unsurprisingly called Flavr Savr, will taste better because it will be able to mature on the branch longer. C. Consumer opposition means that there are genetically manipulated foods on the German markets, and the Norwegian government has recently put research into genetically engineered foods on hold. D. For example, if a corn gene is introduced into a wheat gene for pest resistance, will those who are allergic to corn then he allergic to wheat? E. "Mushrooms in the past were almost impossible to cross," says Philippe Callae, one of the three scientists working on the mushroom. F. Genetic engineering will interfere with the balance of nature.

填空题The place seemed as unlikely as the coming together of the two principals. In June 1995, Princess Diana went to visit Mother Teresa in New York City's South Bronx, where the founder of the Missionaries of Charity was recovering from an illness at one of her order's residences. 16. ______ So they met and chatted about the work they loved, for no more than an hour. Diana helped Mother Teresa rise from her wheelchair, and the two of them emerged from a private conversation holding hands, to be greeted by squealing children in a crowd. Diana, in a cream-colored linen suit, stood over her companion. 17. ______ Now they are dead, within a week, and one wonders how to grasp what has been lost. In a way, their deaths are the ending to two stories. 18. ______ When she was killed, her story was curtailed, and the silence that followed was overwhelming. One reason that masses stood in lines all over the world is that they knew a story they yearned to hear, and thought would go on, was over. Mother Teresa's story was more of process and had fewer elements with which the audience could easily identify. For most of the years of her life, no cameras followed her when she bent down in the wretched streets of Calcutta to take dying people in her arms or when she touched the open wounds of the poor, the discarded and alone. When the Nobel Committee blasted her with fame, she had already written most of the tale of her life, which was without much plot, was propelled by a main character who never changed direction, yet had a great theme. The end of Mother Teresa's story is not the end of her order's work, which is one reason (her age is another) that her death makes one sad without shock. The two women were united by an impulse toward charity, and charity is tricky way to live. A nun I know in Brooklyn, Sister Mary Paul, who has worked with the down-and-nearly-out all her life, once told me, "People in the helping professions are curious. I think they may feel something is missing in their lives. There can be a lot of ego, a lot of indirect fulfillment. One wants to see oneself as a good and giving person. There is nothing wrong in that, but it can't be the goal. The ultimate goal must be a change in the system in which both the giver and taker live." 19. The idea behind such thinking is that life is a journey and one catches others on the way. Mother Teresa must have felt this. Within whatever controversies arose about her work, the central gesture of her life was to bend toward the suffering and recall them to the world of God's province. The people she inclined toward had been chewed by rats and had magots in their skin. 20. ______ The public mourning for Diana has so outrun the importance of the event that it has taken on the cast of an international grieving unrelated to any particular cause. It is as if the world has felt the need to be moved, to feel sympathy itself, and if that feeling of sympathy is fleeting, it will still have brought a general catharsis. Perhaps this is counterfeit emotion, aroused by television, and fueled and sustained by itself. That would not be true of the emotion shown at the death of Mother Teresa, who will draw fewer mourners to her funeral but more in the long run of history.A. She doesn't like the word charity except in the sense of caritas, love."Love," she said, "is not based on marking people up by assets and virtues. Love is based on the mystery of the person, who is immeasurable and is going somewhere I will never know."B. That is why the princess came to meet the nun, to pay her respect to the woman whose devotion to the poor and dying she was begin'ning to absorb. Surrounding the world's two most recognizable women were the dusty tenements and deserted cars of the not yet revived area. The Saint of the Gutters was in her element, Which more recently had become Diana's too.C. Princess Diana's was the less significant but the more enthralling, a royal soap opera played by real people suffering real pain.D. All she wanted for them was the dignity of being human.E. Like Mother Teresa, the princess addressed to the children she came across, and nurseries, kindergartens and schools were the places where she was most frequently spotted.F. They were affectionate to each other. MotherTeresa clasped her palms together in the Indian namaste, signifying both hello and farewell.The princess got into her silver car And that was that.

填空题A=Rotherhithe B=Barnes C=Willesden Green D=King's Cross Which district(s) ... · used to have lots of problems such as drugs, street crime, etc. ? {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} · has the unpopular style of architecture? {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} · has the most expensive properties? {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} · offers big out-fashioned houses at lower price? {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} · is located in a quiet residential area? {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} · saw a big increase in price last year? {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}} · will build a lot of new facilities? {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}} · is estimated to be a good investment? {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}} · encourages night-life culture for young people? {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}} · creates a relative energetic multi-cultural atmosphere? {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}} A Rotherhithe Rotherhithe may be most famous for its congested tunnel but many young buyers are warming to its riverside charms. It is still much cheaper than its waterside neighbors. The housing stock is predominately 1980s flats, many arranged in cul-de-sacs(死胡同) and closes around Surrey Quays Road. The unpopular architecture has led to the area being called the Milton Keynes of London but properties are spacious and unfashionable style has kept prices down. Paul Mitchell, of estate agents Alex Neil, says, "There is precious little period property, but you will get far more for your money here than a Victorian house with lots of original features down the road in Bermondsey. " Surry Quays shopping center provides all the amenities of a high street but the area is lacking in fun. However, Southwark Council is in talks to develop the "night time economy" which could well lead to an increase in bars and restaurants to cater for the growing number of young professional residents. "It is possible to get a good three-bedroom house in Rotherhithe for 280000," says Wumine Jordan Robinson, of agents Burwood Marsh. "About eight minutes' walk from the Jubilee Line which will have you in Bond Street in 15 minutes. There are not that many areas in London where that is possible." B Barnes Barnes sits just across the river from Hammersmith in southwest London, but it could not be more different from the noise and bustle of the opposite bank. It has been called one of the last true London "villages" with happy residents keeping its old school charms quiet from nosey outsiders and potential developers. Being by the river and predominately residential gives Barnes an attractively lazy vibe. It has a traditional village green complete with idyllic duck pond and quaint pub. The high street is about as far from the Pound Shop and Primark ambience of its neighbors as is possible. But buying into Barnes is not cheap. "Family houses are snapped up incredibly quickly," claims Chris Carney, sales negotiator at Boileaus estate agents. "It is very hard to get properties of this size, with outside space so close to London, which is why they are expensive." Large detached Victorian houses on the two main roads, Casttenau and Lonsdale, normally have between five and seven bedrooms, gardens of 120 ft and off-street parking. These sell for anything between ￡2 million and ￡5 million. By the village green there are rows of immaculate terraced houses on a number of streets that run off Church and Station roads, and four-bedroom houses of this kind sell for around ￡1 million. C Willesden Green Willesden Green has both suffered and benefited from its famous neighbors. Despite its growing popularity, the area remains interesting and multi-cultural, injecting a little bit of soul into what could otherwise become just another yuppie backwater. "Willesden Green has a diverse range of properties from 1930s semi-detached houses to large Victorian properties and new-builds which attract all kinds of buyers," says Richard Chiti, sales manager at estate agents Ellis ＆ Co. "The roads bordering West Hampstead are popular, as they are wide, tree-lined streets with sizeable family houses. Properties in and around Dobree Road, which lead down to Kensal Rise, are also in high demand." Estate agents and residents agree that the area used to be regarded as dangerous and undesirable, but this has changed over the last decade. It's popular because it is still affordable, although prices have rocketed over the last year. D King's Cross King's Cross used to be renowned for problems including drugs, prostitution and street crime but a ￡2 billion regeneration programme should help the area lose its seedy reputation. The project includes a new Eurostar terminal opening this year and a spruced-up tube station, alongside hundreds of new homes, offices and leisure facilities set to be completed in 2015. Such development has had a predictable effect on house prices. "There are a lot more amenities now, such as supermarkets, cafes and bars, and the issue people used to have with safety a few years ago has disappeared. " By the canal basin, new-built flats and luxury warehouse conversions from the bulk of property, and at the top end of the market there are stunning penthouses available with views across London. Much of the new development is centered on the back of the station, off York way, and flats are being sold to eager buyers off plan. The older properties are mainly mid-Victorian terraces around Caledonian Road and the streets heading towards Angel, and ex-local authority blocks where it is possible to pick up a two-bedroom refurnished flat for under ￡250000. Smith adds, "Investment-wise, King's Cross is a good bet. There is a big rental market here and prices will go up. There are still cheaper properties available, one- to two-bedroom flats in Victorian conversions, or ex-council properties. But people are holding on to them for dear life in the hope they will go up in value. If you find one, it is worth investing in."