填空题A=Radio B=Television C=Movies Which media... · declined after 1945 and then thrived again later? 71. ______ · operates in different languages to suite audience of diverse · cultural backgrounds? 72. ______ · comes in various types for the convenience of the audience? 73. ______ · is currently the major source of entertainment at home? 74. ______ · lost half its audience in late 1940s and early 1950s? 75. ______ · offers the latest news more quickly? 76. ______ · provides programs for educational purposes? 77. ______ · went through many changes in order to keep its audience? 78. ______ · annoys people with interruptions of advertisements? 79. ______ · is well-known for its event of the year? 80. ______ Radio Almost every American family owns at least one radio, and many have three or four. Years ago, families gathered around one big living room radio. Today, people take small, lightweight radios with them into the bedroom (clock radios), down the street (transistor radios), on the road (car radios), and into the cornfields (radios built into tractors). Radios have even been built into hair dryers and sunglasses! Since the development of television, radio is no longer the major source of home entertainment; but American still turn to radio when they want the latest news quickly. Many stations broadcast up-to-the-minute news every half-hour. Americans tend to listen to radio for short periods. In an effort to hold audiences, many radio stations appeal to special interests. Some offer an all-news or all-music format; others broadcast professional sporting events. In large cities, some stations attract immigrants by presenting foreign-language programs. One New York City station broadcasts in thirteen languages! There are two types of radio broadcasting -AM and FM. FM can produce a wider range of sounds and can also broadcast in stereophonic sound. In recent years, FM has become increasingly popular. Many radios are equipped to receive both AM and FM. Television Television was in its infancy in 1946, but by the 1950s it was a firmly established industry. Today, there are about 99 million TV sets in the United States; 99 percent of American households have at least one set, and 54 percent have two or more. Color TV is in 60 percent of American homes. The average American between his second and sixty-fifth year spends 3000 entire days (almost nine years of his life) watching TV! In the United States, there is no government-owned television network. Commercial television attempts to please a vast audience of all age groups and educational levels by presenting entertainment that can be understood by all. Many adults are annoyed by the simplicity and triteness of most TV shows; they call the TV set the "idiot box" or the "boob tube." A typical day's TV listing includes cartoons and other children's shows, family situation comedies, news and weather, mysteries, westerns, melodramatic serials, interview shows, sports, movies, and musical reviews. "Public" television stations offer a wide variety of high-quality entertainment and information without the annoying interruptions of commercials. Funds to operate public TV come from donations by individuals and industries and, to a small degree, from the government. Public television has been highly praised for imaginative appealing shows which help children learn basic reading concepts, valuable psychological insights, English, and Spanish. For those who seek self-improvement via TV, there are "how-to" shows which teach cooking, skiing, sewing, guitar-playing, and dozens of other skills. Also offered are college courses which give academic credit to enrolled listeners. Movies Most American movies are produced in Hollywood, California. Hollywood, which is actually not a separate city but a part of Los Angeles, is an ideal spot for the movie industry. The sun shines most of the time, and the climate is mild. Almost every kind of natural scenery is within a few hours drive. Hollywood becomes the center of national attention one evening a year -Academy Award night. At the Academy Award presentations held each spring, statuettes called Oscars are given to film industry winners in dozens of categories, including best actor, best actress, and best picture. The winners are chosen by members of the industry before the ceremony, but their names are kept secret until presentation night, when they are announced in a long, nationally televised program. Motion pictures were extremely popular in the United States until after World War II, when television captured much of the movie audience. Geared to the masses, Hollywood movies offered much the same type of entertainment as television. With free entertainment in their homes, many American simply stopped going to movies. Between 1946 and 1954, movie attendance was cut in half. At the same time, production costs zoomed. The movie industry was in trouble. The industry adjusted in a number of ways. Movie companies rented sound stages to TV companies and sold old movies to TV. To cut costs, Hollywood produced fewer movies and filmed many of them overseas. To lure audiences, the industry invested in new lenses, wider screens, and stereophonic sound. Studios also began producing kinds of entertainment that could not be offered by TV -films with controversial or shocking themes, films with huge casts and lavish settings, as a result of these changes, today the American motion picture industry is thriving.

填空题Pay and productivity, it is generally assumed, should be related. But the relationship seems to weaken 1 people get older. Mental ability declines 2 age. That is the same for the brainy and the dim—and not 3 for humans: it is measurable even 4 fruit flies. 5 minds that keep lively will suffer less than the lazy. In general, the more education you have, the more productive your old 6 will be. Some 7 decline faster than others. According to most studies, people"s numerical and reasoning abilities are 8 their best in their 20s and early 30s. 9 abilities—those that depend on knowledge—may improve with age. For most workers, decreased abilities will 10 to lower productivity ; only a minority will find know-how and knowledge outweighs their failing powers. Even those employees who remain highly productive will be likely to shine only in a narrow 11 Academics notice this. It is less clear that employers do. Studies of supervisors" ratings show no clear correlation 12 age and perceived productivity. When other employees" views are 13 into account though, the picture changes: these ratings suggest that workers in their 30s are the 14 productive and hardworking, 15 scores falling thereafter. That is 16 up by studies of work samples, which find lower productivity among the oldest employees. A study for America"s Department of Labor showed job performance peaking at 35, and 17 declining. It varied by industry: the fall was 18 in footwear, but faster in furniture. Intellectual occupations are harder to measure, but the picture is the same. Academics seem to publish 19 as they age. Painters, musicians and writers show the same tendency. Their output peaks in their 30s and 40s. The only 20 is female writers, who are most productive in their 50s.

填空题Pollution is a "dirty" word. To pollute means to contaminate--topsoil or something by introducing impurities which make 1 unfit or unclean to use. Pollution comes in many forms. We see it, smell it, 2 it, drink it, and stumble through it. We literally lived in and breathe pollution, and 3 surprisingly,it is beginning to 4 our health,our happiness,and our civilization. Once we thought of pollution 5 meaning simply the smog—the choking, stinging, dirty 6 that hovers over cities. But air pollution, while it is 7 the most dangerous, is only one type of contamination among several 8 attack the most basic life functions. Through the uncontrolled use of insecticides, man has polluted the land, 9 the wildlife. By 10 sewage and chemicals into rivers and lakes, we have contaminated our 11 water. We are polluting the oceans, too, kilting the fish and 12 depriving ourselves 13 an invaluable food supply. Part of the problem is our exploding 14 . More and more people are producing more wastes. But this problem is intensified by our "throw-away" technology. Each year Americans 15 of 7 million autos, 20 million tons of waste paper, 25 million pounds of toothpaste tubes and 48 million cans. We throw away gum wrappers, newspapers, and paper plates. It is no longer wise to 16 anything. Today almost everything is disposable. 17 of repairing a toaster or a radio, it is easier and cheaper to buy another one and discard the old,even 18 95 percent of its parts may still be functioning. Baby diapers,which used to be made of reusable cloth, are now paper throw-aways. Soon we will wear clothing made of 19 :" Wear it once and throw it away" will be the slogan of the fashionable consciousness. Where is this all to end? Are we turning the world into a gigantic dump,or is there hope that we can solve the pollution problem? 20 , solutions are in sight. A few of them are positively ingenious.

填空题You will hear a long talk. As you listen, answer the questions or complete the notes in your test booklet for Questions 21 to 30 by writing no more than three words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk twice.

填空题Machines and foreign competition will replace 1 of American jobs. But work will be plentiful for people 2 in the occupations of the future. The Labor Department predicts a net increase of 25 million new jobs in the United States in 1995, 3 service-industry jobs growing three times 4 rapidly as factory jobs. "Work will shift its emphasis from the fatigue and 5 of the production line and the typing pool to the more interesting challenge of the electronic service center, the design studio, the research laboratory, the education institute, and the training school, "predicts Canadian economist Calvert. Jobs in high-tech fields will multiply fastest, 6 from a low base. In 7 of actual numbers, more mundane occupations will experience the biggest surge: custodians, cashiers, secretaries, waiters and clerks. Yet much of the drudge work will be taken 8 by robots. The 9 of robots performing blue-collar tasks will increase 10 3 000 in 1981 to 40 000 in 1990, says John E. Taylor of the Human Resources Research Organization in Alexandria, Va. Robots might also be found on war zones, 11 space-even in the office, perhaps 12 coffee, opening mall and delivering messages. One unsolved problem: what to do 13 workers displaced by high technology and foreign competition. 14 the world "the likelihood of growing permanent unemployment is becoming 15 accepted as a reality among social planners," notes David Macarov, associate professor of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Meantime, the percentage of time people 16 on the job is 17 to continue to fall. Robert Theobald, 18 of Avoiding 1984, fears that joblessness will 19 to increasing depression, bitterness, and unrest. "The dramatic consequences of such a shift on the Western psyche, 20 has made the job the way we value human beings, are almost incalculable, "he comments.

填空题WhendidDr.Hubergethisowntelescope?

填空题Besidestheformofreports,inwhatotherformscanwegiveoralpresentations?

填空题A=BOOK1 B=BOOK2 C=BOOK3 D=BOOK4 Which book(s) say(s) that... ·the climate affects the future sustainable agricultural development? 71. ______ ·environmental control is related with the national revenues? 72. ______ ·the environmental problems are not caused overnight? 73. ______ ·a variety of species are on the decrease? 74. ______ ·agriculture is also a factor for the degradation of environment? 75. ______ ·pollution can be controlled by increasing the production cost of polluting goods? 76. ______ ·pollution control needs the support of technology and techniques? 77. ______ ·provides lessons for agriculture, trade, land use and tax policy from an economic perspective? 78. ______ ·the degradation of environment causes the change of climate? 79. ______ ·the approaches to research should be adjusted to the changing situation? 80. ______ A BOOK 1 The book offers a comprehensive perspective on the consequences and possible policy solutions for climatic change as we move into the twenty-first century. It assesses the impact of potential feature global climate change on agriculture and the need to sustain agricultural growth for the economic development. The book begins by examining the role of international research institutions in overcoming environmental constraints on sustainable agricultural growth and economic development. The authors then discuss how agricultural research systems may be restructured to respond to global environmental problems such as climate change and loss of genetic diversity. The discussion then extends to consider environmental accounting and indexing, to illustrate how environmental quality can be included formally in measures of national income, social welfare and sustainability. The third part of the book focuses on the effects of and policy responses to climate change. Chapters in this part examine the effect of climate change on production, trade, land use patterns and livelihoods. They consider impacts on the distribution of income between developed and developing countries remain a major economic activity. Authors take on an economy-wide perspective to draw lessons for agriculture, trade, land use and tax policy. B BOOK 2 The ozone layer is threatened by chemical emissions; the climate is endangered from fossil and deforestation, and global biodiversity is being lost by reason of thousands of years of habitat conversions. Global environmental problems arise out of the accumulated impacts from many years' and many countries' economic development. In order to address these problems the states of the world must cooperate to manage their development processes together—this is what an international environmental agreement must do. But can the world's countries cooperate successfully to manage global development? How should they manage it? Who should pay for the process, as well as for the underlying problems? This book presents an examination of both the problem and the process underlying international environmental lawmaking: the recognition of international interdependence, the negotiation of international agreements and the evolution of international resource management. It examines the general problem of global resource management by means of general principles and case studies and by looking at how and why specific negotiations and agreements have failed to achieve their targets. The book is designed as an introductory text for those studying global environmental policy making and institution building. It will also be of interest to practitioners and policy makers and scholars in the areas of environmental economics and law. C BOOK 3 Industrialization to achieve economic development has resulted in global environmental degradation. While the impacts of industrial activity on the natural environment are a major concern in developed countries, much less is known about these impacts in developing countries. This source book identifies and quantifies the environmental consequences of industrial growth, and provides policy advice, including the use of clean technologies and environmentally sound production techniques, with special reference to the developing world. The developing world is often seen as having a high percentage of heavily polluting activities within its industrial sector. This, combined with a substantial agriculture sector, which contributes to deforestation, the erosion of the top soil and desertification, has led to extreme pressures on the environment and impoverishes the population by destroying its natural resource base. This crisis suggests that sound industrialization policies are of paramount importance in developing countries' economic development, and calls for the management of natural resources and the adoption of low-waste of environmentally clean technologies. The authors consider the industrial sector as a pollutant to other sectors of the economy, and then focus on some industrial-specific pollutants within the manufacturing sector and some process-specific industrial pollutants. They conclude by reviewing the economic implications of promoting environmentally sound industrial development, specially adressing the question of the conflict or complementarily which may exist between environmental goods and industrial production. D BOOK 4 This is an important book which presents new concepts of the marginal cost of substituting non-pollutive for pollutive goods. Technically in its approach it complements the other literature in the field and will be a significant contribution to the understanding of microeconomic issues in pollution control. The book focuses on the three main concepts: substitutions in consumption, emission abatement and exposure avoidance. The first part considers the adjustment of the scope and combination of goods produced as a method for controlling pollution. The author argues that pollution is controlled by increasing the relative price of the polluting goods in the production process, thereby reducing demand and subsequent production of the goods. In the second part, the discussion is extended to include the possibilities of preventing or abating emissions in relation to three models: first, pollution prevention when non-polluting inputs and processes are substituted for pollutants; second, when a proportion of the polluting output is recycled rather than being discarded; and finally end-of-pipe abatement where additional technology is used. In conclusion, the author assesses the extent to which pollution damage is controlled by avoidance of emissions, with avoidance being modeled as an add-on technology with its own returns to scale.

填空题 It was a sorry end. Cut down in his prime, the cunning thief lay on the slab, his cold body offering pathologist Brett Gartrell no outward sign of how he. had met his maker. Once Gartrell had wielded his scalpel, however, the cause became, clear: a belly stuffed with sticky brown gunk. Diagnosis? Death by chocolate. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} If you're reading this after scoffing your fifteenth chocolate Santa, don't panic: We humans have been safely enjoying the beans of the cacao plant, Theobroma cacao, for millennia. Theobroma is Greek for "food of the gods", reflecting the Mayan belief that cocoa had divine origins. Every April, they sacrificed a dog with cacao-coloured markings in honour of Ek Chuah, the god of cacao. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} It was methylxanthines that did for the kea too. Gartrell, a wildlife pathologist at Massey University in Palmerston North, New Zealand, is wearily familiar with keas' propensity m poison themselves. Besides being arguably the world's smartest birds, keas are extraordinarily inquisitive foragers, using their beaks to rip open tents and backpacks, open garbage bins and even pry pieces off cars in their quest for food. "They'll try anything that is vaguely edible, which is part of the reason they get into trouble," says Gartrell. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} The reason humans don't turn up their toes after bingeing on chocolate is largely down to the speed at which our bodies metabolise theobromine, the most abundant methylxanthine in chocolate. Rats metabolise it much more slowly than humans, and dogs are slower still. There are no reliable figures for theobromine toxicity in humans, but based on caffeine toxicity an average adult would have to gorge on around 50 kilograms of milk chocolate in a single sitting to get anywhere near a lethal dose. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} Coyotes are a serious pest in the US, killing $44 million worth of livestock each year, damaging property and attacking people and pets. Measures such as fences are often ineffective. Sometimes culling them is the only option but unfortunately the poisons now used, such as sodium cyanide, are toxic to humans and most other animals too. "If we can come up with something that is more selective, it offers an advantage," says Johnston. "It's a more responsible approach." {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} Methylxanthines are also shaping up as a way to dispatch other pests. Earl Campbell of the US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center in Hilo, Hawaii, discovered that caffeine sprays could kill two species of noisy and ecologically damaging Caribbean tree frogs that have plagued the island since they were accidentally introduced in the 1980s. Campbell noticed that the spray also killed slugs. His colleague Robert Hollingsworth then found that caffeine spray made snails kick the bucket too. Hollingsworth is now developing caffeine as an alternative to conventional pesticides, such as those used in slug pellets. "There's a huge amount of interest in using botanical extracts," he says. "People are more comfortable with things that are natural."A. Knife-wielding priests aside, chocolate is still bad news for many animals. Cocoa beans are naturally rich in caffeine and its chemical relatives theobromine and theophylline, collectively called methylxanthines. To humans these are little more than benign stimulants, but to a number of animals they are highly toxic. Just 240 grams of unsweetened dark chocolate contains enough methylxanthines to kill a 40-kilogram dog, about the size of a German shepherd.B. The methylxanthines are just a start. "Cocoa is a real gold .mine of different components," says Herwig Bernaert, research manager at Barry Callebaut, a chocolate manufacturer in Zurich, Switzerland. Cocoa contains more than 700 compounds and there is a great deal of research on which of these can affect people or other creatures.C. Methylxanthines looked as though they might fit the bill. After testing the toxicity of several different types of chocolate, Johnson came up with a mixture of theobromine and caffeine that killed coyotes quickly and with minimal distress. The mixture can be hidden in bait and is currently undergoing field tests.D. The observation that methylxanthines are highly toxic to animals, with dogs being especially vulnerable, prompted John Johnston, a chemist at the US Department of Agriculture in Fort Collins, Colorado, to investigate chocolate as a more selective way of controlling coyotes.E. Divine—yes. Delicious--absolutely. But deadly? For some it certainly is. The corpse on Gartrell's slab belonged not to a human but to a kea, an endangered New Zealand parrot. Like many animals, keas are acutely sensitive to chemicals in chocolate that are harmless to humans in all but huge doses. Scientists are now studying these chemicals, along with other substances in cocoa, hoping to exploit their toxic effects to control pests or microbes.F. The dead kea was found outside a hotel kitchen in the holiday resort of Mount Cook Village in the Southern Alps. It had eaten more than 20 grams of dark chocolate, presumably pilfered from the kitchen garbage. "He'd really pigged out," says Gartrell. The ill-fated kea was by no means alone in its folly. Veterinary journals are peppered with stories of dogs, cats, parrots, foxes, badgers and other animals dropping dead after finding chocolate or being fed it by well- meaning humans.

填空题pollution control needs the support of technology and techniques?

填空题 The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered {{U}}(31) {{/U}} aerobic exercise. Millions of individuals became {{U}}(32) {{/U}} in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country {{U}}(33) {{/U}} capitalize on his emerging interest in {{U}}(34) {{/U}} particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior {{U}}(35) {{/U}} this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their focus was {{U}}(36) {{/U}} on aerobics, but {{U}}(37) {{/U}} weight training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength , and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts. These fitness {{U}}(38) {{/U}} did not seem to benefit financially from the {{U}}(39) {{/U}} fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that {{U}}(40) {{/U}} training programs offered few, if {{U}}(41) {{/U}}, health benefits. In recent years, {{U}}(42) {{/U}} weight gaining has again become increasingly popular for males and for {{U}}(43) {{/U}} females. Many current programs focus not only on {{U}}(44) {{/U}} muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well. Historically, most physical fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and {{U}}(45) {{/U}}, not for health related reasons, but primarily {{U}}(46) {{/U}} such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, {{U}}(47) {{/U}} has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular {{U}}(48) {{/U}} and endurance might also offer some health {{U}}(49) {{/U}} as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training {{U}}(50) {{/U}} part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans.

填空题The Conscientious Tourist Tourism continues to surge as a world economic force, contributing nearly $5.5 trillion to the world"s economy in 2004. A growing trend in travel is the desire of many tourists 1 non-typical tourist experiences, such as "ethical" adventures. Ecotourism, geotourism, and pro-poor tourism are 2 the increasingly popular niches in the travel industry that aim to address consumers" ethical concerns, reports the Worldwatch Institute. Which hotel more actively 3 the environment? Which 4 better support of its local community? Such questions may be more important to vacationers than a hotel"s proximity to the beach 5 the type of mint left on the pillow. One 6 driving this conscientious tourism is the growth of international travel, which exposes visitors 7 the impacts they may have on the cultures and environments they 8 . International tourism 9 by 10% in 2004, and the 10 of international tourist arrivals will reach more than 1.5 billion by 2020, predicts the World Tourism Organization. Low-cost air travel is 11 to this increased international travel, 12 one result is more air pollution and 13 environmental costs that are not factored into the price of tourism. Now, environmentally conscious travelers can choose an airline that offsets its "carbon emissions 14 purchasing credits for the amount of miles they fly, Worldwatch reports. The traveler 15 more for the flight, but is assured that the 16 money is invested in green technologies, reforestation projects, or other efforts to counter the emissions 17 by that flight. Eagerness to attract the ethical dollar may 18 to unethical marketing practices, raising the specter of "greenwashing." "The increasing market demand for responsible tourism has led many businesses to 19 names suggesting they are environmentally responsible," warns Worldwatch researcher Zoe Chafe in Vital Signs 2005. "While some are indeed examples of true ecotourism, many 20 are not. They may make superficial changes to their operations, encourage guests to reuse towels (a move that saves water, but that is often motivated by a desire to cut costs), or actually do nothing to improve their operations."

填空题Military Police Military police (MPs) are the police of a military organization. Military police are concerned 1 law enforcement ( including criminal investigation) on military property and concerning military personnel, installation security, close personal protection of senior military officers, management of prisoners of war, management of military prisons, hunting down deserters, traffic control, route signing and resupply route management. Not all military police 2 are concerned with all of these areas, 3 . These personnel are generally 4 front-line combatants, but are sometimes used in a defensive role 5 a primary defense force in 6 area operations. In some countries, a military 7 force, generically 8 as a gendarmerie, although there are a 9 of other names, also serves as a national police force, often 10 as heavy backup for the civil police and/or policing rural 11 . For these 12 , such forces are under civilian 13 and function in the same manner as 14 police forces. This gendarmerie may or may not also 15 as a military police force within the armed forces. In most countries, military police who are not members of gendarmerie forces do not have police powers over civilians 16 while on military property. The head of the military police is commonly 17 to as the Provost Marshal. This ancient 18 was originally given to an 19 whose duty was to ensure that the army of the king did no harm to the citizenry. In many countries, military forces have separate prisons and judicial systems, 20 from civilian entities. The military possibly also has its own interpretation of criminal justice. The status of military police is usually prominently displayed on the helmet and/or on an armband, brassard, or arm or shoulder flash. In the Second World War, the military police of the German army still used a metal gorget as an emblem.

填空题 Dr Marvin Marshall developed a system that would promote responsible behavior by internally motivating students. Drawing on his own teaching experiences, as well as the insights of others who had explored the are a of human potential, he would be pre-active rather than constantly reacting to inappropriate classroom behaviors.66. ______. To teach responsible behavior, he developed an order of social development that explained different levels of human social behavior in simple terms that his students could understand. Without any social order, anarchy and chaos erupt. The two lowest levels of his hierarchy are Level A: Anarchy and Level B: Bossing/Bullying. In the classroom, both levels are unacceptable. A society becomes civil when its people cooperate and live according to external influences. This led to the naming of Level C: Cooperation/Conformity. When people mature, cultivate manners, and develop values of right and wrong, the motivations to behave well — originally external — become internalized. Doing the right thing simply because it is the right thing to do — without being asked or told — is the concept that characterizes the fourth and highest level. He refers to it as Level D: Democracy, because taking the initiative to be responsible is an essential characteristics of self-rule. {{B}}Internal vs. External Motivation{{/B}} Motivation is either external or internal. External motivation applies when the aim of the performance is to gain approval, to receive a reward or to avoid punishment. Internal motivation applies when people perform for inner satisfaction. Although humans operate from both external and internal motivation, the motivation itself cannot be discerned from a person's actions. In a classroom, both types of motivation are acceptable as long as the end result is the same, but his goal was to develop a system to promote internally motivated responsibility in young people.67. ______. Management professor Douglas McGregor examined the factors underlying the different ways people at tempt to influence human activity. He concluded that the two most common leadership styles are based on two very different sets of assumptions about people.68. ______. This management style consists of the following beliefs: * The average person has an inherent dislike for work and will avoid it if possible. * Because of this inherent aversion, most people must be coerced, controlled, directed or threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort toward the achievement of goals and objectives. * The average person prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition and wants security above all. Under the management style, responsibilities are delineated, goals are imposed, and decisions are made without involving individuals or requesting their consent. Rewards are contingent upon conforming to the system, and punishments are the consequences of deviation from the established rules. McGregor concluded that this style is inadequate for full human development.69. ______. Compared to the style mentioned above, this management style leads to greater realization of goals for both the individual and the organization. The assumptions of this style are: * Work can be a source of satisfaction for employees and will be performed voluntarily, or it can be a source of punishment and may be avoided. * People will exercise self-direction and self-control in pursuit of objectives to which they are committed. * Commitment to objectives depends on the rewards associated with achieving them. The most significant reward is internal satisfaction. This style is more challenging to the participants. it sets up realistic objectives and expects people to achieve them.70. ______. Traditionally, people attempting to manage or change people use top-down authoritarian strategies, which are generally accompanied by stress, resistance and poor relationships. But the use of collaboration and empowerment — the outgrowths of the second style — reduces stress, improves relationships and is much more powerful in effecting change in others. His teaching and administrative experiences taught him that having a discipline system is even more beneficial than having a natural talent in teaching. A simple, dependable aid is precisely what he wanted to offer practitioners. [A] Top-down Authoritarian Style [B] Social Behavior Hierarchy [C] A Dependable Aid [D] Dedicated to Excellence [E] A Look at Two Different Managerial Styles [F] Higher Motivation Management Style

填空题·was popular in 1920s?

填空题In last two years the world has seen an intensification (53) ______.in the search for sustainable development and social (54) ______.responsible business. A series of events, from demonstrationsat the WTO meetings in Seattle expressing dissatisfactionfor the effects of economic globalization, the terrorist attacks (55) ______.on the WTO in New York on "9·11", corporate financialscandals such as Enron, WorldCom and Ahold, the collapse (56) ______.of He Argentinean economy and the Internet bubble, haveextended this search from wastern social and environmental circles to mainstream economic and business circles acrossthe globe. According to Hazel Henderson, a leading thinkeron economics and development, the traditional economic (57) ______.profession is in a state of crisis. We witness such impoverishing (58) ______.of millions in Thailand, Indonesia and the other "tiger economies"during the Asian meltdown, as well as in Russia, Mexico, Brazil,and Argentina. Too often, luring people from their traditionalways and communities into monetarized urban areas hasproved unsustainably and led to such human tragedies. (59) ______.This criticism is recognized by an increasing number of mainstreameconomists, who are "defecting" their orthodoxies. They are helpingexpand the horizons of the economics profession toward a moremodest, inclusive and inter-disciplinary stance. Leading universitiesand institutes like the World Bank are stepping up research (60) ______.on alternate development indicators, accounting for "softer" (61) ______.values such as environment, social values and general well beingof the society with a long term time horizon. These efforts reflectmuch of that the notion of Gross National Happiness is all about. (62) _____.In response to the scandals in corporate governance and the increasedcall for truly responsible business leadership, the western businesscommunity is also exploring alternatives.

填空题A job interview is your chance to 1 an employer what he or she will get if you"re 2 . That is why it is 3 to be well prepared for the job interview. Preparing means knowing about the industry, the employer, and yourself. It means 4 attention to details like personal appearance, punctuality, and demeanor. 5 you begin to think about how you will dress for the interview, or answer questions, you should gather as much information about the employer as you can. Not only will you appear informed and intelligent, it will also help you make a decision if a job 6 is eventually made. 7 employer information is not always an easy task, 8 if the employer is a small private company. Next step is answering 9 . You might want to prepare for answering questions by listing some of your attributes. Talk to former co-workers with 10 you worked closely. Ask them to list some traits about you that they most admired—work 11 , of course. Try to find some faults as well. One question that sometimes comes 12 in an interview is "What is something that has been a problem for you at work?" 13 studying your faults, you will be able to choose one that is somewhat innocuous or could be 14 around into a positive. You want to seem somewhat spontaneous, but you also want to appear self-confident. The way to do that is to rehearse, not exactly what you will say, but 15 you will say it. A great 16 is to rehearse in front of a video camera. Study your posture, the way you make eye 17 , and your body 18 . If you don"t have a video camera, a mirror will do. Have a friend do mock 19 with you. The more you repeat a scenario, the 20 comfortable you will begin to feel with it.

填空题For Investors wondering whether they should dump their stocks because they need the money, I have only this to say. if you need the money today, you should have sold years ago. 1 For some people, drops as steep as we"ve seen in Asian markets in recent months are too much to take physically. I"m a big believer in the sleep-at-night theory. No Investment is worth keeping if it robs you of your sleep. If you can"t stomach 50 per cent losses in your stock portfolio, get out now and save yourself a heart attack. You may not buy that mansion in Spain, but you"ll live to see your granddaughter"s graduation. 2 If you own stock in a company, but don"t know what it actually does to make a profit, you deserve to take a bath if the share price plunges. If your company doesn"t make money and has no reasonable prospect of doing so soon, sell. Buying things that have no intrinsic value is fun with, say, baseball cards. But this is real money we"re talking about. Earnings and dividends paid out to stockholders are the only things that can tell you in the long term whether owning a stock is worthwhile. 3 Avoid sector and country funds. You will never lead the pack if you invest in global stock or bond funds, but you"ll never finish last, either. As a dabbler at investing, how are you supposed to know whether now is a good time to buy a technology fund but a bad time to sell one investing in Thailand? Those decisions are best left to people who are paid to think about such things all day. 4 Most importantly, if you need the money in the next three to four years, look into buying bonds, either individually or through a mutual fund. Stocks in good businesses that are well run will eventually rise and outperform bonds, but maybe not as fast as you might need them to. Even if you plunge into the stock market without being precisely sure why, its never too late to think about your holdings. Remember, the worst stocks not only keep falling but can approach zero. 5 A. For mutual-fund holders, the situation is a little different. You don"t need to know what the companies in your fund do. But there are a couple of rules to live by. B. The biggest losers are those who refuse to jump off what is clearly a sinking ship. They predict the proud, valiant deaths, but they"re dead in the water all the same. C. Every week insurance companies receive premium payments customers. These payments can form a very large total running into millions of dollars. The company does not leave the money in the bank. It invests in property, shares, farms and even antique paintings and stamps. Its aim is to obtain the best possible return on its investment. D. Even if you sleep soundly, the prospect of a potentially prolonged bear market begs the most basic investment question: why do you own the stocks that you do? Now, more than at any other time in the past ten years, a few simple rules of investing apply: E. That advice holds whether the market is up or down. Even though a lot of novice investors claim they are in stocks "for the long haul", that often turns out to be nonsense. It is easy to be brave and keep buying during a bull market. But what if we"re in for mediocre stocks market gains for the next 10 years? F. Don"t pay obscene fees. Unless a fund under the same manager has consistently outperformed its peers for five years, there is no reason to pay expenses of more than two per cent a year, or a front-end load of more than two to three per cent, anything more goes into nice vacations for your manager and posh leather sofas in his waiting room.

填空题WhousuallytakecareoftheelderlypeopleintheUnitedStates?

填空题After its misadventures in 1093, when American marines were driven out of Somalia by skinny gunmen, America has used a long spoon in supping with Somalia's warlords. This, like so much else, changed on September 11th. (69) Clandestine, up to a point: within hours of the arrival in Baidoa of nine closely cropped Americans sporting matching satellite phones and shades, their activities were broadcast. After meeting various warlords, the group inspected a compound that had apparently been offered to them as their future base. They also saw an old military depot. Neither can have been encouraging: the compound has been taken over by war-displaced families, and the depot by thorn-scrub. America was already convinced of al-Qaeda's presence in Somalia. It had listed a Somali Islamic group, al-Itihaad al-Islamiya (Islamic Unity), as a terrorist organization. (70) It fears that lawless Somalia could become a haven for escapes from Afghanistan. The American navy is currently patrolling the country's long coastline, while spy planes are said to be criss-crossing the heavens. (71) With a little bit of help, he told his American visitors, he would be ready "to liberate the country from these evil forces". America had already heard as much through its embassies in Nairobi and Addis Ababa, which maintain contact with the warlords, and from Ethiopia. The warlords are supported by Ethiopia, which has a historical fear of a strong Somalia, in a bid to oppose the government. But their differing views on where to strike at the "terrorists" reveal that their individual ambitions are even sharper than their dislike of file government. Mr. Ismail says that Merca, which is claimed by his Rahanwein clan, is the capital of terror. (72) The LIN rays there is only an orphanage there now. But the island is close to Mr. Morgan's home town of Kismaayo, which he failed to capture from a pro-government militia in July, and he is determined not to fail again. None of this looks good for Somalia's official president, Abdiquassim Salad Hassan, whose government is in control of about half the capital, Mogadishu. He has formed his own anti- terrorism unit, and invited America to send investigators, or even troops. America, armed with stories about the presence of al-Itihaad members held back, but on December 18th sent an envoy to Mogadishu. Both Mr. Hassan and the UN say that al-Itihaad is not a terrorist organization. It emerged as an armed force in 1991, battling for power in the aftermath of Siad Barre's fall. It had some early successes, briefly taking Kismaayo. But it was always dependent on the blessing of its members' clan elders. When the elders eventually called their fighters back, a hard core of Islamists fled to the Gedo border region where, in 1997, they were crushed by Ethiopian troops (73) The Baidoa alliance plainly hopes to be supported as proxies in a fight against "terrorism" and the Mogadishu regime. But the latest intelligence leaks suggest that the first reports may have overestimated al-Qaeda's presence in Somalia. Nor would Mr. bin Laden and his henchmen find it easy to lie low in an oral culture that considers rumour-mongering to be a form of manners. Even so, the warlords seem to believe that they have won some promise of help. Soon after the arrival of the American group, they pulled out of the peace talks they had been holding with their government in Nairobi. A. Al-Itihaad subsequently infiltrated Somalia's business class, and now runs Islamic schools, courts and clinics with the money it has accumulated. B. According to Abdullahi Sheikh Ismail, the acting chairman of the loose alliance of warlords who control most of Somalia and are based in Baidoa, there are "approximately 20, 480armed extremists" in Somalia and "85% of the government is al-Itihaad". C. Muhammad Hersi Morgan, known as the "butcher of Hargeisa" because he once razed that town to the ground, says an al-Itihaad camp on Ras Kamboni island is still active. D. American intelligence officers are working with two warlords to gather information about suspected al-Qaeda people in Somalia. E. It had also forced the closure of Barakaat, Somalia's biggest banking and telecoms company, which handles most of the remittances that Somalis working abroad send back to their families. F. On December 9th America sent a clandestine mission to talk to a collection of Somali warlords, who like to claim that their country, in particular their UN-sponsored government, is overrun with terrorists.

填空题What'stheaverageincreaseperyearofforeignstudentpopulationintheperiodbetween1985and1990intermsofpercentage?

填空题A = Book1 B = Book2 C= Book3 D = Book4 Which book(s) gives an unconventional view of a revered river? writes about a journey through West Africa? is a blend of adventure and historical tale? are made up of black-and-white pictures gives readers a full picture of the Earth? retraces the steps of an 18th-century explorer? consists of a photographer"s experiments with photography? is about one country"s relationship with the sea? leaves the reader confused about what to do? presents the coast as a changing landscape? 1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______ 7. ______ 8. ______ 9. ______ 10. ______ A Book 1 What began as a conversation around the Christmas table became reality for Tom Fremantle when he set off to visit the fabled Timbuktu and follow in the footsteps of his hero, the 18 th -century explorer Mungo Park. This was to be no tourist trip. Starting in The Gambia, Fremantle makes a remarkable journey through West Africa, covering more than 3,200 kilometres in three months. He travels variously by donkey and cart, dugout canoe, on foot with a wayward ox and by bus with a hash-dealing driver before finally arriving in Nigeria. In the book, Fremantle provides a vivid snapshot of modern West Africa, telling the stories of the people he meets, from a lovelorn Senegalese prostitute and Bozo fisherman with a megawatt grin to a dignified Tuareg tribesman keen to keep his ancient traditions alive. The book is part adventure, part historical tale, with Fremantle slipping skilfully between present-day narrative and Park"s journey in 1795 as an eager young man commissioned by the African Association to unlock the mysteries of the River Niger. He tells Park"s tale of ambush, starvation and disease with well-researched simplicity, right the way through to his return home as a celebrity in 1797, only to fall victim to his own success and die on his second expedition, in 1805. It"s no easy task blending a historical journey into a modern-day setting, but Freemantle succeeds in doing just that, writing with a depth and perception that makes the book a fascinating read. B Book2 Italian photographer travels the length of the Ganges, takes lots of great photos and the publisher packages it all up in its much-copied coffee-table style. And that should be the end of the story. But it isn"t, because Aldo Pavan"s photographs are almost as extraordinary as the subject matter he has so evocatively recorded. These days, photo essays about the Ganges are commonplace, and so are the images of buffalo, ritual ablutions, crumbling architecture, terraced paddies and cannabis-smoking sadhus that make up the stereotype. And, admittedly, all that stock fodder is here -- it would be difficult to photograph the progress of the river without including it -- but Pavan goes out of his way to make his images deviate from the norm. His experiments with focus and composition are quite daring, even if they aren"t always successful. The result is a curious splattering of oddly placed horizontals, entire images out of focus and composition with seemingly no subject at all. It"s genuinely dynamic stuff, made all the more exciting by the fact that Pavan really does know what he"s doing: the experimental pieces sit next to classically composed portraits and landscapes that are quite beautiful. And so this book isn"t an unqualified success, but it"s a refreshing and inspiring alternative to the more formulaic stuff the great river typically spawns. C Book 3 This lavish photography book conceived, written and produced by the staff of New Internationalist magazine, is intended as both a celebration of life on Earth and a reminder of what is under threat. Readers of the magazine may already have seen a selection of the book"s 120 colour images in the May 2005 issue on ecosystems, which dealt with the current mass extinction, global warming pollution and humanity"s assault on the land. The photographs are spectacular; however, they suffer from an apparent lack of order -- polar ice follows cacti follows aircraft. Perhaps this is intended: to seduce with the sheer variety and contrast of life and land; to show the Earth"s full picture. The message is certainly subtle. Despite an opening quote by Tony Juniper, executive director of Friends of the Earth, that "the stakes are so high and time is so short" and a foreword by Dr Caroline Lucas MEP exhorting readers to "act now", one is left a little unsure exactly what it is we"re supposed to do. For now, however, we can simply enjoy the blast of colour, pattern and form of these marvelous pictures, hopefully bathed in the glow of an energy-efficient lightbulb, wearing fair-trade clothing in a sustainable home. D Book 4 After the success of the National Trust"s photographic exhibition The Coast Exposed -- one of the best of last year I the Trust has produced Sea Fever, a portfolio of 117 black-and-white prints by the distinguished Magnum photographer Stuart Franklin. Franklin has used his reportage skills to capture the UK"s relationship with the sea in all its forms. From a happy family of picknickers on the cliffs above Marloes Sands, to the weathered face of an oyster fisherman on the Fal Esturary, these photographs are designed to inform the reader rather than inspire. Sea Fever stands out from other books about Britain"s coastline because it attempts to convey through the stark and subtle tones of black and white how the sea can be both playground and workplace at the same time. The images of Boscastle after the freak storm of August 2004 also show just how fickle a force the sea can be, and how the coast will always be a changing, transient landscape never to be bridled by those who live alongside it. A book that, like the sea, you can dip into and out of and always find something new.

填空题 A = Halloween B — Christmas C = Thanksgiving Which holiday... ※ Was not celebrated for many generations {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} ※ Was celebrated by dressing up in strange and {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} frightening costumes ※ Is a family day {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} ※ Was observed by the Pilgrims in 1621 {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} ※ Is celebrated with different names in many countries {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} ※ Is observed by decorating a tree {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}} ※ Is a time when most Americans pause in {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}} tribute to the values of and fortitude in the face of adversity, hard work etc. ※ Is a time when children collect money for {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}} needy children ※ Is a time when a whole turkey is served at {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}} the table ※ Is not a religious or church holiday {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{B}} Halloween(October 31 ){{/B}} This is a holiday widely celebrated with different names in many countries. Although it originated as a religious holiday, it has lost its religious connections in the United States. It is now celebrated largely as a children's day, and many American children look froward to it for days and weeks beforehand. The orange pumpkin is harvested at this time of year and is hollowed out, a funny face cut into it, and a candle placed inside as a decoration in the window. City folks, nowadays, sometimes use paper pumpkins for decorations. Some years ago, the holiday was celebrated by dressing up in strange and frightening costumes and playing tricks on one's neighbors and friends, such as ringing door bells, throwing bits of corn on the window panes, and in other ways making minor disturbances. More recently, children come to the door to have friends and neighbors admire their costumes and guess who they are behind the false faces and receive treats of candy, fruit or cookies. They say, "Trick or Treat", meaning, "I will play a trick on you if you will not give me a treat. "This practice has even-more recently developed into a significant international activity. Instead of or along with candy, the children collect money for UNICEF(United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund). This special collection of money by children for needy children throughout the world is known as "UNICEF" Trick or Treat". Begun only recently, it results in several million dollars each year contributed to UNICEF. The collection box is orange, reminiscent of the pumpkin.{{B}} Christmas (December 25){{/B}} This is the biggest holiday, and the holiday season extends from a few days before December 25th through New Year's Day. Although its origin is in the Christian religion, it is celebrated by almost everyone in the country in one way or another regardless of their religion. As a holiday within the church marking the birth of Christ. Christmas ranks with Easter. Non-Christian visitors who wish to observe a church service will find that churches are decorated more extensively than usual, traditional music sung only at Christmas can be heard, and midnight services on Christmas Eve are often held in candle light. Anyone of any faith is welcome to walk into such a service without a speical invitation. The earliest settlers of America did not celebrate Christmas for many generations. Some were too concerned with bare existence while others, such as the Puritans, considered any celebration too frivolous for those of a serious and religious disposition. With the subsequent settlement of large groups of German and Dutch people, traditional European folk observances of the Christmas season developed. From Germany came the Christmas tree and the tradition of a figure known as Kris Kringle who distributed gifts to children. From Holland came Sinterklaas, or St. Nicholas, the forebearer of the American Santa Claus. Today, families gather on Christmas, sometimes travelling considerable distances to be together. Gifts are exchanged on Christmas Eve or Christmas Day. Even families who do not have deep religious convictions decorate a Christmas tree and serve a traditional dinner—often a whole turkey carved at the table—and join wholeheartedly in the festivities of the Christmas season. On Christmas Eve, children go to bed early and await the coming of Santa Claus. Parents put up the tree, decorate it profusely, and place gaily wrapped presents under it. When the children awake the next morning, all the gifts, including the tree were presumably delivered by Santa Claus travelling from house to house through the sky in his sleigh pulled by reindeer.{{B}} Thanksgiving(Fourth Thursday in November){{/B}} The first Thanksgiving Day was observed by the Pilgrims at Plymouth colony in Massachusetts in 1621 to give thanks for the bountiful harvest and their triumph of survival over the wilderness. They shared their feast with the Indians. Throughout the early history of the United States, Presidents proclaimed Thanksgiving Day for special reasons: in 1778 for the return of peace after the Revolution; in 1789 George Washington declared Thanksgiving Day for the welfare of the nation. Now it is a time when most Americans pause in their striving in gratitude for the good life which they enjoy. In a sense they pause, too, in tribute to the values of courage and fortitude in the face of adversity, hard work, cooperation, suffering, and the willingness to die for a principle symbolized by the Pilgrims. Most churches hold services on Thanksgiving Day, but it is not a religious or church holiday as Christmas and Easter are for Christians or Hanukkah and Passover are for Jews. Thanksgiving is a family day—a time when married children and grandchildren observe the day with their parents. Roast turkey with stuffing and cranberry sauce, and for dessert, pumpkin or mincemeat pie are traditional. The carving of the whole bird at the table is a bit of ceremony which is also traditional.

填空题A = BOOK REVIEW 1 B = BOOK REVIEW 2 C = BOOK REVIEW 3 D = BOOK REVIEW 4 Which book review(s) contain(s) the following information? · Comparison of the significance of two economic books. 1 · Stiglitz"s prestige in the field of economics. 2 · Stiglitz"s criticism of those who exaggerated the power of markets in developing countries. 3 · Policy making should consider local conditions. 4 · The intervention of government is the way to assist globalization. 5 · Stiglitz"s dedication to the development of poor countries. 6 · Stiglitz"s preference of one type of economic policy over another one. 7 · More people joined Stiglitz in criticizing free trade and globalization. 8 · Stiglitz"s points have been supported by what actually happened in the country. 9 · Mainly gives positive comments on Stiglitz and his new book. 10 A The main point of the book is simple: globalization is not helping many poor countries. Incomes are not rising in much of the world, and adoption of market-based policies such as open capital markets, free trade, and privatization are making developing economies less stable, not more. Instead of a bigger dose of free markets, Stiglitz argues, what"s needed to make globalization work better is more and smarter government intervention. While this has been said before, the ideas carry more weight coming from someone with Stiglitz"s credentials. In some ways, this book has the potential to be the liberal equivalent of Milton Friedman"s 1962 classic Capitalism and Freedom , which helped provide the intellectual foundation for a generation of conservatives. But Globalization and Its Discontents does not rise to the level of capitalism and freedom. While Stiglitz makes a strong case for government-oriented development policy, he ignores some key arguments in favor of the market. "The book"s main villain is the International Monetary Fund, the Washington organization that lends to troubled countries", Stiglitz" contempt for the IMF is boundless, "It is clear that the IMF has failed in its mission," he declares. "Many of the policies that the IMF pushed have contributed to global instability." B While parts of this book are disappointingly shallow, Stiglitz"s critique of the market-driven 90"s still resonates, especially when the business page is full of stories about white-collar crime and the stock market seems stuck in a perpetual rut. Even the United States cannot blithely assume that financial markets will work on autopilot. It is testament to the salience of Stiglitz"s arguments that many economists—even some Bush Administration officials—now embrace his view that economic change in the developing world must evolve more with local conditions, not on Washington"s calendar. Without a thorough makeover, globalization could easily become a quagmire. Stiglitz shared a Nobel Prize last year for his work analyzing the imperfections of markets. His main complaint against Rubin and Summers, who served as Treasury Secretaries, and against Fischer, the NO. 2 official and de facto chief executive of the international Monetary Fund, is that they had too much faith that markets could transform poor countries overnight. He labels these three men market fundamentalists, who fought to maintain financial stability with the same urgency that an earlier generation struggled to contain communism. Worse, he suggests, they shilled for Wall Street, conflating the interests of the big banks with the financial health of the world. C "Stiglitz, 58, is hardly the first person to accuse the IMF of operating undemocratically and exacerbating Third World poverty. But he is by far the most prominent and his emergence as a critic marks an important shift in the intellectual landscape. Only a few years ago, it was possible for pundits to claim that no mainstream economist, certainly nobody of Stiglitz"s stature, took the criticism of free trade and globalization seriously. Such claims are no longer credible, for Stiglitz is part of a small but growing group of economists, sociologists and political scientists, among them Dani Rodrik of Harvard and Robert Wade of the London School of Economics, who not only take the critics seriously but warn that ignoring their concerns could have dire consequences." Over the past several years, Stiglitz, a celebrated theorist who was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in economics for his work on asymmetric information, has grown accustomed to being at the center of controversy. From 1997 to 2000, he served as senior vice president and chief economist at the World Bank—a title that did not stop him from publicly criticizing the bank"s sister institution, the International Monetary Fund, Stiglitz"s outspokenness, unprecedented for a high-ranking insider, infuriated top officials at the IMF and US Treasury Department, and eventually led James Wolfensohn, the World Bank"s president, to inform him that he would have to mute his criticism or resign, Stiglitz chose to leave. D "Stiglitz" book makes a compelling case that simple-minded economic doctrine, inadequately tailored to the realities of developing countries, can do more harm than good, and that the subtleties of economic theory are actually quite important for sound policy advice. But simplistic political advice—give developing countries more voice and the institutions of global governance will be rendered more legitimate and efficient—is equally problematic. Political reform is as subtle and complex as economic reform. Evidently, the best minds among us have only begun to think about it." Joseph Stiglitz"s memoirs of his years in Washington, D. C. —first as chair of President Bill Clinton"s Council of Economic Advisers and then as chief economist at the World Bank—have the flavor of a morality play. Our goodhearted but slightly native hero, on leave from Stanford University, sets out for the nation"s capital to serve his country and improve the lot of the developing world. Once there he finds a morass of political opportunism, ideologically motivated decision-making and bureaucratic inertia. Undeterred, he battles valiantly on behalf of impoverished nations against the unrelenting globalisers of the International Monetary Fund.

填空题 Supermarket shoppers have never been more spoilt for choice. But just when we thought traditional systems of selective fanning had created the most tempting array of foods money can buy, we are now being presented with the prospect of genetically created strains of cabbages, onion, tomato, potato and apple. It may not tickle the fancy of food purists but it fires the imagination of scientists, fast week they discovered that the classic Parisian mushroom contains just the properties that, when genetically mixed with a wild strain of mushroom from the Sonora desert in California, could help it grow en masse while at the same time providing it with the resilience of the wild strain.66. ______. "We have found a way of increasing the success rate from one to 90 percent. This is just one of the many products that, according to skeptics, are creating a generation of "Frankenfoods". The first such food that may be consumed on a wide scale is a tomato which has been genetically manipulated so that it does not soften as it ripens.67. ______. Critics say that the new tomato--which cost $ 25 million to research--is designed to stay on supermarket shelves for longer. It has a ten-day life span. Not surprisingly, every-hungry US is leading the search for these forbidden fruit. By changing the genes of a grapefruit, a grower from Texas has created a sweet, red, thin-skinned grapefruit expected to sell at a premium over its California and Florida competitors. For chip fanatics who want to watch their waist-lines, new high-starch, low-moisture potatoes that absorb less fat when fried have been created, thanks to a gene from intestinal bacteria. The scientists behind such new food argue that genetic engineering is simply an extension of animal and plant breeding methods and that by broadening the scope of the genetic changes that can be made, sources of food are increased. Accordingly, they argue, this does not inherently lead to foods that are less safe than those developed by conventional techniques. But if desirable genes are swapped irrespective of species barriers, could things spiral out of control? "Knowledge is not toxic, "said Mark Cantley, head of the biotechnology unit at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, "It has given us a far greater understanding of how living systems work at a molecular level and there is no reason for people to think that scientists and farmers should use that knowledge to do risky things." Clearly, financial incentive lies behind the development of these bigger, more productive foods. But we may have only ourselves to blame. In the early period of mass food commerce, food varieties were developed by traditional methods of selective breeding to suit the local palate. But as suppliers started to select and preserve plant variants that had larger fruit, consumer expectations rose, leading to the development of the desirable clones. Still, traditionalists and gourmets in Europe are fighting their development.68. ______. Even in the pre-packaged US, where the slow-softening tomato will soon be reaching supermarkets, 1,500 American chefs have lent their support to the Pure Food Campaign which calls for the international boycott of genetically engineered foods until more is known about the consequences of the technology and reliable controls have been introduced. In the short term, much of the technology remains untested and in the long term the consequences for human biology are unknown. Questions have arisen over whether new proteins in genetically modified food could cause allergies in some people.69. ______. Then there are the vegetarians who may be consuming animal non-vegetable proteins in what they think is a common tomato, or the practicing Jew who unknowingly consumes a fruit that has been enhanced with a pig's gene. As yet, producers are under no obligation to label "transgenetic" products. Environmentalists worry that new, genetically engineered plants may damage natural environment. A genetically engineered pest-resistant strain of plant that contacts with a native strain, for example, could turn them into virulent weeds beyond chemical control. Animal welfare groups worry about the quality of life of farm animals manipulated so that they produce more meat, milk, and eggs but which may suffer physical damage in the process.70. ______. Many of these fears spring from ignorance. And although it is hard to separate the paranoia from the benefits, the fact remains that genetic engineering offers ways of solving serious medical and agricultural problems. A. Western farmers have already bred cattle with more muscle than a skeleton can carry. B. Supporters say the tomato, unsurprisingly called Flavr Savr, will taste better because it will be able to mature on the branch longer. C. Consumer opposition means that there are genetically manipulated 'foods on the German markets, and the Norwegian government has recently put research into genetically engineered foods on hold. D. For example, if a corn gene is introduced into a wheat gene for pest resistance, will those who are allergic to corn then be allergic to wheat? E. "Mushrooms in the past were almost impossible to cross, "says Philippe Callac, one of the three scientists working on the mushroom. F. Genetic engineering will interfere with the balance of nature.

填空题 It was a sorry end. Cut down in his prime, the cunning thief lay on the slab, his cold body offering pathologist Brett Gartrell no outward sign of how he. had met his maker. Once Gartrell had wielded his scalpel, however, the cause became, clear: a belly stuffed with sticky brown gunk. Diagnosis? Death by chocolate.66. ______ If you're reading this after scoffing your fifteenth chocolate Santa, don't panic: We humans have been safely enjoying the beans of the cacao plant, Theobroma cacao, for millennia. Theobroma is Greek for "food of the gods", reflecting the Mayan belief that cocoa had divine origins. Every April, they sacrificed a dog with cacao-coloured markings in honour of Ek Chuah, the god of cacao.67. ______ It was methylxanthines that did for the kea too. Gartrell, a wildlife pathologist at Massey University in Palmerston North, New Zealand, is wearily familiar with keas' propensity m poison themselves. Besides being arguably the world's smartest birds, keas are extraordinarily inquisitive foragers, using their beaks to rip open tents and backpacks, open garbage bins and even pry pieces off cars in their quest for food. "They'll try anything that is vaguely edible, which is part of the reason they get into trouble," says Gartrell.68. ______ The reason humans don't turn up their toes after bingeing on chocolate is largely down to the speed at which our bodies metabolise theobromine, the most abundant methylxanthine in chocolate. Rats metabolise it much more slowly than humans, and dogs are slower still. There are no reliable figures for theobromine toxicity in humans, but based on caffeine toxicity an average adult would have to gorge on around 50 kilograms of milk chocolate in a single sitting to get anywhere near a lethal dose.69. ______ Coyotes are a serious pest in the US, killing $44 million worth of livestock each year, damaging property and attacking people and pets. Measures such as fences are often ineffective. Sometimes culling them is the only option but unfortunately the poisons now used, such as sodium cyanide, are toxic to humans and most other animals too. "If we can come up with something that is more selective, it offers an advantage," says Johnston. "It's a more responsible approach."70. ______ Methylxanthines are also shaping up as a way to dispatch other pests. Earl Campbell of the US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center in Hilo, Hawaii, discovered that caffeine sprays could kill two species of noisy and ecologically damaging Caribbean tree frogs that have plagued the island since they were accidentally introduced in the 1980s. Campbell noticed that the spray also killed slugs. His colleague Robert Hollingsworth then found that caffeine spray made snails kick the bucket too. Hollingsworth is now developing caffeine as an alternative to conventional pesticides, such as those used in slug pellets. "There's a huge amount of interest in using botanical extracts," he says. "People are more comfortable with things that are natural."A. Knife-wielding priests aside, chocolate is still bad news for many animals. Cocoa beans are naturally rich in caffeine and its chemical relatives theobromine and theophylline, collectively called methylxanthines. To humans these are little more than benign stimulants, but to a number of animals they are highly toxic. Just 240 grams of unsweetened dark chocolate contains enough methylxanthines to kill a 40-kilogram dog, about the size of a German shepherd.B. The methylxanthines are just a start. "Cocoa is a real gold .mine of different components," says Herwig Bernaert, research manager at Barry Callebaut, a chocolate manufacturer in Zurich, Switzerland. Cocoa contains more than 700 compounds and there is a great deal of research on which of these can affect people or other creatures.C. Methylxanthines looked as though they might fit the bill. After testing the toxicity of several different types of chocolate, Johnson came up with a mixture of theobromine and caffeine that killed coyotes quickly and with minimal distress. The mixture can be hidden in bait and is currently undergoing field tests.D. The observation that methylxanthines are highly toxic to animals, with dogs being especially vulnerable, prompted John Johnston, a chemist at the US Department of Agriculture in Fort Collins, Colorado, to investigate chocolate as a more selective way of controlling coyotes.E. Divine—yes. Delicious--absolutely. But deadly? For some it certainly is. The corpse on Gartrell's slab belonged not to a human but to a kea, an endangered New Zealand parrot. Like many animals, keas are acutely sensitive to chemicals in chocolate that are harmless to humans in all but huge doses. Scientists are now studying these chemicals, along with other substances in cocoa, hoping to exploit their toxic effects to control pests or microbes.F. The dead kea was found outside a hotel kitchen in the holiday resort of Mount Cook Village in the Southern Alps. It had eaten more than 20 grams of dark chocolate, presumably pilfered from the kitchen garbage. "He'd really pigged out," says Gartrell. The ill-fated kea was by no means alone in its folly. Veterinary journals are peppered with stories of dogs, cats, parrots, foxes, badgers and other animals dropping dead after finding chocolate or being fed it by well- meaning humans.

填空题In some societies it is the custom for parents to arrange the marriages of their children. Often the bride and groom will not be (31) for their opinion in this matter, and sometimes they do not even meet each other (32) the day of the wedding. Most Americans find the idea of arranged (33) difficult to understand or accept. They believe that two people should marry for love, after a period of dating and courtship. During that period, the prospective marriage partners are supposed to (34) enough about each other to decide (35) or not they will be able to build a successful marriage. In the United States marriages are seldom formally arranged, but quite a lot of informal arranging goes on before two people (36) husband and wife. People who get married are (37) to each other by friends. (38) friends have already decided that the two people are right for each other and arrange for them to meet. Friends have such great influence; their approval of a dating or mating partner is very (39) . Families also exert open and subtle (40) on their children to influence their (41) of marriage partners. Parents often arrange dates for their own children. Also, they can meet the perfect marriage prospect for their son or (42) through business relationships. Since parents often (43) their children financially, they feel that they have the (44) to help the bride and groom select (45) they will live, what type of furniture they will purchase, and (46) their life-style will be like. To a large (47) , social class determines the choices of a marriage partner in the United States. Marriages are usually arranged (48) people of similar religious, ethnic and financial, backgrounds. Despite what we see in the movies, the son of a bank president (49) marries or even meets a coal miner's daughter. Americans may not accept or understand arranged marriages, (50) marriages in the United States are arranged nevertheless.

填空题Asinternationalcommercegrows,thereisanamazingdevelopmentwhichisexpandingatever-increasingrate—businessontheInternet.OneofthemostarrestingauctionbusinessiscalledeBay.Downatthelocalauctionhouseinthecity,youwouldnormallyfindexcitedbiddersraisingtheirhandsornoddingagreementastheauctioneerrattlesoffthepricesforasetofbookshelves,heaterorsecond-handtelevisionset.Nowthesamecutandthrustofauctionsellingisdrawingnotthehundredswhocramintoacrowdedauctionroom,butmillionsofInternetsurferswhovisiteBay,thebiggestonlineauctionsite,andothersofsimilarstyle.66.______.Forexample,inonemonththatIlookedatthecolorfuleBaysite,thesewerenumbersofitemsforsaleinsomeofthemajorcategories:Collectibles684,473SportsMemorabilia269,051Books,Movies,Music267,324Toys242,15567.______.AccordingtotheeBaypromotion,userscanfindtheuniqueandtheinterestingoneBay—everythingfromchinatodesks,teddybearstotrains,andfurnituretofigurines.SowhydopeoplecometoeBay?Astheleadingperson-to-persontradingsite,buyerstradeoneBaybecauseofthelargenumberofitemsavailable.Ifyouwantit,somebody'sprobablysellingitoneBay.Similarly,sellersareattractedtoeBaytoconductbusinessbecauseeBayhasthemostbuyers.ThereareoveramillionauctionshappeningoneBayeveryday.68.______.Peopletellusthattheycomeforallthestufftheycanget,buttheystay,evenaftertheyfinishtheircollection,forthefunpeopletheymeetateBay,"Takeyourtime,andgettoknowtheeBayworld"istheiradvice.Sohowdoyoumakeabidandbuysomethingatthisauction?69.______.FirstIhadtoregistermyname,emailaddressandpasswordwitheBay,Sotheycantrackthesalesandmakesureeverybodyisfairdealing.Rememberingthatbiddingonlineisthesameasbuyingorenteringintoacontractwiththeseller,IsearchedunderguitarsintheMusicalInstrumentssectionwithmymouseclickingonthevariouspages.Ihadagoodlookattheseller'sfeedbackrecord.IfthepersonsellinggoodsoneBayhastriedtocheat,orbackoutofadeal,emailusersofeBaycanwritetheirownfeedbackcomments,praisingorcriticizingtheeBayseller,orbidder.Everyonecanseewhatisgoingon.TheeBaycompanycanbananyonewhohasnotactedbytherules.70.______.Theauctiondetailsweresetoutandthedaytheauctionwastoend(inoneweek'stime).Therewasanicepictureoftheguitar.Ireviewedmybidof20toensurethatalltheinformationwasrightandclickedonthebutton"PlaceBid".UnfortunatelyIwasnotifiedthatmybidwasnotthehighest-someoneelsehadbidmoremoney,soImissedout.However,IfIhadputinthehighestbid,theeBaywebsitewouldhavenotifiedmethatIwasthehighestbidderforthetimebeing.Whentheauctionends,thehighestbidderbuysthegoods.A.Amongthespecialitemsforsaleareanillustrationofthewinnersfrom84YearsoftheUSAOpenGolftournament,signedbythefamoussolfers,andframed.ThereisaBeatlesOriginalCoin,especiallymintedforthefirstUStourin1964ofthefamousLiverpoolpopmusicgroup.Furniture,newkitchenknives,guitarstudyprograms,computers-younameit,eBayauctionsitehasit,aspeopleworldwidetakeadvantageofthechancetoselltheirgoodstothebiggestmarketintheworld-thecyberspacecommunityofInternetwatchers.B.Thisisabusinessthatallowscustomerstobuyandsellgoodsbyofferingthemforsale,orbiddingforitemslistedattheeBaywebsite,asiftheywereatanauction.Currently,eBayhaslistedatitswebsite2.14millionitemsforsalein1,627categories.EachmonththeeBaysitehas1.5billionvisitorswhoviewtheeBaypages,lookingforbargainsorworkingouthowmuchtochargeforthatbedorunwantedradiotheywanttolistforauction.C.IwaslookingforaguitarandthisiswhatIdid.D.Therearenotmanystoresintheworldwheretheypraiseyouasagoodshopperorgiveyouminuspointsinpublicifyouareabadpayer.ButthisistheworldoftheInternetwheretherulesarebeingconstructedasthesystemdevelops.E.AccordingtoaneBayspokesperson,eBayismorethanjustaplacetotrade.It'salsoaplacetomeetthatoneotherpersonintheworldwhosharesyourpassionforyourownparticularinterest,whetherit'sstamps,warmemorabilia,sportinggoods,furnitureorcomputerprograms,forexample.F.ThenIwasreadytobid.ItdoesnotcostanymoneytobidonitemsateBay.Ofcourse,ifyouwintheauction,youmustpaythesellerdirectly,butyouwillnotbechargedanythingbyeBay.

填空题 Walking—like swimming, bicycling and running—is an aerobic exercise,{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}builds the capacity for energy output and physical endurance by increasing the supply of oxygen to skin and muscles. Such exercises may be a primary factor in the{{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}of heart and circulatory disease. As probably the least strenuous, safest aerobic activity, walking is the{{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}acceptable exercise for the largest number of people. Walking{{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}comfortable speed improves the efficiency of the cardiorespiratory system{{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}stimulating the lungs and heart, but at a more gradual rate{{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}most other forms of exercise. In one test, a group of men 40 to 57 years of age,{{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}at a fast pace for 40 minutes four days a week, showed improvement{{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}to men the same age on a 30 minute, three-day-a-week jogging program in the same period. Their resting heart rate and body fat decreased{{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}. These changes suggest{{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}of the important—even vital—benefits walking can{{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}about. Walking{{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}burns calories. It takes 3,500 calories to gain or{{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}one pound. Since a one-hour walk at a moderate pace will{{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}up 300 to 360 calories. By walking one hour every other day, you can burn up a pound-and-a-half monthly, or 18 pounds{{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}providing there is no change in your intake of food. To{{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}weight faster, walk an hour every day and burn up 3 pounds a month, or 36 pounds a year. {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}your age, right now is the time to give your physical well being as much thought as you {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}to pensions or insurance. Walking is a vital defense{{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}the ravages of degenerative diseases and aging. It is nature's{{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}of giving you a tuneup.

填空题 For decades, environmentalists have warned of a coming climate crisis. Their alarms went unheeded, and last year we reaped an early harvest: a singularly ferocious hurricane season, record snowfall in New England, the worst-ever wildfires in Alaska, arctic glaciers at their lowest ebb in millennia, catastrophic drought in Brazil, devastating floods in India--portents of global warning's destructive potential. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} With climate change hard upon us, a new green movement is taking shape, one that embraces environmentalism's concerns but rejects its worn-out answers. Technology can be a font of endlessly creative solutions. Business can be a vehicle for change. Prosperity can help us build the kind of world we want. Scientific exploration, innovative design, and cultural evolution are the most powerful tools we have. Entrepreneurial zeal and market forces, guided by sustainable policies, can propel the world into a bright green future. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} Consider the unmitigated ecological disaster that is the automobile. Every time you mm on the ignition, you're enmeshed in a system whose known outcomes include a polluted atmosphere, oil-slicked seas, and desert wars. As comprehension of the stakes has grown, though, a market has emerged for a more sensible alternative. Today you can drive a Toyota Prius that burst far less gasoline than a conventional car. Tomorrow we might see vehicles that consume no fossil fuels and emit no greenhouse gases. Combine cars like that with smarter urban growth and we're well on our way to sustainable transportation. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} Renewable energy is plentiful energy. Burning fossil fuels is a filthy habit, and the supply won't last forever. Fortunately, a growing number of renewable alternatives promise clean, inexhaustible power: wind turbines, solar arrays, wave-power flotillas, small hydroelectric generators, geothermal systems, even bioengineered algae that mm waste into hydrogen. The challenge is to scale up these technologies to deliver power in industrial quantities--exactly the kind of challenge brilliant businesspeople love. Efficiency creates value. The number one US industrial product is waste. Waste is worse than stupid; it's costly, which is why we're seeing businesspeople in every sector getting a jump on the competition by consuming less water, power, and materials. What's true for industry is true at home, too: Think well-in-sulated houses full of natural light, cars that sip instead of guzzle, appliances that pay for themselves in energy savings. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} Quality is wealth. More is not better. Better is better. You don't need a bigger house; you need a different floor plan. You don't need more stuff; you need stuff you'll actually use. Ecofriendly designs and nontoxic materials already exist, and there's plenty of room for innovation. You may pay more for things like long-lasting, energy-efficient LED lightbulbs, but they'll save real money over the long term. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} It may seem impossibly far away, but on days when the smog blows off, you can already see it: a society built on radically green design, sustainable energy, and closed-loop cities; a civilization afloat on a cloud of efficient, nontoxic, recyclable technology. That's a future we can live with. A. Using satellite technology and various measurements, NASA scientists confirm the earth is melting at both poles. In the north, at the Arctic, the melting of Greenland's three-kilometer thick ice sheet had been expected, though not as dramatically as it is now happening. But in the south, many believed the far more massive ice sheets covering Antarctica would increase in the 21st century. That's not so, according to the NASA observations and data. Despite increasing snowfall, Antarctica's ice sheets are shrinking. B. Redesigning civilization along these lines would bring a quality of life few of us can imagine. That's because a fully functioning ecology is tantamount to tangible wealth. Clean air and water, a diversity of animal and plant species, soil and mineral resources, and predictable weather are annuities that will pay dividends for as long as the human race survives--and may even extend our stay on Earth. C. You don't change the world by hiding in the woods, wearing a hair shirt, or buying indulgences in the form of save the earth bumper stickers. You do it by articulating a vision for the future and pursuing it with all the ingenuity humanity can muster. Indeed, being green at the start of the 21st century requires a wholehearted commitment to upgrading civilization. Four key principles can guide the way: D. Green-minded activists failed to move the broader public not because they were wrong about the problems, but because the solutions they offered were unappealing to most people. They called for tightening belts and curbing appetites, turning down the thermostat and living lower on the food chain. They rejected technology, business, and prosperity in favor of returning to a simpler way of life. No wonder the movement got so little traction. Asking people in the world's wealthiest, most advanced societies to tm their backs on the very forces that drove such abundance in naive at best. E. Cities beat suburbs. Manhattanites use less energy than most people in North America. Sprawl eats land and snarls traffic. Building homes close together is a more efficient use of space and infrastructure. It also encourages walking, promotes public transit, and fosters community. F. Americans trash the planet not because we're evil, but because the industrial systems we've devised leave no other choice. Our ranch houses and high-rises, factories and farms, freeways and power plants were conceived before we had a clue how the planet works. They're primitive inventions designed by people who didn't fully grasp the consequences of their actions.

填空题 A Impoverished young people experience society's linkage between poverty and crime from an early age. Many of them become involved with the police and the justice system simply because they appear poor or socially undesirable, or because they "look" dangerous—not because they have broken any law. People don't have to probe very far into the backgrounds of children who wind up in police stations and courtrooms to find a common denominator: poverty. In developing countries, poverty often forces children out of the house when they are as young as 10, sometimes even younger. They may never have had the opportunity to go to school, or may have attended irregularly or been "pushed" out, their performance hindered by hunger or distance from the school. Civil unrest may have forced them to flee their rural home for the city, where they arrived without papers and became separated from family members or friends. At any rate, these young people are probably living on the street, where destitution may lead them to steal from a shop, pick someone's pocket or barter the only thing they own—their bodies—for survival. In the industrialized countries, many young people are surrounded by wealth but live in deprivation, taunted by the unattainable riches of a consumer society. Growing up in neighborhoods where every corner has its drug dealer, and lacking the role model of grown-ups who go to legitimate jobs every morning, some find it impossible to resist the temptation of the drug trade's easy money. Eventually the police catch up with them. That is often the start of a life in which they know their probation officers better than their teachers. B All countries have an age at which people become adults in the legal sense of the word—they can vote, sign legal contracts, marry. But the Convention on the Rights of the Child calls for countries to establish a minimum age below which young people "shall be presumed not to have the capacity to infringe the penal law"—in other words, an age below which they are too young to be responsible for their actions and therefore too young to face criminal sanctions. But this age varies widely, and in many cases it is far too young: The age of criminal responsibility is 7 years in, for example, India, Ireland, Jordan, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa, Sudan, Switzerland, Tanzania and Thailand. Under common law, the age is also 7 in most US states. A child barely old enough to go to school cannot possibly have the maturity to understand the consequences of his or her behaviour. Given that such young children can be subject to the penal code, it is all the more important that each country establish a humane and constructive juvenile justice system. Such a system is designed to deal with young offenders until they reach the age of adulthood. In an ideal world it serves as a safety net, catching children who commit petty offences and, instead of locking them away, helping them learn a sense of responsibility for their actions. The system should be based on knowledge of child development. At the same time, the juvenile justice system must protect society from potentially dangerous criminals. In many countries, a few brutal, highly publicized crimes by young people have led to public demands to lower the age at which children are held criminally responsible. Government leaders must resist the temptation to reduce the juvenile justice system to a structure for retribution designed for the rare hardened child criminal. Glib slogans like "Adult time for adult crime" betray the very people that society has failed and encourage "warehousing" of juveniles—in prisons that in reality serve as training grounds for criminals. C There is no question that preventing crime is preferable to punishing it. Never is that more true than in the case of juvenile delinquency, so often a cry for help from a troubled youngster. The UN Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency, known as the "Riyadh Guidelines", recognize the importance of preventing young people from being stigmatized by the justice system. The Guidelines call for the development of measures that "avoid criminalizing and penalizing a child for behaviour that does not cause serious damage to the development of the child or harm to others." This statement sends a profound message: Preventing juvenile delinquency or crime is not just a matter of protecting society--its aim is to help children overcome their misdeeds and fulfill their potential. It is also less costly and more efficient for society to prevent young people from starting on criminal careers than to pay for the outcome of criminal behaviour. Many programmers have been established to help young people. In the Canadian province of Ontario, a Reasoning and Rehabilitation Project run by probation officers helps juveniles to modify impulsive behaviour and learn alternative responses to interpersonal problems. Recidivism has fallen dramatically among the participants. In the Netherlands, Project HALT requires vandals to personally compensate their victims but in such a way that avoids stigmatizing them with the label of "criminal".

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填空题Nowadays everybody must be familiar with the words "pollution" and "population". They are so well-known that they form the subject of many a polite dinner-table discussion. The assembled company will nod its heads wisely and agree that "Something must be done. " Or perhaps a short argument will ensue: For there are those who will claim that these problems have been exaggerated, who will laugh mockingly at the people they call "doomsday ecologists". {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} Poisonous fumes from factories have sometimes made acres of surrounding land barren. Nor is the problem confined to land. Tons and tons of untreated sewage and unfiltered chemical waste are pumped daily into rivers and the sea, and dead fish are often to be seen floating in the water and washed up on the shores of seas, lakes and streams, while lethal oil slicks floating on the surface of the sea bring death to millions of seabirds. Meanwhile, we are cheerfully using up the world's resources, and making needless waste. Non-returnable bottles are convenient for manufactures but encourage litter, are often dangerous to dispose of and above all have merely to be replaced by others. Plastic, that wonderful substance is extremely difficult to dispose of at all. Yet now we make furniture out of it, while nearly all our goods are gaily and often unnecessarily wrapped up in it. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} The more people, the more consumption, the more pollution, the more wastage of resources. The more people the world has to support, the more it will have to educate to face dwindling supplies. All people have an equal right to live; but do they have a right to be conceived without number? All people have an equal right to live, so why are some starving while others have enough to eat, and more? Surely, at any rate, we must not eat more than we need, or waste what we don't. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} People can or may go outside London to seek jobs, but they find many other cities have the same problems, albeit to a lesser extent. Filth and high prices have combined to make London and some other centers depressing places to live in. Depression fosters crime and violence, and these are increasing. The community, at a loss, is beginning to destroy itself. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} Is it surprising, then, that these three central groups of workers should be in short supply in London? Neither policemen, teachers nor transport workers are highly paid. They work long, hard and sometimes dangerous hours, for which they receive little thanks from the community at large, since their presence is taken for granted. They are only noticed to be criticized. The teachers leave; many schools can only give their children part-time education. Juvenile boredom, then delinquency, increases. There are too few policemen to cope. The bus drivers, or the underground drivers go on strike for better pay and condition, and so the whole metropolis is gradually coming to a standstill. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} So, what with one thing and another, you see no way out. Like nearly all of us you just give up because you have a normal hard day's work ahead of you and you haven't the energy even to begin to cope with anything extra. Pollution, population; these problems can wait, you say. BUT THEY CAN'T. A. In London, the two monster problems have confronted each other threateningly for some time. Now, perhaps, pollution is winning. The place is grinding to a halt. People who do menial work cannot afford the high prices of accommodation, and they may be scandalously exploited by unscrupulous landlords. The population in such areas may be dense, with whole families squeezed into one room, yet the increasing number of derelict houses in the same areas tells another story. B. Who is to blame? The police, say some people, for not keeping order over traffic or criminals. The teachers, say the parents, who don't educate the kids right. Then there are the transport workers. They are to blame for the rush hours, traffic jams and the daily misery of getting to and from work on too few buses. C. Yet nobody can deny that pollution is rampant. The atmosphere is filthy. The introduction of smokeless zones has prevented pollution in the air from chimneys and fires, but what of the fumes which pour out of cars, lorries and aeroplanes? By the side of motorways the air is hazy and thick with the bitter sickly smell of burnt oil. D. Politicians say we aren't to worry. We have only to vote for them and they will put all to right. Yet, when elected, they seem to forget about the vast, amorphous, everyday problems that surround us. E. I am always concerned about where the next meal is coming from. I also care very much about my children's education. People just don't seem to give education the care and attention that it used to have. F. This is to make us buy more, of course, and spend more. But alas, even food is in short supply, for there are too many people in the world, and our number is growing rapidly.

填空题 You will hear a talk given by a university lecturer．As you tisten，you must answer Questions 21～30 by writing NO MORE THAN THREE words in the space provided on the right．You will hear the talk TWICE．

填空题WhousuallytakecareoftheelderlypeopleintheUnitedStates?

填空题There are some unexpected items in the author's book bag.

填空题Remember: A=Article A B=Article B C=Article C D=Article D Which article(s)... reveals the gender difference in suicide rate? 1 point out that youths with mental illness have not received adequate treatment? 2 3 argues that how the public treat the people with mental illness has a di rect effect on their recovery? 4 reports on the appalling percentage of the mentally ill in Canada"s pop ulation? 5 says that there is a high correlation between suicide and mental illness? 6 find that mental illness has made Canada"s economy less productive? 7 8 says that organizations are recommended to practice stress manage ment? 9 calls public attention to the unfair treatment of the mentally ill? 10 A One of the biggest challenges facing the mental health care system is the gnawing chasm between the ever-growing demand for services and the system"s ability to respond. Many are suffering. Far too few are being helped. For decades, governments have treated mental illness like the orphan of the health care system, leaving the sector chronically under-funded and under-staffed. Such_ neglect would seem to suggest that mental illness afflicts only an unfortunate few. Nothing could be further from the truth. One in three individuals will experience mental health problems at some point in their lives. In Canada, that translates to more than 10 million people. In Canada, mental illness is estimated to cost the economy $33 billion each year in disability and lost productivity. We currently spend another $6 billion to $8 billion annually to treat these conditions. More hospital stays are consumed by people with a mental illness than by cancer and heart disease patients combined. Yet for all of that, mental health practitioners know they are only reaching a fraction of those in need. Research shows that two-thirds of adults who experience mental illness never seek help; for adolescents, the figure is 75 percent. Of those who do seek treatment, the majority will first report symptoms to family physicians who are often ill-equipped to recognize or deal with mental illness. B Sadly, children and adolescents are even less likely than adults to seek or receive treatment for mental illness. And in far too many cases, young people pay the ultimate price for their conditions. In what was perhaps the most sobering statistic of all provided by some researchers, it was found that approximately one-in-ten Canadian adolescents attempt suicide each year. At the same time, 80 percent and 90 percent of the young people who kill themselves likely suffered from a mental disorder at the time of their death. Some young people are at greater risk than others. Aboriginal youths are five to six times more likely to die by suicide than non-Aboriginal youths. Adolescent males die by suicide three to four times more often than adolescent females. The key to suicide prevention is to intervene on multiple fronts as early as possible, particularly with youth who exhibit risk factors such as depression and substance abuse. This means supporting families with children at risk, promoting suicide awareness at the community level and, perhaps most importantly, taking prevention programs into the schools. C In a typical workplace, one in four employees struggles with mental health issues, most commonly in the form of depression or anxiety. It is estimated that mental illness results in 35 million work days lost each year in Canada. Mental illness also accounts for up to 40 per cent of short-term disability insurance claims and is a secondary diagnosis in more than 50 per cent of long-term claims. The toll of mental illness—in terms of individual suffering and the corporate bottom line—prompted CEOs from across Canada to support the Toronto-based Roundtable on Addiction and Mental Health. Founded 10 years ago, the Roundtable advises organizations on how to detect, treat and ultimately prevent mental illness. Organizations are advised to adopt a three-part strategy. First, focus on early detection and treatment opportunities (depression and anxiety are effectively treated in 85 percent of cases where help is sought). Second, determine, at the organizational level, the root cause of the mental distress (especially important if it is emanating from a single department or business unit). Third, make prevention and stress management a corporate-wide priority. D No research on mental health could fail to deal with the issue of stigma—the fact that negative attitudes and behavior toward people with mental illness adds immeasurably to their suffering and represents a serious barrier to reform. The sting of stigma provided much of the emotional wallop behind Starry, Starry Night, a theatrical production by the Calgary Chapter of the Schizophrenia Society of Alberta. The play, performed entirely by actors with Schizophrenia, includes several wrenching scenes about the harsh way the mentally ill are sometimes treated by the very system that is intended to help them. Dr. Thornicroft, a British psychiatrist, recalled how, after 20 years in practice, he felt disquieted by the fact that so few people with mental illness sought treatment—and, if they did, it was as a last resort. He concluded this was because of the shame and embarrassment so many experienced. Dr. Thornicroft decided to take a sabbatical and write a book about stigma. As he delved into the subject, and looked at it from the patient"s point of view, Dr. Thornicroft was struck by the depth of prejudice directed at the mentally ill. He concluded that the most essential aspect of stigma is not so much people"s attitudes, but how they act. In other words, the real issue was discrimination. And what is needed is a kind of civil rights campaign on behalf of the mentally ill.

填空题I always eat breakfast, and suggest that you do too. We all need food in the morning to supply ourselves 1 sources of glucose, 2 is not stored in the body and 3 needed to fuel the brain. Studies show that those who eat 4 are more productive at school and work 5 those who skip it. But there is disagreement over 6 should be eaten for the first meal of the day. I myself like leftovers. I"ve never cared 7 most of the common American breakfast foods and feel just terrible if I eat some of 8 I do fine on a traditional Japanese breakfast 9 steamed rice, broiled fish, miso soup, pickled vegetables, seaweed, and green tea. I also like fruit, nuts, some fresh cheese, and olives. You will have to experiment to find out what you 10 and what works best for you. In any 11 , eating breakfast makes it easier to meet your daily nutritional 12 . Research shows that people who eat breakfast get more vitamins A, C, and E, folic acid, calcium, iron and fiber than those who skip 13 They also do better with weight control, because they are 14 prone to overeat at other meals or load up on high-calorie snacks later in the day. Perhaps the most common excuse for skipping breakfast is lack of 15 ; but considering the nutritional importance of the 16 meal of the day, you should try to find ways of eating something in the morning 17 is quick and easy to prepare. Breakfast should provide one-quarter 18 one-third of your day"s protein, some good carbohydrate, and some fat. Finally, 19 all you take in the morning is coffee, try switching to green tea for the protection it provides 20 cancer and heart disease.

填空题Not every President is a leader, but every time we elect a President we hope for one, especially in times of doubt and crisis. In easy times we are ambivalent -- the leader, after all, makes demands, challenges the status quo, shakes things up. Leadership is as much a question of timing as anything else. 66. ______ And when he comes, he must offer a simple, eloquent message. Great leaders are almost always great simplifiers, who cut through argument, debate and doubt to offer a solution everybody can understand and remember. Churchill warned the British to expect "blood, toil, tears and sweat"; FDR told Americans that "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself"; Lenin promised the war-weary Russians peace, land and bread. Straightforward but potent messages. We have an image of what a leader ought to be. We even recognize the physical signs: Leaders may not necessarily be tall, but they must have bigger-than-life, commanding features--LBJ's nose and ear lobes, Ike's broad grin. A trademark also comes in handy: Lincoln's stovepipe hat, JFK's rocker. We expect our leaders to stand out a little, not to be like ordinary men. Half of President Ford's trouble lay in the fact that, if you closed your eyes for a moment, you couldn't remember his face, figure or clothes. A leader should have an unforgettable identity, instantly and permanently fixed in people's minds. It also helps for a leader to be able to do something most of us can' t: FDR overcame polio; Mao swam the Yangtze River at the age of 72. We don't want our leaders to be "just like us". We want them to be like us but better, special, more so. 67. ______ Even television, which comes in for a lot of knocks as an image-builder that magnifies form over substance, doesn't altogether obscure the qualities of leadership we recognize, or their absence. Television exposed Nixon's insecurity, Humphrey's fatal infatuation with his own voice. A leader must know how to use power, but he also has to have a way of showing that he does. He has to be able to project firmness-- no physical clumsiness(like Ford., no rapid eye movements(like Carter). A Chinese philosopher once remarked that a leader must have the grace of a good dancer, and there is a great deal of wisdom to this. 68. ______ He should be able, like Lincoln, FDR, Truman, Ike and JFK, to give a good, hearty, belly laugh, instead of the sickly grin that passes for good humor in Nixon or Carter. Ronald Reagan's training as an actor showed to good effect in the debate with Carter, when by his easy manner and apparent affability, he managed to convey the impression that in fact he was the President and Carter the challenger. If we know what we' re looking for, why is it so difficult to find? The answer lies in a very simple truth about leadership. People can only be led where they want to go. The leader follows, though a step ahead. 69. ______ The British believed that they could still win the war after the defeats of 1940, and Churchill told them they were right. A leader rides the waves, moves with the tides, understands the deepest yearnings of his people. He cannot make a nation that wants peace at any price go to war, or stop a nation determined to fight from doing so. His purpose must match the national mood. His task is to focus the people's energies and desires, to define them in simple terms, to inspire, and make what people already want seem attainable, important, within their grasp. 70. ______ Winston Churchill managed, by sheer rhetoric, to turn the British defeat and the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940 into a major victory. FDR's words turned the sinking of the American fleet at Pearl Harbor into a national rallying cry instead of a humiliating national scandal. A leader must stir our blood, not appeal to our reason... A great leader must have a certain irrational quality, a stubborn refusal to face facts, infectious optimism, the ability to convince us that all is not lost even when we're afraid it is. Confucius suggested that, while the advisers of a great leader should be as cold as ice, the leader himself should have fire, a spark of divine madness. A. Yet if they are too different, we reject them. Adlai Stevenson was too cerebral. Nelson Rockefeller, too rich. B. The leader must appear on the scene at a moment when people are looking for leadership, as Churchill did in 1940, as Roosevelt did in 1933, as Lenin did in 1917. C. Americans wanted to climb out of the Depression and needed someone to tell them they could do it, and FDR did. D. Our strength makes him strong; our determination makes him determined; our courage makes him a hero. He is the symbol of the best in us. E. Above all, he must dignify our desires, convince us that we are taking part in the making of great history, give us a sense of glory about ourselves. F. A leader should know how to appear relaxed and confident. His walk should be firm and purposeful.

填空题In which article(s) does (do) the author(s) provide the fact that countries vary in their concept of adulthood? 1 mention that when dealing with juvenile delinquents, both the young offenders and society should be protected? 2 3 present the view that youngsters in the developed countries face the same situation as their counterparts do in the developing countries? 4 explore the root of juvenile delinquency? 5 suggest that some youngsters are taken as offenders for crimes they have never committed? 6 advocate that children below a certain age should not be penalized for minor offences? 7 say that the juvenile justice system should aim at helping young people rather than simply punishing them? 8 9 tell the reader that attempts have been made to prevent delinquents from becoming hardened criminals? 10 A Impoverished young people experience society"s linkage between poverty and crime from an early age. Many of them become involved with the police and the justice system simply because they appear poor or socially undesirable, or because they "look" dangerous—not because they have broken any law. People don"t have to probe very far into the backgrounds of children who wind up in police stations and courtrooms to find a common denominator: poverty. In developing countries, poverty often forces children out of the house when they are as young as 10, sometimes even younger. They may never have had the opportunity to go to school, or may have attended irregularly or been "pushed" out, their performance hindered by hunger or distance from the school. Civil unrest may have forced them to flee their rural home for the city, where they arrived without papers and became separated from family members or friends. At any rate, these young people are probably living on the street, where destitution may lead them to steal from a shop, pick someone"s pocket or barter the only thing they own—their bodies— for survival. In the industrialized countries, many young people are surrounded by wealth but live in deprivation, taunted by the unattainable riches of a consumer society. Growing up in neighborhoods where every comer has its drug dealer, and lacking the role model of grown-ups who go to legitimate jobs every morning, some find it impossible to resist the temptation of the drug trade"s easy money. Eventually the police catch up with them. That is often the start of a life in which they know their probation officers better than their teachers. B All countries have an age at which people become adults in the legal sense of the word—they can vote, sign legal contracts, marry. But the Convention on the Rights of the Child calls for countries to establish a minimum age below which young people "shall be presumed not to have the capacity to infringe the penal law"—in other words, an age below which they are too young to be responsible for their actions and therefore too young to face criminal sanctions. But this age varies widely, and in many cases it is far too young: The age of criminal responsibility is 7 years in, for example, India, Ireland, Jordan, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa, Sudan, Switzerland, Tanzania and Thailand. Under common law, the age is also 7 in most US states. A child barely old enough to go to school cannot possibly have the maturity to understand the consequences of his or her behaviour. Given that such young children can be subject to the penal code, it is all the more important that each country establish a humane and constructive juvenile justice system. Such a system is designed to deal with young offenders until they reach the age of adulthood. In an ideal world it serves as a safety net, catching children who commit petty offences and, instead of locking them away, helping them learn a sense of responsibility for their actions. The system should be based on knowledge of child development. At the same time, the juvenile justice system must protect society from potentially dangerous criminals. In many countries, a few brutal, highly publicized crimes by young people have led to public demands to lower the age at which children are held criminally responsible. Government leaders must resist the temptation to reduce the juvenile justice system to a structure for retribution designed for the rare hardened child criminal. Glib slogans like "Adult time for adult crime" betray the very people that society has failed and encourage "warehousing" of juveniles—in prisons that in reality serve as training grounds for criminals. C There is no question that preventing crime is preferable to punishing it. Never is that more true than in the case of juvenile delinquency, so often a cry for help from a troubled youngster. The UN Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency, known as the "Riyadh Guidelines", recognize the importance of preventing young people from being stigmatized by the justice system. The Guidelines call for the development of measures that "avoid criminalizing and penalizing a child for behaviour that does not cause serious damage to the development of the child or harm to others." This statement sends a profound message: Preventing juvenile delinquency or crime is not just a matter of protecting society—its aim is to help children overcome their misdeeds and fulfill their potential. It is also less costly and more efficient for society to prevent young people from starting on criminal careers than to pay for the outcome of criminal behaviour. Many programmers have been established to help young people. In the Canadian province of Ontario, a Reasoning and Rehabilitation Project run by probation officers helps juveniles to modify impulsive behaviour and learn alternative responses to interpersonal problems. Recidivism has fallen dramatically among the participants. In the Netherlands, Project HALT requires vandals to personally compensate their victims but in such a way that avoids stigmatizing them with the label of "criminal".

填空题 Answer questions 71～80 by referring to the following games. Note：Answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. Some choices maybe required more than once. A=Hydro power B=Nuclear power C=Solar power D=Wind power Which power(power's)… A Hydro power Introduction We have used running water as an energy source for thousands of years, mainly to grind com. The first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectricity was Cragside House, in Northumberland, England, in 1878. In 1882 on the Fox River, in the USA, hydroelectricity produced enough power to light two paper mills and a house. Nowadays there are many hydro-electric power stations, providing around 20% of the world's electricity. The name comes from“hydro”, the Greek word for water. How it works A dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley where there is an existing lake. Water is allowed to flow through tunnels in the dam, to turn turbines and thus drive generators. Advantages Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free. No waste or pollution produced. Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power. Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand. Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly, unlike other power stations. Disadvantages The dams are very expensive to build. Building a large dam will flood a very large area upstream, causing problems for animals that used to live there. Finding a suitable site can be difficult--the impact on residents and the environment may be unacceptable. Water quality and quantity downstream can be affected, which can have an impact on plant life. Is it renewable? Hydro-electric power is renewable. The Sun provides the water by evaporation from the sea, and will keep on doing so. B Nuclear power Introduction Nuclear power is generated using Uranium, which is a metal mined in various parts of the world. The first large-scale nuclear power station opened at Calder Hall in Cambria, England, in 1956. Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plants for engines. How it works Nuclear power stations work in pretty much the same way as fossil fuel-burning stations, except that a“chain reaction”inside a nuclear reactor makes the heat instead. The reactor uses Uranium rods as fuel, and the heat is generated by nuclear fission. Neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium atoms, which split roughly in half and release energy in the form of heat. Carbon dioxide gas is pumped through the reactor to take the heat away, and the hot gas then heats water to make steam. Advantages Nuclear power costs about the same as coal, so it's not expensive to make. Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. Produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel. Produces small amounts of waste. Disadvantages Although not much waste is produced, it is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Nuclear power is reliable, but a lot of money has to be spent on safety. Is it renewable? Nuclear energy from Uranium is not renewable. Once we've dug up all the Earth's uranium and used it. there isn't any more. C Solar power Introduction We've used the Sun for drying clothes and food for thousands of years. but only recently have we been able to use it for generating power. The Sun is 150 million kilometers away, and amazingly powerful. Just the tiny fraction of the Sun's energy that hits the Earth(around a hundredth of a millionth of a percent) is enough to meet all our power needs many times over. How it works There are three main ways that we use the Sun's energy： Solar Cells(really called“photovoltaic”or“photoelectric”cells)that convert light directly into electricity. In a sunny climate, you can get enough power to run a 100W light bulb from just one square meter of solar panel. This was originally developed in order to provide electricity for satellites, but these days many of us own calculators powered by solar cells. Solar water heating, where heat from the Sun is used to heat water in glass panels on your roof. This means you don't need to use so much gas or electricity to heat your water at home. Solar Furnaces use a huge array of mirrors to concentrate the Sun's energy into a small space and produce very high temperatures. Advantages Solar energy is free-it needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution. In sunny countries, solar power can be used where there is no easy way to get electricity to a remote place. Handy for low-power uses such as solar powered garden lights and battery chargers. Disadvantages Doesn't work at night. Very expensive to build solar power stations. Solar cells cost a great deal compared to the amount of electricity they'll produce in their lifetime. Can be unreliable unless you're in a very sunny climate. Is it renewable? Solar power is renewable. The Sun will keep On shining anyway, so it makes sense to use it. D Wind power Introduction We've used the wind as an energy source for a long time. The Babylonians and Chinese were using wind power to pump water for irrigating crops 4,000 years ago, and sailing boats were around long before that. Wind power was used in the Middle Ages, in Europe, to grind corn. which is where the term“windmill”comes from. How it works The Sun heats our atmosphere unevenly, so some patches become warmer than others. These warm patches of air rise, other air blows in to replace them—and we feel a wind blowing. We can use the energy in the wind by building a tall tower, with a large propeller on the top. The wind blows the propeller round, which turns a generator to produce electricity. The more towers, the more wind, and the larger the propellers, the more electricity we can make. Advantages Wind is free, wind farms need no fuel. Produces no waste or greenhouse gases. The land beneath can usually still be used for farming. Wind farms Can be tourist attractions. A good method of supplying energy to remote areas. Disadvantages The wind is not always predictable—some days have no wind. Suitable areas for wind farms are often near the coast, where land is expensive. Can kill birds—migrating flocks tend to like strong winds. Can affect television reception if you live nearby. Is it renewable? Wind power is renewable. Winds will keep on blowing; it makes sense to use them.

填空题will not be considered as a supplement to conventional electricity for several decades?

填空题is the headquarter of the Supreme court.

填空题Housekeepers at all large hotels are well aware that departing guests leave things behind them. The lost property cupboard at one particular hotel in the international Hyatt Regency luxury chain, is overflowing with socks, ties and underwear but it also contains more unusual leftovers such as paperweights, black satchels, a min dress, purple pyjamas and silver shoes, a Mexican hat and rug, a Korean fan, a music box, a black suede cowboy hat and a bottle of guava pills. 1 Each hotel has its own peculiar tale to tell. The executive housekeeper of one Sheraton Hotel is at a loss to explain a rise in the sets of false teeth left behind. Four sets were left at the hotel in a single month; two sets had yet to be reclaimed two months later. "You would have thought once they started chewing breakfast they"d realise something was missing," the housekeeper says, with a laugh. Some guests seem adept at leaving body extras behind. One hotel in Surfers Paradise on the Queensland coast in Australia became the proud owner of a wooden leg after a careless guest left it behind. Around 500 items—spectacles, books, keys and clothing—are left at that hotel each month. People have also left laptop computers, hair-driers and towels. 2 Most hotels hold onto a lost property for three months and, if it is not reclaimed, give it to charity. Some hotels give the person who found the item the opportunity to keep it. This encourages them to hand in any items they may find while cleaning rooms. Usually, hotel managers will wait for guests to reclaim things unless an item is of great value. They prefer not to do the contacting. Says the head of security at one luxury hotel, "We"ve run into problems when we"ve spoken to wives who haven"t known their husbands were staying here." 3 Some hoteliers are reluctant to say how much the practice of souveniring costs. The Sheraton claims that souveniring is not a big problem, especially since the Sheraton chain stopped putting logos on linen five years ago. 4 The motivation for the guests" light-fingeredness is often more than mere nostalgia. As the Hyatt Regency"s public relations manager says, some guests think hotel rates are so high that "they should get something for nothing." 5 Many hotel chains, particularly in the United States, are starting to combat the problem of souveniring by giving guests an inventory of what is in a room when they arrive. If a listed item isn"t there, the guest can contact room service immediately. Some items do have happy returns. A guest at the Royal Pacific Hotel in Hong Kong filched a pillow but returned it three months later. He"d bought an extremely fragile souvenir while in Hong Kong and needed the pillow to ferry it home. A. So who are these kleptomaniacs that plague hotel keepers? Most tourists looking for souvenirs take ashtrays, towels and smaller items such as wooden boxes holding tea and coffee. People in tour groups are more likely to take guide books, hand towels and face cloths. Business travellers go for the more pricey bathrobes. Some thefts defy explanation. An ingenious thief keeps stealing telephones and wooden coat stands from the foyer of one central-city luxury hotel. The chrome lettering on the same hotel"s facade has disappeared three times. B. Almost everyone in the hotel has heard about the live lobster discovered in the mini-bar. There have also been forgotten pets, including a pet mouse, though the owner was a little shy about mentioning this. Apparently he asked if they had found a little garment in the shape of a mouse. Among the interesting items ending up as lost property in London were DNA samples of a disease, several oversized tins of baked beans, and a live rabbit left in a shoe box under a bed. C. Most hotels say policing stolen items is a balancing act. Hotels must weigh up the cost of the missing item against the possibility of insulting guests who haven"t stolen anything. If someone denies stealing, there"s not a lot more to be done about it. Unless a guest was walking out of a hotel with a towel hanging out of a suitcase, they wouldn"t follow it up. None of the hotels keeps a blacklist of guests who have stolen items from rooms. D. Of course, one way to achieve happiness would be to realize that even by contemporary standards the things I own are pretty nice. My house is smaller than the houses of many investment bankers, but even so it has a lot more rooms than my wife and I can keep clean. E. People leave wedding dresses behind, too. Some claim them; others do not. Hotel managers around the globe have noticed an increase in the number of cell phones, batteries and cell-phone chargers left behind in recent times. Occasionally guests forget small amounts of money but never as much as the 830,000 cash left at New York"s Peninsula Hotel. The money was left in a safe by a visiting head of state and was eventually reclaimed. F. If what guests leave behind is interesting, so is what they choose to steal. Some hotels spend as much as US $10,000 (83,000 RMB) each year replacing wooden coat hangers. "Guests take anything that"s not nailed down," says one manager. "We"ve lost irons and bathrobes, and pillows are starting to become more popular." As much as US $2170 (18,000 RMB) can be spent on replacement of pillows in a six-month period. Some hotels allow between US $38,000 and US $50,000 (between 315,000 and 415,000 RMB) a year to replace missing items. Many hotels now offer to sell bath-robes, pillows and hair-driers to guests if they wish to purchase them. Most hotels budget on people taking complimentary toiletries and pens but many have also stopped putting hotel logos on bathrobes, towels and toiletries to prevent the increasingly common practice of "souveniring". Hotels have found that items with logos are more popular than non-monogrammed items. It seems guests take them as a memento of their stay. Some hotels have printed cards in the bathrooms saying bathrobes can be bought. Ashtrays are a popular souvenir for those who stay at Hong Kong"s Royal Pacific Hotel and Towers as are blankets, leather writing compendiums, glasses and coat hangers.

填空题 A = Chang Ling B = Ding Ling C = Emperor Qian kong's Tomb Which tomb...·was opened to the public as early as 19787 71. ______.·served as a model for the remaining 12 for its good preservation? 72. ______.·is of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs? 73. ______.·is the largest tomb? 　　 74. ______.·is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China? 　　　 75. ______.·has the inner walls and arched ceilings of its gateway and halls decorated with four ·celestial guardians? 76. ______.·owns three coffins within it? 77. ______.·holds the coffin of an emperor which was placed over a well? 78. ______.·has a large red gate with a significant bronze lion which marks the entrance to the ground? 79. ______.·was a huge and costly construction project which began in 1743? 80. ______. Maintaining an imperial tradition that originated from the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1066- 1221 BC), the Ming emperors selected the location and design of their tombs while they were still alive. The selection of sites, based on the prevailing winds and the water level, ensured that only benevolent spirits were in habiting the area. Of the 16 Ming emperors, 13 chose to be buried in this serene valley (Shisanling) just north of Beijing. The Sacred Way The road to the tombs, which branches off the route to the Great Wall, was once a 6.4 km (4 mi) long sacred way, forbidden to all but the emperor's funeral cortege. The road begins at a five-arched marble gate, built in 1540. A mile further down stands a three- arched gateway, the Dahongmen (Great Red Gate). The emperor's body was carried through the central archway. Only on this one occasion was the center door opened. Just beyond the gate sits a huge stone tortoise(symbol of longevity)with a 9.1 m (30 ft) stele mounted on its back. The stele, the largest such tablet in China, was inscribed by the fourth Ming emperor at the time of the death of his predecessor, Yang Le, in 1424. This tortoise marks the beginning of the famous Avenue of the Animals. Lions, camels, elephants, horses, and two sets of mythical (or at least unrecognizable)beasts, 12 statues in all, line either side of the road, alternately standing and kneeling and most, these days, supporting tourists on their backs while being photographed. Beyond the animal figures stretch a series of 12 stone human statues, dating from the 15th century: four military men, four civilian officials, and four obedient retainers, all with stately postures and fixed stares--an honor guard for the dead emperor. A legend says that an emperor of the later Qing Dynasty wanted to transport the statues to line the road to his own tomb. One of the emperor's ministers was told, in a dream, that the statues were eternally loyal to the Ming emperors and therefore should not be moved. The Qing emperor took this as a warning that if the statues were disturbed, a deadly wind would blow down from the Ming Tombs upon the capital and he abandoned the project. Chang Ling Of the 13 tombs, only two have been excavated, those of Chang (the burial name for Yong Le, 1403 - 1424), and Ding (Emperor Wan Li, 1562- 1620). The Chang Ling tomb is the largest and best preserved of the tombs; it served as a model for the remaining 12. Visitors enter through a red gate which opens toward a courtyard. From here they pass under the Gate of Eminent Favors(Lingenmen)into a second courtyard, in which stands the marble Hall of Eminent Favors (Lingendian), surrounded by pine trees(another ancient symbol of longevity) . The roof of the hall is supported by 32 giant tree columns. Beyond this hall is a third courtyard, where the visitor will see a simple stele with the inscription Da Ming--Great Ming. This marks the passage to the sepulcher. Ding Ling Also known as the Underground Palace, this is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China. The work was completed over a period of three years (1956- 1959). Ding(Emperor Wan Li) was buried here in 1620 with two of his wives in a deep marble vault located four stories underground(on the hottest of summer days the vault remains mercifully cool) . The entrance to the grounds is marked by a large red gate with a magnificent bronze lion. Gigantic marble doors stand at the entrance to the first of the three burial chambers. (After burial, a "locking stone", similar to the modem "police" lock, was rolled in front of the tomb itself. ) Inside are three coffins. Twenty six chests of jewelry and other artifacts were discovered at the foot of the coffins, and many of these finds can be viewed in the two exhibition halls constructed above ground. The broad, tree shaded grounds surrounding the tomb are dotted with stone picnic tables and seats. Tour groups are usually provided with box lunches which may be eaten outdoors or in a "picnic room" at the foot of the Great Wall. Emperor Qian Long's Tomb In 1978, the tomb of the Qing emperor Qian kong( 1736 - 1796), located about 100 km (62.5 mi) east of Beijing, was opened to the public. Known as Yu Ling, the tomb is on a grander scale and of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs. Construction began in 1743 and cost 90 tons of silver. The wood used was the durable, fragrant, close-grained nanmu. Some logs weighed up to 20 tons. The tomb is, in fact, an underground palace, similar to the tomb of Ding Ling. Nevertheless, Yu Ling has distinctive architectural features. Flanking the roadway leading to the tomb are eight pairs of stone sculptures depicting civil officials, military officers, horses, qilin ( a mythical 'animal of good omen), elephants, camels, suanni (mythical monsters), and lions. Each figure was carved from a single stone block. The largest weighs about 43 tons. The underground palace contains three stone halls and four pairs of stone gates, all arched. The overhanging eaves, tile gutters, ridges, and animal-shaped ornaments on the gate comers are in white marble. Each gate weighs about two tons and contains a Bod-hisattva, each with a different mien.. The inner walls and arched ceilings of the gateways and halls are decorated with four celestial guardians(also called Deva kings), seated statues of gods and Budd has, carvings of potted flowers, and small three-legged tables to hold incense burners and Buddhist scriptures. The coffin of Qian Long lies in the innermost recess of the underground palace. It was placed over a well that never runs dry.

填空题·has a good reputation for what they do for some special persons?

填空题The behavior of individuals is influenced by heredity, environment and culture. Culture includes rules of (31) an individual is expected to behave in a particular society. Sometimes rules for behavior differ (32) one culture to another, and sometimes the rules are (33) .The English and Mexican golden rules are very similar, if not in words, in sentiment. The English golden rule," Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," instructs people how to (34) with others inside and outside the home. The Mexican golden rule, "Between individuals, as between nations, respect (35) other people's rights means peace, "likewise instruct people how to behave with others. Perhaps because all cultures are equally concerned (36) their children's manners, we find many (37) similarities than differences in the way Mexicans and Americans teaching children the golden rule. In the (38) of strangers, the golden rule is applied similarly and differently in the two countries. In America, the family emphasizes independence and teaches children how to take (39) of themselves. This lesson often includes a warning (40) they can't believe everyone and should be wary of strangers. Children are taught what to do, how to use the phone, and (41) to call for help in (42) of emergency or trouble with a stranger. (43) Mexicans are not as wary of strangers, they also tell their children to be careful of (44) and to tell an adult (45) help is needed. Mexicans may not need to warn their children about strangers quite (46) much as Americans do simply because children, (47) are more dependent in Mexico, are with their parents most of the time. Possibly (48) independence is not as big a cultural value in Mexico (49) in the United States, people give and accept help more readily. Children, then, are taught to help elderly people and pregnant women (50) helping them to cross the street or to carry a parcel.

填空题 At the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, psychology professor Bella DePaulo got 77 students and 70 townspeople to volunteer for an unusual project. All kept diaries for a week, recording the numbers and details of the lies they told. One student and six Charlottesville residents professed to have told no falsehoods. The other 140 participants told 1535.66. ______ Most strikingly, these tellers-of-a-thousand-lies reported that their deceptions caused them "little preoccupation or regret." Might that too be a lie? Perhaps. But there is evidence that this attitude toward casual use of prevarication is common. Last year, for example, 20,000 middle- and high-schoolers were surveyed by the Josephson Institute of Ethics — a nonprofit organization in Marina del Rey, Calif. devoted to character education. Ninety-two percent of the teenagers admitted having lied to their parents in the previous years, and 73 percent characterized themselves as "serial liars," meaning they told lies weekly. Despite these admissions, 91 percent of all respondents said they were "satisfied with my own ethics and character." Think how often we hear the expressions "I'll call you" or "The check is in the mail." And then there are professions — lawyers, experts, PR consultants — whose members seem to specialize in shaping or spinning the truth to suit clients' needs. 67. ______ "What's wrong with that.'?" Tom asked Professor Josephson, president of the Josephson Institute. It's a question we might all ask. Josephson replied by asking Tom to consider the lie from his mother-in-law's point of view. Suppose that one day Tom' s child blurts out the truth, and she discovers the deceit. Will she tell her son-in-law, "Thank you for caring so much?" Or is she more likely to feel hurt and say, "How could you have misled me all these years? And what else have you lied to me about?"68. ______ How often do we compliment people on how well they look, or express our appreciation for gifts, when we don't really mean it? Surely, these "nice lies" are harmless and well intended, a necessary social lubricant. But like Tom, we should remember the words of English novelist Sir Walt Scott, who wrote, "What a tangled web we weave, when first we practice to deceive." Even seemingly harmless falsehoods can have unforeseen consequences. Philosopher Sissela Bok warns us that they can put us on a slippery slope. "After the first lies, others can come more easily."69. ______ Who believes it anymore when they're told that the person they want to reach by phone is "in a meeting"? By itself, that kind of lie is of no great consequence. Still, the endless proliferation of these little prevarication does not matter. Once they become common enough, even the small untruths that are not meant to hurt encourage a certain cynicism and loss of trust. Are all white lies to be avoided at all costs? Not necessarily. The most understandable and forgivable lies are an exchange of what ethicists refer to as the principle of trust for the principle of caring, "like telling children about the tooth fairy, or deceiving someone to set them up for a surprise party," Josephson says. "Still, we must ask ourselves if we are willing to give our friends and associates the authority to lie to us whenever they think it is for our own good."70. ______ And if you' re not sure, Mark Twain has given us a good rule of thumb. "When in doubt, tell the truth. It will confound your enemies and astound your friends." A. When Tom tells a lie, his face may not show it, but certain other changes in his body take place that would give him away. His pulse would beat faster, his breath would come in gasps, and his blood pressure would change. B. The lies were most often not what most of us would call earth-shattering. Someone would pretend to be more positive or supportive of a spouse or friend than he or she really was, or feign agreement with a relative's opinion. C. Little white lies have become ubiquitous, and the reasons we give each other for telling fibs are familiar. For example, every year my friend, whom I'll call Tom, goes with his wife and son to his mother-in-law' s home for Thanksgiving for dinner. Tom doesn't quite like the pumpkin pie intensely, but he invariably tells her how wonderful the pie is to avoid hurting her feelings. D. Josephson suggests a simple test. If someone you lie to finds out the truth, will he thank you for caring? Or will he feel his long-term trust in you has been undermined? E. And what might Tom's mother-in-law suspect about her own daughter? And will Tom's boy lie to his parents and yet be satisfied with his own character? F. Take the pumpkin-pie lies. In the first place, it wasn't just that he wanted his mother-in-law to feel good. Whether he realized it or not, he really wanted her to think highly of him. And after the initial deceit he needed to tell more lies to cover up the first one.

填空题 {{B}}A{{/B}} {{B}}Caesars Palace Hotel Casino:{{/B}} This is one of the older grand hotel casinos in the heart of the strip, and it remains one of the most spectacular. It is decorated in an Imperial Roman theme with 3,348 rooms on 29 floors. The 1,000 seat Circus Maximus theater presents major entertainment events, the Omnimax theater features film spectacles, Cleopatra's Barge has dancing and Ceaser's Magical Kingdom presents a magical experience. The property's other amenities include the new Qua Baths and Spa, a luxurious retreat with an array of unique treatments and services, including Roman Baths. The Garden of the Gods Pool Oasis features four pools and two whirlpools. The 129,000-square-foot casino offers slot machines, table games, poker, keno, and a race and sports book. The Coliseum at Caesars Palace is a 4,000-seat stadium is now home to Bette Midler starting February 2008, Elton John's The Red Piano, and other events. Two onsite shopping venues hold more than 120 stores. The property also features a wedding chapel, a beauty salon, 24-hour room service, tour assistance, golfing arrangements, dry cleaning and laundry services, and a business center. {{B}}B{{/B}} {{B}}Circus Circus Hotel Casino:{{/B}} Circus Circus is one of the older hotel casinos located along the northern end of the Strip. In the Big Top, circus performances are held all day long every day. There is a large midway with carnival games for children and a huge computer gaming room with rides and other entertainment activities for children of all ages. The adult casino features low-stakes games and old-time slot machines. The Adventuredome, America's largest--and the Strip's only--indoor theme park features the world's only indoor double-loop, double-corkscrew roller coaster, an IMAX Ridefilm unitizing state-of-the-art motion-simulator technology, and scores of other exciting rides. The world's largest buffet is just one of the dining options on site; others are the family-style pizzeria, snack bar, and award-winning steakhouse. A wedding chapel, three outdoor swimming pools, and a shopping area round out the hotel's offerings. Each of the 3,700 rooms has air-conditioning, cable TV, pay-per-view, telephones, hairdryers, and video check-out. Non-smoking and handicap-accessible units are available on request. The Circus Circus Manor Motor Lodge, the two-star area of Circus Circus, is made up of five three-story buildings approximately a half-block behind the main casino with easy access to all main buildings, and an enclosed, moving walkway, and convenient parking. {{B}}C{{/B}} {{B}}Mandalay Bay Hotel Casino:{{/B}} The 60-acre Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino features a large pool area with a wave pool, an aquarium, and a casino. Located on the Las Vegas Strip, a complimentary monorail connects the hotel to the Luxor and Excalibur. This is one of the new hotel casinos, famous for its exotic tropical island theme. It has 3,700 rooms, 13 restaurants and snack bars, a huge spa, two wedding chapels and a shopping mall. It has a 12,000-seat events center that features major entertainments, a smaller House of Blues that features famous jazz and blues musicians and a theater that features Broadway type shows. Newly renovated Deluxe Rooms are the perfect blend of comfort and style, feature an extended living area, floor to ceiling windows, pillow top mattress, 42 inch plasma TV, iPodcompatible alarm clock/radio, his and her closets, desk area with wireless internet, mini bar, cordless phone. {{B}}D{{/B}} {{B}}MGM Grand Hotel Casino:{{/B}} This grand-scale hotel casino is located at the south end of the Strip across the boulevard from New York, New York. It is based on the theme of a large Hollywood movie studio. The hotel has 5,005 rooms, an amusement park, 16 restaurants, a fast food court and a small shopping mall. It has 3 outdoor stages, two large indoor theaters, a 16,325-seat auditorium plus a large dance club. The theaters feature major entertainers, rising comedy performers, and featured shows. The auditorium hosts many major sports events and performances by superstars. The MGM Grand Hotel and Casino embodies the spirit of Vegas, complete with posh accommodations, invigorating live shows and nightlife, front-door access to the Strip, and services that are more than enough for even the most pampered celebrity. The Grand Garden Arena hosts world class-boxing events and concert tours by the hottest headline performers. Current shows include the acrobatic spectacle KA by Cirque du Soleil. MGM Grand's Crazy Horse Paris celebrates beautiful women and the artistry of the nude. The 740-seat Hollywood Theatre features top-tier performers in a more intimate setting.The resort also features a Lion Habitat with big cats decended from Leo, the original MGM lion. The casino offers table games, slot machines, poker, and a race and sports book.·has the largest number of rooms among the four hotel casinos? 71. ______·features golfing arrangements? 72. ______·is home to America's largest indoor theme park? 73. ______·has a tropical theme? 74. ______·hosts sport events? 75. ______·caters to families with children? 76. ______·hosts magical performances? 77. ______·has free connecting monorail to its neighbours? 78. ______·has the world's largest buffet? 79. ______·features large windows in its Deluxe rooms? 80. ______

填空题A = Ian Williams B = Michael Bourne C = Jim McEIwaine D = Pascal Harper who is a member of a team doing research on a cancer drug? helps athletes sharpen their skills to get closer to ideal performance? finds his job rewarding because it has never been done before? build models of their research objects? used to work on site at a sewage works? obtained PhDs before they turned to their respective research? keeps his research projects secret in order to have an advantage over competitors? believes his job is a perfect combination of work and pleasure? 1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______ 7. ______ 8. ______ 9. ______ 10. ______ A Ian Williams Zulu warriors used it as a poison to make their spears more deadly, and it is a substance that has been traded for its healing properties for over 2000 years. Now, this organic molecule derived from the bark of the African bush willow tree is being tested as a cancer drug. Unlike conventional drug treatments, which can destroy healthy as well as cancerous cells, the molecule combretastatin restricts blood flow, but only targets blood vessels formed inside tumours, effectively starving them. Ian Williams is part of a team at the University of Sheffield uncovering why and how it acts in this way. "Once we isolate the 'how' of a drug's action we can apply that knowledge to similar compounds and develop further cancer treatments," he says. Ian is in the second year of his PhD at Sheffield. He spends most of his time in the lab, assessing the drug's impact on colon carcinoma cells, Ian's PhD is funded by Cancer Research UK. "Later in my PhD I'll be presenting my work in charity shops, explaining how their work relates to mine. It's really important as it's the public who directly fund my work." Ian hopes his work will yield useful results, but as with all research nothing is certain. For Ian, that's what makes the research both daunting and exciting. B Michael Bourne As a biomechanist and performance analyst at the English Institute of Sport, Michael helps athletes get closer to the ideal performance. Biomechanics uses the laws of physics and principles of engineering to describe the human body as it moves. Michael studies video and sensory data using tools such as a "force platform", which is a complex set of scales measuring the forces an athlete generates as they make a movement such as a jump. He can then use this information to help athletes hone their technique. Another part of Michael's job is studying his athletes' opponents. This year he is helping the British judo team prepare for the 2008 Olympics by sizing up the strengths, weaknesses and fight style of every potential competitor. This will be the first database of its kind, he says, and biomechanists will soon have the same depth of data for all sports. Because standards in sports are continually rising, biomechanical know-how can mean the difference between winning or losing. "We keep a lot of our projects secret -- it only takes the seed of an idea to send our competitors down the right path, then we lose the advantage." C Jim McEIwaine Studying how an avalanche hurtles down the mountainside is no easy task, especially if you are trying to create a precise mathematical model like researcher Jim McEIwaine. "It is easy to do badly, and currently impossible to do very accurately," Jim says. "The fascinating thing for me is that sometimes these complications disappear and simple models can be reasonably good." Jim turned to avalanche research following a PhD in quantum mechanics. As a keen climber and skier, it has proved a great opportunity to combine work and pleasure, he says. Now he divides his time between sitting with pencil and paper writing equations at the University of Cambridge and several months every winter at the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research in Davos. There, he helps perform small-scale experiments dropping snow down chutes and larger experiments at a specially equipped test site. These can involve blasting out large avalanche by dropping bombs from a helicopter. Jim has first-hand experience of being at the wrong end of an avalanche. On one climbing trip to Himalayas when he was younger, he was buried up to his neck and a friend had to dig him free. But that hasn't stopped him pursuing a career with the two things he loves most -- maths and the mountains. D Pascal Harper When Pascal Harper says that to do his job you need to be prepared to get your hands dirty, he means it. Pascal learned this lesson the hard way, when early in his career he undid the fastening on a sludge pump, thinking it was turned off, to be greeted by a jet of high-pressure raw sewage. Today, Pascal is more white lab coat than hard hat and overalls. He works as a waste-water process engineer for a small company called Water Innovate, which develops new technologies for the waste-water industry. The majority of his time is spent developing software that models and simulates the odours from sewage works. Pascal started out as an engineer for Anglican Water on their graduate training scheme. He undertook two placements while he was there: the first on site, monitoring the removal of phosphorus from waste, and the second in the lab building computer models of biological processes taking place in the waste. But you don't need to be an engineer to get into the industry, Pascal stresses. "They were looking for people from all scientific disciplines, not just engineering." Pascal did an undergraduate degree in chemistry, before going on to do a master's and a PhD.

填空题 For high-risk propositions yielding high returns, there is nothing to beat the handful companies marketing eternal life.{{U}} (31) {{/U}}the perceived rewards of being able to come back to life{{U}} (32) {{/U}}some point, the risks axe huge: Who would want to chance a repeat of disco or Victorian mores, let{{U}} (33) {{/U}}more meaningless millennium hype in 2999? There are{{U}} (34) {{/U}}, more immediate risks involved in tile new business of cryonics,{{U}} (35) {{/U}}is the deep freczing at death of human bodies for preservation and possible revival in future. The biggest problem is that,{{U}} (36) {{/U}}now, it is impossible to freeze people and bring them back to life. On the other hand, if cryonics{{U}} (37) {{/U}}, you were already dead anyway. {{U}} (38) {{/U}}it comes from the same root, kryos, the Greek word for cold, cryonics is not to be {{U}} (39) {{/U}}with the mainstream sciences of cryogenics or cryobiology. These involve freezing of metals or of simple organisms. Metals get stronger{{U}} (40) {{/U}}deep freezing, while the freezing and thawing of cancerous tissues can be a good way{{U}} (41) {{/U}}kill it. {{U}} (42) {{/U}}cryonics seeks to do the opposite. The goal is to freeze a human head or an entire body{{U}} (43) {{/U}}the technology exists to do one of the following: graft a new body{{U}} (44) {{/U}}the head, clone a new person{{U}} (45) {{/U}}preserved DNA, or heal a sick body that has been preserved. If this sounds like science fiction,{{U}} (46) {{/U}}the moment it is. Anyone who has{{U}} (47) {{/U}}put beer in the freezer and then forgotten about it can grasp the problems facing cryonics enthusiasts today, lee is less dense than water.{{U}} (48) {{/U}}as beer left to freeze will eventually cause its container to burst,{{U}} (49) {{/U}}the ice that forms adds extra pressure, {{U}} (50) {{/U}}frozen cells can risk being punctured when the liquid in them freezes.

填空题 Read the following text and answer questions 1-10 by choosing A, B, C or D. Some choices may be required more than once. A=Washington D.C. B=New York City C=Chicago D=Los Angeles {{B}} 1. Washington D. C.{{/B}} Washington, the capital of the United States, is in Washington. D.C. and is situated on the potomac River between the two states of Maryland and Virginia. The population of the city is about 800,000 and it covers an area of over 69 square miles (including 8 square miles of water surface). The section was named the District of Columbia after Christopher Columbus, who discovered the continent. The city itself was named Washington after George Washington, the first president of U. S. A. The building of the city was accomplished in 1800 and since that year, it has served as the capital of the country. Thomas Jefferson was the first president inaugurated there. In the War of 1812, the British army seized the city, burning the White House and many other buildings. Washington is the headquarters of all the branches of the American federal system; Congress, the Supreme Court and the Presidency. Apart from the government buildings, there are also some other places of interest such as the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, the Library of Congress and Mt. Vernon, home of George Washington.{{B}} 2. New York City{{/B}} New York City, located in New York State, is the largest city and the chief port of the United States. The city of New York has a population of over 7 million (1970) and Metropolitan, 12 million. The city has five boroughs: Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn and Richmond. The city with its good harbor was discovered as early as 1524, and it was established by the Dutch who named the city New Amsterdam. In 1664, the city was taken by the English and it got the name New York as it bears now. During the American Revolution in 1776, George Washington had his headquarters for a time in New York City. The Declaration of Independence was first read there on July 4th, 1776. The city remained the nations capital until 1790. New York became an important port early in the last century. A large portion of the national exports passed through New York Harbor. New York has become one of the worlds busiest ports and also the financial, manufacturing, and travel center of the country. Some of the places of interest in the city are: the Statue of Liberty (152 meters high) which was given by the French people to the American people as a gift in 1877. It was erected on Liberty Island in the middle of New York Harbor. Broadway, Wall Street and Fifth Avenue are a few of New Yorks more famous streets. Wall Street, where many famous banks are centered, is the financial center of America and has become a symbol of the American monopoly capitalism. Fifth Avenue is the street with famous stores and shops. Time Square is in the center of New York City, at Broadway and 42rid Street. Greenwich Village is an art center. Many American artists and writers have lived and worked there. The group of the third largest city buildings of the United Nations stand along the East River at the end of the 42nd Street.{{B}} 3. Chicago{{/B}} Chicago, the second largest city in population in the United States, lies on the southwestern shore of bake Michigan at a point where the Chicago River enters the lake. The city is now the largest industrial city in the country. Both heavy and light industries are highly developed, particularly the former. Black metallurgical industry and meat processing are assumed to be the head in the U. S. It is now considered the center of industry, transportation, commerce and finance in the midwest area. The working class in Chicago has a glorious revolutionary tradition. On May 1st, 1886, thousands upon thousands of workers in the city and the country went on strike for the eight - hour workday and succeeded. Since 1890, May 1st has been observed every year as an International Labor Day. On March 8th 1909, women workers in Chicago held a big strike for freedom and equal rights with men and since 1910, March 8th has been celebrated each year as an International Working Womens Day.{{B}} 4. Los Angeles{{/B}} Los Angeles is situated near the Pacific coast in California. It is an important center of shipping, industry and communication. The city was first founded by a Spanish explorer in 1542 and turned over to the U. S. in 1846. The city leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts and the area has become an aviation center. California is a leading state in the production of electronic products and the area of Los Angeles has grown into an important electronic center. Since the first American movie was made in Los Angeles in 1908, the city has remained the film center of the United States. Hollywood, the base of the film industry in the city, is a world famous film producing center.

填空题 Two of the most common first impressions that foreigners have of Koreans is that they are incredibly polite, and that they are incredibly rode. In fact, the courtesy and kindness of Koreans is legendary and attested to by thousands of people who are fortunate enough to have a Korean friend. Overwhelming meals, unexpected gifts: all of this and more has been yours if you have been invited out. This is not a modem invention; traditionally, one of the names of Korea was the "Eastern Land of Courtesy". The obligations of a host are paramount; the obligation of the guest is to lap it up.66. ______ Westerners have rather a hard time reconciling these two images Of Korea, these two different sets of behavior, both of them from the same people. Hosts are so friendly; taxi drivers are so nasty. Is Korea really composed of two totally different sets of people living on the same peninsula?67. ______ For Koreans, the world is composed of two sets of people—those they know and those they don't know. If you know somebody, then you have a relationship, and are obliged to treat him politely. But if you don't know someone, if you've never formally "met" that person, then the person doesn't exist. Such people don't count, and you don't have to do anything. Thus your friends will buy you meals forever. I was quite close to one Korean colleague in the Yonsei University English department for over 25 years, and I was hardly ever able to pay for lunch when I was with him. He would say he was going to the men's room but sneak off to pay the bill. This could have a case of courtesy used as a means of putting you in debt (you'd better believe it can be used that way!) but in this particular case I think he just knew me and liked me and felt obliged.68. ______ It turns out that all sorts of things in Korean society are explained by this distinction between "in" and "out". For example, it is one reason why the ritual of exchanging name cards is so important. That formal introduction is the moment when the "other" ceases to be a non-person and becomes a person. "in and out" explains why Korean students are so clean in their homes and so likely to throw trash on the campus streets—the street is outside their area, the territory of non-persons.69. ______ American students assume that they will receive equality and fairness of treatment from public agencies, and are outraged when things are "unfair". Korean students have learned from their infancy that public agencies will treat them as "outsiders" and be unlikely to do what they ask. They know that the word "no" only means they have not yet found the loophole, the back door, the personal connection that will treat them as "in". When Koreans look at Americans, they tend to admire our public behavior: traffic courtesy, not pushing or bumping, standing in line, saying "Thank you for shopping at K-Mart," etc. Koreans often say that public behavior in Korea needs to be improved.70. ______ In traditional Korean society everyone lived in a village and knew everyone else and had to be polite; thus, "Eastern Land of Courtesy." Perhaps only with modem urban life has the "non-person" problem become so evident. Most foreigners who are in Korea or who interact with Koreans are in a small "village," a group of people properly introduced by who know each other. Most of the time, things are fine. But if you go out in downtown Seoul, look out!A. But when they get invited out by Americans, they tend to think that we aren't that wonderful as hosts. We invite them over for what is announced as a "simple lunch", and instead of the massive spread that a Korean would provide after such an invitation, they arrive and it's really only a simple lunch! Americans just don't go "all out" the way Koreans would.B. But I am an American. In contrast to this dual system, Americans tend to value a single standard of treatment for all people. In fact, equality of treatment is one of our most profound theoretical values. We should do things for people no matter who they are; we should be kind to strangers. But this is not the only way to run a society.C. On the other hand, the people in the street in Seoul who push you and walk through you aren't actually being discourteous and rude, and certainly not anti-foreign; they simply don't see you. They bump each other just as much, and never notice it, whether they bump or are bumped. Other people don't exist.D. Actually, yes.E. On the other hand, the discourtesy and rudeness of Koreans is legendary and attested to by thousands of people who are unfortunate enough to have to walk on a Korean street. Overwhelming crowds, unexpected shoving, constant and almost painful inattention to where other people are going: all this and more has been yours if you have gone outside. This may be a modem invention.F. Therefore, the Koreans always try their best to find connections, because it's easier for people with complex personal network to solve problems that might come up everyday. Obviously, they accept strangers' indifference without outrage.

填空题The author mentions that she has had to develop time management skills.

填空题The effective way to deal with HIV/AIDS in the full involvement of people living with HIV/AIDS and all of the communities.

填空题What does Rowe think the people doing clean jobs lack in their lives?

填空题a variety of species are on the decrease?

填空题 {{B}}A PASSAGE 1:{{/B}} According to US Trade Representative Robert B. Zoellick, the ambitious US proposal for worldwide zero tariffs is comprehensive, and would benefit both developed and developing nations. The proposal, said Zoellick, when combined with the far-reaching US agricultural reform proposal submitted to the WTO in July, would eliminate tariffs on the nearly ＄6 trillion in annual world goods trade, lifting the economic fortunes of workers, families, businesses, and consumers. "Our proposal would turn every corner store in America into a duty-free shop for working families," said Zoellick. "This historic proposal would benefit the average American family with an extra ＄1,600 a year, while also removing high foreign tariff barriers on more than ＄670 billion in US industrial and consumer goods exports. Globally, tariff-free trade could help lift millions of people in developing countries out of poverty." "President Bush believes that American workers, farmers, ranchers and businesses must have more than just the ability to compete globally, they must also have the opportunity to do so," said US Commerce Secretary Don Evans. "This proposal says that 'no one wins unless we all win' and ensures a level playing field for America's goods and ingenuity to compete fairly around the world." {{B}}B PASSAGE 2:{{/B}} The US proposal envisions a two-step approach to eliminating tariffs on a full-range of consumer and industrial goods ranging from women's shoes, to tractors, to children's toys. First, WTO members would be required to cut and harmonize their tariffs in the five year period from 2005 to 2010. Specifically, WTO members would eliminate all tariffs at or below 5 percent by 2010, cut all other tariffs through a "tariff equalizer" formula to less than 8 percent by 2010, and eliminate tariffs in certain highly traded industry sectors as soon as possible, but not later than 2010. Next, all WTO members would make equal annual cuts in remaining tariffs between 2010 and 2015. These cuts would result in zero tariffs.The proposal also calls for a separate program to identify and eliminate non-tariff barriers, which would run on a parallel track with the negotiations on industrial tariffs. The US will put forward an initial list of such barriers in January of 2003.{{B}} C PASSAGE 3:{{/B}} According to the Office of US Trade Representative (USTR), eliminating US tariffs would significantly benefit US families and consumers through lower import taxes and a more competitive economy. Hidden import taxes cost American consumers ＄18 billion in 2001, alone. USTR contends that duty-free trade would eliminate these hidden costs and lower prices for consumers. While this proposal would offer substantial benefits to all Americans, it would particularly help low-income families. A recent study by the Progressive Policy Institute found that cutting US import taxes especially benefits single-parent, low-income families, who typically pay a higher proportion of their income on import taxes than other households. A study done by the University of Michigan found that the US economy would expand by ＄95 billion as a result of tariff-free trade--contributing to job-creation and higher wages. The University of Michigan study also revealed: The elimination of industrial tariffs by other countries could increase US exports by ＄83 billion annually highly-traded goods exports, such as chemicals, paper, and scientific equipment, which are targeted in the US proposal for total tariff elimination, account for 60 percent of all US exports. Estimates by the World Bank project that tariff-free global trade would result in a worldwide income gain of ＄832 billion from trade in all goods including agriculture, of which ＄539 billion (65 percent) would flow to developing countries. Representing an income increase of about ＄544 for a family of four, the World Bank estimates that free trade in goods and services could help lift 300 million people out of poverty-- a number greater than the entire population of the United States. {{B}}D PASSAGE 4:{{/B}} The reduction and elimination of tariffs on consumer and industrial goods is a component of the WTO negotiations launched in Doha, Qatar in 2001 to be completed by January 1, 2005. Throughout the year, United States leadership has continued to spur momentum on the Doha Development Agenda in the WTO: ·On July 1, the United States announced proposals for liberalizing global trade in services, designed to remove foreign barriers in areas such as financial services, telecommunications, and environmental services. ·On August 9, the United States submitted a proposal to expand transparency and public access to World Trade Organization dispute settlement proceedings. The proposal would open WTO dispute settlement proceedings to the public for the first time and give greater public access to briefs and panel reports. ·On October 17, the United States submitted a paper highlighting the importance of strengthening transparency and due process in the application of trade remedies (antidumping, subsidies, and safeguard actions). It addresses the basic concepts and principles of the trade remedy rules against unfair trade, and the importance of tackling the trade-distorting practices that are frequently the root causes of unfair trade. The US also submitted a paper presenting a number of ideas and recommendations for addressing trade- and market-distorting practices in the steel sector.·the US will propose tariff-cutting in two phases? 71. ______·how a duty-free world would help US consumers? 72. ______·the proposal could averagely save a US family ＄1,600 a year? 73. ______·the US will submit an initial list of non-tariff barriers? 74. ______·the procedure of the tariff-free proposal arranged through the whole year? 75. ______·tariff-free world trade could help lift millions of people out of 76. ______poverty in the world? 77. ______·the US put forward a paper about reasons of unfair trade? 78. ______·the US has called on the WTO to eliminate all tariffs on consumer 79. ______and industrial goods worldwide? 80. ______

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. Many university students {{U}}(31) {{/U}} studying history because there is little to get excited about when historical events are presented {{U}}(32) {{/U}} a boring manner. {{U}}(33) {{/U}}., I'll never forget my American History professor, Dr. Williamson. Each event leaped from the pages of our {{U}}(34) {{/U}} and became as real {{U}}(35) {{/U}} the daily news report on the radio. My favorite lecture concerned the American Revolution. Dr. Williamson set the mood for the story {{U}}(36) {{/U}} imitating Paul Revere, a well-known silversmith, working in his shop. The American colonists were angry because of the British control over their lives. Revere felt that war {{U}}(37) {{/U}} the British and the colonists was imminent. Then, Dr. Williamson told us about Revere rowing {{U}}(38) {{/U}} the Charles River from Boston on April 18,1775. I can see the professor now as he raised his hand to {{U}}(39) {{/U}} forehead as if he {{U}}(40) {{/U}} looking across the Charles River to the Old North Church in Boston. Suddenly, Revere spotted two lanterns, a signal {{U}}(41) {{/U}} meant that the British would attack {{U}}(42) {{/U}} sea. He jumped on his horse to {{U}}(43) {{/U}} the villagers {{U}}(44) {{/U}} the attack. Professor Williamson reminded us that the first battles of the American Revolution were fought at Concord and {{U}}(45) {{/U}} Lexington, Massachusetts, the year before the Declaration of Independence was {{U}}(46) {{/U}} in 1776. Never before {{U}}(47) {{/U}} history seemed so alive to me. And all because a {{U}}(48) {{/U}} cared enough to put {{U}}(49) {{/U}} heart into his {{U}}(50) {{/U}}.

填空题Accordingtotheman,manyanimalsaresolitarymostofthetime.

填空题WhatdidMarkdototellpeopleabouthisopinionsonvariousissues?

填空题A convenient point of departure is provided by the famous ClarkTrimble experiments of 1935. Clark-Trimble was not primarily a physicist, and his great (1) of the Graduated Hostility of Things was made almost accidentally. (2) some research into the relation between periods of the day and human bad temper, Clark-Trimble, a leading Cambridge psychologist, came to the (3) that low human dynamics in the early morning could not sufficiently (4) the apparent hostility of things at the breakfast table the way honey gets. (5) the fingers, the unfoldability of newspapers, etc. in the experiments which finally confirmed him in this view, (6) which he demonstrated before the Royal Society in London, Clark-Trimble arranged four hundred pieces of carpet in ascending degrees of quality, (7) coarse matting to priceless Chinese silk. Pieces of toast and marmalade, graded, weighed, and measured, were then dropped on each (8) of carpet, and the marmaladedownwards incidence was statistically (9) . The toast fell right-side-up every time on the cheap carpet, (10) when the cheap carpet was screened from the rest (in (11) case the toast didn't know that Clark-Trimble had other and better carpets), and it fell marmalade-downwards every time on the Chinese silk. (12) remarkable of all, the marmalade-downwards incidence for the intermediate grades was (13) to vary exactly with the quality of carpet. The success of these experiments naturally switched ClarkTrimble's attention to further research on resistentia, a fact which was directly (14) for the tragic and sudden end to his career (15) he trod on a garden rake at the Cambridge School of Agronomy. (16) the meantime, Noys and Crangenbacker had been doing some notable work in America. Noys (17) out literally thousands of experiments, in which subjects of all ages and sexes, sitting in chairs of every conceivable kind, dropped various kinds of pencils. In only three cases (18) the pencil come to rest within easy reach. Crangenbacker's work in the social-industrial field, on the relation of human willpower to specific problems such as (19) a train or subway will stop with the door opposite you on a crowded platform, or whether there will be a mail box (20) on your side of the street, was attracting much attention.

填空题{{B}}A Maturationionist Theory{{/B}} The maturationist theory was advanced by the work of Arnold Gessell. Maturationists believe that development is a biological process that occurs automatically in predictable, sequential stages over time. This perspective leads many educators and families to assume that young children will acquire knowledge naturally and automatically as they grow physically and become older, provided that they are healthy. School readiness, according to maturationists, is a state at which all healthy young children arrive when they can perform tasks such as reciting the alphabet and counting; these tasks are required for learning more complex tasks such as reading and arithmetic. Because development and school readiness occur naturally and automatically, maturationists believe the best practices are for parents to teach young children to recite the alphabet and count while being patient and waiting for children to become ready for kindergarten. If a child is developmentally unready for school, maturationists might suggest referrals to transitional kindergartens, retention, or holding children out of school for an additional year. These practices are sometimes used by schools, educators, and parents when a young child developmentally lags behind his or her peers. The young child's underperformance is interpreted as the child needing more time to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to perform at the level of his or her peers.{{B}} B Environmentalist Theory{{/B}} Theorists such as John Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura contributed greatly to the environmentalist perspective of development. Environmentalists believe the child's environment shapes learning and behavior; in fact, human behavior, development, and learning are thought of as reactions to the environment. This perspective leads many families, schools, and educators to assume that young children develop and acquire new knowledge by reacting to their surroundings. Kindergarten readiness, according to the environmentalists, is the age or stage when young children can respond appropriately to the environment of the school and the classroom (e. g. , roles and regulations, curriculum activities, positive behavior in group settings, and directions and instructions from teachers and other adults in the school). The ability to respond appropriately to this environment is necessary for young children to participate in teacher-initiated learning activities. Success is dependent on the child following instructions from the teacher or the adult in the classroom. Many environmentalist-influenced educators and parents believe that young children learn best by rote activities, such as reciting the alphabet over and over, copying letters, and tracing numbers. This viewpoint is evident in kindergarten classrooms where young children are expected to sit at desks arranged in rows and listen attentively to their teachers. At home, parents may provide their young children with workbooks containing such activities as coloring or tracing letters and numbers--activities that require little interaction between parent and child. When young children are unable to respond appropriately to the classroom and school environment, they often are labeled as having some form of learning disabilities and are tracked in classrooms with curriculum designed to control their behaviors and responses.{{B}} C Constructivist Theory{{/B}} The constructivist perspective of readiness and development was advanced by theorists such as Jean Piaget, Mafia Montessori, and Lev Vygotsky. Although their work varies greatly, each articulates a similar context of learning and development. They are consistent in .their belief that learning and development occur when young children Internet with the environment and people around them (Hunt, 1969). Constructivists view young children as active participants in the learning process. In addition, constructivists believe young children initiate most of the activities required for learning and development. Because active interaction with the environment and people are necessary for learning and development, constructivists believe that children are ready for school when they can initiate many of the interactions they have with the environment and people around them. Constructivist-influenced schools and educators pay a lot of attention to the physical environment and the curriculum of the early childhood classroom. Kindergarten classrooms often are divided into different learning centers and are equipped with developmentally appropriate materials for young children to play with and manipulate. Teachers and adults have direct conversations with children, children move actively from center to another, and daily activities are made meaningful through the incorporation of children's experiences into the curriculum. At home, parents engage their young children in reading and storytelling activities and encourage children's participation in daily household activities in a way that introduces such concepts as counting and language use. In addition, parents may provide young children with picture books containing very large print, and toys that stimulate interaction (such as building blocks and large puzzles). When a young child encounters difficulties in the learning process, the constructivist approach is neither to label the child nor to retain him or her; instead, constructivists give the child some individualized attention and customize the classroom curriculum to help the child address his or her difficulties.·young children are expected to learn repetitively both in class and at home? {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}·each child is given individual attention and can express his ideas freely? {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}·young children are not ready for school unless they can recite thealphabet and count? {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}·building blocks and large puzzles are helpful toys stimulatingchildren's interaction? {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}·as young children grow older, they will learn naturally and automatically? {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}·young children are ready for school when they initiatively interact with theenvironment and people around them? {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}·young children are best taught by their parents to learn to recite thealphabet and count before they go to the kindergarten? {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}·children are both the designers and participants in classroom activities? {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}·children with learning disabilities have to attend special classes if theycan't respond properly? {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}·young children are not ready for school unless they can follow instructionsfrom adults? {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}

填空题"How are you keeping?" "Look (31) yourself. " "Good Health. " "Here's your health. " "Health, wealth and happiness. " "If you're healthy, you're (32) . " It's amazing how many greetings, wishes and general expressions turn on health. Health is something healthy people hardly ever think about (33) they're (34) . When that happens they think about little else. Then their visits to the doctor, the hospital; if they're really unwell, medicines, pills, bottles, ointments, injections, having their temperature taken, and the worry (35) expense. Well, (36) least in Britain the last part isn't too bad under the National Health Service. This is a Government-enforced scheme whereby everyone pays in a small percentage of their earnings each week (37) month, and is then entitled to free medical treatment when they are ill. This doesn't include medicines, which have to be paid (38) , but at a considerably reduced rate. Everybody (39) Britain is advised (40) have a local doctor. When a person moves (41) a district, one of the first things they do is to find a (42) doctor and get on his list or panel. There (43) lists of NHS doctors in the local post offices and everybody has a (44) card. Most British (45) are already registered with a doctor and moving into a new district entails no more than finding a new doctor and transferring (46) his panel. The National Health doctor will treat, and prescribe for, the more usual illnesses. Any cases that are beyond the scope of the local surgery he will (47) to the nearest hospital. Again, in hospital, the (48) is free. The only drawback is that a great many people are in, or attending, hospital (49) that most would-be patients have to go on a waiting list before they can (50) hospital treatment.

填空题The more time scientists spend designing computers, the more they marvel at the human brain. Tasks that stump the most advanced supercomputer— 1 a face, reading a handwritten note are child"s play for the 3-Ib. 2 . Most important, unlike any conventional computer, the brain can learn 3 its mistakes. Researchers have tried for years to program computers to 4 the brain"s abilities, but without success. Now a growing number of designers believe they have the answer: if a computer is to 5 more like a person and less like an over-grown calculator, it must be built more like a brain, which distributes information across a vast interconnected web of 6 cells, or neurons. Conventional computers function by following a chainlike sequence of detailed 7 . Although very fast, their processors can perform only 8 task at a time. This approach works best in solving problems that can be broken down into simpler logical pieces. The processors in a neural-network computer, by contrast, 9 a grid much like the nerve cells in the brain. Since these 10 neurons are interconnected, they can share information and perform tasks at the same time. This two-dimensional approach works best at recognizing patterns. Instead of 11 a neural-network computer to make decisions, its makers trains it to recognize the patterns in any solution to a problem 12 repeatedly feeding examples to the machine. Neural-network computers come in all shapes and sizes. 13 now most existed as software simulations because redesigning computer chips 14 a lot of time and money. By experimenting with different approaches through 15 rather than hardware, scientists have been able to avoid costly mistakes.

填空题 To begin with, we are witnessing a{{U}} (31) {{/U}}explosion of "solos" — people who live{{U}} (32) {{/U}}, outside a family altogether. Between 1970 and 1978, the number of persons aged fourteen{{U}} (33) {{/U}}thirty-four who lived alone nearly tripled in the United State —{{U}} (34) {{/U}}from 1.5 million to 4.3 million. Today,{{U}} (35) {{/U}}fifth of all households in the United States consists{{U}} (36) {{/U}}a living solo.{{U}} (37) {{/U}}are all these people losers or loners, forced into the solo life. Many deliberately choose it, at least for a time. Says a legislative aide to a Seattle councilwoman, "I{{U}} (38) {{/U}}consider marriage if the right person came{{U}} (39) {{/U}}, but I would not give up my career {{U}}(40) {{/U}}it." Looking at an older slice of the population, we find a large number of formerly married people, living on their{{U}} (41) {{/U}}and, in many eases, decidedly liking it. The growth of such groups{{U}} (42) {{/U}}created a flourishing "singles" culture and a much publicized proliferation of bars, travel tours, and{{U}} (43) {{/U}}services or products de- signed for the independent individual. Simultaneously, the real estate industry has come{{U}} (44) {{/U}}with "singles only" condominia, and has begun to respond to a{{U}} (45) {{/U}}for smaller apartments and suburban homes with fewer bedrooms. We are now experiencing a growth{{U}} (46) {{/U}}the number of people living together{{U}} (47) {{/U}}bothering about legal formalities. This group has more{{U}} (48) {{/U}}doubled in the past decade. The practice has become so common that the US Department of Housing and Urban Development has overthrown tradition and{{U}} (49) {{/U}}its rules to permit such couples to occupy public housing. The courts are wrestling{{U}} (50) {{/U}}the legal and property complications that spring up when such couples "divorce".

填空题Melanoma, also referred to as "malignant melanoma", is the most serious form of skin cancer. It is the skin cancer most likely to spread to lymph nodes and internal organs. There are four most common types of melanoma, which accounts for about 100% of diagnosed cases. A Superficial Spreading Melanoma: Superficial spreading melanoma (SSM) is the most common type of melanoma in the United States, accounting for about 70% of all diagnosed melanoma cases. This type of melanoma can strike at any age and occurs slightly more often in females than males. SSM is the leading cause of death from cancer in young adults. When SSM occurs in females, it most commonly appears on the legs. In males, it is more likely to develop between the neck and pelvis. However, this does not mean that females do not get SSM on their trunks or that males do not see SSM on their legs. This melanoma can occur anywhere on the skin's surface. A typical SSM lesion has irregular borders and various shades of black, brown, gray, blue, pink, red, or white. Within the lesion there can be a remarkable variation in color involving white, pink, brown, and black. In the early stages, SSM usually appears as a flat spot that looks like a freckle that is spreading sideways on the skin. Over time, the pigmentation in the lesion may darken, and the lesion may grow, develop increasingly irregular borders, and have areas of inflammation within the lesion. The area around the lesion may begin to itch. Occasionally, a SSM may become "less" pigmented as a person's immune responses try to destroy it. Superficial spreading melanoma can progress rapidly. B Nodular Melanoma: Nodular melanoma (NM) is the most aggressive type of melanoma and accounts for about 15% of all melanomas diagnosed in the United States. It can appear anywhere on the body and occurs more often in males than females. It can develop at any age; however, it is most often seen in people aged 60 and older. NM is different from other types of melanoma. It tends to grow more rapidly in thickness than in diameter and it may not have a readily visible phase of development. Instead of arising from a pre-existing mole, it may appear in a spot where a lesion did not previously exist. Since NM tends to grow deeper more quickly than it does wide and can occur in a spot that did not have a previous lesion, the prognosis is often worse because it takes longer for a person to be aware of the changes. NM is most often darkly pigmented; however, some NM lesions can be light brown or even colorless (non-pigmented). A light-colored or non-pigmented NM lesion may escape detection because the appearance is not alarming. An ulcerated and bleeding lesion is common. C Lentigo Maligna Melanoma: Lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM) typically occurs on sun-damaged skin in the middle-aged and elderly, especially on the face. This melanoma may be mistaken in its early, and most treatable, stages for a benign "age spot" or "sun spot". LMM accounts for about 10% of the melanomas diagnosed in the United States. Since LMM is so easily mistaken, it can go undetected for years. This can be quite dangerous. LMM begins as a spreading, flat, patch with irregular borders and variable colors of brown. This lesion is called "lentigo rnaligna". This spreading brownish patch may grow slowly for years and is often mistaken for lentigo simplex—a benign (non cancerous) brownish patch that can develop in the elderly after years of sun exposure. As the lesion grows and evolves, both the pigmentation and borders tend to become more irregular. This often occurs slowly over a period of 10 to 15 years. It also can happen rapidly--in a matter of weeks or months. As the lesion grows deeper into the skin (thickness increases), it may become various shades of black and brown. Dark nodules may appear within the irregular borders. These nodules me the invasive tumor, and if large enough to be felt by touch, will feel lumpy. D Acral Lentiginous Melanoma: In the United States, acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) accounts for about 5% of all diagnosed melanomas. It also is the most common form of melanoma in Asians and people with dark skin, accounting for 50% of melanomas that occur in people with these skin types. ALM is sometimes referred to as a "hidden melanoma" because these lesions occur on parts of the body not easily examined or not thought necessary to examine. ALM develops on the palms, soles, mucous membranes (such as those that line the mouth, nose, and female genitals), and underneath or near fingernails and toenails. ALM is often overlooked until it is well advanced because in the early stages, it often looks like a bruise or nail streak. As an ALM tumor increases in size, it usually becomes more irregular in shape and color. However, some ALM lesions can be lightly colored or colorless. The surface of the ALM lesion may remain flat, even as the rumor invades deeply into the skin. Thickening ALM on the sole of the foot can make walking painful and be mistaken for a plantar wart.· it is the most common form of melanoma in people of color? 72. ______· this type of melanoma occurs more often in males than females? 73. ______· dark nodules may appear within the irregular borders of the lesions? 74. ______· it may develop on mucous membranes? 75. ______· it can occur anywhere on the skin's surface? 76. ______ 77. ______· this type of melanoma occurs more often in females than males? 78. ______· it often looks like a bruise or nail streak in the early stages? 79. ______· it can develop on sun-damaged skin especially on the face? 80. ______· it looks like a freckle that is spreading sideways on the skin in the early stages? 81. ______

填空题·indicates that a 63-year-old man ,night find job-sharing against his interest?

填空题You will hear a long talk. As you listen, answer the questions or complete the notes in your test booklet for Questions 21 to 30 by writing no more than three words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk twice.

填空题Many engineering students don't take their core courses seriously.

填空题"Had a good flight?" the Chief asked. "A bit bumpy over the Azores," Hawthorne said. 1 this occasion he had not had time to 2 from his pale gray tropical suit; the summons had come to him 3 in Kingston and a car had met him at London Airport. He 4 as close to the steam 5 as he could, but sometimes he couldn"t 6 a shiver. "What"s that odd flower you"re 7 ?" Hawthorne had quite forgotten 8 . He put his hand up to his lapel. "It looks as though it had once been an orchid," the Chief said with disapproval. "Pan American gave it to us 9 our dinner last night," Hawthorne explained. He took out the limp mauve rag and put it in the ash-tray. "With your dinner? What an odd thing to do," the Chief said, "it can hardly have improved the meal. Personally I detest orchids. Decadent thing. There was someone, wasn"t there, who wore green 10 ?" "I only put it in my button-hole so as to clear the dinner-tray. There was so little room, with the hot-cakes and champagne and the sweet salad and the tomato soup and the chicken Maryland and ice-cream." "What a 11 mixture. You should travel BOAC." "You didn"t give me enough time, sir, to get a booking." "Well, the matter is rather urgent. You know our man in Havana has been turning 12 some pretty disquieting stuff 13 ." "He"s a good man," Hawthorne said. "I don"t deny it. I wish we 14 more like him. What I can"t understand is how the Americans have not tumbled to anything there." "Have you asked them, sir?" "Of course not. I don"t 15 their discretion." "Perhaps they don"t trust ours."

填空题"Down-to-earth" means someone or something that is honest, realistic and easy to deal with. It is a pleasure to find (31) who is down-to-earth. A person who is down-to-earth is easy to talk (32) and accepts other people as equals. A down-to- earth person is just the (33) of someone who acts important or proud. Down-to-earth persons may be (34) members of society, of course. But they do not let their importance " (35) to their heads". They do not consider themselves to be better persons than (36) of less importance. Someone who is filled with his own importance and pride, (37) without cause, is said to have "his nose in the air". There is (38) way a person with his nose in the air can be down-to-earth. Americans (39) another expression that means almost the same as "down-to- earth". The expression is "both-feet-on-the-ground". Someone (40) both-feet-on- the-ground is a person with a good understanding (41) reality. He has what is called "common sense", he may have dreams, (42) he does not allow them to block his knowledge of (43) is real. The opposite kind of (44) is one who has his "head-in-the-clouds". A man with his head-in-the-clouds is a dreamer (45) mind is not in the real world. (46) , such a dreamer can be brought back to earth. Sharp words from teacher can usually (47) a day-dreaming student down-to-earth. Usually the person who is down-to-earth is very (48) to have both feet on the ground. (49) we have both our feet on the ground, when we are down-to-earth, we act honestly and openly (50) others. Our lives are like the ground below us, solid and strong.

填空题In the following article some paragraphs or sentences have been removed for questions 16—20, choose the most suitable paragraph or sentence from the lists A—F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which doesn't fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET 1. Between the end of the World War II and the early sixties, a baby boom occurred in the US, and people born during that period were known as the baby boomers. Bill Clinton is no doubt a typical representative of that generation. Like the 1992 general elections, the presidential election of 1997 was not merely a skirmish between two political parties but also a generation war between the baby boomers and the G.I. generation represented by Bush and Dole. 16. ____________ William Jefferson Clinton was born on August 19, 1946, in the mountain city of Hope, Arkansas. In English, "hope" means "xiwang". 17. ____________ The family circumstances of Clinton's childhood years were very unfortunate. Clinton's own father died in a traffic accident 3 months before Clinton was born. His stepfather, Roger Clinton, was a habitual drunkard, which caused discord in the family. 18. ____________ Self-reliant, diligent and hard working, Clinton gained a good education. In the fall of 1964, he enrolled in Georgetown University in Washington D.C., and majored in international politics. After graduation, he won the famous Rhodes scholarship pursued advanced studies for 2 years in England's Oxford University. In 1971, he entered Yale University's law college and obtained a doctorate in law two years later. During his university days, Clinton actively participated in the students' movement against the Vietnam War, avoided army enlistment, and took a trip to Moscow in 1970. 19. ____________ After leaving Yale, Clinton returned to his hometown in Arkansas where he began his political career. In 1974, when he was not quite 28, he formally campaigned for congress. His vivid and dramatic first attempt greatly threatened his opponents. Though defeated in his campaign, his political talent received confirmation in news and political circles, winning him the title of "child prodigy". In 1976, Clinton won the post of State Attorney General. In 1978, he succeeded in his campaign for the Governorship and at 32 became the youngest governor in the history of the state of Arkansas. In 1980, he lost to the Republicans in his campaign for re-election but two years later he staged a comeback, which won him the nickname of "undefeated kid". 20. ____________ In October 1997, when China's president Jiang Zemin visited the US, he and president Clinton reached agreement in the setting up of a constructive, strategic partnership for the 21st century. President Clinton announced that he would move up his visit to China to the end of June in order to give a fresh stimulus to the development and improvement of Sino-US relations. A. Such an experience helped Clinton become a man who knew his own mind, had self-restrain and self-control, and was good at competition. B. He kept the Governorship right up until January 1993, when he officially became the master of the White House. His first term of office expired in 1997, but he defeated republican Dole and was re-elected, and served as president. C. Clinton's triumph signaled a shift of US political power from the older generation to the younger one, and might reflect developments of far reaching significance in today's American politics. D. No wonder that later on Clinton's supporters often called him "the man from the city of hope". E. President Clinton has responded by making public apologies to US citizens, who, as recently as the 1950s, were used as guinea-pigs in recent experiments involving radiation and sexually transmitted diseases. F. These experiences helped him mature early, but left him vulnerable to political controversies later, and branded him as a young liberal.

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填空题A bank is a business establishment that safeguards people's money and uses it to make loans and investments. Banks differ in the services they provide and in how they are owned. Commercial banks are the most numerous banks in the United States. They offer a full range of services, including checking and savings accounts, loans, and trust services. They primarily serve the needs of businesses but also offer their services to individuals. A commercial bank is owned by stockholders who buy shares in it. In return for investing in the bank's stock, the stockholders expect the bank to pay them cash dividends from its profits. Saving and loan associations are the second largest group of deposit institutions in the United States. Savings and loans, as they are often called, were established to help people to purchase homes. Through the years they have been the chief source of home mortgages. Traditionally, they loaned money to businesses only for real estate construction. But today, sayings and loan associations offer a variety of services for individuals and businesses, including NOW accounts, checking accounts, money market accounts, IRA's and business loans. In the past, almost all savings and loans were owned and operated by their depositors. But today, many are owned and operated by stockholders. Savings banks are most commonly found in the Northeast. They were created in the early 1800's as charitable institutions to provide a safe place for poor working people to save for retirement. Originally, almost all savings banks were mutual savings banks, which are run by a board of trustees who elect their own successors. Mutual savings banks pass on any profits to their depositors as interest. But since the mid-1980's, many savings banks have become stock savings banks. These banks are run by a board of directors who are elected by shareholders. Savings banks offer savings and checking accounts and individual retirement accounts and make personal and business loans. Federal and state laws ensure the safety of depositors' money by limiting the investments such banks can make and by insuring the deposits. Savings banks invest chiefly in mortgages and government bonds. Central banks, which in most countries are government agencies, perform many financial services for the national government. Their chief responsibilities are to regulate banking and to influence such economic factors as interest rates, the availability of loans, and the money supply. The money supply is the total quantity of money in the country, including cash and bank deposits. Central banks also perform a variety of services for other hanks. For example, they serve as a lender of last resort — that is, they make emergency loans to banks that are short of cash. Central banks also handle the clearing of checks, the process by which banks settle claims against one another that result from the writing of checks. In the United States, the Federal Reserve System serves as a central bank. Most large U.S. commercial banks belong to the system. Central banks in other nations include the Bank of Canada and the Bank of England. Investment banks purchase newly issued stocks and bonds from corporations and governments. These banks then resell the securities to individual investors in smaller quantities. An investment bank makes a profit by selling securities at a higher price than it paid for them. Most U.S. banks once did such buying and selling, but now only specialized investment banks and a few large commercial banks do so. An investment bank may overestimate the demand for the securities that it buys and may have to sell them at a loss. Congress believed this risk helped cause many bank failures during the early years of the Great Depression. As a result, it passed the Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933. On provision of the act prohibited an institution that accepted deposits and made loans from doing investment banking.A=Commercial banks/A commercial bankB=Savings and loan associations/A savings and loan associationC=Savings banks/A savings bankD=Central banks/A central bankE=Investment banks/An investment bankWhich kind of bank/banks ...· were created in the early 1800's as charitable institutions to provide a safe place for poor workingpeople to save for retirement? 71. ______· were established to help people to purchase homes? 72. ______· purchase newly issued stocks and bonds from corporations and governments and resell the securitiesto individual investors in smaller quantities? 73. ______· perform many financial services for the national government? 74. ______· offer a variety of services for individuals and businesses, including NOW accounts, checkingaccounts, money market accounts, IRA's, and business loans? 75. ______· are the largest group of banks in the United States? 76. ______· invest chiefly in mortgages and government bonds? 77. ______· handle the clearing of checks, the process by which banks settle claims against one another thatresult from the writing of checks? 78. ______· is owned by stockholders who buy shares in it? 79. ______· may overestimate the demand for the securities that it buys and may have to sell them at a loss? 80. ______

填空题was discovered as early as 1524.

填空题It is customary to regard the course of history as a great river, (31) its source in some small rivulet of the distant past, taking its rise (32) the plains of Asia, and flowing slowly down through the ages, gathering water fi'om new tributaries on the way, (33) finally in our own days broadens majestically over the whole world. Men have even personified this (34) , made of it a being (35) develops of its own volition, following its own laws (36) the achievement of some preconceived goal. They have spoken of the "dialectic of ideas," and regarded men and whole civilizations (37) the passive instruments employed by this great being (38) the working-out of its purposes. The observer not already committed to faith in such an interpretation finds (39) difficult to discern any such steady sweep in the course of human events, (40) above all he feels that to look upon humanity as a passive tool to which things are done and with which ends are (41) , is a falsification of the cardinal fact that it is men (42) have made history and not history which has made men. Men have built up civilization, men have patiently and laboriously found (43) every way of doing things and toilingly worked out every idea that is today a part of our (44) from the past men working (45) every turn, to be sure, under the influences of their environment and with the materials at (46) , individual men and races and not even some such being as humanity. The complex of beliefs and ideals by (47) the modern world lives and with which it works is not a gift from the gods, (48) ancient myth had it, (49) an achievement of a long succession of (50) .

填空题You may say that the business of marking books is going to slow down your reading. (31) probably will. That's one of the (32) for doing it. Most of us have been taken in by the notion that speed of (33) is a measure of our intelligence. There is (34) such things as the right (35) for intelligent reading. Some things should be (36) quickly and effortlessly, and some should be read (37) and even laboriously. The sign of intelligence (38) reading is the ability to read (39) things differently according to their worth. In the (40) of good books, the point is not to see how many of them can you get through, (41) how many can you get through them—how many you can (42) your own. A few friends are (43) than a thousand acquaintances. If this be your goal, (44) it should be, you will not be impatient if it takes more time and effort to read a great book than a newspaper (45) . You may have another objection to (46) books. You can't lend them to your friends (47) nobody else can read them (48) being distracted by your notes. What's more, you won't want to lend them because a (49) copy is a kind of intellectual diary, and (50) it is almost like giving your mind away. If your friend hopes to read your Shakespeare, or The Federalist Papers, tell him, gently but firmly, to buy a copy. You will lend him your car or your coat—but your books are as much a part of you as your head or your heart.

填空题·enrolls students under the age of 6?

填空题A=Alabama B=Alaska C=Florida D=Georgia Which state(s) ... · witnessed the earliest European settlement? 71. ______ · experienced the most frequent change of hands among European powers? 72. ______ · turned vast tracts of land into military uses? 73. ______ · was meant as a settlement site for criminals and the poor? 74. ______ · grew cotton in the 18th century? 75. ______76. ______ · has developed in most diversified industries? 77. ______ · experienced a change in its agricultural patterns after its main crop was attacked by pests? 78. ______ · profited from its natural resources? 79. ______ · has immigrants from Latin America? 80. ______ A Alabama In the 16th century the main powers were the Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws and Cherokees. The first European explorers were Spanish, including Hernando de Soto in 1540, but the first permanent European settlement was French, as part of French Louisiana after 1699. During the 17th and 18th centuries the British, Spanish and French all fought for control of the territory; it passed to Britain in 1763 and thence to the US in 1783, except for a Spanish enclave on Mobile Bay, which lasted until 1818, Alabama was organized as a Territory in 1817 and was admitted into the Union as a state on 14 Dec. 1819. The economy was then based on cotton, grown in white-owned plantations by black slave labor imported since 1719. Alabama broke away from the Union at the beginning of the Civil War (1861) and joined the Confederate States of America; its capital Montgomery became the confederate capital. After the defeat of the Confederacy the state was readmitted to the Union in 1878. During the reconstruction period, Birmingham began to develop as an important center of iron- and steel-making. Most of the state was still rural. In 1915 a pest epidemic attacked the cotton and forced diversification into other farm produce. More industries developed from the power schemes of the Tennessee Valley Authority in the 1930s. B Alaska In the 18th century there were a number of Indian, Eskimo and Aleut tribes. Russian fur-traders made the first European contact after Russian expeditions, and discovered the Alaskan coast in 1741. After 1799 the territory was administered by the Russian-American Company and was known as Russian America, its capital after 1806 being at Sitka. The company's charter was due to expire in 1861 and the US began negotiations to buy Alaska in 1859 until dealings were interrupted by the Civil War. The territory was administered by a Russian governor until 1867 when the purchase was completed on 30 March. American settlement was stimulated by gold-rushes during the 1880s. In 1884 the territory was organized as a district governed by the laws of the neighboring state of Oregon. On 24 Aug. 1912 the district became an incorporated territory. The first legislature sat in 1918 at Juneau, which had become the capital in 1906. During the Second World War the Federal Government acquired large areas for defense purposes and for the construction of the strategic Alaska Highway. In the 1950s oil was found. Alaska became the 49th state of the Union on 3 Jan. 1959. In the 1970s new oilfields were discovered and the Trans-Alaska pipeline was opened in 1977. The state obtained most of its income from petroleum by 1985. Questions of land-use predominate; there are large areas with valuable mineral resources, other large areas held for the native people and some still held by the Federal Government. The population increased by over 400G between 1940 and 1980. C Florida There were French and Spanish settlements in Florida in the 16th century, of which the Spanish, at St Augustine in 1565, proved permanent. Florida was claimed by Spain until 1763 when it passed to Britain. Although regained by Spain in 1783, the British used it as a base for attacks on American forces during the war of 1812. Gen. Andrew Jackson in 1818 captured Pensacola for the US. In 1819 a treaty was signed which ceded Florida to the US with effect from 1821 and it became a territory of the US in 1822. Florida became a state in 1845. About half of the population were black slaves. At the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861 the state left the Union. During the 20th century Florida continued to grow fruit and vegetables, but real-estate development (often for retirement) and the growth of tourism and the aerospace industry have prevented it from remaining a typical ex-plantation state. There has been some recent immigration from Caribbean States, notably Cuba and Haiti. D Georgia Originally the territory of Creek and Cherokee tribes, Georgia was first settled by Europeans in the 18th century. James Oglethorpe founded Savannah in 1733, intending it as a colony which offered a new start to debtors, convicts and the poor. Settlement was slow until 1783, when growth began in the cotton-growing areas west of Augusta. The Indian population was cleared off the rich cotton land and moved beyond the Mississippi. Georgia became one of the original 13 States of the Union. A plantation economy developed rapidly, using slave labor. In 1861 Georgia broke away from the Union and became an important source of supplies for the Confederate cause, although some northern areas never accepted secession and continued in sympathy with the Union during the Civil War. At the beginning of the war 56% of the population were white, the remaining 44% were black slaves. By 1980 the state was still about 40% black. The city of Atlanta, which grew as a railway junction, was destroyed during the war but revived to become the center of southern state during the reconstruction period. Also in Atlanta were developed successive movements for black freedom in social, economic and political life. Atlanta was confirmed as state capital in 1877.

填空题the climate affects the future sustainable agricultural development? 1 environmental control is related with the national revenues? 2 the environmental problems are not caused overnight? 3 a variety of species are on the decrease? 4 agriculture is also a factor for file degradation of environment? 5 pollution can be controlled by increasing the production cost of polluting goods? 6 The developing world is often regarded as having a high percentage of heavily polluting activities within its industrial sector. 7 substitutions in consumption, emission abatement and exposure avoid ance. 8 the degradation of environment causes the change of climate? 9 the approaches to research should be adjusted to the changing situation? 10 A BOOK 1 The book offers a comprehensive perspective on the consequences and possible policy solutions for climatic change as we move into the twenty-first century. It assesses the impact of potential future global climate change on agriculture and the need to sustain agricultural growth for economic development. The book begins by examining the role of international research institutions in overcoming environmental constraints on sustainable agricultural growth and economic development. The authors then discuss how agricultural research systems may be restructured to respond to global environmental problems such as climate change and loss of genetic diversity. The discussion then extends to consider environmental accounting and indexing, to illustrate how environmental quality can be included formally in measures of national income, social welfare and sustainability. The third part of the book focuses on the effects of and policy responses to climate change. Chapters in this part examine the effect of climate change on production, trade land use patterns and livelihoods. They consider impacts on the distribution of income between developed and developing countries remain a major economic activity. Authors take on an economy-wide perspective to draw lessons for agriculture, trade, land use and tax policy. B BOOK 2 The ozone layer is threatened by chemical emissions, the climate is endangered from fossil fuels and deforestation, and global biodiversity is being lost by reason of thousands of years of habitat conversions. Global environmental problems arise out of the accumulated impacts from many years" and many countries" economic development. In order to address these problems the states of the world must cooperate to manage their development processes together--this is what an international environmental agreement must do. But can the world"s countries cooperate successfully to manage global development? How should they manage it? Who should pay for the process, as well as for the underlying problems? This book presents an examination of both the problem and the process underlying international environmental lawmaking.- the recognition of international interdependence, the negotiation of international agreements and the evolution of international resource management. It examines the general problem of global resource management by means of general principles and case studies and by looking at how and why specific negotiations and agreements have failed to achieve their targets. The book is designed as an introductory text for those studying global environmental policy making and institution building. It will also be of interest to practitioners and policy makers and scholars in the areas of environmental economics and law. C BOOK 3 Industrialization to achieve economic development has resulted in global environmental degradation. While the impacts of industrial activity on the natural environment are a major concern in developed countries, much less is known about these impacts in developing countries. This source book identifies and quantifies the environmental consequences of industrial growth, and provides policy advice, including the use of clean technologies and environmentally sound production techniques, with special reference to the developing world. The developing world is often seen as having a high percentage of heavily polluting activities within its industrial sector. This, combined with a substantial agricultural sector, which contributes to deforestation, the erosion of the top soil and desertification, has led to extreme pressures on the environment and impoverishes the population by destroying its natural resource base. This crisis suggests that sound industrialization policies are of paramount importance in developing countries" economic development, and calls for the management of natural resources and the adoption of low-waste of environmentally clean technologies. The authors consider the industrial sector as a pollutant vis-a-vis other sectors of the economy, and then focus on some industry-specific pollutants within the manufacturing sector and some process-specific industrial pollutants. They conclude by reviewing the economic implications of promoting environmentally sound industrial development, specifically addressing the question of the conflict or complementarity which may exist between environmental goods and industrial production. D BOOK 4 This is an important book which presents new concepts of the marginal cost of substituting non-pollutive for pollutive goods. Technical in its approach it complements the other literature in the field and will be a significant contribution to the understanding of microeconomic issues in pollution control. The book focuses on three main concepts- substitutions in consumption, emission abatement and exposure avoidance. The first part considers the adjustment of the scope and combination of goods produced as a method for controlling pollution. The author argues that pollution is controlled by increasing the relative price of the polluting goods in the production process; thereby reducing demand and subsequent production of the goods. In the second part, the discussion is extended to include the possibilities of preventing or abating emissions in relation to three models.- first, pollution prevention when non-polluting inputs and processes are substituted for pollutants; second, when a proportion of the polluting output is recycled rather than being discarded; and finally end-of-pipe abatement where additional technology is used. In conclusion the author assesses the extent to which pollution damage is controlled by avoidance of emissions, with avoidance being modeled as an add-on technology with its own returns to scale.

填空题Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B or C. Some choices may be required more than once. A =Section A B =Section B C =Section C Lessening the effect of the epidemic upon sustainable development is one of the issues USAID will get down to in the future. 71．______ The multinational cooperation is the best way to stop HIV/AIDS from spreading among the mobile population. 72．______ The effective way to deal with HIV/AIDS transmission trom mother to child. 73．______ USAID is trying to work out ways to work out ways to prevent HIV/AIDS transmission from mother to child. 74．______ In the past eight years USAID has experimented with and improved various methods to slow the spread of HIV/AIDS. 75．______ USAID will strengthen women's ability to resist HIV/AIDS. 76．______ Women and children are those who are very easy to be infected HIV/AIDS. 77．______ USAID will put the prevention method into effect. 78．______ The epidemic has been spreading very fast over the past eight years. 79．______ The integration of prevention and cure is the most efficient way of preventing HIV/AIDS. 80．______ Section A Since the US Agency for International Development (USAID) began its first HIV/AIDS prevention efforts eight years ago, the epidemic has changed dramatically. HIV has spread to every region of the world. Millions of people infected with HIV during the first decade of the epidemic are developing opportunistic infections and other AIDS-related illnesses, and many are dying. Women and children are among those most vulnerable to HIV infection. As HIV prevalence and AIDS mortality soar, millions of children will lose their parents. HIV/AIDS is having a devastating impact on the health and well-being of families, communities and nations worldwide. The epidemic's effects on the structure of societies and the productivity of their members undermine efforts to promote sustainable development around the globe. USAID's approach to slowing the spread of HIV/AIDS relies on strategies tested and refined over the past eight years. At the same time, the Agency is moving forward to address new challenges posed by the evolving epidemic. One of the important lessons learned during the past decade is that an effective response to HIV/AIDS requires the full participation of people and communities affected by the virus. Although people living with HIV/AIDS are among the most successful advocates and communicators for prevention, too often their voices are not heard or heeded. Greater involvement of people living with HIV/AIDS is essential to creating the supportive political, legal and social environments needed to control the epidemic. Section B In December 1994 at the Paris AIDS Summit, representatives of 42 governments adopted resolution pledging greater support for networks of people living with HIV/AIDS. Before and during the summit, members of these networks worked with government and multilateral organizations, including USAID, to develop a plan for translating the words of the resolution into concrete action. The Agency is committed to ensuring that people living with HIV/AIDS are accepted in full partnership with governments, international organizations and the private sector in developing, implementing and evaluating HIV/AIDS policies and programs. People living with HIV/AIDS and community-based organizations have been at the forefront of efforts to draw attention to the connection between compassionate AIDS care and effective HIV prevention. In the absence of a vaccine or cure, USAID continues to emphasize HIV/AIDS prevention. But as the number of people suffering from AIDS-related illness begins to increase dramatically, the Agency is also exploring ways to reduce the social impact of AIDS and enhance prevention efforts by integrating prevention and care. The Agency will also continue to pioneer regional approaches to an epidemic that does not recognize national boundaries. Crossborder interventions throughout the world will target mobile populations, including migrant workers, tourists, traders, transport workers and people displaced by war and, social disruption. Results from USAID-supported research on preventing HIV/AIDS in women, from microbiocide development to behavioral research on communication between men and women, will play a key role in slowing the rapid spread of the epidemic in the future. The Agency will continue to support research designed to strengthen programs for women and will move quickly to incorporate promising prevention methods into field activities. USAID will also work to reduce women's vulnerability to HIV prevention by promoting multisectoral efforts to improve their economic and social status. Section C Recognizing the growing threat HIV/AIDS poses to child survival, the Agency will support efforts to identify and test methods of preventing transmission from mother to child, such as Vitamin A supplements and other promising interventions. In addition, USAID will expand efforts to reduce HIV/AIDS among women and children by integrating prevention interventions into its family planning and child survival programs. Effective use of integrated interventions is critical for HIV/AIDS prevention because the virus affects people who are most active in the development process. Decades of progress in health and development are jeopardized by the social and economic impact of the epidmic. Without careful planning, development activities, in trun, can promote the spread of HIV/AIDS by encouraging migration and the separation of workers from their families. Most integration efforts to date have been in health and family planning, but other development sectors have an important role to play in HIV/AIDS prevention. In the future, the Agency will pursue opportunities for reducing HIV transmission and mitigating the impact of the epidemic on sustainable development through its programs in education, agriculture, and human resource and micro-enterprise development. USAID's approach to HIV/AIDS has evolved along with the epidemic. To meet the challenges ahead, the Agency will continue to adapt its strategies and programs in order to benefit from lessons from the field and new opportunities for building effective partnerships. Given the epidemic's profound implications for health, economic growth and social stability, USAID's investment in HIV/AIDS prevention will save millions of lives and promote sustainable development throughout the world.

填空题 Henry Kissinger was born in a small town, located {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}the south German province of Franconia, on May 27,1923. His father was a Professor at a local high school, his mother was a house-wife; the setting was typical German-middleclass. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}the Kissingers were a Jewish family in Germany that was on the brink of Nazism. He and his younger brother were often beaten by anti-Semitic youngsters on their way to and {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}their school; finally they were expelled and {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}to attend an all-Jewish institution. Their father was forced to resign his professor-ship. After years of social torture, the family {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}to the United States in 1938. In America, the Kissinger {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}lived in New York City, in a neighborhood of Upper Manhattan among thousands of other {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}and Austrian refugees. Henry Kissinger was never assimilated by the culture and society that made up America; in taste {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}style, he would always be distinctly European. After four years in a New York City high school, {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}he had shown special {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}in mathematics, Kissinger began to study accounting at night sessions of the City University of New York, earning his tuition during the daytime. But then, in 1943, he was drafted by the US Army, an army which was at {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}with the Axis Powers. After the war, his friend Kraemer got him a job {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}an instructor in an Army training school that paid $10,000 a year. "That was real {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}power in 1946," Kraemer would remark later. But Kissinger was {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}interested in that materialist lure; he felt he wanted {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}education of his own. And so he won a New York State scholarship, gave up his well-paying {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}, and enrolled at Harvard in September 1946. Since the Civil War, Harvard had carefully nurtured its pipeline to the nation's capital. In the postwar years, the Department of State was small and unsteady; in many situations, its first reflex was to turn {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}Harvard's area specialists. In late 1965, Kissinger {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}invited to Saigon to investigate American involvement in Vietnam. In the following decades he {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}a famous activist of political and diplomatic {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}.

填空题Grown-ups, as any child will tell you, are monstrous hypocrites, especially when it comes to television. It is to take their minds off their own telly-addiction that adults are so keen to hear and talk about the latest report on the effects of programs on children. Surely all that nonsense they watch must be desensitizing them, making them vicious, shallow, acquisitive, less responsible and generally sloppy about life and death. But no, not a scrap of convincing evidence from the sociologists and experts in the psyches of children. For many years now parents, teachers and newspaper editors have been disappointed by the various studies, and sociologists are beginning to fall into disrepute for failing to come up with the desired results. The latest report, "Popular TV and Schoolchildren", perhaps more attuned to the authoritarian times in which we live, assumes greater moral leadership and hands out laurels and wooden spoons to TV shows and asserts, as educators should, the importance of having values. The kids, on the other hand, will no be switching off Kenny Everett now they have been told how sexist and trivial he is. (As if they didn't know!) (70) The nation has lived with the box for more than 30 years now and has passed from total infatuation-- revived temporarily by the advent of colour--to the present casual obsession which is not unlike that of the well-adjusted alcoholic. And now tile important and pleasant truth is breaking, to the horror of program makers and their detractors alike, that television really does not 'affect much at all. (71) And if TV imparts little bad, there is no reason to think it does much good either. It has failed spectacularly to make our children more callous and violent, and it has failed by way of "Jackanory" or "Blue Peter" to forge a young nation of origami adepts, or dog handlers or builders of lawn mowers out of coat hangers and wire corks. Television turns out to be no great transformer of minds or society. We are not, en masse, as it was once predicted we would be, fantastically well-informed about other cultures or about the origins of life on earth. People do not remember much from television documentary beyond how good it was. (72) Documentaries are not what most people want to watch anyway. Television is at its most popular when it celebrates its own present. Its ideal subjects are those that need not be remembered and can be instantly replaced, where what matters most is what is happening now and what is going to happen next. Sport, news, panel games, cop shows, long-running soap operas, situation comedies--these occupy us only for as long as they are on. (73) The box is further neutralized by the sheer quantity people watch. The more of it you see, the less any single bit of it matters. Of course, some programs are infinitely better than others. There are gifted people working in television. But seen from a remoter perspective--say, four hours a night viewing for three months--the quality of individual programs means as much as the quality of each car in the rush- hour traffic. For the heavy viewer, TV has only two meaningful states--on and off. What are the kids doing? Watching TV. No need to ask what, the answer is sufficient. Soon, I'll go up there and turn it off. Like a light bulb it will go out and the children will do something else. It appears that the nation's children spend more time in front of their TVs than in the classroom. Their heads are full of TV--but that's all, just TV. The Kojak violence they witness is TV violence, sufficient to itself. It does not brutalize them to the point where they cannot grieve the loss of a pet, or be shocked at some minor playground violence. Children, like everyone else, know the difference between TV and life. TV knows its place. It imparts nothing but itself; it has its own rules, its own language, its own priorities. (74) Whatever the TV/video industry might now say, television will never have the impact on civilization that the invention of the written word has had. The book--this little hinged thing--is cheap, portable, virtually unbreakable, endlessly reusable, has instant replay facilities and in slow motion if you want it, needs no power lines, batteries or aerials, works in planes and train tunnels, can be stored indefinitely without much deterioration. A. Only those who knew something about the subject in the first place retain the information. B. Nor, I suspect, will they have become more sexist and trivial themselves from watching him. C. This is tough on those diligent professionals who produce excellent work; but since--as everyone agrees--awful programs far outnumber the good, it is a relief to know the former cannot do much harm. Television cannot even make impressionable children less pleasant. D. It is less amenable to censorship and centralized control, can be written and manufactured by relatively unprivileged individuals or groups, and--most sophisticated of all--dozens of different ones can be going at the same time, in the same room without a sound. E. It is because this little glowing, chattering screen barely resembles life at all that it remains so usefully ineffectual. To stare at a brick wall would waste time in a similar way. The difference is that the brick wall would let you know you were wasting your time. F. However good or bad it is, a night's viewing is wonderfully forgettable. It's a little sleep, it's entertainment; our morals, and for that matter, our brutality, remain intact.

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or {{U}}(31) {{/U}} that can easily be identified {{U}}(32) {{/U}} measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student {{U}}(33) {{/U}} grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language — all these are examples of people who have measurable {{U}}(34) {{/U}} to show for their efforts. {{U}}(35) {{/U}} contrast, the process of personal growth is {{U}}(36) {{/U}} more difficult to determine, since {{U}}(37) {{/U}} definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks {{U}}(38) {{/U}} the way. The process is not the road itself, but {{U}}(39) {{/U}} the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this {{U}}(40) {{/U}} , the journey never really ends; there are {{U}}(41) {{/U}} new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges {{U}}(42) {{/U}} accept. In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to {{U}}(43) {{/U}} risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail" at first. {{U}}(44) {{/U}} we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves {{U}}(45) {{/U}} quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open {{U}}(46) {{/U}} unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're slow to adapt {{U}}(47) {{/U}} change or that we're not smart {{U}}(48) {{/U}} to cope with a new challenge? Then we are {{U}}(49) {{/U}} to take a more passive role or not try at {{U}}(50) {{/U}}.

填空题A = Rotherhithe B = Barnes C = Willesden D = King's Cross Which city... · used to have lot of problems such as drugs, street crime, etc.? (71) · has the unpopular style of architecture? (72) · has the most expensive properties? (73) · offers big out-fashioned houses at lower price? (74) · is located in a quiet residential area? (75) · saw a big increase in price last year? (76) · will build a lot of new facilities? (77) · is estimated to be a good investment? (78) · encourages night-life culture for young people? (79) · creates energetic multi-cultural atmosphere? (80) A Rotherhithe Rotherhithe may be most famous for its congested tunnel but many young buyers are warming to its riverside charms. It is still much cheaper than its waterside neighbors. The housing stock is predominately 1980s flats, many arranged in cul-de-sacs (死胡同) and closes around Surrey Quays Road. The unpopular architecture has led to the area being called the Milton Keynes of London but properties are spacious and unfashionable style has kept prices down. Paul Mitchell, of estate agents Alex Neil, says, "There is precious little period property, but you will get far more for your money here than a Victorian house with lots of original features down the road in Bermondsey." Surry Quays shopping center provides all the amenities of a high street but the area is lacking in fun. However, Southwark Council is in talks to develop the "night time economy" which could well lead to an increase in bars and restaurants to cater for the growing number of young professional residents. "It is possible to get a good three-bedroom house in Rotherhithe for 280,000," says Sumine Jordaan-Robinson, of agents Burwood Marsh, "About eight minutes; walk from the Jubilee line which will have you in Bond street in 15 minutes. There are not that many areas in London where that is possible." B Barnes Barnes sits just across the river from Hammersmith in southwest London, but it could not be more different from the noise and bustle of the opposite bank. It has been called one of the last true London "villages" with happy residents keeping its old school charms quiet from nosey outsiders and potential developers. Being by the river and predominately residential gives Barnes an attractively lazy vibe. It has a traditional village green complete with idyllic duck pond and quaint pub. The high street is about as far from the Pound Shop and Primark ambience of its neighbors as is possible. But buying into Barnes is not cheap. "Family houses are snapped up incredibly quickly," claims Chris Carney, sales negotiator at Boileaus estate agents. "It is very hard to get properties of this size, with outside space so close to London, which is why they are expensive." Large detached Victorian houses on the two main roads, Castlenau and Lonsdale, normally have between five and seven bedrooms, gardens of 120 ft and off street parking. These sell for anything between ￡2 million and ￡5 million. By the village green there are rows of immaculate terraced house on a number of streets that run off Church and Station roads, and four bedroom houses of this kind sell for around ￡1 million. C Willesden Green Willesden Green has both suffered and benefited from its famous neighbors. Despite its growing popularity, the area remains interesting and multicultural, injecting a little bit of soul into what could otherwise become just another yuppie backwater. "Willesden Green has a diverse range of properties from 1930s semi-detached houses to large Victorian properties and new-builds which attract all kinds of buyers," says Richard Chiti, sales manager at estate agents Ellis and Co. "The roads bordering West Hampstead are popular, as they are wide, tree lined streets with sizeable family houses. Properties in and around Dobree Road, which lead down to Kensal Rise, are also in high demand." Estate agents and residents agree that the area used to be regarded as dangerous and undesirable, but this has changed over the last decade. It's popular because it is still affordable, although prices have rocketed over the last year. D King's Cross King's Cross used to be renowned for problems including drugs, prostitution and street crime but a ￡2 billion regeneration programme should help the area lose its seedy reputation. The project includes a new Eurostar terminal opening this year and a spruced-up tube station, alongside hundreds of new homes, offices and leisure facilities set to be completed in 2015. Such development has had a predictable effect on house prices. "There are a lot more amenities now, such as supermarkets, cafes and bars and the issue people used to have with safety a few years ago has disappeared." By the canal basin, new build flats and luxury ware house conversions form the bulk of property, and at the top end of the market there are stunning penthouses available with views across London. Much of the new development is centered on the back of the station, off York way, and flats are being sold to eager buyers off plan. The older properties are mainly mid-Victorian terraces around Caledonian Road and the streets heading towards Angel, and ex-local authority blocks where it is possible to pick up a two-bedroom refurbished flat for under ￡250,000. Smith adds, "Investment-wise, King's Cross is a good bet. There is a big rental market here and prices will go up. There are still cheaper properties available, one to two bedroom flats in Victorian conversions, or ex-council properties. But people are holding on to them for dear life in the hope they will go up in value. If you find one, it is worth investing in./

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填空题 Machines and foreign competition will replace{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}of American jobs. But work will be plentiful for people{{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}in the occupations of the future. The Labor Department predicts a net increase of 25 million new jobs in the United States in 1995,{{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}service-industry jobs growing three times{{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}rapidly as factory jobs. "Work will shift its emphasis from the fatigue and{{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}of the production line and the typing pool to the more interesting challenge of the electronic service center, the design studio, the research laboratory, the education institute, and the training school, "predicts Canadian economist Calvert. Jobs in high-tech fields will multiply fastest,{{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}from a low base. In{{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}of actual numbers, more mundane occupations will experience the biggest surge: custodians, cashiers, secretaries, waiters and clerks. Yet much of the drudge work will be taken{{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}by robots. The{{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}of robots performing blue-collar tasks will increase{{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}3 000 in 1981 to 40 000 in 1990, says John E. Taylor of the Human Resources Research Organization in Alexandria, Va. Robots might also be found on war zones,{{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}space-even in the office, perhaps{{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}coffee, opening mall and delivering messages. One unsolved problem: what to do{{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}workers displaced by high technology and foreign competition.{{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}the world "the likelihood of growing permanent unemployment is becoming{{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}accepted as a reality among social planners," notes David Macarov, associate professor of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Meantime, the percentage of time people{{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}on the job is{{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}to continue to fall. Robert Theobald,{{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}of Avoiding 1984, fears that joblessness will{{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}to increasing depression, bitterness, and unrest. "The dramatic consequences of such a shift on the Western psyche,{{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}has made the job the way we value human beings, are almost incalculable, "he comments.

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填空题A = Yahoo! B = eBay C = Amazon Which company (companies) rents its own logistics and infrastructure to other companies to compute on the Internet? 1 are run without a clear vision for the future? 2 3 held a dominant position in its business but alienated its users? 4 employed internal competition in a way that confused advertisers and users? 5 is the youngest among the three survivors in the great Internet crisis? 6 has not changed its leader since the very beginning and still sticks to the game vision? 7 acquired other companies without making them an integral part of it? 8 used to be less profitable but is now on the right track? 9 provides services similar to Google but does not confront it directly? 10 The Internet company, Yahoo! appears in the end to have rebuffed Microsoft, the software Goliath that wanted to buy it. It has done so, in part, by surrendering to Google, the younger Internet company that is its main rival. Yahoo! lives, but on the web"s equivalent of life support. Yahoo! "s descent, first gradual then sudden, during this decade marks a surprising reversal of the fates of the only three big Internet firms to have survived since the web"s earliest days. Back in 1994, Jerry Yang and David Filo, truant PhD students at Stanford, started to publish a list, eventually named Yahoo! , of links to cool destinations on the nascent web. Around the same time, Jeff Bezos was writing his business plan for a website, soon to be called Amazon, for selling books online. The following year, Pierre Omidyar, a French-born Iranian-American, put an auction site on the web that would become eBay. Even as hundreds of other dotcoms fell by the wayside at the turn of the century, these three made it through the great Internet crisis and have since prospered, to varying degrees and at different times. Their fates have reflected the evolution of the web as a whole, and now suggest its future direction. For many years eBay and Yahoo! made more money than Amazon, which, as a capitalintensive retailer, struggled longer with losses and then made profits at lower margins. And yet, says Pip Coburn of Coburn Ventures, an investment adviser, Yahoo! is now drifting and eBay is a washed-up quasi-monopoly, whereas Amazon finds itself at the Internet"s cutting edge. Yahoo! set out to be a new sort of media company. Its site became a tawdry strip mall, with big, flashing advertisements next to users" e-mail inboxes. The firm slipped into a mindset of product silos, with the teams for the home-page, e-mail, finance and sports pages competing with each other and for advertisers, and confusing users. Yahoo! "s bigger mistake was not to see how the web was changing. Google, also founded by two truant Stanford PhD students, became the leader of a new generation with a vision that web search, rather than Yahoo! "s "portal" approach, would guide surfers around the Internet. Yahoo! belatedly tried to keep up and bought sites such as flicker, com for photo-sharing and del. icio. us. cam for bookmark-sharing, but it "put them in the curio cabinet" without transforming the company, say"s Jerry Michalski, a technology consultant. EBay took a different route, recognising that its business—in effect, online yard sales—had potential network effects: in short, that sellers and buyers would flock to whichever site already did the most trading. The firm became a de facto monopoly, but with that came a culture that left many of its users disenchanted, and growth slowed. Some measures, such as the number of new listings of items for sale, are even in decline. Buyers and sellers increasingly rely on Google"s search model, or online social networks, to find things and one another. EBay"s new boss, John Donahoe, is not facing a crisis like Yahoo! "s—but neither does he appear to have a big idea for the future. Amazon, by contrast, has found exactly that. It is the only one of the three that has been led continuously by the same man, its founder Jeff Bezos. Unlike his peers at the other two firms, Mr. Bezos has stuck to his original vision—while adding two new ideas as they presented themselves, His original plan was to become "Earth"s biggest river" of merchandise, from books and toys to electronics and almost anything else that can be shipped. Then Mr. Bezos realized that the same online store-front and logistics system that worked for Amazon itself could alga work for others, So he added an entirely new category of customers: third-party sellers, who account for 30% of all items sold through Amazon"s site today. Then, about four years ago, another, and potentially bigger, idea struck Mr. Bezos. Their infrastructure is rivalled in scale by only a few other fu-ms in the world, including Google. So Mr. Bezos again added an entire category of customers: firms that wanted to rent computing capacity from Amazon over the Internet, rather than build their own data centres in a warehouse, It has signed up over 370,000 customers. Almost by accident, Amazon has thus "backed into cloud computing". If there is a lender in the cloud, it is Google. But Amazon is now right up there. Better yet, although Amazon overlaps with Google in the cloud, it does not rival it directly. Google mostly offers entire applications, such as word processing or spreadsheets, to consumers through their web browsers. Amazon offers services to programmers so they can build and run their own applications. So there they are. Jerry Yang is still boss of Yahoo! , although angry, restive shareholders may oust him at their annual meeting on August 1st, and his top lieutenants are leaving in groves. John Donahoe is looking hard for a purpose that will enable eBay to survive another decade. And Mr. Bezos is right where he wants to be.