填空题the climate affects the future sustainable agricultural development?

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. "The more gadgets there are, the{{U}} (31) {{/U}}things seem to get. " said Honore Ervin, co-author of The Etiquette Girls : Things You Need to Be Told. "Just because it' s there{{U}} (32) {{/U}}your disposal, doesn’t mean you have to use it 24/7. " A recent{{U}} (33) {{/U}}by market research company Synovate showed that 70 percent of 1,000 respondents {{U}}(34) {{/U}}the poorest etiquette in cell phone users over other devices. The worst habit? Loud phone conversations in public places, or "cell yell," {{U}}(35) {{/U}}to 72 percent of the Americans polled. "People use{{U}} (36) {{/U}}anywhere and everywhere," Ervin said. "At the movies-turn{{U}} (37) {{/U}}your cell phone. I don't want to pay $10 to be sitting next to some guy chitchatting to his girlfriend{{U}} (38) {{/U}}his cell phone. " This rudeness has deteriorated public spaces, according to Lew Friedland, a communication professor {{U}}(39) {{/U}}the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He{{U}} (40) {{/U}}the lack of manners a kind of unconscious rudeness,{{U}} (41) {{/U}}many people are not{{U}} (42) {{/U}}of what they're doing or the others around them. "I think it's really noticeable in any plane, train or bus{{U}} (43) {{/U}}you're subjected against your will {{U}}(44) {{/U}}someone else's conversation," he said. "You can listen to intimate details of their uncle's illness, problems with their lovers and{{U}} (45) {{/U}}they're having for sinner. " "It{{U}} (46) {{/U}}what. was a public" common space and starts to{{U}} (47) {{/U}}it up into small private space. " A short time ago, if cell phone users{{U}} (48) {{/U}}politely asked to talk quietly, they would{{U}} (49) {{/U}} with chagrin, he said. "Now more and more people are essentially treating you like you don't understand that loud cell phone use is{{U}} (50) {{/U}}in public."

填空题Ivo Jupa was moved when he heard that several men drinking in a bar sent DMSs for the disaster-stricken people in ______.

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填空题What is the new brand name for his company?

填空题Wherewastheletterprobablyplacedmanyyearsago?

填空题 Thomas Aquinas, who knew more about education and persuasion than almost anybody who ever lived, once said that when you want to convert someone to your view, you go over to {{U}}(31) {{/U}} he is standing, take him {{U}}(32) {{/U}} the hand (mentally speaking), and guide him to where {{U}}(33) {{/U}} want to go. You {{U}}(34) {{/U}} stand across the room and shout at him. You don't order him to {{U}}(35) {{/U}} over to where you are. You start where he is, and work from that position. {{U}} (36) {{/U}} the only way to get him to {{U}}(37) {{/U}} his attitude. I have never known a single passionate and prejudiced argument to win {{U}}(38) {{/U}} a person who disagreed with it, or {{U}}(39) {{/U}} to persuade a person who was neutral on the subject. The chief {{U}}(40) {{/U}} is that all passionate and prejudiced arguments overstate their case and {{U}}(41) {{/U}} their opponents' case. When you think that {{U}}(42) {{/U}} is wrong, and you disagree with him, the first {{U}}(43) {{/U}} is to determine in what {{U}}(44) {{/U}} he is right. This is right. For {{U}}(45) {{/U}} view can be entirely wrong, and everybody has a little piece of truth by the tail. This is the piece we start with. We work from there, and concede as {{U}}(46) {{/U}} as we honestly can. A philosopher said that we have {{U}}(47) {{/U}} right to oppose a position until we can state that {{U}}(48) {{/U}} in a way that fully satisfies {{U}}(49) {{/U}} who hold it; until, indeed, we can make out a better case for it than the proponent himself {{U}}(50) {{/U}}.

填空题is particularly helpful for those who fear changes?

填空题A = Colt B = Lancer C = Grandis D = Outlander Which car (s)... ● is for those who want both looks and performance? 1 ● has the technology to stop and start again automatically? 2 ● have been rated as the Euro NCAP five-star? 3 4 ● takes the safety of other road-users into consideration? 5 ● has the equipment that enables the driver to back safely? 6 ● have back seats that can be folded up? 7 8 ● is a compact car with multiple places for storage? 9 ● has airbags only for the driver and the passenger in the front? 10 A Colt Radical, contemporary design in a stylish compact form—this describes the new Mitsubishi Colt. Not only is Colt fun to drive, it also excels in its combination of interior flexibility and roominess. Sitting on an advanced but compact platform with a long wheelbase, Colt offers excellent cabin space. The people who designed the Colt are massively safety conscious. Colt models come generously equipped with The Colt"s Auto Stop the boot space holds up to 882 liters of luggage and there are trays and storage compartments throughout the car. It"s perfect for a family-sized trip. Mitsubishi has tried to make everyone in the family equal, too. So, the seats in the second row can recline and slide backwards and forwards. This should end the squabbles about seating arrangements. When you want to get away from it all, with an easy switch from the two to the four-wheel drive mode you can explore the possibilities of what is a genuine off-road vehicle, ideal for families who love adventures. It will give you and your passengers all of the usual big-car protection and more (it"s engineered to achieve the absolute maximum Euro-NCAP 5-stars); it"s been designed to do it in such a way as to minimize injury to pedestrians or damage to smaller vehicles. The height of the Outlander makes it easy to look ahead, which you tend to do when you have a family. Impressively, then, the 2.0 DI-D has the lowest CO2 emissions of any seven seat 4×4 and achieves over 40 mpg.1. B[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“哪种车既好看，操作性又好?”从B文中第一段第一句“Fed up with having to compromise between the car you want and the car you need?”可得出此类型车可满足你的双重需求。故选B。 2. A[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“哪种车能够自动启动与停止?”从A文中第三段“The Colt"s Auto Stop & Go technology automatically stops and then restarts the engine when the car is stationary at road junctions or in congested traffic.”说明此种车型能够自动启动和停车，可得出答案，故选A。 3. B[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“哪种类型的车被定级为欧洲碰撞测试五星级安全标准?”由B文中第二段“The Lancer is one of the first cars to gain Euro NCAP five-star safety rating under their new more stringent standards.”说明这种类型车已获得碰撞测试五星级安全标准。故选B。 4. D[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“哪种类型的车被定级为欧洲碰撞测试五星级安全标准?”由D文中第四段“It will give you and your passengers all of the usual big-car protection and more (it"s engineered to achieve the absolute maximum Euro-NCAP 5-stars)”可得出此种类型车也获得五星级安全标准。故选D。 5. D[解析] 推理题。题目问的是“哪种类型的车考虑到了他人安全?”由D文中第四段最后一句“it"s been designed to do it in such a way as to minimize injury to pedestrians or damage to smaller vehicles.”由对此车的精心设计，尽量减少对行人和小型车辆的伤害可得出，此车着重考虑了对他人安全的问题。故选D。 6. D[解析] 题目问的是“哪种类型的车让驾驶者能够安全地向后?”根据D文中第三段“the seats in the second row can recline and slide backwards and forwards”可得出此车能够让乘客安全的在座位上向后或向前，故选D。 7. B[解析] 题目问的是“哪种类型的车有可以折叠的后座?”根据B文中第四段“It even has folding rear seats and most models have a movable load floor that allows you to carry all manner of paraphernalia.”。说明此车有可以折叠的后座。故选B。 8. C[解析] 题目问的是“哪种类型的车有可以折叠的后座?”根据C文中第一段中“But, use the Fold 2 Hide concept, and they form a flat loading area. On your two-week break you"ll pack in everything you need, even if you decide on camping.”。说明此种车型也有可折叠的后座。故选C。 9. A[解析] 题目问的是“哪种类型的车带有多样化的存贮空间?”根据A文开头部分“Radical, contemporary design in a stylish compact form—this describes the new Mitsubishi Colt. Not only is Colt fun to drive, it also excels in its combination of interior flexibility and roominess. Sitting on an advanced but compact platform with a long wheelbase, Colt offers excellent cabin space.”即可看出此车不仅精致，而且空间足够大。故选A。 10. A[解析] 题目问的是“哪种类型的车仅对前排的驾驶员和乘客配备了安全气囊?”从A文中第二段“Colt models come generously equipped with driver and passenger front airbags”即可得出此车为前排驾驶员和乘客配备了安全气囊，故答案为A。

填空题Answer questions by referring to 3 passages concerning cultural differences. Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B or C and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once. A=Passage One B=Passage Two C=Passage Three In which passage you will find ... Asian workers in American company has got emotional starvation? 21. ______ people are willing to give much information of their culture when asked? 22. ______ in one country, if you are punctual for a party, you will feel embarrassed? 23. ______ the idea that the interior world of people in different cultures are basically the same in nany aspects? 24. ______ misunderstanding arises because of different manners in showing refusal? 25. ______ a manager found his foreign stuff have complaints due to different understanding of me word? 26. ______ misunderstanding arises because of different manners in accepting compliments? 27. ______ before entering another culture, it is crucial to know different thinking patterns? 28. ______ if a person says, It's trouble some and I'm not much thirsty. you should offer him something to drink? 29. ______ is there much to be gained by observing how people of the same culture interact with each other? 30. ______ Passage One American and Chinese cultures are at polar opposites. An American hostess, complimented for her culinary skills, is likely to say, "Oh, I'm so glad you liked it. I cooked it especially for you." Not so a Chinese host or hostess, who will instead apologize profusely for giving you "nothing" even slightly edible and for not showing you enough honor by providing proper dishes. The Chinese take pride in "modesty"; the Americans in "straightforwardness". That modesty has left many a Chinese hungry at an American table, for Chinese politeness calls for three refusals before one accepts an offer, and the American hosts take a "no" to mean "no", whether it's the first, second, or third time. Recently, a number of a delegation sent to China by a large American corporation complained to me about how the Chinese had asked them three times if they would be willing to modify some proposal, and each time the Americans had said "no" clearly and definitely. My friend was incensed that the Chinese had not taken their word the first time. I recognized the problem immediately and wondered why the American had not studied up on cultural differences before coming to China. It would have saved them a lot of perplexity and needless frustration in their negotiation. Once you've learned the signals and how to respond, life becomes infinitely easier. When guests come, I know I should immediately ask if they'd like a cup of tea. They will respond, "Please don't bother," which is my signal to fetch tea. Passage Two An Asian engineer is assigned to a US laboratory and almost suffers a nervous breakdown. A US executive tells his staff he's going to treat them fairly — and creates dissension. Each of these real life cases involved people who were regarded as superior employees, but were ill-equipped to cope with the complexities and dangers of intercultural management. Never show the sole of your shoe to an Arab; never arrive on time for a party in Brazil; and in Japan, don't think "yes" means "yes", but simply learning the social "dos" and "don'ts" is not the answer, according to the new culture specialists. The penalties for ignoring different thinking patterns, they point out, can be disastrous. For example, the American manager who promised to be fair thought he was telling the Japanese staff that their hard work would be rewarded; but when some workers received higher salary increase than others, there were complaints. "You told us you'd be fair, and you lied to us," accused one salesman. "It took me a year and a half," signed the American, " to realize that 'fair', to my staff, means being treated equally." The Asian engineer who suffered in American was the victim of another mistaken expectation. He was accustomed to the warm group environment so typical in Japan. But in American company, everyone is expected to be self-starter, who thrives on working alone. For this Japanese it was emotional starvation. Passage Three As we interact with others of different cultures, there is no good substitute for receptiveness to interpersonal feedback, good observation skills, effective questions, and some horse sense. There is much to be gained by observing how people of the same culture interact with each other. Don't be afraid to ask questions as most people respond very positively to inquiries about their culture. Ask a variety of people so you can get a balanced view. Making a genuine effort to find the positive historical, literary, and cultural contributions of a society; learning a few polite expressions in another person's language; and showing appreciation for the food and music of another culture can have especially positive effects. The conclusion, then, is not that there are no cultural differences. These differences between cultures and peoples are real and can add richness (and humor) to the fabric of life. People everywhere have much in common, such as a need for affiliation and love, participation, and contribution. When the exterior is peeled off, there are not so many differences after all.

填空题Recent surveys show that Japanese youth have become a "Me Generation" that rejects traditional values. "Around 1980 many Japanese, 1 young people abandoned the values of economic success and began 2 for new sets of values to 3 them happiness," writes sociologist Yasuhiro in Comparative Civilizations Review. Japanese youth are placing more importance on the individual"s pursuit of 4 and less on the values of work, family, and society. Japanese students seem to be losing patience with work, 5 their counterparts in the United States and Korea. In a 1993 6 of college students in the three countries, only 10% of the Japanese regarded 7 as a primary value compared with 47% of Korean students and 27% of American students. A greater 8 of Japanese aged 18-24 also preferred easy jobs 9 heavy responsibility. The younger Japanese are showing less concern for family values as they pursue an inner world of private satisfaction. Data collected 10 the Japanese government in 1993 shows that only 23% of Japanese youth are thinking about supporting their aged parents, in contrast 11 63% of young Americans. It appears that many younger-generation Japanese are 12 both respect for their parents 13 a sense of responsibility to the family. Author Yoshizaki attributes the change 14 Japanese parents" over-indulgence of their children, material affluence, and growing 15 for private matters. The shift 16 individualism among Japanese is most pronounced among 17 very young. According to 1991 data 18 the Bunka Center of Japan, 50% of Japanese youth aged 16-19 can be labeled "self-centered" compared with 33% among 19 aged 25-29. To earn the self-centered label, the young people responded positively to 20 ideas as "I would like to make decisions without considering traditional values" and "I don"t want to do anything I can"t enjoy doing."

填空题The integration of prevention and cure is the most efficient way of preventing HIV/AIDS.

填空题Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, to reduce health-care costs. They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing components of which are pharmaceutical costs.66. ______. What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.67. ______. But "national" doesn't have to mean that. "National" could mean interprovincial -- provinces combining efforts to create one body. Either way, one benefit of a "national" organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province -- or a series of hospitals within a province -- negotiate a price for a given drug on tile provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces. Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.68. ______. A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health technology assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join. A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a national list hasn't gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.69. ______. Premiers love to quote Mr Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: "A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs."70. ______. So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint lists, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients. [A] Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 percent! [B] Or they could read Mr Kirby's report: "The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies." [C] What does "national" mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council. [D] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list; the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it. [E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription-drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatment. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices. [F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative cost, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.

填空题Accordingtothespeaker,whoshouldenjoytherightofAcademicFreedom?

填空题RedCrosswasestablished______.

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填空题The children participate in the parent's studying.

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填空题A=Advertisement 1 B=Advertisement 2 C=Advertisement 3 D=Advertisement 4 E=Advertisement 5 Which advertisement(s) ... · is/are looking for someone who has a cross-disciplinary background? 71. ______72. ______ · is/are looking for someone who would like to study a subject as a PhD degreecandidate? 73. ______ · is/are for a vacancy that excludes overseas applicants? 74. ______ · require(s) the post holder to work at the company for about six months? 75. ______ · require(s) assistance in the publication of an academic journal? 76. ______ · offer(s) the job with the shortest term of contract? 77. ______ · suggest(s) that the applicant be keen on the theory related to the project? 78. ______ · offer(s) a job that is least attractive in terms of salary? 79. ______ · implies/imply that the applicant needs to play a part in the team? 80. ______ A SCHOOL OF PROFSS, ENVIRONMENTAL AND MATRIALS ENGINEERING Research Fellow in Materials Characterization The above EPSRC-funded post is available from 1 October 2012 for a fixed period of three years to work on the modeling of electron energy loss near-edge fine structure for the extraction for bonding information from nano-scale solids. Applicants should have a PhD in physical/engineering sciences and research experience in physics/chemistry electron microscopy and/or computing/programming. Salary will be on the scale for Research Staff Grade 1A(15159～22785 p. a.) according to qualifications and relevant experience. Application forms and further particulars may be obtained from Dr Rik Brydson, School of Materials, University of Leeds,Leeds,LS2 9JT, te1:0113 233 2369. In all enquiries please quote the reference number 58. Closing date for applications; 24 July 2012. B Four Studentships Four 3-year EPSRC-funded studentships are available (leading to the degree of PhD), the maintenance grants of which will be supplemented to 6295 p.a. (EPSRC Quota+1000). Candidates must have at least a Class 11-1 degree, or equivalent and be UK residents (to qualify for a maintenance grant). ⊙ Analytical electron microscopy and/or surface analysis. Contact; Dr Rik Brydson (as above) ⊙ Flow behavior and structure of ceramic pastes, and ⊙ Colloid behavior of ceramic systems. Contact.- Professor Brian Rand, tel.. 0113 233 2536, email: b. rand@leeds, ac. uk ⊙ Materials process modeling/fluid dynamics. Contact: Dr Andy Mullis, tel: 0113 233 2568, email: met6am@ sun. leeds, ac. uk C PROCTER DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE Research Fellow/Officer in Dairy Emulsion Science The above post is available immediately for a fixed period of 18 months to carry out an experimentally based project concerned with fundamental and applied aspects of emulsion systems in relation to development of new dairy-type food products. The project is funded by St. Ivel (Unigate) Ltd and about one third of the time will be spent at company premises near Swindon. Applicants should have a PhD degree in food science and chemistry. Salary will be on the scale for Research Staff Grade 1A within the range 15159～22785 p. a. according to qualifications and relevant experience. Application forms and further particulars may be obtained from Professor Eric Dickinson, the Procter Department of Food Science, the University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, tel,, 0113 233 2956, fax: 0113 233 2982, email: e. dickinson@leeds, ac. uk. In all enquiries please quote the reference number 72/109. Closing date for applications.. 24 July 2012. D DEPARTMENTS OF FOOD SCIENCE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS Research Fellow and Studentship A research fellowship is available from 1 October 2011 for a fixed period of three years, along with a studentship for an EPSRC-funded project "Ultrasound propagation in soft solids". Ultrasound measurement allied to an understanding of ultrasound propagation in soft solids is complementary to mechanical rheometry and gives important information on the structure of the system and the particle interactions. The research fellow will develop the applied mathematics aspects of this project. Applicants for the fellowship should have a PhD or equivalent qualification in a relevant discipline, a background in scattering theory and an interest in the theory of acoustic propagation in systems of weakly interacting particles. The research student, whilst primarily an experimentalist, must also be interested in theory. Salary for the fellowship will be on the scale for Research Staff Grade 1A within the range 15159～16045 p.a. according to qualifications and relevant experience. Application forms and further particulars may be obtained from Malcolm Povey, Procter Department of Food Science, the University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, tel: 0113 233 2963. Fax: 0113 233 2982, email: m. j. mpovey@leeds, ac. uk. World Wide Web: http..//www, food. leeds, ac. uk/mp, htm. In all enquiries please quote the reference number 72/108. Closing date for applications= 24 July 2012. E RESEARCH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH MIDWIFERY STUDIES, CENTRE FOR REPRODUCTION, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Part-Time Research Fellow/Officer The above part-time (50%) post is available immediately for a fixed period of two years. The Midwifery Studies Research Group carries out clinical research related to midwifery, as well as research in the organization of maternity care and the dissemination and implementation of research evidence. The appointee will have a background in epidemiology or health services research to assist in the preparation of Cochran Reviews. He/She will work on reviews of trials in the field of breast-feeding: no prior knowledge of breastfeeding research will be required. Applicants should have a first degree in a related subject and a higher degree or research training in epidemiology or health services research. The knowledge of, and interest in systematic reviewing is essential as is an ability to use initiative and work as part of a team. Salary will be on the scale for Research Staff Grade 1A (15259～22785 p.a. Pro rata) according to qualifications and relevant experience. Informal enquiries may be made to Professor Mary Renfrew, tel: 0113 233 6888, fax: 0113 244 9730, or email: m, j. renfw@leeds, ac. uk; or Dr Mike Woolridge, tel: 0113 233 6894. Application forms and further particulars may be obtained from Trish Walker, Midwifery Studies, the University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, tel: O113 233 6888. In all enquiries please quote the reference number 90/19.

填空题·has no easy track for the game?

填空题AccordingtotheFBI,howmanyrobberiesweresolvedbythepolicelastyearintermsofpercentage?

填空题How we look and how we appear to others probably worries us more when we are in our teens or early twenties than at any time in our life. (54)______ Few of us are discontent to accept ourselves as we are, and few are brave (55)______ enough to ignore the trends of fashion. Most fashion magazines or TV advertisements try to persuade us that we should dress in a certain way or behave in a certain manner. If w e do, they tell us, we will be able to meet new people with confidence and deal with every situation confidently ,and with embarrassment. (56)______ Changing fashion, of course, does not apply just in dress. A barber (57)______ today does not cut a boy's hair in the same way as he used to, and girls do not make up in the same way as their mothers and grand- mothers do. The advertisers show us the latest fashionable styles (58)______ and we are constantly under pressure to follow the fashion in case our friends will think we are odd or dull. (59)______ What causes fashions to change? Sometimes convenience or practical necessity or just the fancy of an influential person can establish a fashion. Take hats, for example. In cold climates, early buildings were cold outside, so people wore hats indoors as well as (60)______ outside. In recent time, the late President Kennedy caused a (61)______ depression in the American hat industry by not wearing hats: more American men followed his example. Today, society is more freer and easier than it used to be. (62)______ It is no longer necessary to dress like everyone else. Within reason, you can dress as you like or do your hair the way you like instead of the way you should because it is the fashion. The popularity of jeans and the "untidy" look seems to be a reaction against the increasing (63)______ expensive fashions of the top fashion houses.

填空题Confucianism has its greatest effect among European countries in 71. ______ The first person who used Confucianism to express Christianity was from 72. ______ More than one thousand years ago, students were sent to China to study Confucianism. They came from 73. ______ Centuries ago, in ______, the government even set up universities and hold ceremonies in memory of Confucius. 74. ______ Confucius has been given a thorough study and review for the sake of capital expansion in 75. ______ War and development motivated the study of Confucianism in 76. ______ In ______, Confucius' teachings can even find its reflection in the Declaration of the Right of Man and of the Citizen. 77. ______ The earliest classical books of Confucius translated into European language appeared in 78. ______ Confucianism has its most influential power upon foreign countries in 79. ______ In recent thirty years, Confucius and Confucianism are introduced and discussed systematically in 80. ______ In Japan It has been a long history of 1750 years ever since Confucianism was introduced into this country. Confucius' teachings are in every field of the social life in Japan. Its influence on the people's moral concepts and views about education are the deepest in Japan. It was in the 16th year of Mikado (285 A. D. ) that Confucius' teachings began to be introduced to Japan. In the year the suggestion of a Korean envoy was adopted and Wang Ren, a Chinese court academician was sent to Japan to present to the Mikado ten copies of Lun Yu (The Analects of Confucius) and a copy of an Article of a Thousand Words (Qian Zi Wen). Wang Ren's arriving at Japan is generally regarded as the beginning of Confucianism being spread in the country. Confucius' teachings were accepted by both the government and the public. Confucianism quickly took its roots among the people and developed constantly. Combined with the conditions in Japan Confucianism has gradually become part of the national culture of the country. During the time of Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty Japan sent many students to China to study Confucianism. Under the influence of Confucius' theory about a unified domain, Japanese successfully carried the DAIKA Reform after which Japanese society started to transit from a slavish society to a feudal society. The person pulling strings behind the scenes of the reform was a great Confucianist who had studied in China for 20 to 30 years. During the 200 years after the reform Japan had sent to China 19 groups of envoys. The country did its utmost to import the culture of Tang dynasty, develop national education based on Confucianism, spread the thought of the sage, set up universities and hold ceremonies in memory of Confucius. In the years of EDO Confucius' teachings were unprecedentedly popular. The ruling class people took the lead in reading the classical books of Confucianism, setting up education based on Confucianism, building Confucius' Temples. Education was developed, people of talents came forth in large numbers and the academic circle reached to its flourishing time. The major schools include School of Yonego, School of Yang Ming, School of Mito, School of Kogaku, School of Eclecticism, School of Textual Research. Since the beginning of 20'th century, especially in the late thirty years, among countries except China the study of Confucianism is best developed in Japan. Not only that Confucianism influenced Japanese society in the past 1 000 years, it also has great effect on the people at present time. In Italy China is one of the birth places of human civilization. As the kernel of the traditional culture of ancient China, Confucius' teachings greatly influenced not only the historical development of Oriental society, but also the social life of some European countries. Confucius' influence on Italy has something to do with the missionaries who came to China to do missionary work. In 1582, the Society of Jesus sent Matteo Ricci to China. In order to do their missionary work well he studied Confucianism very hard. Matteo Ricci was the first person who used Confucianism to express Christianity. He arrived in Beijing in 1601 and lived there for years. He published the Latin version of the Four $ bus which were the earliest classical books of Confucius translated into European Language. Matteo Ricci had made some contributions to the cultural exchange between the East and the West, so in Italy he was called "the first man who facilitated the flow of culture between China and Western countries", "Learned Western Confucianist" and "Christian Confucius". The study of Confucius in today's Italy has made some progress and several groups of books about Confucius have been published. In France Among European countries, Confucianism has its greatest effect in France. It was introduced to France soon after it was introduced to Italy. During the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, Confucianism had made some positive contributions to the bourgeois revolution in France. Among the great thinkers Confucianism mainly influenced the Encyclopedism dism school and Physiocratic school. Its influence on the French Revolution can be seen in the Declaration of the Right of Man and of the Citizen, drafted by Robespierre, leader of Jacobin Club, the declaration says that freedom is the right belonging to all those who do not do harm to others, the principle of freedom is nature, the rule is justice, the guarantee is the law and the moral limits are in the following, '"Don't treat others in the way you do not want to be treated. " The Chinese Study Institute of Paris University is the major one that studies Confucianism in France. The subjects include Confucianist Classics and Confucianism. In Grand Larousse Encyclopedique (published in 1973), under the entry of Confucius, Confucius and Confucianism are introduced and discussed systematically. As a representative work of Confucian study in France it starts its discussion with Confucius and ends with Mr. Feng Youlan, a Chinese expert at Confucian study. In America Through missionary activities Americans began to study Confucianism, motivated by capital expansion. The study has been pushed forward while the U. S. -China policy and international conditions are changing frequently. From the end of the 19th century to the early 20th century, especially during World War Ⅰ and World War Ⅱ , more attention was paid to the work because of political and military reasons. The founding of the People's Republic of China and the triumph of China and Korea over America in Korean War made Americans feel it necessary to work even harder in the study of Chinese history and present conditions. As a result, Confucianism which has influenced Chinese in the history and at present time was paid great attention to, especially in the years after 1960's because of the international conditions, especially the Sino-U. S. relationship, Chinese study in America, including the study of Confucius, developed quickly. In the American academic field Confucius has been given a thorough study and review. More and more Americans began to understand and respect Confucius as a famous intellectual in Chinese history and Confucianism as the representative of Chinese feudal traditional culture. In People's Almanac Handbook, published in 1985 in America, Confucius heads the list of the ten great thinkers in the world.

填空题{{B}} A = Bordeaux B = Burgundy C = Champagne Which region(s)...{{/B}} {{B}}A Bordeaux:{{/B}} An area in southwestern France considered by most wine enthusiasts as the world's greatest W. ine-producing region because of the large quantity (ranging from 700 million to 900 million bottles annually) and the high quality of the wines. This large region has about 280,000 vineyard acres and essentially covers the same territory as the department of Gironde. At its center lies the seaport city of Bordeaux, which sits on the Garonne River upstream from the Gironde estuary, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean. The Bordeaux region's fame dates back some 2,000 years when Romans first sang the praises of its wines. The wide popularity of Bordeaux wines in the United Kingdom (where they're called clarets) can be traced back to the period from 1152 to 1453, when the English owned this region, which was acquired through a royal marriage and then lost in the 100 Years' War. Bordeaux gains most of its fame from its red wines, which generally make up over 75 percent of the production. Nevertheless, the region's rich, sweet white wines from Sauternes are world renowned, and its DRY white wines from Graves have a serious following. Bordeaux's primary appellations, which cover the entire region, are Bordeaux AC--for red, white, and rose wines--and Bordeaux Superieur AC--a designation for red and rose wines that requires lower grape yields and slightly higher alcohol levels than basic Bordeaux. There are over fifty individual appellations in Bordeaux, and, generally, the smallest ACs produce the highest-quality wines. There are also thousands of individual chateaux-some are quite impressive, while others are simply tiny farmhouses. {{B}}B Burgundy:{{/B}} One of the world's most famous winegrowing areas, located in eastern France, southeast of Paris. Bourgogne, as it's called in France, has about 110,000 vineyard acres, which is about 40 percent of what exists in Bordeaux. Burgundy consists of five basic regions. Burgundy and its wines have a long history going back at least to the time when the Romans ruled this region. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the Grand Duchy of Burgundy flourished, controlling an area that included what are now parts of Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and a large portion of northern France. It was a rich and powerful empire, and the great Dukes of Burgundy savored the region's marvelous wines as part of their opulent lifestyle. The Burgundy region has established a reputation over the centuries not only for its fine wines but also for its marvelous food. The wines vary considerably from region to region throughout Burgundy, but the focus is on three grape varieties--Pinot Noir and Gamay for red wines and Chardonnay for whites. Though other varieties are grown, they're being replaced in many areas by the three most prominent grapes. Gamay is the dominant red grape in Beaujolais, while Pinot Noir prevails in the other regions. The very best red wines come from the Grands Crus in the Cote d'Or. Chardonnay is grown throughout the region and reaches its zenith in the C6te de Beaune. Although the wines made of Pinot Noir and Chardonnay get most of the attention, more wines are produced in Beaujolais (where they make Gamay-based wines) than in the rest of Burgundy. In some ways, the Burgundian system for identifying quality wines is much more straightforward than that of Bordeaux. In addition to the Appellation d'Origine Controlee (AC) Bordeaux uses a complex and inconsistent chateau classification system. Burgundy uses only the AC system to classify regions, villages, and individual vineyards into appellations, the theory being that the smaller and more precise the appellation, the higher the general quality of the ' wine. {{B}}C Champagne:{{/B}} This most celebrated sparkling wine always seems to signal "special occasion". Though bubbling wines under various appellations abound throughout the world, true Champagne comes only from the Champagne region in northeast France. Most countries bow to this tradition by calling their sparkling wines by other names such as spumante in Italy, Sekt in Germany and vin mousseux in other regions of France. Only in America do some wineries refer to their bubbling wine as "champagne". Dom Perignon, 17th-century cellarmaster of the Abbey of Hautvillers, is celebrated for developing the art of blending wines to create Champagnes with superior flavor. He's also credited for his work in preventing Champagne bottles and corks from exploding by using thicker bottles and tying the corks down with string. Even then, it's said that the venerable Dom Perignon lost half his Champagne through the bottles bursting. French Champagne is usually made from a blend of chardonnay and pinot noir or pinot blanc grapes. California "champagnes" generally use the same varieties, while those from New York more often are from the pressings of catawba and delaware grapes. Good Champagne is expensive not only because it's made with premium grapes, but because it's made by the methode champenoise. This traditional method requires a second fermentation in the bottle as well as some 100 manual operations (some of which are mechanized today). Champagnes can range in color from pale gold to apricot blush. Their flavors can range from toasty to yeasty and from dry (no sugar added) to sweet.·has a fame dating back to Roman times? 71. ______·is known for its fine wines as well as its wonderful food? 72. ______·produces a wine which is called by different names in other countries? 73. ______·have a long history going back to Roman times? 74. ______ 75. ______·produces a wine created by a cellarmaster blending different wines? 76. ______·was once owned by the English in history? 77. ______·produces a wine that requires a second fermentation in the bottle? 78. ______·is best known for its red wines? 79. ______·uses a more straightforward system to classify its regions, villages and vineyards? 80. ______

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Children who grip their pens too close to the writing point are likely to be at a disadvantage in examinations,{{U}} (31) {{/U}}to the first serious investigation into the way in which writing technique can dramatically affect educational achievement. The survey of 643 children and adults, ranking from pre-school to 40-plus, also suggests{{U}} (32) {{/U}}penholding techniques have deteriorated sharply over one generation, with teachers now paying far{{U}} (33) {{/U}}attention to correct pen grip and handwriting style. Stephanie Thomas, a learning support teacher{{U}} (34) {{/U}}findings have been published, was inspired to investigate this area{{U}} (35) {{/U}}he noticed that those students who had the most trouble with spelling{{U}} (36) {{/U}}had a poor pen grip. While Mr. Thomas could not establish a significant statistical link{{U}} (37) {{/U}}pen-holding style and accuracy in spelling,he{{U}} (38) {{/U}}find huge differences in technique between the young children and the mature adults, and a definite{{U}} (39) {{/U}}between near-point gripping and slow, illegible writing. People who{{U}} (40) {{/U}}their pens at the writing point also show other characteristics{{U}} (41) {{/U}}inhibit learning,{{U}} (42) {{/U}}as poor posture,leaning too{{U}} (43) {{/U}}to the desk,using four fingers to grip the pen{{U}} (44) {{/U}}than three, and clumsy positioning of the thumb (which can obscure{{U}} (45) {{/U}}is being written ). Mr. Thomas believes that the{{U}} (46) {{/U}}between elder and younger writers is{{U}} (47) {{/U}}too dramatic to be accounted for simply by the possibility that people get better at writing as they grow{{U}} (48) {{/U}}. He attributes it to a failure to teach the most effective methods, pointing out that the differences between{{U}} (49) {{/U}}groups coincides with the abandonment of formal handwriting instruction in classrooms in the sixties. "The 30-year-old showed a huge diversity of grips,{{U}} (50) {{/U}}the over 40s group all had a uniform 'tripod' grip. "

填空题 Old people are always saying that the young people are not{{U}} (31) {{/U}}they were. The same comment is made{{U}} (32) {{/U}}generation to generation and it is always{{U}} (33) {{/U}}. It has never been truer than it is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy{{U}} (34) {{/U}}freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so{{U}} (35) {{/U}}on their parents. Events which the old generation remember vividly are {{U}}(36) {{/U}}more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is{{U}} (37) {{/U}}from the one that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed. The old always assume that they know best for the simple{{U}} (38) {{/U}}that they have been{{U}} (39) {{/U}}a bit longer. They don't like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this is precisely what the {{U}}(40) {{/U}}are doing. They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing{{U}} (41) {{/U}}complacency.They take leave to{{U}} (42) {{/U}}that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds. What they reject more than anything{{U}} (43) {{/U}}conformity. Office, hours, for instance, and nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn't people work best{{U}} (44) {{/U}}they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what {{U}}(45) {{/U}}the clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should{{U}} (46) {{/U}}drab grey suits? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics{{U}} (47) {{/U}}by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to{{U}} (48) {{/U}}their problems? Why are they are so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed{{U}} (49) {{/U}}mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat-race? Haven't the old lost touch with all{{U}} (50) {{/U}}is important in life?

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填空题 Answer questions 71-80 by referring to the following article. Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B or C and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once.{{B}}Which article…{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} The Government is going to give new "job splitting" grants to employers willing to offer part-time work to people claiming unemployment benefit. The next scheme, which took many union leaders and large employers by surprise yesterday night, will be announced in detail in the autumn. It is intended to cost the taxpayer nothing because of savings in unemployment benefit. The proposal, unveiled last night by Mr, Norman Tebbit, Secretary of State for Employment, will be in addition to the new Community Programme for the long-term unemployed. Mr. Tebbit said that under the scheme a vacancy could be offered to two unemployed people, one existing full-time employee or two existing full-time employees if one of them would otherwise have been made redundant. The Employment Secretary suggested yesterday that workers reaching retirement might find the idea of sharing their job attractive, if pensions could be secured. But he also said that firms might find it attractive to offer one vacancy to two school leavers. In a sharp reaction to the Community Programme, Mr. Nicholas Hinton, director of the National Council for Voluntary Organizations, whose members will be expected to sponsor many of the new places, said: "The Government is trying to spread too little money too thinly among too many people and many voluntary organizations are suspicious of its motives. " {{B}}B{{/B}} Few people believe that unemployment in the United Kingdom will fall favorably below the 3.2 million mark, or 13.4 percent of the labour force, during the next few years. The remarkable rise in productivity over the past year will, if it continues, make it even more difficult to tackle unemployment. Many firms are confident that they can meet any increase in demand without hiring extra staff. Remedies more imaginative and more permanent than those tried so far are needed. The Government's job-splitting scheme announced on Tuesday is one example that should be welcomed. Another good idea is Rank Xerox's "networking" plan, by which executives would be able to work part-time from home. The possibilities of work-sharing need to be more vigorously investigated, on the lines indicated by a recent OECD study. If the total hours of work required are not going to increase-with output rising thanks to improved productivity-then let us try to share those working hours more equitably among the labour force. Work-sharing helps to produce new jobs by reducing the working hours of those in existing jobs. The danger with work-sharing is that employees may expect to be paid more per hour for working shorter hours, and that fixed labour costs will rise as the numbers on the payroll increase. Many employers therefore fear that the effect on costs and prices would be inflationary. The Government is therefore subsidizing employers to participate in its job-splitting scheme. Most kinds of work-sharing involve marginal cuts of a few per cent in total working hours, and thus only modest increases in the number of jobs. The biggest difference would be made if a substantial number of full-time jobs could be turned into part-time jobs. The Government's role would be to adapt the tax and social security system to make part-time work more attractive to employers and employees, notably by ensuring that as many part-time employees as possible escape both tax and social security payment. The social effects of work-sharing, are likely to be beneficial, since it would involve an attempt to match work opportunities to a wider variety of life styles. The combination of one fulltime and one part-time spouse might become much more universal. {{B}}C{{/B}} Part-timers usually earn less per hour than a full-timer, have fewer fringe benefits and less job security. They have virtually no career prospects. Employers often think that working parttime means that a person has no ambition and no chance of promotion. But job-sharing bridges that gap and offers the chance of interesting work to people who can only work part-time and that does not mean just married women. As Adrienne Broyle of "New Ways to Work"-formally the London Job-sharing Project-points out: "There are various reasons why people want to job-share and so have more spare time. " A growing number of men want to job-share so that they can play an active role in bringing up their children. It allows people to study at home in their free time, and means that disabled people or those who otherwise stay at home to look after them, can work. Job-sharing is also an ideal way for people to ease into to retirement. Many employers are wary of new work schemes, but an investigation carried out by the EOC shows that they can profit in various ways from sharing. If one sharer is away sick, at least half the job continues to be done. Skilled workers who cannot work full-time can bring years of experience to a job. Half-timers have to work flat out without a tea break. Another attraction is that two people bring to one job twice as much experience, sets of ideas and discussion. But there are financial pitfalls for the job-sharers. If one becomes unemployed, he should be eligible for Unemployment Benefit. But he has to sign on as being available for full-time work. Otherwise, he can not claim the benefit. Pensions are a big block. The EOC paper points out that the Local Government Superannuation Scheme excludes people who work less than 30 hours a week. For those who are attracted to job-sharing, beware. Most occupational pension schemes are based either on the average annual earnings during membership of the scheme or on the employee's final salary. ·tells us that the government will give support to employers, who offer part-time jobs? 71. ______ . ·states that employers can benefit from having two people performing the same job? 72. ______ . ·provides means for older people to ease into retirement? 73. ______ . ·implies that work-sharing schemes have so far been unsatisfactory? 74. ______ . ·shows that the author approves the Government's plan? 75. ______ . ·indicates that a 63-year-old man might find job-sharing against his interest? 76. ______ . ·states that job-sharing can offer the chance of interesting work to people who can only work part-time? 77. ______ . ·says that many organizations are doubting the motives of the government in advocating job-sharing? 78. ______ . ·implies that increased payment for less work would destroy the scheme? 79. ______ . ·states that a rise in output does not reduce unemployment? 80. ______ .

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填空题A team of American scientists has 1 again that there is no safe cigarette. The scientists said that even cigarettes with low 2 of tar and nicotine are harmful. And they said that the only sure way to 3 the danger of cancer and heart disease is to stop smoking completely. The new report was made by a committee 4 the national research council. The health dangers of tar and nicotine have been well reported and reports appear to 5 helped change American smoking customs. Fifteen years ago only about two percent of the cigarettes sold in the United States were low 6 tar and nicotine. Today more 7 forty percent are low tar and nicotine cigarettes. The new report noted that studies have been made from the years 1955 to 1975. 8 that period the average amount of tar and nicotine in cigarette was reduced by about one half. 9 during the same time lung cancer and other cancers of the breathing system increased 10 seventy percent. 11 fact, male smokers 12 thirty-five or older were more 13 to die 14 lung cancer in 1975 15 smokers of the same age twenty years early.

填空题 The autumn rains had come in with two angry storms, and Lazy River was waking up. In a week school{{U}} (31) {{/U}}be closed for Easter vacation. Dick and Turkey planned to have a trip to the inland by boat,{{U}} (32) {{/U}}they collected maps and statistics of the entire inland river system. Water levels down Lazy River; levels down the Namoi; along the Darling and the Murray; all were{{U}} (33) {{/U}}their fingertips. They were very happy because now{{U}} (34) {{/U}}, it appeared, except the joy of voyaging lay{{U}} (35) {{/U}}them and the Southern Ocean or Central Queensland. It was clear to them{{U}} (36) {{/U}}Australia's early explorers had{{U}} (37) {{/U}}a big mistake toiling overland when they{{U}} (38) {{/U}}have opened up the continent rapidly and pleasantly with paddle and pole. It was at this stage{{U}} (39) {{/U}}Dick's father put his foot down. "Now listen, you chap," he said quietly. "It begins to look like a wet autumn and the river is already{{U}} (40) {{/U}}wild. A few days' rain or a wicked storm or two{{U}} (41) {{/U}}it' 11 flood. I'm not going to{{U}} (42) {{/U}}your mother worrying herself sick about you, Dick. I know you' re{{U}} (43) {{/U}}on the trip but floods aren't{{U}} (44) {{/U}}anyone can fool with. You can go for a camp if you like, but no further{{U}} (45) {{/U}}six miles from home; and of course you'll camp{{U}} (46) {{/U}}the flood level." It was{{U}} (47) {{/U}}a blow to their inter-state dreams,{{U}} (48) {{/U}}the boys had' to concede, on reflection, that what their father said was reasonable.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}they told their classmate Fred Ingleton at school on Monday about their father's suggestion, he became suddenly cheerful. "That's{{U}} (50) {{/U}}my dad said, "he grinned. "Now he might let me go with you. He reckons you made a decent swimmer of me!"

填空题The multinational cooperation is the best way to stop HIV/AIDS from spreading among the mobile population.

填空题A=Henri Matisse B=Francis Bacon C=Mark Rothko Which painter... ● is famous for the pleasing, decorative effect of paintings? 1 ● wants to be intimate and human? 2 ● thinks that there is no art without love? 3 ● expresses horror, loneliness, violence and oppression in his paintings? 4 ● wants to show people anger in his paintings? 5 ● didn"t want to describe objects in a photographic way? 6 ● says that nowadays people have no religion? 7 ● liked tragic and timeless subjects? 8 ● felt his painting had a religious meaning? 9 ● is more concerned with expressing feeling than he is with telling a story? 10 Henri Matisse Henri Matisse is famous for the wonderful colours of his paintings and for their pleasing, decorative effect. In an interview in 1952, Matisse said: "First of all, I must say that there is no single abstract art. If the subject of a painting isn"t important, if Acre is no story in the picture, then it is abstract." Today the artist doesn"t need to represent objects. However, even though he has to concentrate on the picture he must remember the object and his feelings for the object. One starts with the object, then the feelings follow. One doesn"t start from nothing. Today, too many so-called abstract painters start from nothing and so they arrive at nothing. They have no strength, no inspiration, no feeling. One doesn"t find any expression of feeling in their colors. They don"t relate their colors to each other. If they can"t create relationships they are using colors uselessly. The French word "rapport" means the connection between things. "Rapport" is love. Without "rapport", without love, there is no way of choosing what to do. Without love there is no art. Matisse shows us in this interview that he wanted to paint colours and shapes which are related to each other rather than to object and scenes. He wanted to express feelings and didn"t want to describe objects in a photographic way. Most artists since 1900 have had a similar aim. Francis Bacon Francis Bacon once told a BBC interviewer, "I have nothing to express." However, for many people who look at his pictures, Bacon expresses horror, loneliness, violence and oppression. There is no love in these paintings. The people don"t have a warm and a friendly spirit. They are trapped and desperate animals rather than people. Some times the paint is smeared across the picture and expresses anger and violence, but the subject might be love making or is it fighting? Francis Bacon doesn"t want to show us angry people. He wants to show us angry paint! Then we will feel anger and not just see it. (In a similar way, the quality of the voice in anger is more important than the words themselves.) Paint, of course, can"t be angry! However, lines and shapes can express anger and it is lines of this kind which fill Bacon"s pictures. Compare the lines and movement in Bacon"s picture with the picture by Van de Velde and indeed many other pictures in the book. Bacon says that art used to be an expression of religion and artists had hope through religion. Now, he says, we have no religion and artists have no hope. Art is a game. Artists concentrate on the game and don"t have to think about the awful unknown. In one important way Francis Bacon is a traditional painter. His painting are seen more or less from one viewpoint. And it is true that he is more concerned with expressing feeling than he is with telling a story which is quite clear and can be put into words. Mark Rothko Rothko"s paintings are very big. He said, "I want to be intimate and human. If you paint a small picture you are outside it and you control it. If you paint a big picture you are in it." However, I don"t agree that we remain outside a smaller picture. Rothko liked tragic and timeless subjects. He painted large areas of color with soft edges. His paintings are like landscapes with huge areas of sky and land but, of course, there is no detail; there are no trees and buildings, there are not clouds and birds. Before 1957 he painted light, bright pictures, but then he began to use dark colors. He felt his paintings had a religious meaning, and he wanted to affect people. He didn"t want to paint "social" paintings like Leger, but to paint beautiful and eternal symbols.

填空题It is not uncommon for distinguished scientists in the twilight of their careers to turn their hand to philosophy. Unfortunately, the failures among such endeavors are generally acknowledged to outnumber the successes, and Wilson's contribution to the genre must on the whole be consigned to the majority. 16. ______ Wilson does, however, intend to present a thesis, the thesis that all knowledge is unified. The key concept he exploits, borrowing from the 19th century philosopher William Whewell, is consilience. For Whewell, consilience meant seeking principles with as wide an explanatory reach as possible. Its meaning in Wilson's text is somewhat indefinable: Sometimes it seems only to mean that different kinds of phenomena have something to do with one another. Sometimes it marks the insistence that there is a seamless web of cause and effect. Quite often it also seems to mean some strong doctrine of physicalist reductionism, though no such doctrine is ever spelled out in any kind of detail. 17. ______ For example, one of the most notorious topics from Sociobiology is the development of the idea that differences in magnitude of contribution to the reproductive purpose will lead to the evolutionary selection of sexually differentiated behavioral dispositions. Broadly, the idea is that males will pursue the maximum volume of reproductive output, whereas females will aim to produce a smaller quantity of high quality offspring. This will lead males to seek as many mates as possible, while females can be expected to look carefully for a high quality mate with the resources to spend on her offspring. 18. ______ Having established the relevance of biology to human concerns, Wilson advances his claim for consilience with science in chapters on the social sciences, on the arts, and an ethics and religion. Some of Wilson's views in these areas seem decidedly eccentric. 19. ______ The chapter on ethics and religion is even more perplexing than I have so far suggested. Wilson sees ethics as involving a fundamental divide between the transcendentalist and the empiricist, the former but not the latter holding moral values to be independent of contingent facts about human nature. Imaginary representatives of these extreme positions are used to present their arguments, but what actually emerges is a debate almost entirely concerned with the existence of God. Although Wilson may be right that "the mixture of moral reasoning employed by modern societies are...a mess," he offers nothing likely to improve this situations. The book concludes with a worthy plea for environmental awareness, but since this had little connection with the earlier themes I will not discuss it. 20. ______ The first printing of this book ran to 56,500 copies, and I was left wondering how people with more rigorously worked out views on such topics might come to command a comparable audience.A. Wilson examines important topics and he writes agreeably, if not always clearly. But the central thesis of the book is vague, the arguments presented generally difficult to discern, and many.of the opinions expressed are quite eccentric.B. When RA. Poucher published in 1867 a large volume modestly entitled The Universe, he explained in the introduction that the title was intended merely to indicate that he "had gathered from creation at large, often contrasting the smallest of its productions with the mightiest." I was reminded of this work while readingE. O. Wilson's book Consilience, much of which struck me as more of a compendium of scientific fact and speculation than any systematically worked out philosophical theme.C. Wilson's well-known book Sociobiology, published in 1975, presented claims for the genetic determination of a wide variety of behavioral traits of humans as well as other animals, and some of its central ideas get rehearsed here. At the same time, Wilson is greatly concerned to refute charges of crude genetic determinism, and he devotes a lot of space to discussing the interactions between genes and environment. But in the end, the lesson does not seem quite to have gotten through.D. In his book, Wilson wants to convince us that biology is a necessary ingredient of the arts, ethics, and so on.There is a very modest thesis possible here that humans do have some kind of nature and that this nature has something to do with why we like certain kinds of art and why certain social structures would not suit us.The problem here is that finding something interesting to say calls for some sophisticated philosophical work, and Wilson does not do the sort of work necessary.E. Thus in the present bookWilson remarks that reproductive asymmetries between the sexes "predict patterns of mate choice and courtship ...," without seeing any need to worry about interactions with culture. But in fact if development is a matter of interaction between genes and environment, it is not clear that any such predictions follow.F. It is important to note, however, that if we were totally different kinds of organisms, we might not mind being enslaved. But it is absurd to suppose that consilience in Wilson's more aggressive sense of reduction has any relevance her