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填空题The children participate in the parent's studying.

填空题RedCrosswasestablished______.

填空题 The autumn rains had come in with two angry storms, and Lazy River was waking up. In a week school{{U}} (31) {{/U}}be closed for Easter vacation. Dick and Turkey planned to have a trip to the inland by boat,{{U}} (32) {{/U}}they collected maps and statistics of the entire inland river system. Water levels down Lazy River; levels down the Namoi; along the Darling and the Murray; all were{{U}} (33) {{/U}}their fingertips. They were very happy because now{{U}} (34) {{/U}}, it appeared, except the joy of voyaging lay{{U}} (35) {{/U}}them and the Southern Ocean or Central Queensland. It was clear to them{{U}} (36) {{/U}}Australia's early explorers had{{U}} (37) {{/U}}a big mistake toiling overland when they{{U}} (38) {{/U}}have opened up the continent rapidly and pleasantly with paddle and pole. It was at this stage{{U}} (39) {{/U}}Dick's father put his foot down. "Now listen, you chap," he said quietly. "It begins to look like a wet autumn and the river is already{{U}} (40) {{/U}}wild. A few days' rain or a wicked storm or two{{U}} (41) {{/U}}it' 11 flood. I'm not going to{{U}} (42) {{/U}}your mother worrying herself sick about you, Dick. I know you' re{{U}} (43) {{/U}}on the trip but floods aren't{{U}} (44) {{/U}}anyone can fool with. You can go for a camp if you like, but no further{{U}} (45) {{/U}}six miles from home; and of course you'll camp{{U}} (46) {{/U}}the flood level." It was{{U}} (47) {{/U}}a blow to their inter-state dreams,{{U}} (48) {{/U}}the boys had' to concede, on reflection, that what their father said was reasonable.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}they told their classmate Fred Ingleton at school on Monday about their father's suggestion, he became suddenly cheerful. "That's{{U}} (50) {{/U}}my dad said, "he grinned. "Now he might let me go with you. He reckons you made a decent swimmer of me!"

填空题{{B}}A = Developing Reading SkillsB = Better College ReadingC = Reading and Thinking in EnglishWhich course book ...{{/B}} {{B}}Developing Reading Skills{{/B}} Developing Reading Skills: Intermediate is designed for adults who want to strengthen their reading skills for academic, personal, or career purposes. These materials have been tested successfully with both native and non-native speakers of English. This text also emphasizes guided reading practice and the development of reading speed. The readings come from current non-fiction, magazine, and newspaper writing, and they cover a wide subject range in order to expose the reader to the content demands of different types of reading material. We have tried to select the readings with great care so that we would have to make as few changes as possible from the original text. We have occasionally simplified structures and vocabulary in the earlier readings. In later readings, we have used margin glosses to help the reader out. The readings are arranged in order of difficulty, and the exercises deliberately build upon vocabulary and structures introduced in earlier chapters. We recommend that the chapters be presented in the given order if possible. As in the development of any other skill, guided practice over an extended period of time is essential. In the beginning, many students will have difficulty in finishing the articles in the time you suggest. We have given reading speeds (words per minute) after every reading. You can choose the most appropriate time limit for your class. The students must learn to stop reading word by word and, instead, read to grasp the general ideas of the article. They should try to guess the probable meanings of unfamiliar words from their contexts rather than look these words up in the dictionary. {{B}}Better College Reading{{/B}} Better College Reading aims to intrigue and improve. It intrigues by gathering in one place thirty relatively short articles -- collected from scores of mass media sources — on lively, interesting subjects, ranging from how movie stunt men work, to the awakening of prejudice in children, to police decoys, to the importance of the name one bears, and more. It improves by arranging the articles according to length and difficulty and by providing exercises and scorekeeping devices designed to challenge the student to enlarge his/ her vocabulary and to increase his/her reading-speed and comprehension. The selections in Better College Reading also provide good models for students struggling to write beginning short compositions. Each article is followed not only by objective questions but also by suggestions fox' writing and questions designed to stimulate thought and discussion. The articles range in length from 350 to 2500 words, each succeeding article a little longer than the one preceding it. The exercises grow in length and difficulty to match the length and difficulty of the articles. The articles include words ranging from the somewhat familiar decoy and baffled to the relatively abstruse androgynous, odyssey, and anachronism. The vocabulary exercises following each article present some of the more difficult words in the context of their sentences. The students should look these words up in the dictionary and, after selecting the appropriate definition from the several to be found for any given word, write it in the blank provided. This will help the student understand the article better and help fix those words in his/her memory. {{B}}Reading and Thinking in English{{/B}} Reading and Thinking in English is an integrated course in reading comprehension for students of English as a foreign language. It is based on the belief that a special kind of course is required for students of English whose main need is to gain access to information through English. The course has been designed for a wide range of learners whose needs can be described as "English for Academic Purposes" — advanced secondary school pupils preparing for tertiary education, students in universities and other tertiary institutions, adults whose profession requires them to make use of material in English. It is therefore intended to help students and others read textbooks, works of reference and general academic interest, sourcebooks and journals in English. 'You must be able to understand basic English grammar and vocabulary in order to use the book successfully. This book can be used by students working with a teacher in a class. It can also be used by students working individually and independently. The practice activities are all designed to develop reading strategies and the ability to understand how information is organized in passages. They involve answering questions, completing tables and diagrams, making summaries, etc. The activities are not mechanical. A reader has to think carefully in order to read with understanding. So reading and thinking are part of the same process. It is better to work regularly for a short time than to work occasionally for a long time. It is not a good idea to study more than one part of a unit in one study period. It is a good idea to go back to a previous unit and do a difficult exercise again.

填空题A=Henri Matisse B=Francis Bacon C=Mark Rothko Which painter... ● is famous for the pleasing, decorative effect of paintings? 1 ● wants to be intimate and human? 2 ● thinks that there is no art without love? 3 ● expresses horror, loneliness, violence and oppression in his paintings? 4 ● wants to show people anger in his paintings? 5 ● didn"t want to describe objects in a photographic way? 6 ● says that nowadays people have no religion? 7 ● liked tragic and timeless subjects? 8 ● felt his painting had a religious meaning? 9 ● is more concerned with expressing feeling than he is with telling a story? 10 Henri Matisse Henri Matisse is famous for the wonderful colours of his paintings and for their pleasing, decorative effect. In an interview in 1952, Matisse said: "First of all, I must say that there is no single abstract art. If the subject of a painting isn"t important, if Acre is no story in the picture, then it is abstract." Today the artist doesn"t need to represent objects. However, even though he has to concentrate on the picture he must remember the object and his feelings for the object. One starts with the object, then the feelings follow. One doesn"t start from nothing. Today, too many so-called abstract painters start from nothing and so they arrive at nothing. They have no strength, no inspiration, no feeling. One doesn"t find any expression of feeling in their colors. They don"t relate their colors to each other. If they can"t create relationships they are using colors uselessly. The French word "rapport" means the connection between things. "Rapport" is love. Without "rapport", without love, there is no way of choosing what to do. Without love there is no art. Matisse shows us in this interview that he wanted to paint colours and shapes which are related to each other rather than to object and scenes. He wanted to express feelings and didn"t want to describe objects in a photographic way. Most artists since 1900 have had a similar aim. Francis Bacon Francis Bacon once told a BBC interviewer, "I have nothing to express." However, for many people who look at his pictures, Bacon expresses horror, loneliness, violence and oppression. There is no love in these paintings. The people don"t have a warm and a friendly spirit. They are trapped and desperate animals rather than people. Some times the paint is smeared across the picture and expresses anger and violence, but the subject might be love making or is it fighting? Francis Bacon doesn"t want to show us angry people. He wants to show us angry paint! Then we will feel anger and not just see it. (In a similar way, the quality of the voice in anger is more important than the words themselves.) Paint, of course, can"t be angry! However, lines and shapes can express anger and it is lines of this kind which fill Bacon"s pictures. Compare the lines and movement in Bacon"s picture with the picture by Van de Velde and indeed many other pictures in the book. Bacon says that art used to be an expression of religion and artists had hope through religion. Now, he says, we have no religion and artists have no hope. Art is a game. Artists concentrate on the game and don"t have to think about the awful unknown. In one important way Francis Bacon is a traditional painter. His painting are seen more or less from one viewpoint. And it is true that he is more concerned with expressing feeling than he is with telling a story which is quite clear and can be put into words. Mark Rothko Rothko"s paintings are very big. He said, "I want to be intimate and human. If you paint a small picture you are outside it and you control it. If you paint a big picture you are in it." However, I don"t agree that we remain outside a smaller picture. Rothko liked tragic and timeless subjects. He painted large areas of color with soft edges. His paintings are like landscapes with huge areas of sky and land but, of course, there is no detail; there are no trees and buildings, there are not clouds and birds. Before 1957 he painted light, bright pictures, but then he began to use dark colors. He felt his paintings had a religious meaning, and he wanted to affect people. He didn"t want to paint "social" paintings like Leger, but to paint beautiful and eternal symbols.

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填空题·has no easy track for the game?

填空题 In the debate over genetically-altered foods, proponents Nike Senator Richard Lugar argued that such products will be essential{{U}} (31) {{/U}}we are to feed the world. {{U}} (32) {{/U}}this claim rests on two persistent misconceptions about hunger. First,{{U}} (33) {{/U}}people are hungry because of high population density,{{U}} (34) {{/U}}second, that genetic engineering is the best or only way to meet our future needs. In{{U}} (35) {{/U}}, there is no relationship between the prevalence of hunger in a given country and its population.{{U}} (36) {{/U}}every densely populated and hungry nation like Bangladesh, there is sparsely populated and hungry nation like Brazil. The world today produces more food per{{U}} (37) {{/U}}than ever before. Enough is available to provide 2 kilograms to every person every day. The real problems,{{U}} (38) {{/U}}, are poverty and inequality. Too many people are too poor{{U}} (39) {{/U}}buy the food that is available{{U}} (40) {{/U}}lack land on which to grow it{{U}} (41) {{/U}}. As a matter of fact, some researchers have shown that{{U}} (42) {{/U}}of the genetically-engineered seeds significantly increases the{{U}} (43) {{/U}}of crops. Far from{{U}} (44) {{/U}}a solution to the world's hunger problem, the rapid introduction of genetically-engineered crops{{U}} (45) {{/U}}actually threaten agriculture and food security. {{U}} (46) {{/U}}, widespread adoption of herbicide-resistant seeds may{{U}} (47) {{/U}}to greater use of chemicals{{U}} (48) {{/U}}kill weeds. And biological pollution from genetically-engineered organisms may be another problem. A true solution{{U}} (49) {{/U}}the problem of hunger depends on attacking poverty and inequality among both producers and consumers of food.{{U}} (50) {{/U}}food system increasingly dependent on genetically altered seeds takes us in the wrong direction.

填空题A=Canon Elan IIE B=Casio Digital Camera C=Sharp Digital Viewcam Which camera · enables the users to add pictures to documents? (21) · has a flash system that can balance subject and background? (22) · can satisfy photo fans requirements? (23) · has the ability to rewind film in near silence? (24) · has a different way of showing pictures? (25) · has the technology to an off-center subject? (26) · can work as a still camera? (27) · has an eye catching design function? (28) · offers a software to group pictures easily? (29) · can send a picture back to the camera? (30) Canon Elan IIE Canon Elan IIe fuses the high-performance of the EOS system with eye-catching design. An Eye On Composition: using Eye-Controlled Focus, you can choose to focus on and shoot an off-center subject—there's no need to center and recompose. And as your eye follows the action, the camera follows you. So when an unexpected moment occurs while you're shooting, even if it's off-center, you have the technology to capture it accurately and easily. What you see, and where you see it, is now exactly what you'll get. The Freedom of Choice. for vertical compositions, the Elan IIE is equally proficient. Bi-directional Eye-Controlled Focus allows for more versatility by putting three-point autofocus between you and your subject no matter which way you orient the camera. Let There Be Light= The Elan IIE is equipped with an advanced, built-in flash. And Canon's exclusive E-TTL flash system, available with the optional Speedlite 380EX, helps to provide a natural balance between subject and background. The Zebras Are Feeding: Elan IIE's improved Whisper Drive allows you to rewind film in near silence. Whether you're shooting on the Serengeti or on the sly in your own backyard, there are a number of situations which demand quiet performance—and Canon delivers! Hey, Cool Looking Camera! Thanks. And, with an improved control layout, it's even easier to use. Form and function are truly united in the Elan IIE. Casio Digital Camera The new Casio QV-10A plus Digital Camera might just change the way you take and display your picture. Because until now, digital cameras were bulky and expensive, the QV-10A plus is anything but. Using it is simple. With its LDC screen you see your pictures instantly. With the touch of a button you can delete images you don't want or display one, four or nine shots at a time in the camera or on a TV. It can even send images from the computer back to the camera, so it's perfect for presentations. And with the QV software, you can easily add photos to documents and e-mail. Plus with the Adobe Photo Deluxe software that's included, you can even customize your photos. All it takes is the Casio QV-10A plus. Sharp digital Viewcam One device that's a sure thing on almost any photo bug's dream list is a combination camcorder and still camera. Now, Sharp's new digital Viewcam is among the first of a group of imaging devices offering such dynamic duality. For movies, the compact VL-DX10 uses a small digital cassette tape, a format that's superior to VHS or 8mrn. What cranks this device's value up a notch is its ability to take photos like a digital still camera. As many as 12 high-resolution pictures can be stored in the 2 MB flash memory and in economy mode. The still-picture quality is similar to that of other digital cameras— well short of 35ram prints but useful nonetheless if you're transferring images to computer. With this many images at your beck and call, organizing them becomes important, Sharp supplies a software program that lets you group picture "galleries" that can be stored by subject for easy retrieval.

填空题A = BOOK REVIEW 1 B = BOOK REVIEW 2 C = BOOK REVIEWS 3 D = BOOK REVIEW 4 Which book review(s) contain(s) the following information? ? Comparison of the significance of two economic books 1 ? Stiglitz"s prestige in the field of economics 2 ? Stiglitz"s criticism of those who exaggerated the power of markets in developing countries 3 ? Stiglitz"s points are convincing in certain areas 4 5 ? Stiglitz"s dedication to the development of poor countries 6 ? Stiglitz"s preference of one type of economic policy over another one 7 ? More people joined Stiglitz in criticizing free trade and globalization. 8 ? Stiglitz"s points have been supported by what actually happened in the country. 9 ? Mainly gives positive comments on Stiglitz and his new book. 10 A. BOOK REVIEW 1 "The main point of the book is simple: globalization is not helping many poor countries. Incomes are not rising in much of the world, and adoption of market- based policies such as open capital markets, free trade, and privatization are making developing economies less stable, not more. Instead of a bigger dose of free markets, Stiglitz argues, what"s needed to make globalization work better is more and smarter government intervention. While this has been said before, the ideas carry more weight coming from someone with Stiglitz" credentials. In some ways, this book has the potential to be the liberal equivalent of Milton Friedman"s 1962 classic capitalism and Freedom, which helped provide the intellectual foundation for a generation of conservatives. But Globalization and Its Discontents does not rise to the level of capitalism and freedom. While Stiglitz makes a strong case for government-oriented development policy, he ignores some key arguments in favor of the market." The book"s main villain is the International Monetary Fund, the Washington organization that lends to troubled countries. Stiglitz" contempt for the IMF is boundless. "It is clear that the IMF has failed in its mission," he declares. "Many of the policies that the IMF pushed have contributed to global instability." B. BOOK REVIEW 2 "While parts of this book are disappointingly shallow, Stiglitz"s critique of the market-driven 90"s still resonates, especially when the business pages are full of stories about white-collar crime and the stock market seems stuck in a perpetual rut. Even the United States cannot blithely assume that financial markets will work on autopilot. It is testament to the salience of Stiglitz"s arguments that many economists—even some Bush administration officials—now embrace his view that economic change in the developing world must evolve more with local conditions, not on Washington"s calendar. Without a thorough makeover, globalization could easily become a quagmire." Stiglitz shared a Nobel Prize last year for his work analyzing the imperfections of markets. His main complaint against Rubin and Summers, who served as Treasury secretaries, and against Fischer, the No. 2 official and de facto chief executive of the International Monetary Fund, is that they had too much faith that markets could transform poor countries overnight. He labels these three men market fundamentalists, who fought to maintain financial stability with the same urgency that an earlier generation struggled to contain communism. Worse, he suggests, they shilled for Wall Street, conflating the interests of the big banks with the financial health of the world. C. BOOK REVIEW 3 "Stiglitz, 58, is hardly the first person to accuse the IMF of operating undemocratically and exacerbating Third World poverty. But he is by far the most prominent, and his emergence as a critic marks an important shift in the intellectual landscape. Only a few years ago, it was possible for pundits to claim that no mainstream economist, certainly nobody of Stiglitz"s stature, took the criticism of free trade and globalization seriously. Such claims are no longer credible, for Stiglitz is part of a small but growing group of economists, sociologists and political scientists, among them Dani Rodrik of Harvard and Robert Wade of the London School of Economics, who not only take the critics seriously but warn that ignoring their concerns could have dire consequences." Over the past several years, Stiglitz, a celebrated theorist who was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in economics for his work on asymmetric information, has grown accustomed to being at the center of controversy. From 1997 to 2000, he served as senior vice president and chief economist at the World Bank—a title that did not stop him from publicly criticizing the bank"s sister institution, the International Monetary Fund. Stiglitz"s outspokenness, unprecedented for a high-ranking insider, infuriated top officials at the IMF and US Treasury Department, and eventually led James Wolfensohn, the World Bank"s president, to inform him that he would have to mute his criticism or resign. Stiglitz chose to leave. D. BOOK REVIEW 4 "Stiglitz"s book makes a compelling case that simple-minded economic doctrine, inadequately tailored to the realities of developing countries, can do more harm than good, and that the subtleties of economic theory are actually quite important for sound policy advice. But simplistic political advice—give developing countries more voice and the institutions of global governance will be rendered more legitimate and efficient—is equally problematic. Political reform is as subtle and complex as economic reform. Evidently, the best minds among us have only begun to think about it." Joseph Stiglitz"s memoirs of his years in Washington, D.C.—first as chair of President Bill Clinton"s Council of Economic Advisers and then as chief economist at the World Bank—have the flavor of a morality play. Our goodhearted but slightly naive hero, on leave from Stanford University, sets out for the nation"s capital to serve his country and improve the lot of the developing world. Once there he finds a morass of political opportunism, ideologically motivated decision-making, and bureaucratic inertia. Undeterred, he battles valiantly on behalf of impoverished nations against the unrelenting globalisers of the International Monetary Fund.

填空题AccordingtotheFBI,howmanyrobberiesweresolvedbythepolicelastyearintermsofpercentage?

填空题WhatdoyouknowaboutBeethoven'smusictalentwhenhewas7?

填空题 Old people are always saying that the young people are not{{U}} (31) {{/U}}they were. The same comment is made{{U}} (32) {{/U}}generation to generation and it is always{{U}} (33) {{/U}}. It has never been truer than it is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy{{U}} (34) {{/U}}freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so{{U}} (35) {{/U}}on their parents. Events which the old generation remember vividly are {{U}}(36) {{/U}}more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is{{U}} (37) {{/U}}from the one that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed. The old always assume that they know best for the simple{{U}} (38) {{/U}}that they have been{{U}} (39) {{/U}}a bit longer. They don't like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this is precisely what the {{U}}(40) {{/U}}are doing. They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing{{U}} (41) {{/U}}complacency.They take leave to{{U}} (42) {{/U}}that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds. What they reject more than anything{{U}} (43) {{/U}}conformity. Office, hours, for instance, and nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn't people work best{{U}} (44) {{/U}}they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what {{U}}(45) {{/U}}the clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should{{U}} (46) {{/U}}drab grey suits? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics{{U}} (47) {{/U}}by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to{{U}} (48) {{/U}}their problems? Why are they are so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed{{U}} (49) {{/U}}mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat-race? Haven't the old lost touch with all{{U}} (50) {{/U}}is important in life?

填空题Audi A3 Most of our drivers said the A3 was their definite favourite in this group. They described it as refined and comfortable with good handing characteristics and light, precise steering. All the seats were comfortable and the front ones were easy to adjust. Most drivers liked the driving position, helped by a good range of steering wheel and seat height adjustments. The main instruments were clear and dashboard controls were well positioned. Mirror coverage was excellent but our drivers complained that the view out of the rear was badly hindered by the high rear window line and thick pillars. Getting into the back seats was easy, thanks to a clever seat mechanism, which moves the seat up and forward as well as tilting the backrest. Rear legroom was reasonable but the rear seat was only barely wide enough for three adults. Luggage space was average for this class of car but you have to remove the rear head restraints to fold the rear seat. There were plenty of useful interior storage spaces. All A3s come with an alarm and immobilizer as standard. Our "thief" got in through the doors in 20 seconds. But the radio was a non-standard fit, which is probably to deter thieves. The hinges of the rear seats could release in an accident, allowing luggage to crash through into the passenger compartment. Also, the driver's knees could be damaged by stiff structures under the dash. Some parts of the fuel system and electrics would be vulnerable to damage in a frontal collision. Honda Civic Honda says its special VTEC engine has a winning combination of economy and performance, but our drivers found it a bit of a curate's egg. It was the most economical of the car on test, but drivers found it sluggish at low revs, and its acceleration in the fifth gear was slow, so overtaking normally meant having to shift down to the fourth gear. The driving position was acceptable, but our panel criticized the restricted rear visibility— the rear window was quite small. Drivers found the back rest supportive but it was not available to make fine adjustments to the angle. The ride comfort was acceptable, but it wasn't as good as the Audi's or Rover's. The driver's seat didn't slide forward when it was tilted, making rear access awkwardly from this side. In the back, headroom and legroom was excellent but testers didn't find the seats particularly comfortable. The luggage space was small for this class of car, especially with the rear seats in place. However, folding the rear seat to increase luggage space was easy. Other points proved by our panel included well-placed minor controls, good mirror coverage, but fiddly radio controls. All Civics come with an immobilizer but no alarm. You may want to consider paying extra for an alarm, as our "thief" broke into through the doors in 13 seconds, and into the engine bay in just five seconds. There were stiff structures under the dash which could damage the driver's knees in an accident, though there was no problem on the passenger's side. The handbook (like the Audi's) provided suggestion on Using child restraints. Rover 216 The 1.6-litre engine had good power delivery at both high and low revs but some drivers complained that it was noisy at high revs. The brakes didn't have very good progression, but drivers like their positive feel. Ride comfort and the handling were recommended. But drivers found it difficult to achieve a comfortable driving position, The driver's seat was not height-adjustable, and there was only limited space to rest your clutch foot. Some testers also found the seat backrest uncomfortable. Visibility was married by the small mirrors. The rear view was also restricted by thick pillars and the small rear window, Getting into the back was tricky because the front seats did not slide forward when tilted. Once in the back, legroom and headroom were poor, and testers complained that their rear seat base was unsupportive. Luggage space was smaller than average for this class of car—this was compounded by a high boot sill and difficulties in folding the rear seat. But there were large pockets in the doors and rear side panels. The main radio controls were more convenient; they were mounted on the steering wheel so drivers didn't have to take their hands off the wheel to use them. Our Rover 200s came with an alarm, though this isn't standard on all versions. Our "thief" broke in through the doors in 15 seconds. Some of the electrics would be vulnerable in a frontal impact. The rear seat hinges could release in an accident, allowing luggage to crash through into the passenger compartment. Also, information in the handbook on using child restrains was not adequate.

填空题{{B}} A = Bordeaux B = Burgundy C = Champagne Which region(s)...{{/B}} {{B}}A Bordeaux:{{/B}} An area in southwestern France considered by most wine enthusiasts as the world's greatest W. ine-producing region because of the large quantity (ranging from 700 million to 900 million bottles annually) and the high quality of the wines. This large region has about 280,000 vineyard acres and essentially covers the same territory as the department of Gironde. At its center lies the seaport city of Bordeaux, which sits on the Garonne River upstream from the Gironde estuary, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean. The Bordeaux region's fame dates back some 2,000 years when Romans first sang the praises of its wines. The wide popularity of Bordeaux wines in the United Kingdom (where they're called clarets) can be traced back to the period from 1152 to 1453, when the English owned this region, which was acquired through a royal marriage and then lost in the 100 Years' War. Bordeaux gains most of its fame from its red wines, which generally make up over 75 percent of the production. Nevertheless, the region's rich, sweet white wines from Sauternes are world renowned, and its DRY white wines from Graves have a serious following. Bordeaux's primary appellations, which cover the entire region, are Bordeaux AC--for red, white, and rose wines--and Bordeaux Superieur AC--a designation for red and rose wines that requires lower grape yields and slightly higher alcohol levels than basic Bordeaux. There are over fifty individual appellations in Bordeaux, and, generally, the smallest ACs produce the highest-quality wines. There are also thousands of individual chateaux-some are quite impressive, while others are simply tiny farmhouses. {{B}}B Burgundy:{{/B}} One of the world's most famous winegrowing areas, located in eastern France, southeast of Paris. Bourgogne, as it's called in France, has about 110,000 vineyard acres, which is about 40 percent of what exists in Bordeaux. Burgundy consists of five basic regions. Burgundy and its wines have a long history going back at least to the time when the Romans ruled this region. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the Grand Duchy of Burgundy flourished, controlling an area that included what are now parts of Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and a large portion of northern France. It was a rich and powerful empire, and the great Dukes of Burgundy savored the region's marvelous wines as part of their opulent lifestyle. The Burgundy region has established a reputation over the centuries not only for its fine wines but also for its marvelous food. The wines vary considerably from region to region throughout Burgundy, but the focus is on three grape varieties--Pinot Noir and Gamay for red wines and Chardonnay for whites. Though other varieties are grown, they're being replaced in many areas by the three most prominent grapes. Gamay is the dominant red grape in Beaujolais, while Pinot Noir prevails in the other regions. The very best red wines come from the Grands Crus in the Cote d'Or. Chardonnay is grown throughout the region and reaches its zenith in the C6te de Beaune. Although the wines made of Pinot Noir and Chardonnay get most of the attention, more wines are produced in Beaujolais (where they make Gamay-based wines) than in the rest of Burgundy. In some ways, the Burgundian system for identifying quality wines is much more straightforward than that of Bordeaux. In addition to the Appellation d'Origine Controlee (AC) Bordeaux uses a complex and inconsistent chateau classification system. Burgundy uses only the AC system to classify regions, villages, and individual vineyards into appellations, the theory being that the smaller and more precise the appellation, the higher the general quality of the ' wine. {{B}}C Champagne:{{/B}} This most celebrated sparkling wine always seems to signal "special occasion". Though bubbling wines under various appellations abound throughout the world, true Champagne comes only from the Champagne region in northeast France. Most countries bow to this tradition by calling their sparkling wines by other names such as spumante in Italy, Sekt in Germany and vin mousseux in other regions of France. Only in America do some wineries refer to their bubbling wine as "champagne". Dom Perignon, 17th-century cellarmaster of the Abbey of Hautvillers, is celebrated for developing the art of blending wines to create Champagnes with superior flavor. He's also credited for his work in preventing Champagne bottles and corks from exploding by using thicker bottles and tying the corks down with string. Even then, it's said that the venerable Dom Perignon lost half his Champagne through the bottles bursting. French Champagne is usually made from a blend of chardonnay and pinot noir or pinot blanc grapes. California "champagnes" generally use the same varieties, while those from New York more often are from the pressings of catawba and delaware grapes. Good Champagne is expensive not only because it's made with premium grapes, but because it's made by the methode champenoise. This traditional method requires a second fermentation in the bottle as well as some 100 manual operations (some of which are mechanized today). Champagnes can range in color from pale gold to apricot blush. Their flavors can range from toasty to yeasty and from dry (no sugar added) to sweet.·has a fame dating back to Roman times? 71. ______·is known for its fine wines as well as its wonderful food? 72. ______·produces a wine which is called by different names in other countries? 73. ______·have a long history going back to Roman times? 74. ______ 75. ______·produces a wine created by a cellarmaster blending different wines? 76. ______·was once owned by the English in history? 77. ______·produces a wine that requires a second fermentation in the bottle? 78. ______·is best known for its red wines? 79. ______·uses a more straightforward system to classify its regions, villages and vineyards? 80. ______

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填空题Children who grip their pens too close to the writing point are likely to be at a disadvantage in examinations, (31) to the first serious investigation into the way in which writing technique can dramatically affect educational achievement. The survey of 643 children and adults, ranking from pre-school to 40-plus, also suggests (32) pen-holding techniques have deteriorated sharply over one generation, with teachers now paying far (33) attention to correct pen grip and handwriting style. Stephanie Thomas, a learning support teacher (34) findings have been published, was inspired to investigate this area (35) he noticed that those students who had the most trouble with spelling (36) had a poor pen grip. While Mr. Thomas could not establish a significant statistical link (37) pen-holding style and accuracy in spelling, he (38) find huge differences in technique between the young children and the mature adults, and a definite (39) between near-point gripping and slow, illegible writing. People who (40) their pens at the writing point also show other characteristics (41) inhibit learning, (42) as poor posture, leaning too (43) to the desk, using four fingers to grip the pen (44) than three, and clumsy positioning of the thumb (which can obscure (45) is being written). Mr. Thomas believes that the (46) between elder and younger writers is (47) too dramatic to be accounted for simply by the possibility that people get better at writing as they grow (48) . He attributes it to a failure to teach the most effective methods, pointing out that the differences between (49) groups coincides with the abandonment of formal handwriting instruction in classrooms in the sixties. "The 30-year-old showed a huge diversity of grips, (50) the over 40s group all had a uniform 'tripod' grip./

填空题·is popular in the south?

填空题The multinational cooperation is the best way to stop HIV/AIDS from spreading among the mobile population.

填空题WhendoesthefirsttrainoftheLondonUndergroundleave?

填空题A team of American scientists has 1 again that there is no safe cigarette. The scientists said that even cigarettes with low 2 of tar and nicotine are harmful. And they said that the only sure way to 3 the danger of cancer and heart disease is to stop smoking completely. The new report was made by a committee 4 the national research council. The health dangers of tar and nicotine have been well reported and reports appear to 5 helped change American smoking customs. Fifteen years ago only about two percent of the cigarettes sold in the United States were low 6 tar and nicotine. Today more 7 forty percent are low tar and nicotine cigarettes. The new report noted that studies have been made from the years 1955 to 1975. 8 that period the average amount of tar and nicotine in cigarette was reduced by about one half. 9 during the same time lung cancer and other cancers of the breathing system increased 10 seventy percent. 11 fact, male smokers 12 thirty-five or older were more 13 to die 14 lung cancer in 1975 15 smokers of the same age twenty years early.

填空题It is not uncommon for distinguished scientists in the twilight of their careers to turn their hand to philosophy. Unfortunately, the failures among such endeavors are generally acknowledged to outnumber the successes, and Wilson's contribution to the genre must on the whole be consigned to the majority. 16. ______ Wilson does, however, intend to present a thesis, the thesis that all knowledge is unified. The key concept he exploits, borrowing from the 19th century philosopher William Whewell, is consilience. For Whewell, consilience meant seeking principles with as wide an explanatory reach as possible. Its meaning in Wilson's text is somewhat indefinable: Sometimes it seems only to mean that different kinds of phenomena have something to do with one another. Sometimes it marks the insistence that there is a seamless web of cause and effect. Quite often it also seems to mean some strong doctrine of physicalist reductionism, though no such doctrine is ever spelled out in any kind of detail. 17. ______ For example, one of the most notorious topics from Sociobiology is the development of the idea that differences in magnitude of contribution to the reproductive purpose will lead to the evolutionary selection of sexually differentiated behavioral dispositions. Broadly, the idea is that males will pursue the maximum volume of reproductive output, whereas females will aim to produce a smaller quantity of high quality offspring. This will lead males to seek as many mates as possible, while females can be expected to look carefully for a high quality mate with the resources to spend on her offspring. 18. ______ Having established the relevance of biology to human concerns, Wilson advances his claim for consilience with science in chapters on the social sciences, on the arts, and an ethics and religion. Some of Wilson's views in these areas seem decidedly eccentric. 19. ______ The chapter on ethics and religion is even more perplexing than I have so far suggested. Wilson sees ethics as involving a fundamental divide between the transcendentalist and the empiricist, the former but not the latter holding moral values to be independent of contingent facts about human nature. Imaginary representatives of these extreme positions are used to present their arguments, but what actually emerges is a debate almost entirely concerned with the existence of God. Although Wilson may be right that "the mixture of moral reasoning employed by modern societies are...a mess," he offers nothing likely to improve this situations. The book concludes with a worthy plea for environmental awareness, but since this had little connection with the earlier themes I will not discuss it. 20. ______ The first printing of this book ran to 56,500 copies, and I was left wondering how people with more rigorously worked out views on such topics might come to command a comparable audience.A. Wilson examines important topics and he writes agreeably, if not always clearly. But the central thesis of the book is vague, the arguments presented generally difficult to discern, and many.of the opinions expressed are quite eccentric.B. When RA. Poucher published in 1867 a large volume modestly entitled The Universe, he explained in the introduction that the title was intended merely to indicate that he "had gathered from creation at large, often contrasting the smallest of its productions with the mightiest." I was reminded of this work while readingE. O. Wilson's book Consilience, much of which struck me as more of a compendium of scientific fact and speculation than any systematically worked out philosophical theme.C. Wilson's well-known book Sociobiology, published in 1975, presented claims for the genetic determination of a wide variety of behavioral traits of humans as well as other animals, and some of its central ideas get rehearsed here. At the same time, Wilson is greatly concerned to refute charges of crude genetic determinism, and he devotes a lot of space to discussing the interactions between genes and environment. But in the end, the lesson does not seem quite to have gotten through.D. In his book, Wilson wants to convince us that biology is a necessary ingredient of the arts, ethics, and so on.There is a very modest thesis possible here that humans do have some kind of nature and that this nature has something to do with why we like certain kinds of art and why certain social structures would not suit us.The problem here is that finding something interesting to say calls for some sophisticated philosophical work, and Wilson does not do the sort of work necessary.E. Thus in the present bookWilson remarks that reproductive asymmetries between the sexes "predict patterns of mate choice and courtship ...," without seeing any need to worry about interactions with culture. But in fact if development is a matter of interaction between genes and environment, it is not clear that any such predictions follow.F. It is important to note, however, that if we were totally different kinds of organisms, we might not mind being enslaved. But it is absurd to suppose that consilience in Wilson's more aggressive sense of reduction has any relevance her

填空题{{B}} Which game...{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} Like your motorcycle games big, bold, and beautiful? All those superlatives and more apply to Motorcross Madness 2, the sequel to one of the most funny (if not the most realistic) motorcross simulations ever created. This sequel improves on the original by offering larger racing environments, more modes of play, and much more detailed graphics. The environments now have a full complement of trees, cacti, bushes, and other solid objects to smack into, and some game modes even introduce highway traffic into the mix. There's nothing like jumping over a moving semi on your way to the finish line! The new Pro Circuit career mode adds a lot of replay-ability (and long-term strategy) to the game, and fun multiplayer modes like tag offer a refreshing break to standard racing when playing online. On the downside, all the new graphical goodness requires some advanced computer hardwares. While a 3-D accelerator isn't required, that's a little like saying your car doesn't need an engine because you can still push it. With a decent 3-D card, at least a 350 MHz processor, and plenty of RAM, however, the game really comes to life. Those of you with 3-D audio cards are also in for a treat, as it becomes possible to tell where other riders are just by listening. It took time to get used to Motocross Madness 2's complete over-the-topphysics. Hitting even a minor jump launches the bike straight up into the air, and bigger hills can leave you staring down at the treetops for over five seconds. It's a little ridiculous, but once we gained some familiarity with the tracks it virtually made the game a lot of fun. More air time means more chances to perform outrageous aerial stunts, from the Tail Grab to the back-bending Cordova. Unfortunately, it also means unfortunate encounters with trees which are much harder to avoid. If you buy sports games based only on their ability to realistically portray the sports they are simulating, Motocress Madness 2 will disappoint. For those of you who like big air, big stunts, enormous open environments, and lots of challenging arcade action, this game is better than its predecessor in every way.{{B}}B{{/B}} SimCity 3000 is back, and it's bigger than ever! Maxis pulled out all the stops for this new version of the bestselling game, adding enough new customized graphics to recreate cities from all over the world. The new European mid Asian building sets serve up hundreds of new buildings that match the architecture of these diverse environments. From the Great Wall to the Berlin Wall, it's in there. Of course, you can still mix and match—freedom to manage a city as you choose has always been the name of this game. No addition to the SimCity family would be completely without some new methods for destroying your creations, and Simcity 3000 Unlimited has four mare devastating disasters than the old version. You can recreate the movie Armageddon by unleashing large chunks of flaming space debris, smite your populace with a buzzing swarm of locusts, destroy seaports and coastal developments with a whirlpool, or uncork some toxic clouds. The Building Architect, formerly available as a free download, is now packed on the CD-ROM. This 3-D architectural program lets users set up the buildings of their dreams, from dilapidated outhouses to towering skyscrapers to works of modem art that are intended for pure decoration. Don't worry if you don't foci like using this powerful tool to create things yourself—the game comes with dozens of new ways to make your cities unique, and you can always head to the SimCity Exchange to download imaginative add-ons created by other users. The infinite expand-ability and infinite replay-ability of this game should keep would-be mayors completely occupied until they move to the suburbs of The Sims.{{B}}C{{/B}} Want to live forever? Get a taste for what it's like with Vampire: The Masquerade Redemption, the first computer role-playing game based on the tremendously popular dice-and-paper and live-action RPG from White Wolf Game Studio. Die-hard fans will grumble a bit at some of the translation concessions from book to hard drive. The vampiric disciplines in particular are less flexible and occasionally more hassle than they're worth—sure, you can mm into a wolf, but you can't return to your natural form until the time limit expires. Still, these limitations don't interfere with the gameplay, which is fast moving, challenging, and genuinely creepy. Graphics and sounds are well designed, and along with the plot they evoke the mood of gothic horror that has made Vampire so popular. The single-player mode locks you into the story line of Christof, a medieval crusader who blunders into immortality at the fangs of an ancient Brujah vampire. Christof's damnation and search for redemption lead him from the Prague of the Dark Ages to modern New York City. Multiplayer options include local area network and Internet play as well as the ability to make and run your own stories for other players. The manual is beautiful and helpful, a rare combination. Clearly, the designers took their cue from White Wolf, as evidenced by the clarity of text and carefully chosen illustrations. Though Redemption is really worth playing, garners should be warned that the save-game feature is irritating and often beyond the player's control and that the installation requires at least 720 MB (and up to 1.3 GB!). Despite these flaws, the game is still wicked fun and merits plenty of praise.· is sold well? 71. ______· requires steep hardware requirement? 72. ______· is probably frightening? 73. ______· offers some more ways to destroy what the players have built? 74. ______· seems difficult to save the game? 75. ______· has no easy track for the game? 76. ______· enables players to construct buildings in different styles? 77. ______· has detailed and interactive environments? 78. ______· enables players to make up their own stories? 79. ______· will frustrate those who like to play sports game on computer just as they play in the reality? 80. ______

填空题Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1 . Some choices may be required more than once. A=BOOK REVIEW 1 B=BOOK REVIEW 2 C=BOOK REVIEW 3 D=BOOK REVIEW 4 Which book review(s) contain(s) the following information? ·Comparison of the significance of two economic books. 1 ·Stiglitz"s prestige in the field of economics. 2 ·Stiglitz"s criticism of those who exaggerated the power of markets in developing countries. 3 ·Policy making should consider local conditions. 4 ·The intervention of government is the way to assist globalization. 5 ·Stiglitz"s dedication to the development of poor countries. 6 ·Stiglitz"s preference of one type of economic policy over another one. 7 ·More people joined Stiglitz in criticizing free trade and globalization. 8 ·Stiglitz"s points have been supported by what actually happened in the country. 9 ·Mainly gives positive comments on Stiglitz and his new book. 10 A The main point of the book is simple: globalization is not helping many poor countries. Incomes are not rising in much of the world, and adoption of market-based policies such as open capital markets, free trade, and privatization are making developing economies less stable, not more. Instead of a bigger dose of free markets, Stiglitz argues, what"s needed to make globalization work better is more and smarter government intervention. While this has been said before, the ideas carry more weight coming from someone with Stiglitz"s credentials. In some ways, this book has the potential to be the liberal equivalent of Milton Friedman"s 1962 classic Capitalism and Freedom, which helped provide the intellectual foundation for a generation of conservatives. But Globalization and Its Discontents" does not rise to the level of capitalism and freedom. While Stiglitz makes a strong case for government-oriented development policy, be ignores some key arguments in favor of the market. "The book"s main villain is the International Monetary Fund, the Washington organization that lends to troubled countries", Stiglitz" contempt for the IMF is boundless, "It is clear that the IMF has failed in its mission, " he declares. "Many of the policies that the IMF pushed have contributed to global instability. " B While parts of this book are disappointingly shallow, Stiglitz"s critique of the market-driven 90"s still resonates, especially when the business page is full of stories about white-collar crime and the stock market seems stuck in a perpetual rut. Even the United States cannot blithely assume that financial markets will work on autopilot. It is testament to the salience of Stiglitz"s arguments that many economists—even some Bush Administration officials—now embrace his view that economic change in the developing world must evolve more with local conditions, not on Washington"s calendar. Without a thorough makeover, globalization could easily become a quagmire. Stiglitz shared a Nobel Prize last year for his work analyzing the imperfections of markets. His main complaint against Rubin and Summers, who served as Treasury Secretaries, and against Fischer, the NO. 2 official and de facto chief executive of the international Monetary Fund, is that they had too much faith that markets could transform poor countries overnight. He labels these three men market fundamentalists, who fought to maintain financial stability with the same urgency that an earlier generation struggled to contain communism. Worse, he suggests, they shilled for Wall Street, conflating the interests of the big banks with the financial health of the world. C "Stiglitz, 58, is hardly the first person to accuse the IMF of operating undemocratically and exacerbating Third World poverty. But he is by far the most prominent and his emergence as a critic marks an important shift in the intellectual landscape. Only a few years ago, it was possible for pundits to claim that no mainstream economist, certainly nobody of Stiglitz"s stature, took the criticism of free trade and globalization seriously. Such claims are no longer credible, for Stiglitz is part of a small but growing group of economists, sociologists and political scientists, among them Dani Rodrik of Harvard and Robert Wade of the London School of Economics, who not only take the critics seriously but warn that ignoring their concerns could have dire consequences. " Over the past several years, Stiglitz, a celebrated theorist who was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in economics for his work on asymmetric information, has grown accustomed to being at the center of controversy. From 1997 to 2000, he served as senior vice president and chief economist at the World Bank—a title that did not stop him from publicly criticizing the bank"s sister institution, the International Monetary Fund, Stiglitz"s outspokenness, unprecedented for a highranking insider, infuriated top officials at the IMF and US Treasury Department, and eventually led James Wolfensohn, the World Bank"s president, to inform him that he would have to mute his criticism or resign, Stiglitz chose to leave. D "Stiglitz" book makes a compelling case that simple-minded economic doctrine, inadequately tailored to the realities of developing countries, can do more harm than good, and that the subtleties of economic theory are actually quite important for sound policy advice. But simplistic political advice—give developing countries more voice and the institutions of global governance will be rendered more legitimate and efficient—is equally problematic. Political reform is as subtle and complex as economic reform. Evidently, the best minds among us have only begun to think about it. " Joseph Stiglitz"s memoirs of his years in Washington, D.C. —first as chair of President Bill Clinton"s Council of Economic Advisers and then as chief economist at the World Bank—have the flavor of a morality play. Our goodhearted but slightly native hero, on leave from Stanford University, sets out for the nation"s capital to serve his country and improve the lot of the developing world. Once there he finds a morass of political opportunism, ideologically motivated decision-making and bureaucratic inertia. Undeterred, he battles valiantly on behalf of impoverished nations against the unrelenting globalisers of the International Monetary Fund.

填空题Whatnaturalresourcesdidthesouthernparthave?

填空题PresidentKennedydied______yearsbeforethedaythespeechwasmade.

填空题Whatkindoffuseisusuallyfixedinathree-pinplug?

填空题A= Rock painting B= Painting of beauties C= Landscape painting D= New Year painting Which painting(s) ... · drew the daily life of upper classes? 71. ______ · was aimed to invite blessings and ward off disasters? 72. ______ · witnessed the rise of the women painting school? 73. ______ · introduced the western art into China? 74. ______ · depicts scenes of production activities and animal grazing? 75. ______ · was pinned up on doors, walls and windows? 76. ______ · was found in the extreme north of China? 77. ______ · combines the merits of Chinese and Western classicism, romanticism, etc? 78. ______ · has painters to use freehand brushwork in their flower-and-bird painting? 79. ______ · was painted by the painters getting government payroll? 80. ______ A Rock painting Paintings or engravings found on precipitous cliffs in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou in Southwest China; Fujian in East China and Mount Yinshan in Inner Mongolia; Altai in China's extreme west and Heihe in the far north, are even more ancient. Strong visual effects characterize the bright red cliff paintings in southern China that depict scenes of sacrificial rites, production activities and daily life. In comparison, hunting, animal grazing, wars and dancing are then main themes of cliff paintings in northern China. B Painting of beauties The Tang Dynasty (618～907) witnessed the prosperity of figure painting, where the most outstanding painters were Zhang Xuan and Zhou Fang. Their paintings, depicting the life of noble women and court ladies, exerted an eternal influence on the development of Shi Nu Hua (painting of beauties) ,which comprises an important branch of traditional Chinese painting today. Beginning in the Five Dynasties(907～960), each dynasty set up an art academy that gathered together the best painters throughout China. Academy members, who were on the government payroll and wore official uniforms, drew portraits of emperors, nobles and aristocrats that depicted their daily lives. The system proved conducive to the development of painting. The succeeding Song Dynasty (960～1127) developed such academies into the Imperial Art Academy. C Landscape painting During the Yuan Dynasty(1271～1368) the "Four Great Painters" — Huang Gongwang, Nizan, Wei Zhen and Wang Meng — represented the highest level of landscape painting. Their works immensely influenced landscape painting of the Ming(1368～1644) and Qing(1644～1911) dynasties. The Ming Dynasty saw the rise of the Women Painting School, which emerged in Suzhou on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Keen to carry on the traditions of Chinese painting, the four women masters blazed new trails and developed their own unique styles. When the Manchus came to power in 1644, the then-best painters showed their resentment to the Qing court in many ways. The "Four Monk Masters" — Zhu Da, Shi Tao, Kun Can and Hong Ren — had their heads shaved to demonstrate their determination not to serve the new dynasty, and they soothed their sadness by painting tranquil nature scenes and traditional art. Yangzhou, which faces Suzhou across the Yangtze River, was home to the "Eight Eccentrics" — the eight painters all with strong characters, proud and aloof, who refused to follow orthodoxy. They used freehand brushwork and broadened the horizon of flower-and-bird painting. By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Shanghai, which gave birth to the Shanghai Painting School, had become the most prosperous commercial city and a gathering place for numerous painters. Following the spirit of the Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou, the Shanghai School played a vital role in the transition of Chinese traditional painting from a classical art form to a modern one. The May 4th Movement of 1919,or the New Culture Movement, inspired the Chinese to learn from western art and introduce it to China. Many outstanding painters, led by Xu Beihong, emerged, whose paintings recognized a perfect merging of the merits of both Chinese and Western styles, absorbing western classicism, romanticism and impressionism. Other great painters of this period include Qi Baishi, Huang Binhong and Zhang Daqian. Oil painting, a western art, was introduced to China in the 17th century and gained popularity in the early 20th century. D New Year painting The popular folk painting — Chinese New Year pictures pinned up on doors, room wails and windows on the Chinese New Year to invite heavenly blessings and ward off disasters and evil spirits — dates back to the Qin and Han dynasties. Thanks to the invention of block printing, folk painting became popular in the Song Dynasty and reached its zenith of sophistication in the Qing. Woodcuts have become increasingly diverse in style, variety, theme and artistic form since the early 1980s.

填空题 Multidisciplinary science is all the rage these days. Even{{U}} (31) {{/U}}, the overlap between archaeology and pharmacology is not, at first{{U}} (32) {{/U}}, obvious. But there is a connection. An analytical technique developed for the{{U}} (33) {{/U}}, used to work out how old things are, is now{{U}} (34) {{/U}}used in the latter, to see if promising drugs are likely to fail{{U}} (35) {{/U}}expensive clinical trials are undertaken. At the{{U}} (36) {{/U}}, a third of drug candidates do not pass such trials. This may be{{U}} (37) {{/U}}they fail to reach the part of the body where they are{{U}} (38) {{/U}}to work—many molecules, for{{U}} (39) {{/U}}, cannot cross from the bloodstream into the brain. Or it may be that the body breaks down the active ingredients before the drug has time to act. Identifying{{U}} (40) {{/U}}problems early in the testing process would be a boon. Trials on{{U}} (41) {{/U}}can help, but how other species react is not always a good indication of how people will. What is needed is a way of testing potential drugs on people,{{U}} (42) {{/U}}in a way that cannot possibly cause any harm. That is{{U}} (43) {{/U}}the archaeologists come in. {{U}} (44) {{/U}}decades, archaeologists have used a technique called carbon dating to work{{U}} (45) {{/U}}how old their finds are. Some of the carbon dioxide absorbed by plants during photosynthesis is{{U}} (46) {{/U}}. That is because it contains carbon atoms which are{{U}} (47) {{/U}}than run-of-the-mill carbon, and are unstable. The radioactive carbon atoms weigh 14 atomic units,{{U}} (48) {{/U}}nm-of-the-mill ones weigh 12 units. Food grains, scraps of cloth and so on can thus be dated by finding out how{{U}} (49) {{/U}}radioactive carbon is left in them: the less there is, the{{U}} (50) {{/U}}they are. (278 words)

填空题A=Rotherhithe B=Barnes C=Willesden Green D=King's Cross Which city... · used to have lot of problems such as drugs, street crime, etc. ? (21) · has the unpopular style of architecture? (22) · has the most expensive properties? (23) · offers big out-fashioned houses at lower price? (24) · is located in a quiet residential area? (25) · saw a big increase in price last year? (26) · will build a lot of new facilities? (27) · is estimated to be a good investment? (28) · encourages night-life culture for young people? (29) · creates energetic multi-cultural atmosphere? (30) A Rotherhithe Rotherhithe may be most famous for its congested tunnel but many young buyers are wanning to its riverside charms. It is still much cheaper than its waterside neighbors. The housing stock is predominately 1980s flats, many arranged in cul-de-sacs (死胡同) and closes around Surrey Quays Road. The unpopular architecture has led to the area being called the Milton Keynes of London but properties are spacious and unfashionable style has kept prices down. Paul Mitchell, of estate agents Alex Neil, says, "There is precious little period property, but you will get far more for your money here than a Victorian house with lots of original features down the road in Bermondsey. " Surry Quays shopping center provides all the amenities of a high street but the area is lacking in fun. However, Southwark Council is in talks to develop the "night time economy" which could well lead to an increase in bars and restaurants to cater for the growing number of young professional residents. "It is possible to get a good three-bedroom house in Rotherhithe for 280,000," says Sumine Jordaan-Robinson, of agents Burwood Marsih, "About eight minutes; walk from the Jubilee line which will have you in Bond street in 15 minutes. There are not that many areas in London where that is possible. " B Barnes Barnes sits just across the river from Hammersmith in southwest London, but it could not be more different from the noise and bustle of the opposite bank. It has been called one of the last true London "villages" with happy residents keeping its old school charms quiet from nosey outsiders and potential developers. Being by the river and predominately residential gives Barnes an attractively lazy vibe. It has a traditional village complete with idyllic duck-pond and quaint pub. The high street is about as far from the Pound Shop and Primark ambience of its neighbors as is possible. But buying into Barnes is not cheap. "Family houses are snapped up incredibly quickly," claims Chris Carney, sales negotiator at Boileaus estate agents. "It is very hard to get properties of this size, with outside space so close to London, which is why they are expensive. " Large detached Vicuorian houses on the two main roads, Castlenau and Lonsdale, normally have between five and seven bedrooms, gardens of 120 feet and off street parking. These sell for anything between ￡ 2 million and ￡ 5 million. By the village there are rows of immaculate terraced house on a number of streets that run off Church and Station roads, and four bedroom houses of this kind sell for around 2 billion regeneration programme should help the area lose its seedy reputation. The project includes a new Eurostar terminal opening this year and a spruced-up tube station, alongside hundreds of new homes, offices and leisure facilities set to be completed in 2015. Such development has had a predictable effect on house prices. "There are a lot more amenities now, such as supermarkets, cafes and bars and the issue people used to have with safety a few years ago has disappeared. " By the canal basin, new-built flats and luxury ware house conversions form the bulk of property, and at the top end of the market there are stunning penthouses available with views across London. Much of the new development is centered on the back of the station, off York way, and flats are being sold to eager buyers off plan. The older properties are mainly mid-Victorian terraces around Caledonian Road and the streets heading towards Angel, and ex-local authority blocks where it is possible to pick up a two-bedroom refurbished flat for under ￡ 250,000. Smith adds, "Investment-wise, King's Cross is a good bet. There is a big rental market here and prices will go up. There are still cheaper properties available, one to two bedroom flats in Victorian conversions, or ex-council properties. But people are holding on to them for dear life in the hope they will go up in value. If you find one, it is worth investing in. /

填空题Whatdidthespeakertalkaboutlasttime?

填空题The reasons for sending humans to Mars range from good to bad to terrible. The notion that we should take on such a dangerous and expensive endeavor just as an elite remnant of Earthlings might survive if we destroy ourselves here on our own planet, for instance, is ludicrous. 1 One of the best arguments for making the trip is pragmatic. We are now embarked as a civilization on a program of sustained global environmental management; we have changed the climate already, and from now on we have to deal with the Earth as a total dynamic system, trying to keep it all in balance. The better we understand our planet, the better we will be able to keep it (and ourselves) healthy. One of the most powerful scientific methods for understanding something is to compare it with other things like it, and there aren"t many options when you look around for other planets to compare with earth. 2 The second reason is more abstract, but so fundamental to our grasp of who we are that it can"t be easily dismissed; we should go to Mars to search for life there. This is a new idea; after the Viking landings in 1976 it was assumed that Mars was lifeless. But since then we have discovered life on Earth in such unlikely harsh environments that a new word, "extremophiles," has been coined to describe these hardy microbes. 3 Some will say we can send robots to make these investigations. Robots like Pathfinder and the Polar Lander will land on Mars biannually for the coming decade, and they will send back valuable information. But the search for life will be difficult to do mechanically, and the truth is that humans are much better at field geology than robots. A single human expedition would teach us more than a century of robotic landings, as members of the team lived there for six months or a year, wandering over the astounding red landscape performing one complicated experiment after another; their work and problems would be more interesting than the robots as well. 4 So we should enjoy the fruits of the robot missions, while at the same time deciding to go ourselves, and designing the robotic missions to set the groundwork for our arrival. 5 A. It appears now that life can exist anywhere there is water and some minerals. Mars may have these ingredients in abundance, far under its frozen surface. Scientists have already claimed to have found fossil bacteria in the Martian meteorite ALH84001, and while this particular finding is contested, the possibility that life once existed on Mars is generally acknowledged, as is the possibility that it is still there deep underground. If we go there and find life, or even fossil evidence of past life, it would be one of the most important scientific discoveries in history. B. For the foreseeable future, Mars is not only the best choice; it is probably the only one. We"ve come to understand that the two planets shared very similar beginnings, then radically diverged; understanding more about the two planetary histories will teach us a lot about Earth. So we should go to Mars to help us here. It"s as simple as that. Comparative planetology is an environmentalist tool, and going to the Red Planet is a green project. C. The case for going in person is also strengthened by the fact that it looks much less expensive than it used to. A study during the Bush administration put the cost at $450 billion. Tighter engineering has recently revised that downward tenfold, to $50 billion spread over a decade. This is back within the realm of the thinkable, even within the realm of NASA"s extremely modest budget. Costs fairly low, benefits extremely high; challenging both technically and socially; educational, exciting, inspirational, appealing to all that is best in human nature; really, the strange thing would be to neglect to go. Let"s go! D. Similarly, to claim that such an undertaking is worthwhile because it will solve all of humanity"s problems is taking things too far. But there is a good case for going to Mars, and some recent developments have made it even stronger. E. This last is no trivial matter. We live for our stories, and it would be inspiring to see our civilization make a peaceful international effort to explore another world, seeking knowledge rather than profits. F. The mission marks the first time a space probe has attempted to land on the moon of another planet, providing the first direct sampling of the Earthlike atmosphere of Titan and the first detailed pictures of its previously hidden surface. Titan is Saturn"s largest moon, namely, nearly the size of Mars and bigger than either Mercury or Pluto.

填空题From her vantage point she watched the main doors swing open and the first arrivals pour in. Those who had been at the head of the line paused momentarily on entry, looked around curiously, then quickly moved forward as others behind pressed in. Within moments the central public area of the big branch bank was filled with a chattering, noisy crowd. The building, relatively quiet less than a minute earlier, had become a Babel. Edwina saw a tall heavy-set black man wave some dollar bills and announce loudly, "I want to put my money in the bank." (66) It seemed as if the report about everyone having come to open an account had been accurate after all. Edwina could see the big man leaning back expansively, who was still holding his dollar bills. His voice cut across the noise of other conversations and she heard him proclaim, "I'm in no hurts. There's something I'd like you to explain. ' Two other desks were quickly manned by other clerks. With equal speed, long wide lines of people loaned in front of them. Normally, three members of staff were ample to handle new account business, but obviously inadequate now. Edwina could see Tottenhoe on the far side of the bank and called him on the intercom. She instructed, "Use more desks for new accounts and take all the staff you can spare to man then. " (67) Tottenhoe grumbled in reply, "You realize we can't possibly process all these people today, and however many we do will tie us tip completely." "I've got an idea, "Edwina said, "that's what someone has in mind. Just hurry the processing all you can." (68) First, an application form called for details of residence, employment, social security, and family matters. A specimen signature was obtained. Then proof of identity was needed. After that, the new accounts clerk would take all documents to an officer of the bank for approval and initialing. Finally, a savings passbook was made out or a temporary checkbook issued. Therefore the most new accounts that any bank employee could open in an hour were five, so the three clerks presently working might handle a sum of ninety in one business day, if they kept going at top speed, which was unlikely. (69) Still the noise within the bank increased. It had become an uproar. A further problem was that the growing mass of arrivals in the central public area of the bank was preventing access to tellers' counters by other customers. Edwina could see a few of them outside, regarding of the milling scene with consternation. While she watched, several gave up and walked away. Inside the bank some of the newcomers were engaging tellers in conversation and the tellers, having nothing else to do because of the melee, chatted back. Two assistant managers had gone to the central floor area and were trying to conduct the flood of people so as to clear some space at counters. They were having small success. (70) She decided it was time for her own intervention. Edwina left the platform and a failed--off staff area and, with difficulty, made her way through the milling crowd to the main front door. A. Yet she knew however much they hurried it would still take ten to fifteen minutes to open any single new account. It always did. The paperwork required that time. B. But still no hostility was evident. Everyone in the now jam--packed bank who was spoken to by members of the staff answered politely and with a smile. It seemed, Edwina thought, as if all who were here had been briefed to be on best behavior. C. A security guard directed him, "Over there for new accounts. "The guard pointed to a desk where a clerk—a young girl—sat waiting. She appeared nervous. The big man walked toward hers smiled reassuringly, and sat down. Immediately a press of others moved into a ragged line behind him, waiting for their turn. D. Even leaning closer to the intercom, it was hard to hear above the noise. E. Even tripling the present complement of clerks would permit very few more than two hundred and fifty accounts to he opened in a day, yet already, in the first few minutes of business, the bank was crammed with at least four hundred people, with still more flooding in, and the line outside, which Edwina rose to checks appeared as long as ever. F. Obviously someone had alerted the press in advance, which explained the presence of the TV camera crew outside. Edwina hoped to know who had done it.

填空题USAID is trying to work out ways to prevent HIV/ AIDS transmission from mother to child.

填空题·was opened to me public as early as l978

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填空题Does the publisher of Douglas Starr's excellent Blood—An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce actually expect to sell many copies? Whoever chose the title is certain to scare off the squeamish, and the subtitle, which makes the effort sound like a dry, dense survey text, has really done this book a disservice. In fact, the brave and curious will enjoy a brightly written, intriguing, and disquieting book, with some important lessons for public health. 66. ______ The book begins with a historical view on centuries of lore about blood—in particular, the belief that blood carried the evil humors of disease and required occasional draining. As recently as the Revolutionary War, Bloodletting was widely applied to treat fevers. The idea of using one person's blood to heal another is only about 75 years old although rogue scientists had experimented with transfusing animal blood at least as early as the 1600s. The first transfusion experiments involved stitching a donor's vein (in early cases the physician's) to a patient's vein. 67. ______ Sabotaged by notions about the" purity" of their groups' blood, Japan and Germany lagged well behind the Allies in transfusion science. Once they realized they were losing injured troops the Allies had learned to save, they tried to catch up, conducting horrible and unproductive experiments such as draining blood from POWs and injecting them with horse blood or polymers. 68. ______ During the early to mid-1980s, Start says, 10,000 American hemophiliacs and 12,000 others contracted HIV from transfusions and receipt of blood products. Blood banks both here and abroad moved slowly to acknowledge the threat of the virus and in some cases even acted with criminal negligence, allowing the distribution of blood they knew was tainted. This is not new material. But Starr's insights add a dimension to a story first explored in the late Randy Shilts's And the Bond Played On. 69. ______ Is the blood supply safe now? Screening procedures and technology have gotten much more advanced. Yet it's disturbing to read Starr's contention that a person receiving multiple transfusions today has about a 1 in 90,000 chance of contracting HIV—far higher than the" one in a million" figure that blood bankers once blithely and falsely quoted. Moreover, new pathogens threaten to emerge and spread through the increasingly high-speed, global blood-product network faster than science can stop them. This prompts Starr to argue that today's blood stores are" simultaneously safer and more threatening" than when distribution was less sophisticated. 70. ______ A. The massive wartime blood drives laid the groundwork for modern blood-banking, which has saved countless lives. Unfortunately, these developments also set the stage for a great modern tragedy—the spread of AIDS through the international blood supply. B. There is so much drama, power, resonance, and important information in this book that it would be a shame if the squeamish were scared off. Perhaps the key lesson is this: The public health must always be guarded against the pressures and pitfalls of competitive markets and human fallibility. C. In his chronicle of a resource, Starr covers an enormous amount of ground. He gives us an account of mankind's attitudes over a 400-year period towards this "precious, mysterious, and hazardous material" ; of medicine's efforts to understand, control, and develop blood's life-saving properties; and of the multibillion-dollar industry that benefits from it. He describes disparate institutions that use blood, from the military and the pharmaceutical industry to blood banks. The culmination is a rich examination of how something as horrifying as distributing blood tainted with the HIV virus could have occurred. D. The book's most interesting section considers the huge strides transfusion science took during World War Ⅱ. Medicine benefited significantly from the initiative to collect and supply blood to the Allied troops and from new trauma procedures developed to administer it. It was then that scientists learned to separate blood into useful elements, such as freeze-dried plasma and clotting factors, paving the way for both battlefield miracles and dramatic improvement in the lives of hemophiliacs. E. Starr's tale ends with a warning about the safety of today's blood supply. F. Start obtained memos and other evidence used in Japanese, French, and Canadian criminal trials over the tainted-blood distribution. (American blood banks enjoyed legal protections that made U.S. trials more complex and provided less closure for those harmed.) His account of the French situation is particularly poignant. Starr explains that in postwar France, donating blood was viewed as a sacred and patriotic act. Prison populations were urged to give blood as a way to connect more with society. Unfortunately, the French came to believe that such benevolence somehow offered a magical protection to the blood itself and that it would be unseemly to question volunteer donors about their medical history or sexual or drug practices. Combined with other factors, including greed and hubris, this led to tragedy. Some blood banks were collecting blood from high-risk groups as late as 1990, well into the crisis. And France, along with Canada, Japan, and even Britain, stalled approval and distribution of safer, American heat-treated plasma products when they became available, in part because they were giving their domestic companies time to catch up with scientific advances.

填空题Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with one suitable word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. America—the great "melting pot"—has always been a rich blend of cultural traditions from all over the world. Many American families can trace their histories {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}immigrant ancestors who traveled great {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}, enduring risk and hardship, to make a home {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}they would be guaranteed basic freedoms. And for many American families, these freedoms came {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}a struggle. Their parents and grandparents were deprived of the basic rights we value. American society was founded {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}freedom from religious persecution and on tolerance of {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}in beliefs and cultural heritage. The differences (or diversity) that come {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}people from all over the world enrich our culture, bringing new ideas and energy. Today, more than {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}, children have opportunities to interact with {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}of differing ethnicities, religions, and cultures. Classrooms are increasingly {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}, reflecting the communities where families live and work. Some parents welcome the fact that we live in an increasingly diverse {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Others may feel more hesitant, especially if they have not had much exposure {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}people different from {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Many children are way ahead of their {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}in terms of exposure to cultural differences. Their circle of friends, their schoolmates, and their athletic teams are much more varied than {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}of even a generation ago. Why is it important for parents to {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}their children prepare to live, learn, and work in communities that will become even more diverse? Teaching tolerance is important {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}just because it is part of our American heritage but {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}the person who learns to be open to differences will have more opportunity in education, in business, and in so many {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}ways. In {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}, your child's success depends on it. Success in today's world—and tomorrow's—depends on being able to understand, appreciate, and work with others.

填空题 66. __________. Demand theory is based on a simply generalization about customer behavior that has been observed for centuries, that almost people would regard as "common sense". Generally speaking, if a good or service becomes more expensive, consumers are less likely to buy it. So, the price of oil more than doubled in 1999, the demand for oil would fall. How much did the demand for oil fall would depend on the elasticity of the demand for oil. Economists describe the demand for oil response as relatively inelastic. So, the fall was not large.67. __________. A substantial rise in the price of oil would affect the demand for oil tankers and coal in 1999.68. __________. The use of coal is the same as oil. When file price of oil rises, fewer people will use oil and more people will use coal. In Economics, coal is a substitute good of oil, the price of oil rises, and the demand for oil falls, the demand for coal increases. As the demand for coal is related to the demand for oil, therefore, a constriction in the demand for oil will mean that the demand for coal will shift to a rise. The increase in demand is shown by demand rising from oil to coal. So, the demand for coal increased in 1999.69. __________. Because the price of oil rose in 1999, refiner had to face a squeeze on profit margins. This made the costs of refining petrol increase. The costs of production increase will lead decrease on the supply for petrol. As the supply for petrol is related to the supply for oil, therefore, an extension in the supply for oil will mean that the supply for petrol will shift to a fall. This decrease in supply is shown by supply falling from Qs0 to Qs1 So, the supply for petrol decreased in 1999.70. __________. Because the price of oil rose in 1999, the supply for oil would raise. Nylon is joint of oil. So, the supply for oil raises the supply for nylon increases. As the supply for nylon is related to the supply for oil, therefore, an extension in the supply for oil will mean that the supply for nylon will shift to a rise. So the supply for nylon increased in 1999.A. The graph shows how the crude oil price has changed between 1994 and 1998. In general, the crude oil price rose up to the peak until 1997, at which point there was a sharp reduction in the crude oil price. Finally, we can summarize that the overall price, if crude oil dropped from over＄10 per barrel to almost ＄7 per barrel between 1994 and 1998. Market forces affected this.B. In 1999 the price of oil more than doubled. Discuss the effects of a substantial rise in the price of oil on the supply and demand for oil and other related products. This affected not only the demand and supply for oil, but also other related products.C. Because the price of oil rose in 1999, producing oil could get more profit. Therefore, some producers would switch from providing nuclear power to providing oil. This meant that more producers would produce oil. Oil becomes more attractive than nuclear power; this will lead decrease on the supply for nuclear power. As the supply for nuclear power is related to the supply for oil, therefore an extension in the supply for oil will mean that the supply will shift to a fall. So, the supply for nuclear power decreased in 1999.D. Supply theory tells us that profit enable producers to use less suitable resources to increase their supply of product. In 1999, the price of oil more than doubled, this meant that the oil producers could get more profit, so the supply would rise. This type of movement is known as an extension which leads to supply rising. How much did the supply for oil raise would depend on the elasticity of the supply for oil. The rule is that the steeper the curve, the more elastic the supply and vice versa. So, the supply for oil is elastic.E. A substantial rise in the price of oil would affect the supply for nuclear power, petrol and nylon.F. We know that oil tankers are used to transport oil. If the price of oil rises, fewer people buy oil. Therefore, less oil tankers are used to transport oil. In Economics, oil tankers are complementary goods of oil, the price of oil rises, and the demand for oil falls, the demand for oil tankers decrease. As the demand for oil tankers is related to the demand for oil, therefore, a constriction in the demand for oil will mean that the demand for oil tankers will shift to a fall. So the demand for oil tankers decreased in 1999.

填空题 {{B}} A = Chang Ling B = Ding Ling C = Emperor Qian kong's Tomb Which tomb...{{/B}}·was opened to the public as early as 19787 71. ______.·served as a model for the remaining 12 for its good preservation? 72. ______.·is of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs? 73. ______.·is the largest tomb? 　　 74. ______.·is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China? 　　　 75. ______.·has the inner walls and arched ceilings of its gateway and halls decorated with four ·celestial guardians? 76. ______.·owns three coffins within it? 77. ______.·holds the coffin of an emperor which was placed over a well? 78. ______.·has a large red gate with a significant bronze lion which marks the entrance to the ground? 79. ______.·was a huge and costly construction project which began in 1743? 80. ______. Maintaining an imperial tradition that originated from the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1066- 1221 BC), the Ming emperors selected the location and design of their tombs while they were still alive. The selection of sites, based on the prevailing winds and the water level, ensured that only benevolent spirits were in habiting the area. Of the 16 Ming emperors, 13 chose to be buried in this serene valley (Shisanling) just north of Beijing.{{B}} The Sacred Way{{/B}} The road to the tombs, which branches off the route to the Great Wall, was once a 6.4 km (4 mi) long sacred way, forbidden to all but the emperor's funeral cortege. The road begins at a five-arched marble gate, built in 1540. A mile further down stands a three- arched gateway, the Dahongmen (Great Red Gate). The emperor's body was carried through the central archway. Only on this one occasion was the center door opened. Just beyond the gate sits a huge stone tortoise(symbol of longevity)with a 9.1 m (30 ft) stele mounted on its back. The stele, the largest such tablet in China, was inscribed by the fourth Ming emperor at the time of the death of his predecessor, Yang Le, in 1424. This tortoise marks the beginning of the famous Avenue of the Animals. Lions, camels, elephants, horses, and two sets of mythical (or at least unrecognizable)beasts, 12 statues in all, line either side of the road, alternately standing and kneeling and most, these days, supporting tourists on their backs while being photographed. Beyond the animal figures stretch a series of 12 stone human statues, dating from the 15th century: four military men, four civilian officials, and four obedient retainers, all with stately postures and fixed stares--an honor guard for the dead emperor. A legend says that an emperor of the later Qing Dynasty wanted to transport the statues to line the road to his own tomb. One of the emperor's ministers was told, in a dream, that the statues were eternally loyal to the Ming emperors and therefore should not be moved. The Qing emperor took this as a warning that if the statues were disturbed, a deadly wind would blow down from the Ming Tombs upon the capital and he abandoned the project.{{B}} Chang Ling{{/B}} Of the 13 tombs, only two have been excavated, those of Chang (the burial name for Yong Le, 1403 - 1424), and Ding (Emperor Wan Li, 1562- 1620). The Chang Ling tomb is the largest and best preserved of the tombs; it served as a model for the remaining 12. Visitors enter through a red gate which opens toward a courtyard. From here they pass under the Gate of Eminent Favors(Lingenmen)into a second courtyard, in which stands the marble Hall of Eminent Favors (Lingendian), surrounded by pine trees(another ancient symbol of longevity) . The roof of the hall is supported by 32 giant tree columns. Beyond this hall is a third courtyard, where the visitor will see a simple stele with the inscription Da Ming--Great Ming. This marks the passage to the sepulcher.{{B}} Ding Ling{{/B}} Also known as the Underground Palace, this is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China. The work was completed over a period of three years (1956- 1959). Ding(Emperor Wan Li) was buried here in 1620 with two of his wives in a deep marble vault located four stories underground(on the hottest of summer days the vault remains mercifully cool) . The entrance to the grounds is marked by a large red gate with a magnificent bronze lion. Gigantic marble doors stand at the entrance to the first of the three burial chambers. (After burial, a "locking stone", similar to the modem "police" lock, was rolled in front of the tomb itself. ) Inside are three coffins. Twenty six chests of jewelry and other artifacts were discovered at the foot of the coffins, and many of these finds can be viewed in the two exhibition halls constructed above ground. The broad, tree shaded grounds surrounding the tomb are dotted with stone picnic tables and seats. Tour groups are usually provided with box lunches which may be eaten outdoors or in a "picnic room" at the foot of the Great Wall.{{B}} Emperor Qian Long's Tomb{{/B}} In 1978, the tomb of the Qing emperor Qian kong( 1736 - 1796), located about 100 km (62.5 mi) east of Beijing, was opened to the public. Known as Yu Ling, the tomb is on a grander scale and of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs. Construction began in 1743 and cost 90 tons of silver. The wood used was the durable, fragrant, close-grained nanmu. Some logs weighed up to 20 tons. The tomb is, in fact, an underground palace, similar to the tomb of Ding Ling. Nevertheless, Yu Ling has distinctive architectural features. Flanking the roadway leading to the tomb are eight pairs of stone sculptures depicting civil officials, military officers, horses, qilin ( a mythical 'animal of good omen), elephants, camels, suanni (mythical monsters), and lions. Each figure was carved from a single stone block. The largest weighs about 43 tons. The underground palace contains three stone halls and four pairs of stone gates, all arched. The overhanging eaves, tile gutters, ridges, and animal-shaped ornaments on the gate comers are in white marble. Each gate weighs about two tons and contains a Bod-hisattva, each with a different mien.. The inner walls and arched ceilings of the gateways and halls are decorated with four celestial guardians(also called Deva kings), seated statues of gods and Budd has, carvings of potted flowers, and small three-legged tables to hold incense burners and Buddhist scriptures. The coffin of Qian Long lies in the innermost recess of the underground palace. It was placed over a well that never runs dry.

填空题·is of special value for perfume making because of its fragrance?

填空题Answer questions by referring to the introduction to 3 different allergies. Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B or C and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once. A = Asthma B = Sinusitis C =Hay Fever In which kind of allergies ... can people find histanine stored in mast cells in tissues of the body? 21. ______ do people spend more time expiring than inspiring? 22. ______ can we find people have trouble breathing? 23. ______ is it dangerous to swim or dive? 24. ______ can people find pollens in the air which is the cause of hay fever? 25. ______ is the allergy caused by a bacterial or virus infection? 26. ______ does everyone have the same symptoms when he is being attacked by asthma? 27. ______ is the swelling of the eyelids one of the symptoms? 28. ______ is there no safe time during a year for victims of serious allergy? 29. ______ can we find one of the symptoms is that people have difficulty breathing out air? 30. ______ Asthma Asthma is a disease of the respiratory system. Your respiratory system is made up of your nose and mouth, your windpipe that connect your nose and mouth with your lungs and people who have asthma sometimes have trouble breathing. When people who have asthma have this trouble breathing, we call it an asthma attack. During an asthma attack, it is actually harder to breathe out than it is to breathe in. This means that during an asthma attack, it takes much longer to breathe out (expire) than it does to breathe in (inspire). Lots of different things can cause an asthma attack. Something that causes an asthma attack is called a trigger. Some common triggers of asthma attacks are: allergies, infections like colds or bronchitis, exercise, changes in the weather (from mild to cold) and smoke. Everybody doesn't feel the same things when they have an asthma attack. Sometimes, some people will cough and cough and cough, some feel like they can't catch their breath, some people feel like air is trapped in their lungs and they can't get it out, some people have pain in their chest, and some people have very noisy breathing. Sinuses Sinuses are hollow air spaces in the human body. When people say, "I'm having a sinus attack," they usually are referring to symptoms in one or more of four pairs of cavities, or sinuses, known as paranasal sinuses. Anything that causes swelling in your sinuses or keeps the cilia from moving mucus can cause sinusitis. This can occur because of changes in temperature or air pressure. Using decongestant nasal sprays too much, smoking, and swimming or diving can also increase your risk of getting sinusitis. Some people have growths called polyps that block their sinus passages. When sinusitis is caused by a bacterial or viral infection, it's often called "acute sinusitis". Acute sinusitis sometimes occurs after you've had a cold. The cold virus attacks the lining of your sinuses, causing them to swell and become narrow. Your body responds to the virus by producing more mucus, but it gets blocked in your swollen sinuses. This built-up mucus makes a good place for bacteria to grow. The bacteria can cause a sinus infection. Symptoms of sinusitis can include headache, toothache, swelling of the eyelids and tissues arotmd your eyes, and pain between your eyes, tenderness when the sides of your nose are touched, a loss of smell, a stuffy nose, earaches, neck pain, and deep aching at the top of your head. Hay Fever The most common of all allergies is, of course, hay fever. Symptoms of allergic rhinitis (Hay Fever) include itchy, runny, sneezy, or stuffy noses, and itchy eyes. Allergic rhinitis is a common illness affecting an estimated 20-40 million Americans, and resulting in 10 million lost days of school or work each year. Often caused by pollens from trees, grass or weeds, it is most commonly known as hay fever. Hay fever subsides with the onset of cold weather. Perennial allergic rhinitis, however, occurs year around and is caused by indoor allergens such as dust, mite, mold spores, and animal dander. Chemical substances, such as histamine, are normally stored in mast cells in tissues of the body, including the nose and eyes. The allergic person forms antibodies against pollens and other allergens. These antibodies attach themselves to the mast cells, and when combined with the allergen the result is the release of histamine and other chemical substances from the mast cells. These chemical substances cause the allergic responses of itching, sneezing, congestion, and dripping.

填空题·was played and sung by marchers?

填空题Wheredidriceoriginate?

填空题The life of Albert Einstein is a model in many ways (31) both natural and political scientists. First of all, he always employed the scientific method of (32) truth from facts. He firmly believed, (33) he put it, that "there is nothing incomprehensible (34) the universe", and through painstaking work explained many of the phenomena thought to be "incomprehensible" in his day. Einstein was also never afraid to (35) mistakes when facts (36) his theories wrong. Second, Einstein's contributions showed the great importance of theoretical work to scientific effort. (37) he himself rarely worked in laboratories, the concepts he developed led (38) many of the scientific advances (39) have shaped modern technology. Third, Einstein believed very deeply that scientists must (40) a moral and social consciousness. (41) this way, he provided inspiration for a whole generation of scientists who became active in the communist movement. Einstein is often portrayed in bourgeois writings (42) a "Genius" whose theories are (43) complicated that no one (44) a few best scientists can understand them. But he (45) rejected the efforts to (46) him in a position far (47) other people. He was well-known for his (48) manner and often stressed to interviews that his accomplishments would certainly have been achieved by others had he never lived. Actually, Einstein's (49) of relativity and his other scientific works are not that hard to understand with a little study. But beyond learning Einstein's theories, his overall attitude (50) science as a tool to liberate humanity is something from which everyone can and should learn.

填空题{{B}} A=Country & Folk Music B=Jazz C=Rock'N' Roll Which music...{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} The people living in the Appalachian Mountains are sometimes called "hillbillies". The first settlers there came from the British Isles, and they brought their folk music with them. This music, mixed with the blues, became hillbilly music. Later, as hillbilly music became more popular, it was called country music. Country songs are often sad stories of love and broken hearts. The center for this kind of music was Nashville, Tennessee. In the 1920s people listened to country music on the radio. The moot famous Nashville radio show was the "Grand Ole Opry". This show, and country singers like Willie Nelson are still popular today. Not all country people were farmers. Many made their lives in the mines and factories. They also loved country music and it became the music of the working people. During the 1930s American had many economic problems. Workers expressed their troubles in the folk music of the time. Folk songs are like country songs but they are more traditional and more serious. They don't just talk about love, they tell about the lives of ordinary people. Woodie Guthrie was a folk song writer during the 30s. He traveled around the country and wrote songs about the poor people. During the 1950s folk music became popular again. Martin Luther King wanted to improve the lives of black Americans. He led peaceful marches to change the laws in the U. S. The marchers sang old folk songs like "We Shall Overcome". Modern folk singers like Pete Seeger wrote new folk songs about problems in America in the 50s. In the 1960s many people were against the war in Vietnam. Folk singers like Bob Dylan and Joan Baez wrote anti-war songs like Dylan's "Blowing in the Wind", and other songs about the problems of American society. Folk music kept to be the moot political of all music in America.{{B}}B{{/B}} Although jazz began in New Orleans, it soon moved to all the big cities like St. Louis, Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles. New forms of jazz developed and their styles changed. In the 1920s, American fell in love with dancing and popular jazz music. Big hotels hired dance bands. Dance halls were opened around the country. New dances with strange names like the Charleston were popular. Women cut their hair short and wore short skirts for the first time. These women were called "flappers". Older Americans were shocked by jazz music, the new dances, and the flappers. One of the most famous musicians of this time was Louis Armstrong. He became famous for his trumpet playing and his low rough voice. Musicians like Armstrong brought a new form of music to America and the world. The 1930s in America was the time of the big bands and a new kind of jazz called swing. This new music had a special rhythm. Harlem, part of New York, became the center of swing music. Big band leaders like Benny Goddman, Duke Ellington, and Glenn Miller played in Harlem at the Cotton Club and the Savoy Ballroom. People came and danced the foxtrot and the jitterbug. Swing music was the popular music of World War Ⅱ. When Dixieland, ragtime, and swing musicians changed to new, more complex styles. At first jazz was dance music. As it became more complex it was mostly for listening. For this reason most jazz is now played in small bars and live jazz clubs, not in big dance halls. Jazz styles are always changing. In recent years, jazz musicians have put together jazz music and rock instruments like the electric guitar. This new jazz style is called electric jazz or fusion.{{B}}C{{/B}} The 1950s were a golden time for music in America. The economic problems of the 30s and the war of the 40s were over. America was rich again. A new group of people became important— American teenagers. For the first time in history young people had money to spend. They had a new way of dressing, new hair styles and new dances. In the early 50s slow romantic songs were still popular. But teenagers liked dance music with a good beat, and so they began to listen to R & B (rhythm and blues) on the black radio stations. A white disc jockey, Alan Freed, began to play R & B on the radio for white teenagers. He was the first person to call this new music rock and roll. The first white group to make a rock and roll hit record was Bill Haley and the Comets, with "Rock Around the Clock." Rock and roll music had a strong dance beat. The musicians played electric guitars and the music was lund and fast. American teenagers loved it. About the same time, the owner of Sun Record Company, Sam Phillips said, "If I could find a white man who had the Negro [black] sound and the Negro feel, I could make a billion dollars." He found his wish in Elvis Presley, the king of rock and roll. Elvis became a new American hero and young people copied his hair style, his dress, as well as his music. On February 3, 1959 three famous rock and roll stars, Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper, and Richie Valens, died in a plane crash. As a result many people thought that rock and roll music had died too. But the music of the late 50s lived on. Rock and pop from the 60s to the 90s grew out of this old rock and roll. As the song says "Rock and roll is here to stay."· cares most about politics and social problems? 71. ______· was popular in 1920s? 72. ______· had a song writer Wooie Guthrie? 73. ______· built an American Hero Elvis Presley? 74. ______· was most popular in WW Ⅱ? 75. ______· was most popular in Tennessee at first? 76. ______· was first played mostly for dancing then for listening? 77. ______· was played and sung by marchers? 78. ______· was made up by Alan Freed? 79. ______· was especially worshiped by teenagers? 80. ______

填空题The final act of a controversy over GM crops that sets America against Europe unfolds today in Geneva. The World Trade Organisation will hear the closing arguments in a case where the public authority of both the European commission and the WTO is at stake. 1 Throughout the European Union there has been extensive concern about GM crops. Among the public"s fears is the potential for long-term harm to the environment—for example through the increased use of herbicides and the gene flow to wild species—and to human health, should new allergens appear. In a wider context of uncertainties about the future of agriculture and of a pervasive lack of confidence in official approaches to the handling of technological risk, consumer rejection of GM has been widespread. 2 The EU"s initial submissions to the WTO dispute panel argued that its approach was necessarily "prudent and precautionary". It emphasised that the US, Canada and Argentina were challenging the right of countries to establish levels of protection from the risks of GM appropriate to their circumstances—and that the risks and uncertainties were complex and serious. The outcome of the case would be of enormous significance worldwide. 3 Significantly, the commission has also shifted its defence in the WTO case in a way that suggests a direct link with this new tactic on GM approvals. The commission is unwilling to publish its recent submissions to the dispute panel (despite requests from Friends of the Earth under freedom of information rules), but it is clear from the US"s response, which has been made public, that the commission now wants the dispute to be ruled "moot" because GM approvals have started. In other words, it has caved in to US pressure and is rearranging the pieces. 4 The GM dispute has been unfolding at a time when the future of the EU is a fraught political question in the UK and elsewhere in Europe. Here, referendums on the currency and EU constitution are looming. A key Euro-sceptic weapon is to whip up fear of a remote unaccountable bureaucracy. When the commission acts, as in this case, in a fashion so strongly at odds with the EU"s citizens and their political representatives, the result can only be further cynicism and hostility. 5 It is not only Europe"s institutions that are being tested by the GM dispute. The already tattered credibility of the WTO itself is also at stake. On both sides of the Atlantic, the US challenge to Europe"s initial stance has attracted exceptional interest from civil society groups—to the point where several international coalitions have submitted amicus curiae briefs directly to the panel. All these point to the need for the WTO to rely on more enlightened approaches to risk assessment, respecting the different cultural and environmental circumstances of individual countries. A. The commission is playing a dangerous game. Member states and their populations are divided even on whether the two varieties of GM maize recently approved satisfy the EU"s own regulatory criteria. However, the commission appears to have decided that satisfying the US is more important than respecting the continuing concern among the people and governments of member states. It is a course of action that could have reverberations for the European project as a whole. B. Insistence on a one-size-fits-all approach tailored to US norms—to which Europe now risks deferring—is undermining the WTO"s authority. If successive crises of the GM kind are to be avoided, the WTO needs to change—and fast. C. In response to these worries, the EU revised its regulatory framework to include wider issues such as traceability, labelling and impacts on farmland wildlife. This process is still under way, with countries developing national plans on how, if GM crops are grown, to limit contamination of non-GM crops, and how to ascribe liability should harm result. D. In May 2003 the US, Argentina and Canada, urged on by their industry lobbies, complained to the WTO about Europe"s moratorium on GM approvals, imposed in October 1998. As the biggest producers of GM crops, they felt the European position was damaging their trade interests and argued that it could not be scientifically justified. E. Last summer, however, while arguments were still being put, the European commission awarded the first marketing approvals since October 1998. The awards—for importing two varieties of GM maize, for food and feed—ended the de facto Europe-wide moratorium, but the commission had to use provisions designed for when the council of ministers is unable to reach agreement. In effect, the bureaucracy stepped in and forced through a particular outcome, despite continuing political disagreement across the EU. This now looks set to become a growing pattern. F. The new commission, which came into being last November, has a chance to reconsider the matter anew. Beating in mind the broader implications of the case for its own future standing, it should look again at the GM approvals granted by its predecessor.

填空题{{B}} A=St. Joseph B=Springfield C=St. Louis D=Kansas Which city/cities...{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} St. Joseph Through the 1840s and 1850s, St. Joseph developed a prosperous trade exchanging staples, guns, and hardware from the east for the hides and furs brought in from the west by grizzled mountain men. When, in 1849, gold was discovered in California, the rush of immigrants generated an economic boom in St. Joseph. Because cholera had broken out at Independence and Westport, many immigrants were diverted to St. Joseph where they were provisioned with foodstuffs, harnesses, gear, guns, and guides. St. Joseph was established as a livestock market at a very early date. In 1846, John Corby built a slaughtering house, The brisk market for cattle in California made St. Joseph a natural location for the sale of cattle to be herded west. Cows purchased in Missouri for $10 a head brought $150 in California. The Colorado gold rush in 1858 brought on another round of brisk outfitting trade and expanded the trail herd and slaughtering businesses. At the end of the Civil War in 1866, drovers from Texas attempted to herd some 260 000 longhorn cattle through Southwest Missouri to the railhead at Sedalia, but were detoured west through Kansas to the railroad center of St. Joseph. The lean and stringy meat from the longhorn cattle was suitable for canning purposes and a large industry was in the making. Stockyards were built in St. Joseph in 1887, when Gustavis Swift purchased the stockyards and built a major packing house. By the 1920s half a million animals per year were butchered at the St. Joseph stockyards. {{B}}B{{/B}} Springfield According to H.J. Nelson's classification of US cities, based on 1950 census data, Springfield is an important transportation and wholesaling center. In 1950 the chief city-forming industries were railroads, retailing, and wholesaling. As early as 1917 the wholesale houses of the city were doing a business of nearly $20 million annually, and more than 1 000 traveling representatives for these concerns made their homes in Springfield. The main shops of the St. Louis and San Francisco (Frisco) Railway were at that time Springfield's largest single employer. In 1917, the city was already a manufacturing center of importance. In addition to the Frisco shops, there were ironworks, furniture manufacturers, stove companies, four large flour mills, several large cold-storage plants, packing plants, two or three firms handling poultry products and produce, cooperates, carriage factories, and the Springfield Wagon Company, which turned out 6 000 farm and logging wagons annually. The 1980 Missouri Directory of Manufacturing shows Springfield to be a city of diverse manufacturers. Food products, printing, electrical machinery and supplies, and chemicals are especially important. Nearly two-thirds of the manufacturing firms listed in the directory have located in Springfield since 1940. Among the largest employers are Zenith Television (1 500), the Burlington Northern general offices and shops (2 000), Lily Tulip Incorporated (1 250), Dayco Corporation (1 300), and Kraft Foods (1 000). These and other smaller plants employ many workers from surrounding towns and farms. {{B}}C{{/B}} St. Louis The founding of St. Louis represented a further exploitation of the natural resources of the wilderness as well as an impulse toward home making and state building. In the forty years before the Louisiana Purchase, it became the center of exchange for the goods of hunters and trappers. It also developed important commercial relations with the Spanish Southwest over the Santa Fe Frail. It was the entrepot for white settle. ment of the Mississippi valley region and the lands drained by the western tributaries. When Louisiana was purchased in 1803, French and Spanish — both recent arrivals from Europe and from the new world colonies, Blacks from Guinea or the Congo, Indians from nine to ten tribes, French couriers and voyagers, Saxon hunters from the Appalachians, American flatboat men, Puritans, soldiers, politicians, and immigrants from England and Ireland all walked the street of St. Louis. This polyglot society seeking the riches of trade was already under pressure, however, from a society of farmer-home builders. Although the Indian trade remained strong for many years afterward, the arrival of the steamboat Zebulon M. Pike in 1817 marked the beginning of a flood of new permanent settlers. {{B}}D{{/B}} Kansas John C. McCoy — businessman, trader, real estate promoter, and founder of Westport — established a freight landing on the river where a flat rock slanted from the bank some 18 miles (28.96km) above Independence and north of the present central business district. Westport Landing, as the settlement was known, was purchased in 1838 by the Kansas Town Company and by 1848 had grown to a population of 700. In 1850, it was recognized as the "Town of Kansas" by the Jackson County court. By that time the town's population had declined by about half because of a cholera epidemic. The Missouri General Assembly chartered the town in 1853 as the "City of Kansas", marking the beginning of a long period of prosperity and population growth. At the time of its charter, the city comprised 0.98 square miles (2.5km2). In 1859, the city annexed land to the south extending its boundaries from Ninth Street to Twentieth Street, bringing the total area to 3.82 square miles (9.8km2). By 1860, Westport had declined to about 1 200 citizens, but Kansas City had grown to a population of 4 418. A bird's-eye map of Kansas City in January 1869 depicted seven steamboats on the waterfront.·used to be the center of exchange for the goods of hunters and trappers? 71. ______·was a livestock market at a very early date? 72. ______·lost its population by 50% in 1850 because of cholera? 73. ______·comprised 0.98 square miles in 1853? 74. ______·developed rapidly in economy because of the rush of immigrants? 75. ______·was well-known for its slaughtering business? 76. ______·had several large flour mills? 77. ______·had immigrants from England and Ireland? 78. ______·began to have a flood of new permanent settlers since the arrival of a steamboat? 79. ______·is an important wholesaling center? 80. ______

填空题The year 1972 was marked by publication of a controversial book, The Limits to Growth. This study of the world's future, done by a team of MIT scientists with the aid of computer "mode-is" of the future of our society, forecast a planet wide disaster unless humankind sharply limits its population growth and consumption of natural resources. 66. ______ Many refused to believe that disaster is possible, probable, inevitable if we don't change our mode of running Spaceship Earth. But science fiction people were neither surprised nor outraged. The study was really old news to them. They'd been making their own "models" of tomorrow and testing them all their lives. For what the scientists attempted with their computer model is very much like the thing that science fiction writers and readers have been doing for decades. Instead of using a computer to "model" a future world society, science fiction writers have used their human imaginations. This gives the writers some enormous advantages. 67. ______ Science fiction writers are not in the business of predicting the future. They do something much more important. They try to show the many possible futures that lie open to us. For there is not simply a future, a time to come that's inevitable. Our future is built, bit by bit, minute by minute, by the actions of human beings. One vital role of science fiction is to show what kinds of future might result from certain kinds of human actions. 68. ______ For while a scientist' s job has largely ended when he' s reduced his data to tabular or graph form, the work of a science fiction writer is just beginning. His task is to convey the human story: the scientific basis for the possible future of his story is merely the background. Perhaps "merely" is too limiting a word. Much of science fiction consists of precious little except the background, the basic idea, the gimmick. But the best of science fiction, the stories that make a lasting impact on generations of readers, are stories about people. The people may be non-human. They may be robots or other types of machines. But they will be people, in the sense that human readers can feel for them, share their joys and sorrows, their dangers and their ultimate successes. 69. ______ The formula for telling a powerful story has remained the same: create a strong character, a person of great strengths, capable of deep emotions and decisive action. Give him a weakness. Set him in conflict with another powerful character--or perhaps with nature. Let his exterior conflict be the mirror of the protagonist's own interior conflict, the clash of his desires, his own strength against his own weakness. And there you have a story. Whether it' s Abraham offering his only son to God, or Paris bringing ruin to Troy over a woman, or Hamlet and Claudius playing their deadly game, Faust seeking the world' s knowledge and power--the stories that stand out in the minds of the readers are those whose characters are unforgettable. 70. ______ The writer of science fiction must show how these worlds and these futures affect human beings. And something much more important, he must show how human beings can and do literally create these future worlds. For our future is largely in our own hands. It doesn't come blindly rolling out of the heavens ; it is the joint product of the actions of billions of human beings. This is a point that's easily forgotten in the rush of headlines and the hectic badgering of everyday life. But it's a point that science fiction makes constantly, the future belongs to us whatever it is. We make it, our actions shape tomorrow. We have the brains and guts to build paradise (or at least try). Tragedy is when we fail, and the greatest crime of all is when we fail even to try. Thus science fiction stands as a bridge between science and art, between the engineers of technology and the poets of humanity. Never has such a bridge been more desperately needed. Writing in the British journal New Scientist, the famed poet and historian Robert Graves said in 1912,"Technology is now warring openly against the crafts, and science covertly against poetry. " What Graves is expressing is the fear that many people have: technology has already allowed machines to replace human muscle power; now it seems that machines such as electronic computers might replace human brainpower. And he goes even further, criticizing science on the grounds that truly human endeavors ours such as poetry have a power that scientists can't recognize. A. The art of fiction has not changed much since prehistoric times. B. To communicate the ideas, the fears and hopes, the shape and feel of all the infinite possible futures, science fiction writers lean heavily on another of their advantages: the art of fiction. C. One of the advantages is flexibility. D. Most people were caught by surprise when the book came out. E. To show other worlds, to describe possible future societies and the five problems lurking ahead, is not enough. F. Apparently Graves sees scientists as a sober, plodding phalanx of soulless thinking machines, never making a step that hasn't been carefully thought out in advance.