填空题WhendidDr.Hubergethisowntelescope?

填空题Pollution is a "dirty" word. To pollute means to contaminate--topsoil or something by introducing impurities which make 1 unfit or unclean to use. Pollution comes in many forms. We see it, smell it, 2 it, drink it, and stumble through it. We literally lived in and breathe pollution, and 3 surprisingly,it is beginning to 4 our health,our happiness,and our civilization. Once we thought of pollution 5 meaning simply the smog—the choking, stinging, dirty 6 that hovers over cities. But air pollution, while it is 7 the most dangerous, is only one type of contamination among several 8 attack the most basic life functions. Through the uncontrolled use of insecticides, man has polluted the land, 9 the wildlife. By 10 sewage and chemicals into rivers and lakes, we have contaminated our 11 water. We are polluting the oceans, too, kilting the fish and 12 depriving ourselves 13 an invaluable food supply. Part of the problem is our exploding 14 . More and more people are producing more wastes. But this problem is intensified by our "throw-away" technology. Each year Americans 15 of 7 million autos, 20 million tons of waste paper, 25 million pounds of toothpaste tubes and 48 million cans. We throw away gum wrappers, newspapers, and paper plates. It is no longer wise to 16 anything. Today almost everything is disposable. 17 of repairing a toaster or a radio, it is easier and cheaper to buy another one and discard the old,even 18 95 percent of its parts may still be functioning. Baby diapers,which used to be made of reusable cloth, are now paper throw-aways. Soon we will wear clothing made of 19 :" Wear it once and throw it away" will be the slogan of the fashionable consciousness. Where is this all to end? Are we turning the world into a gigantic dump,or is there hope that we can solve the pollution problem? 20 , solutions are in sight. A few of them are positively ingenious.

填空题 It was a sorry end. Cut down in his prime, the cunning thief lay on the slab, his cold body offering pathologist Brett Gartrell no outward sign of how he. had met his maker. Once Gartrell had wielded his scalpel, however, the cause became, clear: a belly stuffed with sticky brown gunk. Diagnosis? Death by chocolate. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} If you're reading this after scoffing your fifteenth chocolate Santa, don't panic: We humans have been safely enjoying the beans of the cacao plant, Theobroma cacao, for millennia. Theobroma is Greek for "food of the gods", reflecting the Mayan belief that cocoa had divine origins. Every April, they sacrificed a dog with cacao-coloured markings in honour of Ek Chuah, the god of cacao. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} It was methylxanthines that did for the kea too. Gartrell, a wildlife pathologist at Massey University in Palmerston North, New Zealand, is wearily familiar with keas' propensity m poison themselves. Besides being arguably the world's smartest birds, keas are extraordinarily inquisitive foragers, using their beaks to rip open tents and backpacks, open garbage bins and even pry pieces off cars in their quest for food. "They'll try anything that is vaguely edible, which is part of the reason they get into trouble," says Gartrell. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} The reason humans don't turn up their toes after bingeing on chocolate is largely down to the speed at which our bodies metabolise theobromine, the most abundant methylxanthine in chocolate. Rats metabolise it much more slowly than humans, and dogs are slower still. There are no reliable figures for theobromine toxicity in humans, but based on caffeine toxicity an average adult would have to gorge on around 50 kilograms of milk chocolate in a single sitting to get anywhere near a lethal dose. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} Coyotes are a serious pest in the US, killing $44 million worth of livestock each year, damaging property and attacking people and pets. Measures such as fences are often ineffective. Sometimes culling them is the only option but unfortunately the poisons now used, such as sodium cyanide, are toxic to humans and most other animals too. "If we can come up with something that is more selective, it offers an advantage," says Johnston. "It's a more responsible approach." {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} Methylxanthines are also shaping up as a way to dispatch other pests. Earl Campbell of the US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center in Hilo, Hawaii, discovered that caffeine sprays could kill two species of noisy and ecologically damaging Caribbean tree frogs that have plagued the island since they were accidentally introduced in the 1980s. Campbell noticed that the spray also killed slugs. His colleague Robert Hollingsworth then found that caffeine spray made snails kick the bucket too. Hollingsworth is now developing caffeine as an alternative to conventional pesticides, such as those used in slug pellets. "There's a huge amount of interest in using botanical extracts," he says. "People are more comfortable with things that are natural."A. Knife-wielding priests aside, chocolate is still bad news for many animals. Cocoa beans are naturally rich in caffeine and its chemical relatives theobromine and theophylline, collectively called methylxanthines. To humans these are little more than benign stimulants, but to a number of animals they are highly toxic. Just 240 grams of unsweetened dark chocolate contains enough methylxanthines to kill a 40-kilogram dog, about the size of a German shepherd.B. The methylxanthines are just a start. "Cocoa is a real gold .mine of different components," says Herwig Bernaert, research manager at Barry Callebaut, a chocolate manufacturer in Zurich, Switzerland. Cocoa contains more than 700 compounds and there is a great deal of research on which of these can affect people or other creatures.C. Methylxanthines looked as though they might fit the bill. After testing the toxicity of several different types of chocolate, Johnson came up with a mixture of theobromine and caffeine that killed coyotes quickly and with minimal distress. The mixture can be hidden in bait and is currently undergoing field tests.D. The observation that methylxanthines are highly toxic to animals, with dogs being especially vulnerable, prompted John Johnston, a chemist at the US Department of Agriculture in Fort Collins, Colorado, to investigate chocolate as a more selective way of controlling coyotes.E. Divine—yes. Delicious--absolutely. But deadly? For some it certainly is. The corpse on Gartrell's slab belonged not to a human but to a kea, an endangered New Zealand parrot. Like many animals, keas are acutely sensitive to chemicals in chocolate that are harmless to humans in all but huge doses. Scientists are now studying these chemicals, along with other substances in cocoa, hoping to exploit their toxic effects to control pests or microbes.F. The dead kea was found outside a hotel kitchen in the holiday resort of Mount Cook Village in the Southern Alps. It had eaten more than 20 grams of dark chocolate, presumably pilfered from the kitchen garbage. "He'd really pigged out," says Gartrell. The ill-fated kea was by no means alone in its folly. Veterinary journals are peppered with stories of dogs, cats, parrots, foxes, badgers and other animals dropping dead after finding chocolate or being fed it by well- meaning humans.

填空题A=Radio B=Television C=Movies Which media... · declined after 1945 and then thrived again later? 71. ______ · operates in different languages to suite audience of diverse · cultural backgrounds? 72. ______ · comes in various types for the convenience of the audience? 73. ______ · is currently the major source of entertainment at home? 74. ______ · lost half its audience in late 1940s and early 1950s? 75. ______ · offers the latest news more quickly? 76. ______ · provides programs for educational purposes? 77. ______ · went through many changes in order to keep its audience? 78. ______ · annoys people with interruptions of advertisements? 79. ______ · is well-known for its event of the year? 80. ______ Radio Almost every American family owns at least one radio, and many have three or four. Years ago, families gathered around one big living room radio. Today, people take small, lightweight radios with them into the bedroom (clock radios), down the street (transistor radios), on the road (car radios), and into the cornfields (radios built into tractors). Radios have even been built into hair dryers and sunglasses! Since the development of television, radio is no longer the major source of home entertainment; but American still turn to radio when they want the latest news quickly. Many stations broadcast up-to-the-minute news every half-hour. Americans tend to listen to radio for short periods. In an effort to hold audiences, many radio stations appeal to special interests. Some offer an all-news or all-music format; others broadcast professional sporting events. In large cities, some stations attract immigrants by presenting foreign-language programs. One New York City station broadcasts in thirteen languages! There are two types of radio broadcasting -AM and FM. FM can produce a wider range of sounds and can also broadcast in stereophonic sound. In recent years, FM has become increasingly popular. Many radios are equipped to receive both AM and FM. Television Television was in its infancy in 1946, but by the 1950s it was a firmly established industry. Today, there are about 99 million TV sets in the United States; 99 percent of American households have at least one set, and 54 percent have two or more. Color TV is in 60 percent of American homes. The average American between his second and sixty-fifth year spends 3000 entire days (almost nine years of his life) watching TV! In the United States, there is no government-owned television network. Commercial television attempts to please a vast audience of all age groups and educational levels by presenting entertainment that can be understood by all. Many adults are annoyed by the simplicity and triteness of most TV shows; they call the TV set the "idiot box" or the "boob tube." A typical day's TV listing includes cartoons and other children's shows, family situation comedies, news and weather, mysteries, westerns, melodramatic serials, interview shows, sports, movies, and musical reviews. "Public" television stations offer a wide variety of high-quality entertainment and information without the annoying interruptions of commercials. Funds to operate public TV come from donations by individuals and industries and, to a small degree, from the government. Public television has been highly praised for imaginative appealing shows which help children learn basic reading concepts, valuable psychological insights, English, and Spanish. For those who seek self-improvement via TV, there are "how-to" shows which teach cooking, skiing, sewing, guitar-playing, and dozens of other skills. Also offered are college courses which give academic credit to enrolled listeners. Movies Most American movies are produced in Hollywood, California. Hollywood, which is actually not a separate city but a part of Los Angeles, is an ideal spot for the movie industry. The sun shines most of the time, and the climate is mild. Almost every kind of natural scenery is within a few hours drive. Hollywood becomes the center of national attention one evening a year -Academy Award night. At the Academy Award presentations held each spring, statuettes called Oscars are given to film industry winners in dozens of categories, including best actor, best actress, and best picture. The winners are chosen by members of the industry before the ceremony, but their names are kept secret until presentation night, when they are announced in a long, nationally televised program. Motion pictures were extremely popular in the United States until after World War II, when television captured much of the movie audience. Geared to the masses, Hollywood movies offered much the same type of entertainment as television. With free entertainment in their homes, many American simply stopped going to movies. Between 1946 and 1954, movie attendance was cut in half. At the same time, production costs zoomed. The movie industry was in trouble. The industry adjusted in a number of ways. Movie companies rented sound stages to TV companies and sold old movies to TV. To cut costs, Hollywood produced fewer movies and filmed many of them overseas. To lure audiences, the industry invested in new lenses, wider screens, and stereophonic sound. Studios also began producing kinds of entertainment that could not be offered by TV -films with controversial or shocking themes, films with huge casts and lavish settings, as a result of these changes, today the American motion picture industry is thriving.

填空题Pay and productivity, it is generally assumed, should be related. But the relationship seems to weaken 1 people get older. Mental ability declines 2 age. That is the same for the brainy and the dim—and not 3 for humans: it is measurable even 4 fruit flies. 5 minds that keep lively will suffer less than the lazy. In general, the more education you have, the more productive your old 6 will be. Some 7 decline faster than others. According to most studies, people"s numerical and reasoning abilities are 8 their best in their 20s and early 30s. 9 abilities—those that depend on knowledge—may improve with age. For most workers, decreased abilities will 10 to lower productivity ; only a minority will find know-how and knowledge outweighs their failing powers. Even those employees who remain highly productive will be likely to shine only in a narrow 11 Academics notice this. It is less clear that employers do. Studies of supervisors" ratings show no clear correlation 12 age and perceived productivity. When other employees" views are 13 into account though, the picture changes: these ratings suggest that workers in their 30s are the 14 productive and hardworking, 15 scores falling thereafter. That is 16 up by studies of work samples, which find lower productivity among the oldest employees. A study for America"s Department of Labor showed job performance peaking at 35, and 17 declining. It varied by industry: the fall was 18 in footwear, but faster in furniture. Intellectual occupations are harder to measure, but the picture is the same. Academics seem to publish 19 as they age. Painters, musicians and writers show the same tendency. Their output peaks in their 30s and 40s. The only 20 is female writers, who are most productive in their 50s.

填空题The Conscientious Tourist Tourism continues to surge as a world economic force, contributing nearly $5.5 trillion to the world"s economy in 2004. A growing trend in travel is the desire of many tourists 1 non-typical tourist experiences, such as "ethical" adventures. Ecotourism, geotourism, and pro-poor tourism are 2 the increasingly popular niches in the travel industry that aim to address consumers" ethical concerns, reports the Worldwatch Institute. Which hotel more actively 3 the environment? Which 4 better support of its local community? Such questions may be more important to vacationers than a hotel"s proximity to the beach 5 the type of mint left on the pillow. One 6 driving this conscientious tourism is the growth of international travel, which exposes visitors 7 the impacts they may have on the cultures and environments they 8 . International tourism 9 by 10% in 2004, and the 10 of international tourist arrivals will reach more than 1.5 billion by 2020, predicts the World Tourism Organization. Low-cost air travel is 11 to this increased international travel, 12 one result is more air pollution and 13 environmental costs that are not factored into the price of tourism. Now, environmentally conscious travelers can choose an airline that offsets its "carbon emissions 14 purchasing credits for the amount of miles they fly, Worldwatch reports. The traveler 15 more for the flight, but is assured that the 16 money is invested in green technologies, reforestation projects, or other efforts to counter the emissions 17 by that flight. Eagerness to attract the ethical dollar may 18 to unethical marketing practices, raising the specter of "greenwashing." "The increasing market demand for responsible tourism has led many businesses to 19 names suggesting they are environmentally responsible," warns Worldwatch researcher Zoe Chafe in Vital Signs 2005. "While some are indeed examples of true ecotourism, many 20 are not. They may make superficial changes to their operations, encourage guests to reuse towels (a move that saves water, but that is often motivated by a desire to cut costs), or actually do nothing to improve their operations."

填空题 Dr Marvin Marshall developed a system that would promote responsible behavior by internally motivating students. Drawing on his own teaching experiences, as well as the insights of others who had explored the are a of human potential, he would be pre-active rather than constantly reacting to inappropriate classroom behaviors.66. ______. To teach responsible behavior, he developed an order of social development that explained different levels of human social behavior in simple terms that his students could understand. Without any social order, anarchy and chaos erupt. The two lowest levels of his hierarchy are Level A: Anarchy and Level B: Bossing/Bullying. In the classroom, both levels are unacceptable. A society becomes civil when its people cooperate and live according to external influences. This led to the naming of Level C: Cooperation/Conformity. When people mature, cultivate manners, and develop values of right and wrong, the motivations to behave well — originally external — become internalized. Doing the right thing simply because it is the right thing to do — without being asked or told — is the concept that characterizes the fourth and highest level. He refers to it as Level D: Democracy, because taking the initiative to be responsible is an essential characteristics of self-rule. {{B}}Internal vs. External Motivation{{/B}} Motivation is either external or internal. External motivation applies when the aim of the performance is to gain approval, to receive a reward or to avoid punishment. Internal motivation applies when people perform for inner satisfaction. Although humans operate from both external and internal motivation, the motivation itself cannot be discerned from a person's actions. In a classroom, both types of motivation are acceptable as long as the end result is the same, but his goal was to develop a system to promote internally motivated responsibility in young people.67. ______. Management professor Douglas McGregor examined the factors underlying the different ways people at tempt to influence human activity. He concluded that the two most common leadership styles are based on two very different sets of assumptions about people.68. ______. This management style consists of the following beliefs: * The average person has an inherent dislike for work and will avoid it if possible. * Because of this inherent aversion, most people must be coerced, controlled, directed or threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort toward the achievement of goals and objectives. * The average person prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition and wants security above all. Under the management style, responsibilities are delineated, goals are imposed, and decisions are made without involving individuals or requesting their consent. Rewards are contingent upon conforming to the system, and punishments are the consequences of deviation from the established rules. McGregor concluded that this style is inadequate for full human development.69. ______. Compared to the style mentioned above, this management style leads to greater realization of goals for both the individual and the organization. The assumptions of this style are: * Work can be a source of satisfaction for employees and will be performed voluntarily, or it can be a source of punishment and may be avoided. * People will exercise self-direction and self-control in pursuit of objectives to which they are committed. * Commitment to objectives depends on the rewards associated with achieving them. The most significant reward is internal satisfaction. This style is more challenging to the participants. it sets up realistic objectives and expects people to achieve them.70. ______. Traditionally, people attempting to manage or change people use top-down authoritarian strategies, which are generally accompanied by stress, resistance and poor relationships. But the use of collaboration and empowerment — the outgrowths of the second style — reduces stress, improves relationships and is much more powerful in effecting change in others. His teaching and administrative experiences taught him that having a discipline system is even more beneficial than having a natural talent in teaching. A simple, dependable aid is precisely what he wanted to offer practitioners. [A] Top-down Authoritarian Style [B] Social Behavior Hierarchy [C] A Dependable Aid [D] Dedicated to Excellence [E] A Look at Two Different Managerial Styles [F] Higher Motivation Management Style

填空题Machines and foreign competition will replace 1 of American jobs. But work will be plentiful for people 2 in the occupations of the future. The Labor Department predicts a net increase of 25 million new jobs in the United States in 1995, 3 service-industry jobs growing three times 4 rapidly as factory jobs. "Work will shift its emphasis from the fatigue and 5 of the production line and the typing pool to the more interesting challenge of the electronic service center, the design studio, the research laboratory, the education institute, and the training school, "predicts Canadian economist Calvert. Jobs in high-tech fields will multiply fastest, 6 from a low base. In 7 of actual numbers, more mundane occupations will experience the biggest surge: custodians, cashiers, secretaries, waiters and clerks. Yet much of the drudge work will be taken 8 by robots. The 9 of robots performing blue-collar tasks will increase 10 3 000 in 1981 to 40 000 in 1990, says John E. Taylor of the Human Resources Research Organization in Alexandria, Va. Robots might also be found on war zones, 11 space-even in the office, perhaps 12 coffee, opening mall and delivering messages. One unsolved problem: what to do 13 workers displaced by high technology and foreign competition. 14 the world "the likelihood of growing permanent unemployment is becoming 15 accepted as a reality among social planners," notes David Macarov, associate professor of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Meantime, the percentage of time people 16 on the job is 17 to continue to fall. Robert Theobald, 18 of Avoiding 1984, fears that joblessness will 19 to increasing depression, bitterness, and unrest. "The dramatic consequences of such a shift on the Western psyche, 20 has made the job the way we value human beings, are almost incalculable, "he comments.

填空题Besidestheformofreports,inwhatotherformscanwegiveoralpresentations?

填空题For Investors wondering whether they should dump their stocks because they need the money, I have only this to say. if you need the money today, you should have sold years ago. 1 For some people, drops as steep as we"ve seen in Asian markets in recent months are too much to take physically. I"m a big believer in the sleep-at-night theory. No Investment is worth keeping if it robs you of your sleep. If you can"t stomach 50 per cent losses in your stock portfolio, get out now and save yourself a heart attack. You may not buy that mansion in Spain, but you"ll live to see your granddaughter"s graduation. 2 If you own stock in a company, but don"t know what it actually does to make a profit, you deserve to take a bath if the share price plunges. If your company doesn"t make money and has no reasonable prospect of doing so soon, sell. Buying things that have no intrinsic value is fun with, say, baseball cards. But this is real money we"re talking about. Earnings and dividends paid out to stockholders are the only things that can tell you in the long term whether owning a stock is worthwhile. 3 Avoid sector and country funds. You will never lead the pack if you invest in global stock or bond funds, but you"ll never finish last, either. As a dabbler at investing, how are you supposed to know whether now is a good time to buy a technology fund but a bad time to sell one investing in Thailand? Those decisions are best left to people who are paid to think about such things all day. 4 Most importantly, if you need the money in the next three to four years, look into buying bonds, either individually or through a mutual fund. Stocks in good businesses that are well run will eventually rise and outperform bonds, but maybe not as fast as you might need them to. Even if you plunge into the stock market without being precisely sure why, its never too late to think about your holdings. Remember, the worst stocks not only keep falling but can approach zero. 5 A. For mutual-fund holders, the situation is a little different. You don"t need to know what the companies in your fund do. But there are a couple of rules to live by. B. The biggest losers are those who refuse to jump off what is clearly a sinking ship. They predict the proud, valiant deaths, but they"re dead in the water all the same. C. Every week insurance companies receive premium payments customers. These payments can form a very large total running into millions of dollars. The company does not leave the money in the bank. It invests in property, shares, farms and even antique paintings and stamps. Its aim is to obtain the best possible return on its investment. D. Even if you sleep soundly, the prospect of a potentially prolonged bear market begs the most basic investment question: why do you own the stocks that you do? Now, more than at any other time in the past ten years, a few simple rules of investing apply: E. That advice holds whether the market is up or down. Even though a lot of novice investors claim they are in stocks "for the long haul", that often turns out to be nonsense. It is easy to be brave and keep buying during a bull market. But what if we"re in for mediocre stocks market gains for the next 10 years? F. Don"t pay obscene fees. Unless a fund under the same manager has consistently outperformed its peers for five years, there is no reason to pay expenses of more than two per cent a year, or a front-end load of more than two to three per cent, anything more goes into nice vacations for your manager and posh leather sofas in his waiting room.

填空题 The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered {{U}}(31) {{/U}} aerobic exercise. Millions of individuals became {{U}}(32) {{/U}} in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country {{U}}(33) {{/U}} capitalize on his emerging interest in {{U}}(34) {{/U}} particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior {{U}}(35) {{/U}} this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their focus was {{U}}(36) {{/U}} on aerobics, but {{U}}(37) {{/U}} weight training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength , and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts. These fitness {{U}}(38) {{/U}} did not seem to benefit financially from the {{U}}(39) {{/U}} fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that {{U}}(40) {{/U}} training programs offered few, if {{U}}(41) {{/U}}, health benefits. In recent years, {{U}}(42) {{/U}} weight gaining has again become increasingly popular for males and for {{U}}(43) {{/U}} females. Many current programs focus not only on {{U}}(44) {{/U}} muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well. Historically, most physical fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and {{U}}(45) {{/U}}, not for health related reasons, but primarily {{U}}(46) {{/U}} such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, {{U}}(47) {{/U}} has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular {{U}}(48) {{/U}} and endurance might also offer some health {{U}}(49) {{/U}} as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training {{U}}(50) {{/U}} part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans.

填空题A=BOOK1 B=BOOK2 C=BOOK3 D=BOOK4 Which book(s) say(s) that... ·the climate affects the future sustainable agricultural development? 71. ______ ·environmental control is related with the national revenues? 72. ______ ·the environmental problems are not caused overnight? 73. ______ ·a variety of species are on the decrease? 74. ______ ·agriculture is also a factor for the degradation of environment? 75. ______ ·pollution can be controlled by increasing the production cost of polluting goods? 76. ______ ·pollution control needs the support of technology and techniques? 77. ______ ·provides lessons for agriculture, trade, land use and tax policy from an economic perspective? 78. ______ ·the degradation of environment causes the change of climate? 79. ______ ·the approaches to research should be adjusted to the changing situation? 80. ______ A BOOK 1 The book offers a comprehensive perspective on the consequences and possible policy solutions for climatic change as we move into the twenty-first century. It assesses the impact of potential feature global climate change on agriculture and the need to sustain agricultural growth for the economic development. The book begins by examining the role of international research institutions in overcoming environmental constraints on sustainable agricultural growth and economic development. The authors then discuss how agricultural research systems may be restructured to respond to global environmental problems such as climate change and loss of genetic diversity. The discussion then extends to consider environmental accounting and indexing, to illustrate how environmental quality can be included formally in measures of national income, social welfare and sustainability. The third part of the book focuses on the effects of and policy responses to climate change. Chapters in this part examine the effect of climate change on production, trade, land use patterns and livelihoods. They consider impacts on the distribution of income between developed and developing countries remain a major economic activity. Authors take on an economy-wide perspective to draw lessons for agriculture, trade, land use and tax policy. B BOOK 2 The ozone layer is threatened by chemical emissions; the climate is endangered from fossil and deforestation, and global biodiversity is being lost by reason of thousands of years of habitat conversions. Global environmental problems arise out of the accumulated impacts from many years' and many countries' economic development. In order to address these problems the states of the world must cooperate to manage their development processes together—this is what an international environmental agreement must do. But can the world's countries cooperate successfully to manage global development? How should they manage it? Who should pay for the process, as well as for the underlying problems? This book presents an examination of both the problem and the process underlying international environmental lawmaking: the recognition of international interdependence, the negotiation of international agreements and the evolution of international resource management. It examines the general problem of global resource management by means of general principles and case studies and by looking at how and why specific negotiations and agreements have failed to achieve their targets. The book is designed as an introductory text for those studying global environmental policy making and institution building. It will also be of interest to practitioners and policy makers and scholars in the areas of environmental economics and law. C BOOK 3 Industrialization to achieve economic development has resulted in global environmental degradation. While the impacts of industrial activity on the natural environment are a major concern in developed countries, much less is known about these impacts in developing countries. This source book identifies and quantifies the environmental consequences of industrial growth, and provides policy advice, including the use of clean technologies and environmentally sound production techniques, with special reference to the developing world. The developing world is often seen as having a high percentage of heavily polluting activities within its industrial sector. This, combined with a substantial agriculture sector, which contributes to deforestation, the erosion of the top soil and desertification, has led to extreme pressures on the environment and impoverishes the population by destroying its natural resource base. This crisis suggests that sound industrialization policies are of paramount importance in developing countries' economic development, and calls for the management of natural resources and the adoption of low-waste of environmentally clean technologies. The authors consider the industrial sector as a pollutant to other sectors of the economy, and then focus on some industrial-specific pollutants within the manufacturing sector and some process-specific industrial pollutants. They conclude by reviewing the economic implications of promoting environmentally sound industrial development, specially adressing the question of the conflict or complementarily which may exist between environmental goods and industrial production. D BOOK 4 This is an important book which presents new concepts of the marginal cost of substituting non-pollutive for pollutive goods. Technically in its approach it complements the other literature in the field and will be a significant contribution to the understanding of microeconomic issues in pollution control. The book focuses on the three main concepts: substitutions in consumption, emission abatement and exposure avoidance. The first part considers the adjustment of the scope and combination of goods produced as a method for controlling pollution. The author argues that pollution is controlled by increasing the relative price of the polluting goods in the production process, thereby reducing demand and subsequent production of the goods. In the second part, the discussion is extended to include the possibilities of preventing or abating emissions in relation to three models: first, pollution prevention when non-polluting inputs and processes are substituted for pollutants; second, when a proportion of the polluting output is recycled rather than being discarded; and finally end-of-pipe abatement where additional technology is used. In conclusion, the author assesses the extent to which pollution damage is controlled by avoidance of emissions, with avoidance being modeled as an add-on technology with its own returns to scale.

填空题pollution control needs the support of technology and techniques?

填空题After its misadventures in 1093, when American marines were driven out of Somalia by skinny gunmen, America has used a long spoon in supping with Somalia's warlords. This, like so much else, changed on September 11th. (69) Clandestine, up to a point: within hours of the arrival in Baidoa of nine closely cropped Americans sporting matching satellite phones and shades, their activities were broadcast. After meeting various warlords, the group inspected a compound that had apparently been offered to them as their future base. They also saw an old military depot. Neither can have been encouraging: the compound has been taken over by war-displaced families, and the depot by thorn-scrub. America was already convinced of al-Qaeda's presence in Somalia. It had listed a Somali Islamic group, al-Itihaad al-Islamiya (Islamic Unity), as a terrorist organization. (70) It fears that lawless Somalia could become a haven for escapes from Afghanistan. The American navy is currently patrolling the country's long coastline, while spy planes are said to be criss-crossing the heavens. (71) With a little bit of help, he told his American visitors, he would be ready "to liberate the country from these evil forces". America had already heard as much through its embassies in Nairobi and Addis Ababa, which maintain contact with the warlords, and from Ethiopia. The warlords are supported by Ethiopia, which has a historical fear of a strong Somalia, in a bid to oppose the government. But their differing views on where to strike at the "terrorists" reveal that their individual ambitions are even sharper than their dislike of file government. Mr. Ismail says that Merca, which is claimed by his Rahanwein clan, is the capital of terror. (72) The LIN rays there is only an orphanage there now. But the island is close to Mr. Morgan's home town of Kismaayo, which he failed to capture from a pro-government militia in July, and he is determined not to fail again. None of this looks good for Somalia's official president, Abdiquassim Salad Hassan, whose government is in control of about half the capital, Mogadishu. He has formed his own anti- terrorism unit, and invited America to send investigators, or even troops. America, armed with stories about the presence of al-Itihaad members held back, but on December 18th sent an envoy to Mogadishu. Both Mr. Hassan and the UN say that al-Itihaad is not a terrorist organization. It emerged as an armed force in 1991, battling for power in the aftermath of Siad Barre's fall. It had some early successes, briefly taking Kismaayo. But it was always dependent on the blessing of its members' clan elders. When the elders eventually called their fighters back, a hard core of Islamists fled to the Gedo border region where, in 1997, they were crushed by Ethiopian troops (73) The Baidoa alliance plainly hopes to be supported as proxies in a fight against "terrorism" and the Mogadishu regime. But the latest intelligence leaks suggest that the first reports may have overestimated al-Qaeda's presence in Somalia. Nor would Mr. bin Laden and his henchmen find it easy to lie low in an oral culture that considers rumour-mongering to be a form of manners. Even so, the warlords seem to believe that they have won some promise of help. Soon after the arrival of the American group, they pulled out of the peace talks they had been holding with their government in Nairobi. A. Al-Itihaad subsequently infiltrated Somalia's business class, and now runs Islamic schools, courts and clinics with the money it has accumulated. B. According to Abdullahi Sheikh Ismail, the acting chairman of the loose alliance of warlords who control most of Somalia and are based in Baidoa, there are "approximately 20, 480armed extremists" in Somalia and "85% of the government is al-Itihaad". C. Muhammad Hersi Morgan, known as the "butcher of Hargeisa" because he once razed that town to the ground, says an al-Itihaad camp on Ras Kamboni island is still active. D. American intelligence officers are working with two warlords to gather information about suspected al-Qaeda people in Somalia. E. It had also forced the closure of Barakaat, Somalia's biggest banking and telecoms company, which handles most of the remittances that Somalis working abroad send back to their families. F. On December 9th America sent a clandestine mission to talk to a collection of Somali warlords, who like to claim that their country, in particular their UN-sponsored government, is overrun with terrorists.

填空题·was popular in 1920s?

填空题Military Police Military police (MPs) are the police of a military organization. Military police are concerned 1 law enforcement ( including criminal investigation) on military property and concerning military personnel, installation security, close personal protection of senior military officers, management of prisoners of war, management of military prisons, hunting down deserters, traffic control, route signing and resupply route management. Not all military police 2 are concerned with all of these areas, 3 . These personnel are generally 4 front-line combatants, but are sometimes used in a defensive role 5 a primary defense force in 6 area operations. In some countries, a military 7 force, generically 8 as a gendarmerie, although there are a 9 of other names, also serves as a national police force, often 10 as heavy backup for the civil police and/or policing rural 11 . For these 12 , such forces are under civilian 13 and function in the same manner as 14 police forces. This gendarmerie may or may not also 15 as a military police force within the armed forces. In most countries, military police who are not members of gendarmerie forces do not have police powers over civilians 16 while on military property. The head of the military police is commonly 17 to as the Provost Marshal. This ancient 18 was originally given to an 19 whose duty was to ensure that the army of the king did no harm to the citizenry. In many countries, military forces have separate prisons and judicial systems, 20 from civilian entities. The military possibly also has its own interpretation of criminal justice. The status of military police is usually prominently displayed on the helmet and/or on an armband, brassard, or arm or shoulder flash. In the Second World War, the military police of the German army still used a metal gorget as an emblem.

填空题A = Book1 B = Book2 C= Book3 D = Book4 Which book(s) gives an unconventional view of a revered river? writes about a journey through West Africa? is a blend of adventure and historical tale? are made up of black-and-white pictures gives readers a full picture of the Earth? retraces the steps of an 18th-century explorer? consists of a photographer"s experiments with photography? is about one country"s relationship with the sea? leaves the reader confused about what to do? presents the coast as a changing landscape? 1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______ 7. ______ 8. ______ 9. ______ 10. ______ A Book 1 What began as a conversation around the Christmas table became reality for Tom Fremantle when he set off to visit the fabled Timbuktu and follow in the footsteps of his hero, the 18 th -century explorer Mungo Park. This was to be no tourist trip. Starting in The Gambia, Fremantle makes a remarkable journey through West Africa, covering more than 3,200 kilometres in three months. He travels variously by donkey and cart, dugout canoe, on foot with a wayward ox and by bus with a hash-dealing driver before finally arriving in Nigeria. In the book, Fremantle provides a vivid snapshot of modern West Africa, telling the stories of the people he meets, from a lovelorn Senegalese prostitute and Bozo fisherman with a megawatt grin to a dignified Tuareg tribesman keen to keep his ancient traditions alive. The book is part adventure, part historical tale, with Fremantle slipping skilfully between present-day narrative and Park"s journey in 1795 as an eager young man commissioned by the African Association to unlock the mysteries of the River Niger. He tells Park"s tale of ambush, starvation and disease with well-researched simplicity, right the way through to his return home as a celebrity in 1797, only to fall victim to his own success and die on his second expedition, in 1805. It"s no easy task blending a historical journey into a modern-day setting, but Freemantle succeeds in doing just that, writing with a depth and perception that makes the book a fascinating read. B Book2 Italian photographer travels the length of the Ganges, takes lots of great photos and the publisher packages it all up in its much-copied coffee-table style. And that should be the end of the story. But it isn"t, because Aldo Pavan"s photographs are almost as extraordinary as the subject matter he has so evocatively recorded. These days, photo essays about the Ganges are commonplace, and so are the images of buffalo, ritual ablutions, crumbling architecture, terraced paddies and cannabis-smoking sadhus that make up the stereotype. And, admittedly, all that stock fodder is here -- it would be difficult to photograph the progress of the river without including it -- but Pavan goes out of his way to make his images deviate from the norm. His experiments with focus and composition are quite daring, even if they aren"t always successful. The result is a curious splattering of oddly placed horizontals, entire images out of focus and composition with seemingly no subject at all. It"s genuinely dynamic stuff, made all the more exciting by the fact that Pavan really does know what he"s doing: the experimental pieces sit next to classically composed portraits and landscapes that are quite beautiful. And so this book isn"t an unqualified success, but it"s a refreshing and inspiring alternative to the more formulaic stuff the great river typically spawns. C Book 3 This lavish photography book conceived, written and produced by the staff of New Internationalist magazine, is intended as both a celebration of life on Earth and a reminder of what is under threat. Readers of the magazine may already have seen a selection of the book"s 120 colour images in the May 2005 issue on ecosystems, which dealt with the current mass extinction, global warming pollution and humanity"s assault on the land. The photographs are spectacular; however, they suffer from an apparent lack of order -- polar ice follows cacti follows aircraft. Perhaps this is intended: to seduce with the sheer variety and contrast of life and land; to show the Earth"s full picture. The message is certainly subtle. Despite an opening quote by Tony Juniper, executive director of Friends of the Earth, that "the stakes are so high and time is so short" and a foreword by Dr Caroline Lucas MEP exhorting readers to "act now", one is left a little unsure exactly what it is we"re supposed to do. For now, however, we can simply enjoy the blast of colour, pattern and form of these marvelous pictures, hopefully bathed in the glow of an energy-efficient lightbulb, wearing fair-trade clothing in a sustainable home. D Book 4 After the success of the National Trust"s photographic exhibition The Coast Exposed -- one of the best of last year I the Trust has produced Sea Fever, a portfolio of 117 black-and-white prints by the distinguished Magnum photographer Stuart Franklin. Franklin has used his reportage skills to capture the UK"s relationship with the sea in all its forms. From a happy family of picknickers on the cliffs above Marloes Sands, to the weathered face of an oyster fisherman on the Fal Esturary, these photographs are designed to inform the reader rather than inspire. Sea Fever stands out from other books about Britain"s coastline because it attempts to convey through the stark and subtle tones of black and white how the sea can be both playground and workplace at the same time. The images of Boscastle after the freak storm of August 2004 also show just how fickle a force the sea can be, and how the coast will always be a changing, transient landscape never to be bridled by those who live alongside it. A book that, like the sea, you can dip into and out of and always find something new.

填空题WhousuallytakecareoftheelderlypeopleintheUnitedStates?

填空题A = BOOK REVIEW 1 B = BOOK REVIEW 2 C = BOOK REVIEW 3 D = BOOK REVIEW 4 Which book review(s) contain(s) the following information? · Comparison of the significance of two economic books. 1 · Stiglitz"s prestige in the field of economics. 2 · Stiglitz"s criticism of those who exaggerated the power of markets in developing countries. 3 · Policy making should consider local conditions. 4 · The intervention of government is the way to assist globalization. 5 · Stiglitz"s dedication to the development of poor countries. 6 · Stiglitz"s preference of one type of economic policy over another one. 7 · More people joined Stiglitz in criticizing free trade and globalization. 8 · Stiglitz"s points have been supported by what actually happened in the country. 9 · Mainly gives positive comments on Stiglitz and his new book. 10 A The main point of the book is simple: globalization is not helping many poor countries. Incomes are not rising in much of the world, and adoption of market-based policies such as open capital markets, free trade, and privatization are making developing economies less stable, not more. Instead of a bigger dose of free markets, Stiglitz argues, what"s needed to make globalization work better is more and smarter government intervention. While this has been said before, the ideas carry more weight coming from someone with Stiglitz"s credentials. In some ways, this book has the potential to be the liberal equivalent of Milton Friedman"s 1962 classic Capitalism and Freedom , which helped provide the intellectual foundation for a generation of conservatives. But Globalization and Its Discontents does not rise to the level of capitalism and freedom. While Stiglitz makes a strong case for government-oriented development policy, he ignores some key arguments in favor of the market. "The book"s main villain is the International Monetary Fund, the Washington organization that lends to troubled countries", Stiglitz" contempt for the IMF is boundless, "It is clear that the IMF has failed in its mission," he declares. "Many of the policies that the IMF pushed have contributed to global instability." B While parts of this book are disappointingly shallow, Stiglitz"s critique of the market-driven 90"s still resonates, especially when the business page is full of stories about white-collar crime and the stock market seems stuck in a perpetual rut. Even the United States cannot blithely assume that financial markets will work on autopilot. It is testament to the salience of Stiglitz"s arguments that many economists—even some Bush Administration officials—now embrace his view that economic change in the developing world must evolve more with local conditions, not on Washington"s calendar. Without a thorough makeover, globalization could easily become a quagmire. Stiglitz shared a Nobel Prize last year for his work analyzing the imperfections of markets. His main complaint against Rubin and Summers, who served as Treasury Secretaries, and against Fischer, the NO. 2 official and de facto chief executive of the international Monetary Fund, is that they had too much faith that markets could transform poor countries overnight. He labels these three men market fundamentalists, who fought to maintain financial stability with the same urgency that an earlier generation struggled to contain communism. Worse, he suggests, they shilled for Wall Street, conflating the interests of the big banks with the financial health of the world. C "Stiglitz, 58, is hardly the first person to accuse the IMF of operating undemocratically and exacerbating Third World poverty. But he is by far the most prominent and his emergence as a critic marks an important shift in the intellectual landscape. Only a few years ago, it was possible for pundits to claim that no mainstream economist, certainly nobody of Stiglitz"s stature, took the criticism of free trade and globalization seriously. Such claims are no longer credible, for Stiglitz is part of a small but growing group of economists, sociologists and political scientists, among them Dani Rodrik of Harvard and Robert Wade of the London School of Economics, who not only take the critics seriously but warn that ignoring their concerns could have dire consequences." Over the past several years, Stiglitz, a celebrated theorist who was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in economics for his work on asymmetric information, has grown accustomed to being at the center of controversy. From 1997 to 2000, he served as senior vice president and chief economist at the World Bank—a title that did not stop him from publicly criticizing the bank"s sister institution, the International Monetary Fund, Stiglitz"s outspokenness, unprecedented for a high-ranking insider, infuriated top officials at the IMF and US Treasury Department, and eventually led James Wolfensohn, the World Bank"s president, to inform him that he would have to mute his criticism or resign, Stiglitz chose to leave. D "Stiglitz" book makes a compelling case that simple-minded economic doctrine, inadequately tailored to the realities of developing countries, can do more harm than good, and that the subtleties of economic theory are actually quite important for sound policy advice. But simplistic political advice—give developing countries more voice and the institutions of global governance will be rendered more legitimate and efficient—is equally problematic. Political reform is as subtle and complex as economic reform. Evidently, the best minds among us have only begun to think about it." Joseph Stiglitz"s memoirs of his years in Washington, D. C. —first as chair of President Bill Clinton"s Council of Economic Advisers and then as chief economist at the World Bank—have the flavor of a morality play. Our goodhearted but slightly native hero, on leave from Stanford University, sets out for the nation"s capital to serve his country and improve the lot of the developing world. Once there he finds a morass of political opportunism, ideologically motivated decision-making and bureaucratic inertia. Undeterred, he battles valiantly on behalf of impoverished nations against the unrelenting globalisers of the International Monetary Fund.

填空题In last two years the world has seen an intensification (53) ______.in the search for sustainable development and social (54) ______.responsible business. A series of events, from demonstrationsat the WTO meetings in Seattle expressing dissatisfactionfor the effects of economic globalization, the terrorist attacks (55) ______.on the WTO in New York on "9·11", corporate financialscandals such as Enron, WorldCom and Ahold, the collapse (56) ______.of He Argentinean economy and the Internet bubble, haveextended this search from wastern social and environmental circles to mainstream economic and business circles acrossthe globe. According to Hazel Henderson, a leading thinkeron economics and development, the traditional economic (57) ______.profession is in a state of crisis. We witness such impoverishing (58) ______.of millions in Thailand, Indonesia and the other "tiger economies"during the Asian meltdown, as well as in Russia, Mexico, Brazil,and Argentina. Too often, luring people from their traditionalways and communities into monetarized urban areas hasproved unsustainably and led to such human tragedies. (59) ______.This criticism is recognized by an increasing number of mainstreameconomists, who are "defecting" their orthodoxies. They are helpingexpand the horizons of the economics profession toward a moremodest, inclusive and inter-disciplinary stance. Leading universitiesand institutes like the World Bank are stepping up research (60) ______.on alternate development indicators, accounting for "softer" (61) ______.values such as environment, social values and general well beingof the society with a long term time horizon. These efforts reflectmuch of that the notion of Gross National Happiness is all about. (62) _____.In response to the scandals in corporate governance and the increasedcall for truly responsible business leadership, the western businesscommunity is also exploring alternatives.

填空题 Supermarket shoppers have never been more spoilt for choice. But just when we thought traditional systems of selective fanning had created the most tempting array of foods money can buy, we are now being presented with the prospect of genetically created strains of cabbages, onion, tomato, potato and apple. It may not tickle the fancy of food purists but it fires the imagination of scientists, fast week they discovered that the classic Parisian mushroom contains just the properties that, when genetically mixed with a wild strain of mushroom from the Sonora desert in California, could help it grow en masse while at the same time providing it with the resilience of the wild strain.66. ______. "We have found a way of increasing the success rate from one to 90 percent. This is just one of the many products that, according to skeptics, are creating a generation of "Frankenfoods". The first such food that may be consumed on a wide scale is a tomato which has been genetically manipulated so that it does not soften as it ripens.67. ______. Critics say that the new tomato--which cost $ 25 million to research--is designed to stay on supermarket shelves for longer. It has a ten-day life span. Not surprisingly, every-hungry US is leading the search for these forbidden fruit. By changing the genes of a grapefruit, a grower from Texas has created a sweet, red, thin-skinned grapefruit expected to sell at a premium over its California and Florida competitors. For chip fanatics who want to watch their waist-lines, new high-starch, low-moisture potatoes that absorb less fat when fried have been created, thanks to a gene from intestinal bacteria. The scientists behind such new food argue that genetic engineering is simply an extension of animal and plant breeding methods and that by broadening the scope of the genetic changes that can be made, sources of food are increased. Accordingly, they argue, this does not inherently lead to foods that are less safe than those developed by conventional techniques. But if desirable genes are swapped irrespective of species barriers, could things spiral out of control? "Knowledge is not toxic, "said Mark Cantley, head of the biotechnology unit at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, "It has given us a far greater understanding of how living systems work at a molecular level and there is no reason for people to think that scientists and farmers should use that knowledge to do risky things." Clearly, financial incentive lies behind the development of these bigger, more productive foods. But we may have only ourselves to blame. In the early period of mass food commerce, food varieties were developed by traditional methods of selective breeding to suit the local palate. But as suppliers started to select and preserve plant variants that had larger fruit, consumer expectations rose, leading to the development of the desirable clones. Still, traditionalists and gourmets in Europe are fighting their development.68. ______. Even in the pre-packaged US, where the slow-softening tomato will soon be reaching supermarkets, 1,500 American chefs have lent their support to the Pure Food Campaign which calls for the international boycott of genetically engineered foods until more is known about the consequences of the technology and reliable controls have been introduced. In the short term, much of the technology remains untested and in the long term the consequences for human biology are unknown. Questions have arisen over whether new proteins in genetically modified food could cause allergies in some people.69. ______. Then there are the vegetarians who may be consuming animal non-vegetable proteins in what they think is a common tomato, or the practicing Jew who unknowingly consumes a fruit that has been enhanced with a pig's gene. As yet, producers are under no obligation to label "transgenetic" products. Environmentalists worry that new, genetically engineered plants may damage natural environment. A genetically engineered pest-resistant strain of plant that contacts with a native strain, for example, could turn them into virulent weeds beyond chemical control. Animal welfare groups worry about the quality of life of farm animals manipulated so that they produce more meat, milk, and eggs but which may suffer physical damage in the process.70. ______. Many of these fears spring from ignorance. And although it is hard to separate the paranoia from the benefits, the fact remains that genetic engineering offers ways of solving serious medical and agricultural problems. A. Western farmers have already bred cattle with more muscle than a skeleton can carry. B. Supporters say the tomato, unsurprisingly called Flavr Savr, will taste better because it will be able to mature on the branch longer. C. Consumer opposition means that there are genetically manipulated 'foods on the German markets, and the Norwegian government has recently put research into genetically engineered foods on hold. D. For example, if a corn gene is introduced into a wheat gene for pest resistance, will those who are allergic to corn then be allergic to wheat? E. "Mushrooms in the past were almost impossible to cross, "says Philippe Callac, one of the three scientists working on the mushroom. F. Genetic engineering will interfere with the balance of nature.

填空题 A = Halloween B — Christmas C = Thanksgiving Which holiday... ※ Was not celebrated for many generations {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} ※ Was celebrated by dressing up in strange and {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} frightening costumes ※ Is a family day {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} ※ Was observed by the Pilgrims in 1621 {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} ※ Is celebrated with different names in many countries {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} ※ Is observed by decorating a tree {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}} ※ Is a time when most Americans pause in {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}} tribute to the values of and fortitude in the face of adversity, hard work etc. ※ Is a time when children collect money for {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}} needy children ※ Is a time when a whole turkey is served at {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}} the table ※ Is not a religious or church holiday {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{B}} Halloween(October 31 ){{/B}} This is a holiday widely celebrated with different names in many countries. Although it originated as a religious holiday, it has lost its religious connections in the United States. It is now celebrated largely as a children's day, and many American children look froward to it for days and weeks beforehand. The orange pumpkin is harvested at this time of year and is hollowed out, a funny face cut into it, and a candle placed inside as a decoration in the window. City folks, nowadays, sometimes use paper pumpkins for decorations. Some years ago, the holiday was celebrated by dressing up in strange and frightening costumes and playing tricks on one's neighbors and friends, such as ringing door bells, throwing bits of corn on the window panes, and in other ways making minor disturbances. More recently, children come to the door to have friends and neighbors admire their costumes and guess who they are behind the false faces and receive treats of candy, fruit or cookies. They say, "Trick or Treat", meaning, "I will play a trick on you if you will not give me a treat. "This practice has even-more recently developed into a significant international activity. Instead of or along with candy, the children collect money for UNICEF(United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund). This special collection of money by children for needy children throughout the world is known as "UNICEF" Trick or Treat". Begun only recently, it results in several million dollars each year contributed to UNICEF. The collection box is orange, reminiscent of the pumpkin.{{B}} Christmas (December 25){{/B}} This is the biggest holiday, and the holiday season extends from a few days before December 25th through New Year's Day. Although its origin is in the Christian religion, it is celebrated by almost everyone in the country in one way or another regardless of their religion. As a holiday within the church marking the birth of Christ. Christmas ranks with Easter. Non-Christian visitors who wish to observe a church service will find that churches are decorated more extensively than usual, traditional music sung only at Christmas can be heard, and midnight services on Christmas Eve are often held in candle light. Anyone of any faith is welcome to walk into such a service without a speical invitation. The earliest settlers of America did not celebrate Christmas for many generations. Some were too concerned with bare existence while others, such as the Puritans, considered any celebration too frivolous for those of a serious and religious disposition. With the subsequent settlement of large groups of German and Dutch people, traditional European folk observances of the Christmas season developed. From Germany came the Christmas tree and the tradition of a figure known as Kris Kringle who distributed gifts to children. From Holland came Sinterklaas, or St. Nicholas, the forebearer of the American Santa Claus. Today, families gather on Christmas, sometimes travelling considerable distances to be together. Gifts are exchanged on Christmas Eve or Christmas Day. Even families who do not have deep religious convictions decorate a Christmas tree and serve a traditional dinner—often a whole turkey carved at the table—and join wholeheartedly in the festivities of the Christmas season. On Christmas Eve, children go to bed early and await the coming of Santa Claus. Parents put up the tree, decorate it profusely, and place gaily wrapped presents under it. When the children awake the next morning, all the gifts, including the tree were presumably delivered by Santa Claus travelling from house to house through the sky in his sleigh pulled by reindeer.{{B}} Thanksgiving(Fourth Thursday in November){{/B}} The first Thanksgiving Day was observed by the Pilgrims at Plymouth colony in Massachusetts in 1621 to give thanks for the bountiful harvest and their triumph of survival over the wilderness. They shared their feast with the Indians. Throughout the early history of the United States, Presidents proclaimed Thanksgiving Day for special reasons: in 1778 for the return of peace after the Revolution; in 1789 George Washington declared Thanksgiving Day for the welfare of the nation. Now it is a time when most Americans pause in their striving in gratitude for the good life which they enjoy. In a sense they pause, too, in tribute to the values of courage and fortitude in the face of adversity, hard work, cooperation, suffering, and the willingness to die for a principle symbolized by the Pilgrims. Most churches hold services on Thanksgiving Day, but it is not a religious or church holiday as Christmas and Easter are for Christians or Hanukkah and Passover are for Jews. Thanksgiving is a family day—a time when married children and grandchildren observe the day with their parents. Roast turkey with stuffing and cranberry sauce, and for dessert, pumpkin or mincemeat pie are traditional. The carving of the whole bird at the table is a bit of ceremony which is also traditional.

填空题The behavior of individuals is influenced by heredity, environment and culture. Culture includes rules of (31) an individual is expected to behave in a particular society. Sometimes rules for behavior differ (32) one culture to another, and sometimes the rules are (33) .The English and Mexican golden rules are very similar, if not in words, in sentiment. The English golden rule," Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," instructs people how to (34) with others inside and outside the home. The Mexican golden rule, "Between individuals, as between nations, respect (35) other people's rights means peace, "likewise instruct people how to behave with others. Perhaps because all cultures are equally concerned (36) their children's manners, we find many (37) similarities than differences in the way Mexicans and Americans teaching children the golden rule. In the (38) of strangers, the golden rule is applied similarly and differently in the two countries. In America, the family emphasizes independence and teaches children how to take (39) of themselves. This lesson often includes a warning (40) they can't believe everyone and should be wary of strangers. Children are taught what to do, how to use the phone, and (41) to call for help in (42) of emergency or trouble with a stranger. (43) Mexicans are not as wary of strangers, they also tell their children to be careful of (44) and to tell an adult (45) help is needed. Mexicans may not need to warn their children about strangers quite (46) much as Americans do simply because children, (47) are more dependent in Mexico, are with their parents most of the time. Possibly (48) independence is not as big a cultural value in Mexico (49) in the United States, people give and accept help more readily. Children, then, are taught to help elderly people and pregnant women (50) helping them to cross the street or to carry a parcel.

填空题A job interview is your chance to 1 an employer what he or she will get if you"re 2 . That is why it is 3 to be well prepared for the job interview. Preparing means knowing about the industry, the employer, and yourself. It means 4 attention to details like personal appearance, punctuality, and demeanor. 5 you begin to think about how you will dress for the interview, or answer questions, you should gather as much information about the employer as you can. Not only will you appear informed and intelligent, it will also help you make a decision if a job 6 is eventually made. 7 employer information is not always an easy task, 8 if the employer is a small private company. Next step is answering 9 . You might want to prepare for answering questions by listing some of your attributes. Talk to former co-workers with 10 you worked closely. Ask them to list some traits about you that they most admired—work 11 , of course. Try to find some faults as well. One question that sometimes comes 12 in an interview is "What is something that has been a problem for you at work?" 13 studying your faults, you will be able to choose one that is somewhat innocuous or could be 14 around into a positive. You want to seem somewhat spontaneous, but you also want to appear self-confident. The way to do that is to rehearse, not exactly what you will say, but 15 you will say it. A great 16 is to rehearse in front of a video camera. Study your posture, the way you make eye 17 , and your body 18 . If you don"t have a video camera, a mirror will do. Have a friend do mock 19 with you. The more you repeat a scenario, the 20 comfortable you will begin to feel with it.

填空题 It was a sorry end. Cut down in his prime, the cunning thief lay on the slab, his cold body offering pathologist Brett Gartrell no outward sign of how he. had met his maker. Once Gartrell had wielded his scalpel, however, the cause became, clear: a belly stuffed with sticky brown gunk. Diagnosis? Death by chocolate.66. ______ If you're reading this after scoffing your fifteenth chocolate Santa, don't panic: We humans have been safely enjoying the beans of the cacao plant, Theobroma cacao, for millennia. Theobroma is Greek for "food of the gods", reflecting the Mayan belief that cocoa had divine origins. Every April, they sacrificed a dog with cacao-coloured markings in honour of Ek Chuah, the god of cacao.67. ______ It was methylxanthines that did for the kea too. Gartrell, a wildlife pathologist at Massey University in Palmerston North, New Zealand, is wearily familiar with keas' propensity m poison themselves. Besides being arguably the world's smartest birds, keas are extraordinarily inquisitive foragers, using their beaks to rip open tents and backpacks, open garbage bins and even pry pieces off cars in their quest for food. "They'll try anything that is vaguely edible, which is part of the reason they get into trouble," says Gartrell.68. ______ The reason humans don't turn up their toes after bingeing on chocolate is largely down to the speed at which our bodies metabolise theobromine, the most abundant methylxanthine in chocolate. Rats metabolise it much more slowly than humans, and dogs are slower still. There are no reliable figures for theobromine toxicity in humans, but based on caffeine toxicity an average adult would have to gorge on around 50 kilograms of milk chocolate in a single sitting to get anywhere near a lethal dose.69. ______ Coyotes are a serious pest in the US, killing $44 million worth of livestock each year, damaging property and attacking people and pets. Measures such as fences are often ineffective. Sometimes culling them is the only option but unfortunately the poisons now used, such as sodium cyanide, are toxic to humans and most other animals too. "If we can come up with something that is more selective, it offers an advantage," says Johnston. "It's a more responsible approach."70. ______ Methylxanthines are also shaping up as a way to dispatch other pests. Earl Campbell of the US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center in Hilo, Hawaii, discovered that caffeine sprays could kill two species of noisy and ecologically damaging Caribbean tree frogs that have plagued the island since they were accidentally introduced in the 1980s. Campbell noticed that the spray also killed slugs. His colleague Robert Hollingsworth then found that caffeine spray made snails kick the bucket too. Hollingsworth is now developing caffeine as an alternative to conventional pesticides, such as those used in slug pellets. "There's a huge amount of interest in using botanical extracts," he says. "People are more comfortable with things that are natural."A. Knife-wielding priests aside, chocolate is still bad news for many animals. Cocoa beans are naturally rich in caffeine and its chemical relatives theobromine and theophylline, collectively called methylxanthines. To humans these are little more than benign stimulants, but to a number of animals they are highly toxic. Just 240 grams of unsweetened dark chocolate contains enough methylxanthines to kill a 40-kilogram dog, about the size of a German shepherd.B. The methylxanthines are just a start. "Cocoa is a real gold .mine of different components," says Herwig Bernaert, research manager at Barry Callebaut, a chocolate manufacturer in Zurich, Switzerland. Cocoa contains more than 700 compounds and there is a great deal of research on which of these can affect people or other creatures.C. Methylxanthines looked as though they might fit the bill. After testing the toxicity of several different types of chocolate, Johnson came up with a mixture of theobromine and caffeine that killed coyotes quickly and with minimal distress. The mixture can be hidden in bait and is currently undergoing field tests.D. The observation that methylxanthines are highly toxic to animals, with dogs being especially vulnerable, prompted John Johnston, a chemist at the US Department of Agriculture in Fort Collins, Colorado, to investigate chocolate as a more selective way of controlling coyotes.E. Divine—yes. Delicious--absolutely. But deadly? For some it certainly is. The corpse on Gartrell's slab belonged not to a human but to a kea, an endangered New Zealand parrot. Like many animals, keas are acutely sensitive to chemicals in chocolate that are harmless to humans in all but huge doses. Scientists are now studying these chemicals, along with other substances in cocoa, hoping to exploit their toxic effects to control pests or microbes.F. The dead kea was found outside a hotel kitchen in the holiday resort of Mount Cook Village in the Southern Alps. It had eaten more than 20 grams of dark chocolate, presumably pilfered from the kitchen garbage. "He'd really pigged out," says Gartrell. The ill-fated kea was by no means alone in its folly. Veterinary journals are peppered with stories of dogs, cats, parrots, foxes, badgers and other animals dropping dead after finding chocolate or being fed it by well- meaning humans.

填空题 Read the following text and answer questions 1-10 by choosing A, B, C or D. Some choices may be required more than once. A=Washington D.C. B=New York City C=Chicago D=Los Angeles {{B}} 1. Washington D. C.{{/B}} Washington, the capital of the United States, is in Washington. D.C. and is situated on the potomac River between the two states of Maryland and Virginia. The population of the city is about 800,000 and it covers an area of over 69 square miles (including 8 square miles of water surface). The section was named the District of Columbia after Christopher Columbus, who discovered the continent. The city itself was named Washington after George Washington, the first president of U. S. A. The building of the city was accomplished in 1800 and since that year, it has served as the capital of the country. Thomas Jefferson was the first president inaugurated there. In the War of 1812, the British army seized the city, burning the White House and many other buildings. Washington is the headquarters of all the branches of the American federal system; Congress, the Supreme Court and the Presidency. Apart from the government buildings, there are also some other places of interest such as the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, the Library of Congress and Mt. Vernon, home of George Washington.{{B}} 2. New York City{{/B}} New York City, located in New York State, is the largest city and the chief port of the United States. The city of New York has a population of over 7 million (1970) and Metropolitan, 12 million. The city has five boroughs: Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn and Richmond. The city with its good harbor was discovered as early as 1524, and it was established by the Dutch who named the city New Amsterdam. In 1664, the city was taken by the English and it got the name New York as it bears now. During the American Revolution in 1776, George Washington had his headquarters for a time in New York City. The Declaration of Independence was first read there on July 4th, 1776. The city remained the nations capital until 1790. New York became an important port early in the last century. A large portion of the national exports passed through New York Harbor. New York has become one of the worlds busiest ports and also the financial, manufacturing, and travel center of the country. Some of the places of interest in the city are: the Statue of Liberty (152 meters high) which was given by the French people to the American people as a gift in 1877. It was erected on Liberty Island in the middle of New York Harbor. Broadway, Wall Street and Fifth Avenue are a few of New Yorks more famous streets. Wall Street, where many famous banks are centered, is the financial center of America and has become a symbol of the American monopoly capitalism. Fifth Avenue is the street with famous stores and shops. Time Square is in the center of New York City, at Broadway and 42rid Street. Greenwich Village is an art center. Many American artists and writers have lived and worked there. The group of the third largest city buildings of the United Nations stand along the East River at the end of the 42nd Street.{{B}} 3. Chicago{{/B}} Chicago, the second largest city in population in the United States, lies on the southwestern shore of bake Michigan at a point where the Chicago River enters the lake. The city is now the largest industrial city in the country. Both heavy and light industries are highly developed, particularly the former. Black metallurgical industry and meat processing are assumed to be the head in the U. S. It is now considered the center of industry, transportation, commerce and finance in the midwest area. The working class in Chicago has a glorious revolutionary tradition. On May 1st, 1886, thousands upon thousands of workers in the city and the country went on strike for the eight - hour workday and succeeded. Since 1890, May 1st has been observed every year as an International Labor Day. On March 8th 1909, women workers in Chicago held a big strike for freedom and equal rights with men and since 1910, March 8th has been celebrated each year as an International Working Womens Day.{{B}} 4. Los Angeles{{/B}} Los Angeles is situated near the Pacific coast in California. It is an important center of shipping, industry and communication. The city was first founded by a Spanish explorer in 1542 and turned over to the U. S. in 1846. The city leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts and the area has become an aviation center. California is a leading state in the production of electronic products and the area of Los Angeles has grown into an important electronic center. Since the first American movie was made in Los Angeles in 1908, the city has remained the film center of the United States. Hollywood, the base of the film industry in the city, is a world famous film producing center.

填空题 For decades, environmentalists have warned of a coming climate crisis. Their alarms went unheeded, and last year we reaped an early harvest: a singularly ferocious hurricane season, record snowfall in New England, the worst-ever wildfires in Alaska, arctic glaciers at their lowest ebb in millennia, catastrophic drought in Brazil, devastating floods in India--portents of global warning's destructive potential. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} With climate change hard upon us, a new green movement is taking shape, one that embraces environmentalism's concerns but rejects its worn-out answers. Technology can be a font of endlessly creative solutions. Business can be a vehicle for change. Prosperity can help us build the kind of world we want. Scientific exploration, innovative design, and cultural evolution are the most powerful tools we have. Entrepreneurial zeal and market forces, guided by sustainable policies, can propel the world into a bright green future. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} Consider the unmitigated ecological disaster that is the automobile. Every time you mm on the ignition, you're enmeshed in a system whose known outcomes include a polluted atmosphere, oil-slicked seas, and desert wars. As comprehension of the stakes has grown, though, a market has emerged for a more sensible alternative. Today you can drive a Toyota Prius that burst far less gasoline than a conventional car. Tomorrow we might see vehicles that consume no fossil fuels and emit no greenhouse gases. Combine cars like that with smarter urban growth and we're well on our way to sustainable transportation. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} Renewable energy is plentiful energy. Burning fossil fuels is a filthy habit, and the supply won't last forever. Fortunately, a growing number of renewable alternatives promise clean, inexhaustible power: wind turbines, solar arrays, wave-power flotillas, small hydroelectric generators, geothermal systems, even bioengineered algae that mm waste into hydrogen. The challenge is to scale up these technologies to deliver power in industrial quantities--exactly the kind of challenge brilliant businesspeople love. Efficiency creates value. The number one US industrial product is waste. Waste is worse than stupid; it's costly, which is why we're seeing businesspeople in every sector getting a jump on the competition by consuming less water, power, and materials. What's true for industry is true at home, too: Think well-in-sulated houses full of natural light, cars that sip instead of guzzle, appliances that pay for themselves in energy savings. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} Quality is wealth. More is not better. Better is better. You don't need a bigger house; you need a different floor plan. You don't need more stuff; you need stuff you'll actually use. Ecofriendly designs and nontoxic materials already exist, and there's plenty of room for innovation. You may pay more for things like long-lasting, energy-efficient LED lightbulbs, but they'll save real money over the long term. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} It may seem impossibly far away, but on days when the smog blows off, you can already see it: a society built on radically green design, sustainable energy, and closed-loop cities; a civilization afloat on a cloud of efficient, nontoxic, recyclable technology. That's a future we can live with. A. Using satellite technology and various measurements, NASA scientists confirm the earth is melting at both poles. In the north, at the Arctic, the melting of Greenland's three-kilometer thick ice sheet had been expected, though not as dramatically as it is now happening. But in the south, many believed the far more massive ice sheets covering Antarctica would increase in the 21st century. That's not so, according to the NASA observations and data. Despite increasing snowfall, Antarctica's ice sheets are shrinking. B. Redesigning civilization along these lines would bring a quality of life few of us can imagine. That's because a fully functioning ecology is tantamount to tangible wealth. Clean air and water, a diversity of animal and plant species, soil and mineral resources, and predictable weather are annuities that will pay dividends for as long as the human race survives--and may even extend our stay on Earth. C. You don't change the world by hiding in the woods, wearing a hair shirt, or buying indulgences in the form of save the earth bumper stickers. You do it by articulating a vision for the future and pursuing it with all the ingenuity humanity can muster. Indeed, being green at the start of the 21st century requires a wholehearted commitment to upgrading civilization. Four key principles can guide the way: D. Green-minded activists failed to move the broader public not because they were wrong about the problems, but because the solutions they offered were unappealing to most people. They called for tightening belts and curbing appetites, turning down the thermostat and living lower on the food chain. They rejected technology, business, and prosperity in favor of returning to a simpler way of life. No wonder the movement got so little traction. Asking people in the world's wealthiest, most advanced societies to tm their backs on the very forces that drove such abundance in naive at best. E. Cities beat suburbs. Manhattanites use less energy than most people in North America. Sprawl eats land and snarls traffic. Building homes close together is a more efficient use of space and infrastructure. It also encourages walking, promotes public transit, and fosters community. F. Americans trash the planet not because we're evil, but because the industrial systems we've devised leave no other choice. Our ranch houses and high-rises, factories and farms, freeways and power plants were conceived before we had a clue how the planet works. They're primitive inventions designed by people who didn't fully grasp the consequences of their actions.

填空题"How are you keeping?" "Look (31) yourself. " "Good Health. " "Here's your health. " "Health, wealth and happiness. " "If you're healthy, you're (32) . " It's amazing how many greetings, wishes and general expressions turn on health. Health is something healthy people hardly ever think about (33) they're (34) . When that happens they think about little else. Then their visits to the doctor, the hospital; if they're really unwell, medicines, pills, bottles, ointments, injections, having their temperature taken, and the worry (35) expense. Well, (36) least in Britain the last part isn't too bad under the National Health Service. This is a Government-enforced scheme whereby everyone pays in a small percentage of their earnings each week (37) month, and is then entitled to free medical treatment when they are ill. This doesn't include medicines, which have to be paid (38) , but at a considerably reduced rate. Everybody (39) Britain is advised (40) have a local doctor. When a person moves (41) a district, one of the first things they do is to find a (42) doctor and get on his list or panel. There (43) lists of NHS doctors in the local post offices and everybody has a (44) card. Most British (45) are already registered with a doctor and moving into a new district entails no more than finding a new doctor and transferring (46) his panel. The National Health doctor will treat, and prescribe for, the more usual illnesses. Any cases that are beyond the scope of the local surgery he will (47) to the nearest hospital. Again, in hospital, the (48) is free. The only drawback is that a great many people are in, or attending, hospital (49) that most would-be patients have to go on a waiting list before they can (50) hospital treatment.

填空题WhousuallytakecareoftheelderlypeopleintheUnitedStates?

填空题It is customary to regard the course of history as a great river, (31) its source in some small rivulet of the distant past, taking its rise (32) the plains of Asia, and flowing slowly down through the ages, gathering water fi'om new tributaries on the way, (33) finally in our own days broadens majestically over the whole world. Men have even personified this (34) , made of it a being (35) develops of its own volition, following its own laws (36) the achievement of some preconceived goal. They have spoken of the "dialectic of ideas," and regarded men and whole civilizations (37) the passive instruments employed by this great being (38) the working-out of its purposes. The observer not already committed to faith in such an interpretation finds (39) difficult to discern any such steady sweep in the course of human events, (40) above all he feels that to look upon humanity as a passive tool to which things are done and with which ends are (41) , is a falsification of the cardinal fact that it is men (42) have made history and not history which has made men. Men have built up civilization, men have patiently and laboriously found (43) every way of doing things and toilingly worked out every idea that is today a part of our (44) from the past men working (45) every turn, to be sure, under the influences of their environment and with the materials at (46) , individual men and races and not even some such being as humanity. The complex of beliefs and ideals by (47) the modern world lives and with which it works is not a gift from the gods, (48) ancient myth had it, (49) an achievement of a long succession of (50) .

填空题I always eat breakfast, and suggest that you do too. We all need food in the morning to supply ourselves 1 sources of glucose, 2 is not stored in the body and 3 needed to fuel the brain. Studies show that those who eat 4 are more productive at school and work 5 those who skip it. But there is disagreement over 6 should be eaten for the first meal of the day. I myself like leftovers. I"ve never cared 7 most of the common American breakfast foods and feel just terrible if I eat some of 8 I do fine on a traditional Japanese breakfast 9 steamed rice, broiled fish, miso soup, pickled vegetables, seaweed, and green tea. I also like fruit, nuts, some fresh cheese, and olives. You will have to experiment to find out what you 10 and what works best for you. In any 11 , eating breakfast makes it easier to meet your daily nutritional 12 . Research shows that people who eat breakfast get more vitamins A, C, and E, folic acid, calcium, iron and fiber than those who skip 13 They also do better with weight control, because they are 14 prone to overeat at other meals or load up on high-calorie snacks later in the day. Perhaps the most common excuse for skipping breakfast is lack of 15 ; but considering the nutritional importance of the 16 meal of the day, you should try to find ways of eating something in the morning 17 is quick and easy to prepare. Breakfast should provide one-quarter 18 one-third of your day"s protein, some good carbohydrate, and some fat. Finally, 19 all you take in the morning is coffee, try switching to green tea for the protection it provides 20 cancer and heart disease.

填空题·enrolls students under the age of 6?

填空题What'stheaverageincreaseperyearofforeignstudentpopulationintheperiodbetween1985and1990intermsofpercentage?

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填空题 Answer questions 71～80 by referring to the following games. Note：Answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. Some choices maybe required more than once. A=Hydro power B=Nuclear power C=Solar power D=Wind power Which power(power's)… A Hydro power Introduction We have used running water as an energy source for thousands of years, mainly to grind com. The first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectricity was Cragside House, in Northumberland, England, in 1878. In 1882 on the Fox River, in the USA, hydroelectricity produced enough power to light two paper mills and a house. Nowadays there are many hydro-electric power stations, providing around 20% of the world's electricity. The name comes from“hydro”, the Greek word for water. How it works A dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley where there is an existing lake. Water is allowed to flow through tunnels in the dam, to turn turbines and thus drive generators. Advantages Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free. No waste or pollution produced. Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power. Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand. Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly, unlike other power stations. Disadvantages The dams are very expensive to build. Building a large dam will flood a very large area upstream, causing problems for animals that used to live there. Finding a suitable site can be difficult--the impact on residents and the environment may be unacceptable. Water quality and quantity downstream can be affected, which can have an impact on plant life. Is it renewable? Hydro-electric power is renewable. The Sun provides the water by evaporation from the sea, and will keep on doing so. B Nuclear power Introduction Nuclear power is generated using Uranium, which is a metal mined in various parts of the world. The first large-scale nuclear power station opened at Calder Hall in Cambria, England, in 1956. Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plants for engines. How it works Nuclear power stations work in pretty much the same way as fossil fuel-burning stations, except that a“chain reaction”inside a nuclear reactor makes the heat instead. The reactor uses Uranium rods as fuel, and the heat is generated by nuclear fission. Neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium atoms, which split roughly in half and release energy in the form of heat. Carbon dioxide gas is pumped through the reactor to take the heat away, and the hot gas then heats water to make steam. Advantages Nuclear power costs about the same as coal, so it's not expensive to make. Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. Produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel. Produces small amounts of waste. Disadvantages Although not much waste is produced, it is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Nuclear power is reliable, but a lot of money has to be spent on safety. Is it renewable? Nuclear energy from Uranium is not renewable. Once we've dug up all the Earth's uranium and used it. there isn't any more. C Solar power Introduction We've used the Sun for drying clothes and food for thousands of years. but only recently have we been able to use it for generating power. The Sun is 150 million kilometers away, and amazingly powerful. Just the tiny fraction of the Sun's energy that hits the Earth(around a hundredth of a millionth of a percent) is enough to meet all our power needs many times over. How it works There are three main ways that we use the Sun's energy： Solar Cells(really called“photovoltaic”or“photoelectric”cells)that convert light directly into electricity. In a sunny climate, you can get enough power to run a 100W light bulb from just one square meter of solar panel. This was originally developed in order to provide electricity for satellites, but these days many of us own calculators powered by solar cells. Solar water heating, where heat from the Sun is used to heat water in glass panels on your roof. This means you don't need to use so much gas or electricity to heat your water at home. Solar Furnaces use a huge array of mirrors to concentrate the Sun's energy into a small space and produce very high temperatures. Advantages Solar energy is free-it needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution. In sunny countries, solar power can be used where there is no easy way to get electricity to a remote place. Handy for low-power uses such as solar powered garden lights and battery chargers. Disadvantages Doesn't work at night. Very expensive to build solar power stations. Solar cells cost a great deal compared to the amount of electricity they'll produce in their lifetime. Can be unreliable unless you're in a very sunny climate. Is it renewable? Solar power is renewable. The Sun will keep On shining anyway, so it makes sense to use it. D Wind power Introduction We've used the wind as an energy source for a long time. The Babylonians and Chinese were using wind power to pump water for irrigating crops 4,000 years ago, and sailing boats were around long before that. Wind power was used in the Middle Ages, in Europe, to grind corn. which is where the term“windmill”comes from. How it works The Sun heats our atmosphere unevenly, so some patches become warmer than others. These warm patches of air rise, other air blows in to replace them—and we feel a wind blowing. We can use the energy in the wind by building a tall tower, with a large propeller on the top. The wind blows the propeller round, which turns a generator to produce electricity. The more towers, the more wind, and the larger the propellers, the more electricity we can make. Advantages Wind is free, wind farms need no fuel. Produces no waste or greenhouse gases. The land beneath can usually still be used for farming. Wind farms Can be tourist attractions. A good method of supplying energy to remote areas. Disadvantages The wind is not always predictable—some days have no wind. Suitable areas for wind farms are often near the coast, where land is expensive. Can kill birds—migrating flocks tend to like strong winds. Can affect television reception if you live nearby. Is it renewable? Wind power is renewable. Winds will keep on blowing; it makes sense to use them.

填空题 Almost daily, the gulf between education and employment widens. Careers officers complain{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}a system that presents them with school-leavers devoid of ideas for employment. Employers deplore the fact {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}teenagers are unable to spell and write and calculate. Graduates discover that a knowledge of Ancient History or Zoology counts for nothing when they are{{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}for a job. With all our magnificent new colleges of further education, the super-polytechnics are{{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}up like mushrooms, and our much-vaunted increase of students in fulltime education, one vital point is being left out of educational thinking. What will it earn? Because — sad{{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}it may seem to those who believe in its mind- broadening, horizon-widening and stamina testing qualities — you can not eat education.{{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}are 39 universities and colleges offering degree courses in Geography, but I have never{{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}any good jobs advertised for Geography graduates. Or am I alone in suspecting that they will all return to{{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}Geography to another set of students, who in{{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}will teach more undergraduates Geography? Only 10 universities currently offer degree courses in Aeronautical Engineering, which perhaps is just as well, in view of the speed with{{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}the aircraft industry has been dispensing with excess personnel. On the other hand, hospital casualty departments throughout the country are having to close{{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}because of the lack of doctors. The reason? University medical schools can only find places for half of those who{{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}. It seems to me that the time is ripe for the Department of Employment and Productivity and the Department of Education and Science to get{{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}with the universities and produce a revised educational system that will make more economic{{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}of the wealth of talent, application and industry currently being frittered away on certificates, diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know{{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}. They might make a start by reintroducing a genuine "General" Certificate of Education. In the days{{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}it meant something, this was called the School Certificate. Employers liked it, because it indicated proficiency{{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}English, Arithmetic, Science and Humanities — in{{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}words, that you had an all-round education You could use it as a springboard to higher education,{{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}it actually meant something in itself in every{{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}from chemical to clothing.

填空题 A = Chang Ling B = Ding Ling C = Emperor Qian kong's Tomb Which tomb...·was opened to the public as early as 19787 71. ______.·served as a model for the remaining 12 for its good preservation? 72. ______.·is of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs? 73. ______.·is the largest tomb? 　　 74. ______.·is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China? 　　　 75. ______.·has the inner walls and arched ceilings of its gateway and halls decorated with four ·celestial guardians? 76. ______.·owns three coffins within it? 77. ______.·holds the coffin of an emperor which was placed over a well? 78. ______.·has a large red gate with a significant bronze lion which marks the entrance to the ground? 79. ______.·was a huge and costly construction project which began in 1743? 80. ______. Maintaining an imperial tradition that originated from the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1066- 1221 BC), the Ming emperors selected the location and design of their tombs while they were still alive. The selection of sites, based on the prevailing winds and the water level, ensured that only benevolent spirits were in habiting the area. Of the 16 Ming emperors, 13 chose to be buried in this serene valley (Shisanling) just north of Beijing. The Sacred Way The road to the tombs, which branches off the route to the Great Wall, was once a 6.4 km (4 mi) long sacred way, forbidden to all but the emperor's funeral cortege. The road begins at a five-arched marble gate, built in 1540. A mile further down stands a three- arched gateway, the Dahongmen (Great Red Gate). The emperor's body was carried through the central archway. Only on this one occasion was the center door opened. Just beyond the gate sits a huge stone tortoise(symbol of longevity)with a 9.1 m (30 ft) stele mounted on its back. The stele, the largest such tablet in China, was inscribed by the fourth Ming emperor at the time of the death of his predecessor, Yang Le, in 1424. This tortoise marks the beginning of the famous Avenue of the Animals. Lions, camels, elephants, horses, and two sets of mythical (or at least unrecognizable)beasts, 12 statues in all, line either side of the road, alternately standing and kneeling and most, these days, supporting tourists on their backs while being photographed. Beyond the animal figures stretch a series of 12 stone human statues, dating from the 15th century: four military men, four civilian officials, and four obedient retainers, all with stately postures and fixed stares--an honor guard for the dead emperor. A legend says that an emperor of the later Qing Dynasty wanted to transport the statues to line the road to his own tomb. One of the emperor's ministers was told, in a dream, that the statues were eternally loyal to the Ming emperors and therefore should not be moved. The Qing emperor took this as a warning that if the statues were disturbed, a deadly wind would blow down from the Ming Tombs upon the capital and he abandoned the project. Chang Ling Of the 13 tombs, only two have been excavated, those of Chang (the burial name for Yong Le, 1403 - 1424), and Ding (Emperor Wan Li, 1562- 1620). The Chang Ling tomb is the largest and best preserved of the tombs; it served as a model for the remaining 12. Visitors enter through a red gate which opens toward a courtyard. From here they pass under the Gate of Eminent Favors(Lingenmen)into a second courtyard, in which stands the marble Hall of Eminent Favors (Lingendian), surrounded by pine trees(another ancient symbol of longevity) . The roof of the hall is supported by 32 giant tree columns. Beyond this hall is a third courtyard, where the visitor will see a simple stele with the inscription Da Ming--Great Ming. This marks the passage to the sepulcher. Ding Ling Also known as the Underground Palace, this is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China. The work was completed over a period of three years (1956- 1959). Ding(Emperor Wan Li) was buried here in 1620 with two of his wives in a deep marble vault located four stories underground(on the hottest of summer days the vault remains mercifully cool) . The entrance to the grounds is marked by a large red gate with a magnificent bronze lion. Gigantic marble doors stand at the entrance to the first of the three burial chambers. (After burial, a "locking stone", similar to the modem "police" lock, was rolled in front of the tomb itself. ) Inside are three coffins. Twenty six chests of jewelry and other artifacts were discovered at the foot of the coffins, and many of these finds can be viewed in the two exhibition halls constructed above ground. The broad, tree shaded grounds surrounding the tomb are dotted with stone picnic tables and seats. Tour groups are usually provided with box lunches which may be eaten outdoors or in a "picnic room" at the foot of the Great Wall. Emperor Qian Long's Tomb In 1978, the tomb of the Qing emperor Qian kong( 1736 - 1796), located about 100 km (62.5 mi) east of Beijing, was opened to the public. Known as Yu Ling, the tomb is on a grander scale and of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs. Construction began in 1743 and cost 90 tons of silver. The wood used was the durable, fragrant, close-grained nanmu. Some logs weighed up to 20 tons. The tomb is, in fact, an underground palace, similar to the tomb of Ding Ling. Nevertheless, Yu Ling has distinctive architectural features. Flanking the roadway leading to the tomb are eight pairs of stone sculptures depicting civil officials, military officers, horses, qilin ( a mythical 'animal of good omen), elephants, camels, suanni (mythical monsters), and lions. Each figure was carved from a single stone block. The largest weighs about 43 tons. The underground palace contains three stone halls and four pairs of stone gates, all arched. The overhanging eaves, tile gutters, ridges, and animal-shaped ornaments on the gate comers are in white marble. Each gate weighs about two tons and contains a Bod-hisattva, each with a different mien.. The inner walls and arched ceilings of the gateways and halls are decorated with four celestial guardians(also called Deva kings), seated statues of gods and Budd has, carvings of potted flowers, and small three-legged tables to hold incense burners and Buddhist scriptures. The coffin of Qian Long lies in the innermost recess of the underground palace. It was placed over a well that never runs dry.

填空题Asinternationalcommercegrows,thereisanamazingdevelopmentwhichisexpandingatever-increasingrate—businessontheInternet.OneofthemostarrestingauctionbusinessiscalledeBay.Downatthelocalauctionhouseinthecity,youwouldnormallyfindexcitedbiddersraisingtheirhandsornoddingagreementastheauctioneerrattlesoffthepricesforasetofbookshelves,heaterorsecond-handtelevisionset.Nowthesamecutandthrustofauctionsellingisdrawingnotthehundredswhocramintoacrowdedauctionroom,butmillionsofInternetsurferswhovisiteBay,thebiggestonlineauctionsite,andothersofsimilarstyle.66.______.Forexample,inonemonththatIlookedatthecolorfuleBaysite,thesewerenumbersofitemsforsaleinsomeofthemajorcategories:Collectibles684,473SportsMemorabilia269,051Books,Movies,Music267,324Toys242,15567.______.AccordingtotheeBaypromotion,userscanfindtheuniqueandtheinterestingoneBay—everythingfromchinatodesks,teddybearstotrains,andfurnituretofigurines.SowhydopeoplecometoeBay?Astheleadingperson-to-persontradingsite,buyerstradeoneBaybecauseofthelargenumberofitemsavailable.Ifyouwantit,somebody'sprobablysellingitoneBay.Similarly,sellersareattractedtoeBaytoconductbusinessbecauseeBayhasthemostbuyers.ThereareoveramillionauctionshappeningoneBayeveryday.68.______.Peopletellusthattheycomeforallthestufftheycanget,buttheystay,evenaftertheyfinishtheircollection,forthefunpeopletheymeetateBay,"Takeyourtime,andgettoknowtheeBayworld"istheiradvice.Sohowdoyoumakeabidandbuysomethingatthisauction?69.______.FirstIhadtoregistermyname,emailaddressandpasswordwitheBay,Sotheycantrackthesalesandmakesureeverybodyisfairdealing.Rememberingthatbiddingonlineisthesameasbuyingorenteringintoacontractwiththeseller,IsearchedunderguitarsintheMusicalInstrumentssectionwithmymouseclickingonthevariouspages.Ihadagoodlookattheseller'sfeedbackrecord.IfthepersonsellinggoodsoneBayhastriedtocheat,orbackoutofadeal,emailusersofeBaycanwritetheirownfeedbackcomments,praisingorcriticizingtheeBayseller,orbidder.Everyonecanseewhatisgoingon.TheeBaycompanycanbananyonewhohasnotactedbytherules.70.______.Theauctiondetailsweresetoutandthedaytheauctionwastoend(inoneweek'stime).Therewasanicepictureoftheguitar.Ireviewedmybidof20toensurethatalltheinformationwasrightandclickedonthebutton"PlaceBid".UnfortunatelyIwasnotifiedthatmybidwasnotthehighest-someoneelsehadbidmoremoney,soImissedout.However,IfIhadputinthehighestbid,theeBaywebsitewouldhavenotifiedmethatIwasthehighestbidderforthetimebeing.Whentheauctionends,thehighestbidderbuysthegoods.A.Amongthespecialitemsforsaleareanillustrationofthewinnersfrom84YearsoftheUSAOpenGolftournament,signedbythefamoussolfers,andframed.ThereisaBeatlesOriginalCoin,especiallymintedforthefirstUStourin1964ofthefamousLiverpoolpopmusicgroup.Furniture,newkitchenknives,guitarstudyprograms,computers-younameit,eBayauctionsitehasit,aspeopleworldwidetakeadvantageofthechancetoselltheirgoodstothebiggestmarketintheworld-thecyberspacecommunityofInternetwatchers.B.Thisisabusinessthatallowscustomerstobuyandsellgoodsbyofferingthemforsale,orbiddingforitemslistedattheeBaywebsite,asiftheywereatanauction.Currently,eBayhaslistedatitswebsite2.14millionitemsforsalein1,627categories.EachmonththeeBaysitehas1.5billionvisitorswhoviewtheeBaypages,lookingforbargainsorworkingouthowmuchtochargeforthatbedorunwantedradiotheywanttolistforauction.C.IwaslookingforaguitarandthisiswhatIdid.D.Therearenotmanystoresintheworldwheretheypraiseyouasagoodshopperorgiveyouminuspointsinpublicifyouareabadpayer.ButthisistheworldoftheInternetwheretherulesarebeingconstructedasthesystemdevelops.E.AccordingtoaneBayspokesperson,eBayismorethanjustaplacetotrade.It'salsoaplacetomeetthatoneotherpersonintheworldwhosharesyourpassionforyourownparticularinterest,whetherit'sstamps,warmemorabilia,sportinggoods,furnitureorcomputerprograms,forexample.F.ThenIwasreadytobid.ItdoesnotcostanymoneytobidonitemsateBay.Ofcourse,ifyouwintheauction,youmustpaythesellerdirectly,butyouwillnotbechargedanythingbyeBay.

填空题In some societies it is the custom for parents to arrange the marriages of their children. Often the bride and groom will not be (31) for their opinion in this matter, and sometimes they do not even meet each other (32) the day of the wedding. Most Americans find the idea of arranged (33) difficult to understand or accept. They believe that two people should marry for love, after a period of dating and courtship. During that period, the prospective marriage partners are supposed to (34) enough about each other to decide (35) or not they will be able to build a successful marriage. In the United States marriages are seldom formally arranged, but quite a lot of informal arranging goes on before two people (36) husband and wife. People who get married are (37) to each other by friends. (38) friends have already decided that the two people are right for each other and arrange for them to meet. Friends have such great influence; their approval of a dating or mating partner is very (39) . Families also exert open and subtle (40) on their children to influence their (41) of marriage partners. Parents often arrange dates for their own children. Also, they can meet the perfect marriage prospect for their son or (42) through business relationships. Since parents often (43) their children financially, they feel that they have the (44) to help the bride and groom select (45) they will live, what type of furniture they will purchase, and (46) their life-style will be like. To a large (47) , social class determines the choices of a marriage partner in the United States. Marriages are usually arranged (48) people of similar religious, ethnic and financial, backgrounds. Despite what we see in the movies, the son of a bank president (49) marries or even meets a coal miner's daughter. Americans may not accept or understand arranged marriages, (50) marriages in the United States are arranged nevertheless.

填空题·is chosen as the state flower of Georgia?

填空题 A Impoverished young people experience society's linkage between poverty and crime from an early age. Many of them become involved with the police and the justice system simply because they appear poor or socially undesirable, or because they "look" dangerous—not because they have broken any law. People don't have to probe very far into the backgrounds of children who wind up in police stations and courtrooms to find a common denominator: poverty. In developing countries, poverty often forces children out of the house when they are as young as 10, sometimes even younger. They may never have had the opportunity to go to school, or may have attended irregularly or been "pushed" out, their performance hindered by hunger or distance from the school. Civil unrest may have forced them to flee their rural home for the city, where they arrived without papers and became separated from family members or friends. At any rate, these young people are probably living on the street, where destitution may lead them to steal from a shop, pick someone's pocket or barter the only thing they own—their bodies—for survival. In the industrialized countries, many young people are surrounded by wealth but live in deprivation, taunted by the unattainable riches of a consumer society. Growing up in neighborhoods where every corner has its drug dealer, and lacking the role model of grown-ups who go to legitimate jobs every morning, some find it impossible to resist the temptation of the drug trade's easy money. Eventually the police catch up with them. That is often the start of a life in which they know their probation officers better than their teachers. B All countries have an age at which people become adults in the legal sense of the word—they can vote, sign legal contracts, marry. But the Convention on the Rights of the Child calls for countries to establish a minimum age below which young people "shall be presumed not to have the capacity to infringe the penal law"—in other words, an age below which they are too young to be responsible for their actions and therefore too young to face criminal sanctions. But this age varies widely, and in many cases it is far too young: The age of criminal responsibility is 7 years in, for example, India, Ireland, Jordan, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa, Sudan, Switzerland, Tanzania and Thailand. Under common law, the age is also 7 in most US states. A child barely old enough to go to school cannot possibly have the maturity to understand the consequences of his or her behaviour. Given that such young children can be subject to the penal code, it is all the more important that each country establish a humane and constructive juvenile justice system. Such a system is designed to deal with young offenders until they reach the age of adulthood. In an ideal world it serves as a safety net, catching children who commit petty offences and, instead of locking them away, helping them learn a sense of responsibility for their actions. The system should be based on knowledge of child development. At the same time, the juvenile justice system must protect society from potentially dangerous criminals. In many countries, a few brutal, highly publicized crimes by young people have led to public demands to lower the age at which children are held criminally responsible. Government leaders must resist the temptation to reduce the juvenile justice system to a structure for retribution designed for the rare hardened child criminal. Glib slogans like "Adult time for adult crime" betray the very people that society has failed and encourage "warehousing" of juveniles—in prisons that in reality serve as training grounds for criminals. C There is no question that preventing crime is preferable to punishing it. Never is that more true than in the case of juvenile delinquency, so often a cry for help from a troubled youngster. The UN Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency, known as the "Riyadh Guidelines", recognize the importance of preventing young people from being stigmatized by the justice system. The Guidelines call for the development of measures that "avoid criminalizing and penalizing a child for behaviour that does not cause serious damage to the development of the child or harm to others." This statement sends a profound message: Preventing juvenile delinquency or crime is not just a matter of protecting society--its aim is to help children overcome their misdeeds and fulfill their potential. It is also less costly and more efficient for society to prevent young people from starting on criminal careers than to pay for the outcome of criminal behaviour. Many programmers have been established to help young people. In the Canadian province of Ontario, a Reasoning and Rehabilitation Project run by probation officers helps juveniles to modify impulsive behaviour and learn alternative responses to interpersonal problems. Recidivism has fallen dramatically among the participants. In the Netherlands, Project HALT requires vandals to personally compensate their victims but in such a way that avoids stigmatizing them with the label of "criminal".

填空题A = Ian Williams B = Michael Bourne C = Jim McEIwaine D = Pascal Harper who is a member of a team doing research on a cancer drug? helps athletes sharpen their skills to get closer to ideal performance? finds his job rewarding because it has never been done before? build models of their research objects? used to work on site at a sewage works? obtained PhDs before they turned to their respective research? keeps his research projects secret in order to have an advantage over competitors? believes his job is a perfect combination of work and pleasure? 1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______ 7. ______ 8. ______ 9. ______ 10. ______ A Ian Williams Zulu warriors used it as a poison to make their spears more deadly, and it is a substance that has been traded for its healing properties for over 2000 years. Now, this organic molecule derived from the bark of the African bush willow tree is being tested as a cancer drug. Unlike conventional drug treatments, which can destroy healthy as well as cancerous cells, the molecule combretastatin restricts blood flow, but only targets blood vessels formed inside tumours, effectively starving them. Ian Williams is part of a team at the University of Sheffield uncovering why and how it acts in this way. "Once we isolate the 'how' of a drug's action we can apply that knowledge to similar compounds and develop further cancer treatments," he says. Ian is in the second year of his PhD at Sheffield. He spends most of his time in the lab, assessing the drug's impact on colon carcinoma cells, Ian's PhD is funded by Cancer Research UK. "Later in my PhD I'll be presenting my work in charity shops, explaining how their work relates to mine. It's really important as it's the public who directly fund my work." Ian hopes his work will yield useful results, but as with all research nothing is certain. For Ian, that's what makes the research both daunting and exciting. B Michael Bourne As a biomechanist and performance analyst at the English Institute of Sport, Michael helps athletes get closer to the ideal performance. Biomechanics uses the laws of physics and principles of engineering to describe the human body as it moves. Michael studies video and sensory data using tools such as a "force platform", which is a complex set of scales measuring the forces an athlete generates as they make a movement such as a jump. He can then use this information to help athletes hone their technique. Another part of Michael's job is studying his athletes' opponents. This year he is helping the British judo team prepare for the 2008 Olympics by sizing up the strengths, weaknesses and fight style of every potential competitor. This will be the first database of its kind, he says, and biomechanists will soon have the same depth of data for all sports. Because standards in sports are continually rising, biomechanical know-how can mean the difference between winning or losing. "We keep a lot of our projects secret -- it only takes the seed of an idea to send our competitors down the right path, then we lose the advantage." C Jim McEIwaine Studying how an avalanche hurtles down the mountainside is no easy task, especially if you are trying to create a precise mathematical model like researcher Jim McEIwaine. "It is easy to do badly, and currently impossible to do very accurately," Jim says. "The fascinating thing for me is that sometimes these complications disappear and simple models can be reasonably good." Jim turned to avalanche research following a PhD in quantum mechanics. As a keen climber and skier, it has proved a great opportunity to combine work and pleasure, he says. Now he divides his time between sitting with pencil and paper writing equations at the University of Cambridge and several months every winter at the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research in Davos. There, he helps perform small-scale experiments dropping snow down chutes and larger experiments at a specially equipped test site. These can involve blasting out large avalanche by dropping bombs from a helicopter. Jim has first-hand experience of being at the wrong end of an avalanche. On one climbing trip to Himalayas when he was younger, he was buried up to his neck and a friend had to dig him free. But that hasn't stopped him pursuing a career with the two things he loves most -- maths and the mountains. D Pascal Harper When Pascal Harper says that to do his job you need to be prepared to get your hands dirty, he means it. Pascal learned this lesson the hard way, when early in his career he undid the fastening on a sludge pump, thinking it was turned off, to be greeted by a jet of high-pressure raw sewage. Today, Pascal is more white lab coat than hard hat and overalls. He works as a waste-water process engineer for a small company called Water Innovate, which develops new technologies for the waste-water industry. The majority of his time is spent developing software that models and simulates the odours from sewage works. Pascal started out as an engineer for Anglican Water on their graduate training scheme. He undertook two placements while he was there: the first on site, monitoring the removal of phosphorus from waste, and the second in the lab building computer models of biological processes taking place in the waste. But you don't need to be an engineer to get into the industry, Pascal stresses. "They were looking for people from all scientific disciplines, not just engineering." Pascal did an undergraduate degree in chemistry, before going on to do a master's and a PhD.

填空题For a child, happiness has a magical nature. I remember making hide-outs in newly-cut hay, playing cops and robbers in the woods, getting a speaking part in the school play. Of course, kids also experience lows, but their delight at such peaks of pleasure as winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved. In the teen-age years the concept of happiness changes. Suddenly it's conditional on such things as excitement, love, popularity and whether that zit will clear up before night. I can still feel the agony of not being invited to a party that almost everyone else was going to. But I also recall the ecstasy of being plucked from obscurity at another event to dance with a John Travolta look-alike. (67) My dictionary defines happy as "lucky" or "fortunate", but I think a better definition of happiness is "the capacity for enjoyment". The more we can appreciate what we have, the happier we are. It's easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, even good health. (68) Later, peace descended again, and my husband and I enjoyed another pleasure—intimacy. Sometimes just the knowledge that he wants can bring me joy. You never know where happiness will turn up next. When I asked friends what made them happy, some mentioned apparently insignificant moments. "I hate shopping," one friend said, "But there's a clerk who always chats and really cheers me up". (69) I get a thrill from driving. One day I stopped to let the school bus tuna onto a side road. The driver grinned and gave me a thumbs-up sign. We were two allies in the world of mad motorists. It made me smile. (70) Psychologists tell us that to be happy we need a mixture of enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work. I doubt that my great grandmother, who raised 14 children and took in washing, had none of either. She did have a network of close friends and families, and maybe this is what fulfilled her. If she was content with what she had, perhaps it was because she didn't expect life to be very different. (71) While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever. Happiness isn't about what comes to us—it's about how we perceive what comes to us. It's the knack of finding a positive for every negative, and viewing a setback as a challenge. It's not wishing for what we haven't had, but enjoying what we do possess. A. Another friend loves the telephone. "Every time it rings, I know someone is thinking about me." B. When we think about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, a pinnacle of sheer delight—and those pinnacles seem to get rater the older we get. C. In adulthood the things that bring profound joy—birth, love, marriage—also bring responsibility and the risk of loss. Love may not last, sex isn't always good, loved ones die. For adults, happiness is complicated. D. We, on the other hand, with se many choices and such pressure to succeed in every area, have changed happiness into one more thing we "gotta have". We're so self-conscious about our "right" to it that it's making us miserable. So we chase it and equate it with wealth and success, without noticing that the people who have those things aren't necessarily happier. E. I added up my little moments of pleasure yesterday. First there was sheer bless when I shut the last lunchbox and had the house for myself. Then I spent an uninterrupted morning writing, which I love. When the kids came back home, I enjoyed their noise after the quiet of the whole day. F. We all experience moments like these. Too few of us register them as happiness.

填空题An economist is someone who knows a lot about how goods and wealth are produced and used. Food, for (31) , is a kind of goods. Everyone eats food, but the average person does not think much (32) all the things that must happen before (33) appears on his plate. Another example is the paper this article is printed on. (34) started as wood on a tree very far from (35) . Men and machines made the wood (36) paper, which had to be packaged and carried (37) trucks and put into stores. At every step in the process people had to be paid for their work; money had to (38) used for buying and repairing the machines, and so on. Of course, everyone (39) had to make (40) , too. Even a very simple thing (41) a piece of paper has a long story (42) it. Economists try to understand how all the parts of the long story are related. (43) economist learns how to guess (44) will happen in the future, as (45) as goods and prices are concerned. If fruit growers in Florida lose part of their crops (46) of bad weather this month, what will happen to the (47) of oranges in New York two months from (48) ? If banks charge higher interest (49) loans to builders, how will that affect the cost of a new home? These are just a few of the questions economists learn how to (50) . Would you like to be an economist?

填空题The author mentions that she has had to develop time management skills.

填空题The ocean bottom—a region nearly 2.5 times greater thanthe total land area of the earth—is a vast frontier that even todayis largely unexplored and uncharted. Until about a centuryago, the deep-ocean floor was completely accessible, hidden (53) ______beneath waters averaging over 3,600 meters deep. Totally withoutlight and subjected intense pressures hundreds of times greater (54) ______than at the Earth's surface, the deep-ocean bottom is a hostileenvironment to humans, in some ways as forbidding and remoteas the void of out space. (55) ______ Therefore researchers have been taking samples of (56) ______deep-ocean rocks and sediments for over a century, the firstdetailed global investigation of the ocean bottom did actually (57) ______start until 1968, with the beginning of the National ScienceFoundation's Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). Used techniques first developed for the offshore, oil and (58) ______gas industry, the DSDP's drill ship, the Glomar Challenger,was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean's surfaceand drill very deep waters, extracting samples of sediments (59) ______and rock from the ocean floor. The Glomar Challenger's core samples have allowedgeologists to reconstruct that the planet looked like hundreds (60) ______of millions of years ago and to calculate what it will probablylook like millions of years in the future. Today largely on thestrength of evidence gathered during the GlomarChallenger's voyages, nearly all earth scientists agree with (61) ______the theories of plate construction and continental drift thatexplain many of the geological processes that shape on the (62) ______Earth.

填空题a variety of species are on the decrease?

填空题 Walking—like swimming, bicycling and running—is an aerobic exercise,{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}builds the capacity for energy output and physical endurance by increasing the supply of oxygen to skin and muscles. Such exercises may be a primary factor in the{{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}of heart and circulatory disease. As probably the least strenuous, safest aerobic activity, walking is the{{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}acceptable exercise for the largest number of people. Walking{{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}comfortable speed improves the efficiency of the cardiorespiratory system{{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}stimulating the lungs and heart, but at a more gradual rate{{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}most other forms of exercise. In one test, a group of men 40 to 57 years of age,{{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}at a fast pace for 40 minutes four days a week, showed improvement{{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}to men the same age on a 30 minute, three-day-a-week jogging program in the same period. Their resting heart rate and body fat decreased{{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}. These changes suggest{{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}of the important—even vital—benefits walking can{{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}about. Walking{{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}burns calories. It takes 3,500 calories to gain or{{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}one pound. Since a one-hour walk at a moderate pace will{{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}up 300 to 360 calories. By walking one hour every other day, you can burn up a pound-and-a-half monthly, or 18 pounds{{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}providing there is no change in your intake of food. To{{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}weight faster, walk an hour every day and burn up 3 pounds a month, or 36 pounds a year. {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}your age, right now is the time to give your physical well being as much thought as you {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}to pensions or insurance. Walking is a vital defense{{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}the ravages of degenerative diseases and aging. It is nature's{{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}of giving you a tuneup.

填空题Nowadays everybody must be familiar with the words "pollution" and "population". They are so well-known that they form the subject of many a polite dinner-table discussion. The assembled company will nod its heads wisely and agree that "Something must be done. " Or perhaps a short argument will ensue: For there are those who will claim that these problems have been exaggerated, who will laugh mockingly at the people they call "doomsday ecologists". {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} Poisonous fumes from factories have sometimes made acres of surrounding land barren. Nor is the problem confined to land. Tons and tons of untreated sewage and unfiltered chemical waste are pumped daily into rivers and the sea, and dead fish are often to be seen floating in the water and washed up on the shores of seas, lakes and streams, while lethal oil slicks floating on the surface of the sea bring death to millions of seabirds. Meanwhile, we are cheerfully using up the world's resources, and making needless waste. Non-returnable bottles are convenient for manufactures but encourage litter, are often dangerous to dispose of and above all have merely to be replaced by others. Plastic, that wonderful substance is extremely difficult to dispose of at all. Yet now we make furniture out of it, while nearly all our goods are gaily and often unnecessarily wrapped up in it. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} The more people, the more consumption, the more pollution, the more wastage of resources. The more people the world has to support, the more it will have to educate to face dwindling supplies. All people have an equal right to live; but do they have a right to be conceived without number? All people have an equal right to live, so why are some starving while others have enough to eat, and more? Surely, at any rate, we must not eat more than we need, or waste what we don't. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} People can or may go outside London to seek jobs, but they find many other cities have the same problems, albeit to a lesser extent. Filth and high prices have combined to make London and some other centers depressing places to live in. Depression fosters crime and violence, and these are increasing. The community, at a loss, is beginning to destroy itself. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} Is it surprising, then, that these three central groups of workers should be in short supply in London? Neither policemen, teachers nor transport workers are highly paid. They work long, hard and sometimes dangerous hours, for which they receive little thanks from the community at large, since their presence is taken for granted. They are only noticed to be criticized. The teachers leave; many schools can only give their children part-time education. Juvenile boredom, then delinquency, increases. There are too few policemen to cope. The bus drivers, or the underground drivers go on strike for better pay and condition, and so the whole metropolis is gradually coming to a standstill. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} So, what with one thing and another, you see no way out. Like nearly all of us you just give up because you have a normal hard day's work ahead of you and you haven't the energy even to begin to cope with anything extra. Pollution, population; these problems can wait, you say. BUT THEY CAN'T. A. In London, the two monster problems have confronted each other threateningly for some time. Now, perhaps, pollution is winning. The place is grinding to a halt. People who do menial work cannot afford the high prices of accommodation, and they may be scandalously exploited by unscrupulous landlords. The population in such areas may be dense, with whole families squeezed into one room, yet the increasing number of derelict houses in the same areas tells another story. B. Who is to blame? The police, say some people, for not keeping order over traffic or criminals. The teachers, say the parents, who don't educate the kids right. Then there are the transport workers. They are to blame for the rush hours, traffic jams and the daily misery of getting to and from work on too few buses. C. Yet nobody can deny that pollution is rampant. The atmosphere is filthy. The introduction of smokeless zones has prevented pollution in the air from chimneys and fires, but what of the fumes which pour out of cars, lorries and aeroplanes? By the side of motorways the air is hazy and thick with the bitter sickly smell of burnt oil. D. Politicians say we aren't to worry. We have only to vote for them and they will put all to right. Yet, when elected, they seem to forget about the vast, amorphous, everyday problems that surround us. E. I am always concerned about where the next meal is coming from. I also care very much about my children's education. People just don't seem to give education the care and attention that it used to have. F. This is to make us buy more, of course, and spend more. But alas, even food is in short supply, for there are too many people in the world, and our number is growing rapidly.

填空题 If going to work feels more like torture, and fatigue, depression and irritation are daily aspects of your life, job burnout may be to blame. Too much office stress is putting a major strain on many professionals, according to Clare Chen, an analyst at Hudson Recruitment, a Nasdaq-listed headhunting firm. Along with booming business expansion and fast social transition, job burnout is pervasive in the Chinese mainland. In April, Hudson Recruitment surveyed 705 multinational companies in China--mostly based in Shanghai--about their hiring plans and employees. The survey showed that 33 per cent of survey participants believe job burnout is getting more and more serious in the mainland. Last year, about 27 per cent of respondents complained of being overworked. 66. ______. The survey also indicates that practitioners in media, public relations, advertising, medical and biotechnology sectors are among the biggest sufferers of job burnout, as they not only work long hours but face pressures of stiffening job competition and constantly staying abreast of changes in their sectors. Meanwhile, women employees suffer more than their male counterparts, as 41.4 per cent of the women surveyed report they are in a state of moderate job burnout, compared with 37.2 per cent of men. Most people start feeling the most office stress after working for four years, which is much shorter than 10 years in the late 1990s, the chinahrd, net survey says. 67. ______. Turning down these extra hours is not a good career move, Zhang says. "If you refuse overtime, someone will do it and replace you," he says. However, Hudson's report finds that a shortage of suitable talent is one of the reasons for increasing job burnout. 68. ______. Internal competition for promotions, problems between colleagues, and work and life imbalances all contribute to psychological tension, which may result in accident or collapse, says Xu. "High-pressure work environments are taking their toll on workers' morale," says Gary Lazzarotto, CEO of Hudson Asia. "This can be detrimental to both workers, whose health and career progress may suffer, and employers, who pick up the tab in higher insurance costs and lost productivity." 69. ______. Furthermore, allowing time off for training will help facilitate employees' know/edge and offer a cushion for intense work. France-based Schneider Electric invited IBM and Tsinghua University to formulate a leadership development programme for its managerial-level talents in China. The one-year programme will offer e-learning, classroom workshops, professional discussions and courses for 36 trainees selected from its China branch. It uses a model that combines academic training and business practices together, according to Amy Kan, a human resources director of Schneider Electric China. 70. ______. Xu offers some advice for the job burnout employees: 1. Organize and prioritize by taking care of the more difficult and important tasks early in the day. 2. Have expectations so that you can achieve your goals and deliver on promises to others. 3. Set aside a period of time dedicated to responding to e-mail and voicemails. 4. Take care of yourself. A. Hudson's Chen says there are many factors contributing to the office stress. "Amid the fierce competition in the human resources (HR) market, employers have to work longer to cope with heavy workloads, receive last-minute missions constantly and are faced with work performance appraisals by bosses," says Chen. Zhang Xing, a consultant at a PR company, usually works 10 hours a day. But there are times when he works more than 12 hours a day, and Saturdays and Sundays sometimes become working days. B. About 55 per cent of respondents suggested they are working more hours than they were two years ago. Of those, 13 per cent say their hours are significantly longer. About 42 per cent of office workers surveyed said they worked more than 50 hours a week, compared with the country's 40-hour-a-week standard. The number is about one percentage point higher than in last year's survey, Hudson reports. C. Dealing with the modern world "epidemic" of job burnout is a new challenge for both employers and employees. In developed nations, entrepreneurs commonly push a policy known as Work-Life Balance (WLB) to help employees work productively and better enjoy their lives. "If an employer finds an employee often works longer, the employer should ask if the executive- designed workload is too heavy for the employee or if there are some problems with the employee's working efficiency," says Xu. "Then the employer or the employee should adjust." D. The long working hours will greatly reduce working efficiency and productivity, both Chen and Zhang believe. In addition to physical exertion, psychological tension is another result of an overworked employee, points out Xu Xinxin, a researcher with the Sociology Research Institute attached to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. E. Paid leave is another way to ensure employees not to get worn out. "I find that many Chinese employees have not realized that it is their right to leave. They must keep in mind that we have a duty to work and have a fight to leave," says Lazzarotto. "A nice holiday can refresh you and do good for your company." He also suggests companies employ new measures to meet the headcount gap. "Employing and training cost can be compensated by employees' higher productivity and guarantee a sound talent structure in the long run," he says. F. By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow, the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Women's magazines ran headlines like "Stress causes illness!" If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy, the articles said, avoid stressful events.

填空题In recent thirty years, Confucius and Confucianism are introduced and discussed systematically in

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. Many university students {{U}}(31) {{/U}} studying history because there is little to get excited about when historical events are presented {{U}}(32) {{/U}} a boring manner. {{U}}(33) {{/U}}., I'll never forget my American History professor, Dr. Williamson. Each event leaped from the pages of our {{U}}(34) {{/U}} and became as real {{U}}(35) {{/U}} the daily news report on the radio. My favorite lecture concerned the American Revolution. Dr. Williamson set the mood for the story {{U}}(36) {{/U}} imitating Paul Revere, a well-known silversmith, working in his shop. The American colonists were angry because of the British control over their lives. Revere felt that war {{U}}(37) {{/U}} the British and the colonists was imminent. Then, Dr. Williamson told us about Revere rowing {{U}}(38) {{/U}} the Charles River from Boston on April 18,1775. I can see the professor now as he raised his hand to {{U}}(39) {{/U}} forehead as if he {{U}}(40) {{/U}} looking across the Charles River to the Old North Church in Boston. Suddenly, Revere spotted two lanterns, a signal {{U}}(41) {{/U}} meant that the British would attack {{U}}(42) {{/U}} sea. He jumped on his horse to {{U}}(43) {{/U}} the villagers {{U}}(44) {{/U}} the attack. Professor Williamson reminded us that the first battles of the American Revolution were fought at Concord and {{U}}(45) {{/U}} Lexington, Massachusetts, the year before the Declaration of Independence was {{U}}(46) {{/U}} in 1776. Never before {{U}}(47) {{/U}} history seemed so alive to me. And all because a {{U}}(48) {{/U}} cared enough to put {{U}}(49) {{/U}} heart into his {{U}}(50) {{/U}}.

填空题You will hear a long talk. As you listen, answer the questions or complete the notes in your test booklet for Questions 21 to 30 by writing no more than three words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk twice.

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填空题Whatdoesthelecturemainlyconcern?

填空题A convenient point of departure is provided by the famous ClarkTrimble experiments of 1935. Clark-Trimble was not primarily a physicist, and his great (1) of the Graduated Hostility of Things was made almost accidentally. (2) some research into the relation between periods of the day and human bad temper, Clark-Trimble, a leading Cambridge psychologist, came to the (3) that low human dynamics in the early morning could not sufficiently (4) the apparent hostility of things at the breakfast table the way honey gets. (5) the fingers, the unfoldability of newspapers, etc. in the experiments which finally confirmed him in this view, (6) which he demonstrated before the Royal Society in London, Clark-Trimble arranged four hundred pieces of carpet in ascending degrees of quality, (7) coarse matting to priceless Chinese silk. Pieces of toast and marmalade, graded, weighed, and measured, were then dropped on each (8) of carpet, and the marmaladedownwards incidence was statistically (9) . The toast fell right-side-up every time on the cheap carpet, (10) when the cheap carpet was screened from the rest (in (11) case the toast didn't know that Clark-Trimble had other and better carpets), and it fell marmalade-downwards every time on the Chinese silk. (12) remarkable of all, the marmalade-downwards incidence for the intermediate grades was (13) to vary exactly with the quality of carpet. The success of these experiments naturally switched ClarkTrimble's attention to further research on resistentia, a fact which was directly (14) for the tragic and sudden end to his career (15) he trod on a garden rake at the Cambridge School of Agronomy. (16) the meantime, Noys and Crangenbacker had been doing some notable work in America. Noys (17) out literally thousands of experiments, in which subjects of all ages and sexes, sitting in chairs of every conceivable kind, dropped various kinds of pencils. In only three cases (18) the pencil come to rest within easy reach. Crangenbacker's work in the social-industrial field, on the relation of human willpower to specific problems such as (19) a train or subway will stop with the door opposite you on a crowded platform, or whether there will be a mail box (20) on your side of the street, was attracting much attention.

填空题 You will hear a talk given by a university lecturer．As you tisten，you must answer Questions 21～30 by writing NO MORE THAN THREE words in the space provided on the right．You will hear the talk TWICE．

填空题The first person who used Confucianism to express Christianity was from

填空题·indicates that a 63-year-old man ,night find job-sharing against his interest?

填空题Remember: A=Article A B=Article B C=Article C D=Article D Which article(s)... reveals the gender difference in suicide rate? 1 point out that youths with mental illness have not received adequate treatment? 2 3 argues that how the public treat the people with mental illness has a di rect effect on their recovery? 4 reports on the appalling percentage of the mentally ill in Canada"s pop ulation? 5 says that there is a high correlation between suicide and mental illness? 6 find that mental illness has made Canada"s economy less productive? 7 8 says that organizations are recommended to practice stress manage ment? 9 calls public attention to the unfair treatment of the mentally ill? 10 A One of the biggest challenges facing the mental health care system is the gnawing chasm between the ever-growing demand for services and the system"s ability to respond. Many are suffering. Far too few are being helped. For decades, governments have treated mental illness like the orphan of the health care system, leaving the sector chronically under-funded and under-staffed. Such_ neglect would seem to suggest that mental illness afflicts only an unfortunate few. Nothing could be further from the truth. One in three individuals will experience mental health problems at some point in their lives. In Canada, that translates to more than 10 million people. In Canada, mental illness is estimated to cost the economy $33 billion each year in disability and lost productivity. We currently spend another $6 billion to $8 billion annually to treat these conditions. More hospital stays are consumed by people with a mental illness than by cancer and heart disease patients combined. Yet for all of that, mental health practitioners know they are only reaching a fraction of those in need. Research shows that two-thirds of adults who experience mental illness never seek help; for adolescents, the figure is 75 percent. Of those who do seek treatment, the majority will first report symptoms to family physicians who are often ill-equipped to recognize or deal with mental illness. B Sadly, children and adolescents are even less likely than adults to seek or receive treatment for mental illness. And in far too many cases, young people pay the ultimate price for their conditions. In what was perhaps the most sobering statistic of all provided by some researchers, it was found that approximately one-in-ten Canadian adolescents attempt suicide each year. At the same time, 80 percent and 90 percent of the young people who kill themselves likely suffered from a mental disorder at the time of their death. Some young people are at greater risk than others. Aboriginal youths are five to six times more likely to die by suicide than non-Aboriginal youths. Adolescent males die by suicide three to four times more often than adolescent females. The key to suicide prevention is to intervene on multiple fronts as early as possible, particularly with youth who exhibit risk factors such as depression and substance abuse. This means supporting families with children at risk, promoting suicide awareness at the community level and, perhaps most importantly, taking prevention programs into the schools. C In a typical workplace, one in four employees struggles with mental health issues, most commonly in the form of depression or anxiety. It is estimated that mental illness results in 35 million work days lost each year in Canada. Mental illness also accounts for up to 40 per cent of short-term disability insurance claims and is a secondary diagnosis in more than 50 per cent of long-term claims. The toll of mental illness—in terms of individual suffering and the corporate bottom line—prompted CEOs from across Canada to support the Toronto-based Roundtable on Addiction and Mental Health. Founded 10 years ago, the Roundtable advises organizations on how to detect, treat and ultimately prevent mental illness. Organizations are advised to adopt a three-part strategy. First, focus on early detection and treatment opportunities (depression and anxiety are effectively treated in 85 percent of cases where help is sought). Second, determine, at the organizational level, the root cause of the mental distress (especially important if it is emanating from a single department or business unit). Third, make prevention and stress management a corporate-wide priority. D No research on mental health could fail to deal with the issue of stigma—the fact that negative attitudes and behavior toward people with mental illness adds immeasurably to their suffering and represents a serious barrier to reform. The sting of stigma provided much of the emotional wallop behind Starry, Starry Night, a theatrical production by the Calgary Chapter of the Schizophrenia Society of Alberta. The play, performed entirely by actors with Schizophrenia, includes several wrenching scenes about the harsh way the mentally ill are sometimes treated by the very system that is intended to help them. Dr. Thornicroft, a British psychiatrist, recalled how, after 20 years in practice, he felt disquieted by the fact that so few people with mental illness sought treatment—and, if they did, it was as a last resort. He concluded this was because of the shame and embarrassment so many experienced. Dr. Thornicroft decided to take a sabbatical and write a book about stigma. As he delved into the subject, and looked at it from the patient"s point of view, Dr. Thornicroft was struck by the depth of prejudice directed at the mentally ill. He concluded that the most essential aspect of stigma is not so much people"s attitudes, but how they act. In other words, the real issue was discrimination. And what is needed is a kind of civil rights campaign on behalf of the mentally ill.

填空题 It was a cold day. I sat in my room writing letters. I glanced out of the window. In the window directly opposite me stood Herr Stroh, gazing blatantly upon me. I was annoyed at his interest. I pulled down the blind and switched on the light to continue my writing. But the drawn blind and the artificial light irritated me, and suddenly I didn' t see why I shouldn' t write my letters by daylight without being stared at. I switched off the light and released the blind. Herr Stroh had gone. I concluded that he had taken my action as a signal of disapproval, and I settled back to write. 66. ____________ I left my room and went down to complain to Frau Lublonitsch. "She's gone to the market," Gertha said. "She' 11 be back in half an hour." 67. ____________ "I shall tell Frau Chef," she said. Something in her manner made me ask, "Has this ever happened before.'?" "Once or twice this year," she said. "I' 11 speak to Frau Chef." And she added, with her music-hall grimace, "He was probably counting your eyelashes." 68. ____________ For nearly an hour I sat patiently at the window. Herr Stroh rested his arms now and again, but he did not leave his seat. I could see him clearly, although I think I imagined the grin on his face as, from time to time, he raised the glasses to his eyes. There was no doubt that he could see, as if it were within an inch of his face, the fury on mine. It was too late now for one of us to give in, and I kept glancing down at the entrances to the hotel Stroh, expecting to see Frau Lublonitsch or perhaps one of her sons or the yard hands going across to deliver a protest. But no one from our side approached the Stroh premises. I continue to stare, and Herr Stroh continued to goggle through his glasses. Then he dropped them. It was as if they had been jerked out of his hands by an invisible nudge. He approached close to the window and gazed, but now he was gazing at a point above and slightly to the left of my room. After about two minutes, he turned and disappeared. 69. ____________ "Did she telephone to his house?" "No, Frau Chef doesn't use the phone; it mixes her up." "Who protested, then?" "Frau Chef." "But she hasn't been across to see him. I' ve been watching the house." "No, Frau Chef doesn't visit with him. But don't worry, he knows all right that he mustn't annoy our guests." When I looked out of the window again, I saw that the blind of Herr Stroh' s room had been pulled down, and so it remained for the rest of my stay. Meantime, I went out to post my letters in the box opposite our hotel, across the path. The sun had come out more strongly, and Herr Stroh stood in his doorway blinking up at the roof of the Guesthouse Lublonitsch. He was engrossed, he did not notice me at all. 70. ____________ Like most of the roofs in that province, the Lublonitsch roof had a railed ledge running several inches above the eaves, for the purpose of preventing the snow from falling in heavy thumps during the winter. On this ledge, just below an attic window, stood the gold-and-rose ormolu clock that I had seen in Frau Lublonitsch's splendid bedroom. I turned the corner just as Herr Stroh gave up his gazing; he went indoors, sullen and bent. Two car-loads of people who had moved into the hotel that morning were now moving out, shifting their baggage with speed and the signs of a glad departure. I know that his house was nearly empty. A. I didn' t want to draw his attention by following the line of his gaze but I was curious as to what held him staring so trancelike up at our roof. On my way back from the postbox I saw what it was. B. I caught sight of a tiled stove constructed of mosaic tiles that were not a local type. I also noticed, standing upon the cabinet, a large ornamental clock; each curve and twirl in the case of this clock was overlaid with that gildedbronze alloy which is known as ormolu. The clock twinkled in the sunlight which slanted between the window hangings. C. I looked up a few moments later, and this time Herr Stroh was seated on a chair a little way back from the window. He was facing me squarely and holding to his eyes a pair of field-glasses. D. I returned to my room. Herr Stroh still sat in position, the field-glasses in his hands resting on his knees. As soon as I came within view, he raised the glasses to his eyes. I decided to stare him out until such time as Frau Lublonitsch should return and take the matter in hand. E. Just then Gertha knocked at my door. "Frau Chef has protested, and you won't have any more trouble," she said. F. So I lodged my complaint with Gertha.

填空题You will hear a talk about World Trade Organization. As you listen, you must answer Questions 35 to 44 by writing not more than three words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk twice. You now have I minute to read Questions 35 to 44.

填空题 A bank is a business establishment that safeguards people's money and uses it to make loans and investments. Banks differ in the services they provide and in how they are owned. Commercial banks are the most numerous banks in the United States. They offer a full range of services, including checking and savings accounts, loans, and trust services. They primarily serve the needs of businesses but also offer their services to individuals. A commercial bank is owned by stockholders who buy shares in it. In return for investing in the bank's stock, the stockholders expect the bank to pay them cash dividends from its profits. Saving and loan associations are the second largest group of deposit institutions in the United States. Savings and loans, as they are often called, were established to help people to purchase homes. Through the years they have been the chief source of home mortgages. Traditionally, they loaned money to businesses only for real estate construction. But today, sayings and loan associations offer a variety of services for individuals and businesses, including NOW accounts, checking accounts, money market accounts, IRA's and business loans. In the past, almost all savings and loans were owned and operated by their depositors. But today, many are owned and operated by stockholders. Savings banks are most commonly found in the Northeast. They were created in the early 1800's as charitable institutions to provide a safe place for poor working people to save for retirement. Originally, almost all savings banks were mutual savings banks, which are run by a board of trustees who elect their own successors. Mutual savings banks pass on any profits to their depositors as interest. But since the mid-1980's, many savings banks have become stock savings banks. These banks are run by a board of directors who are elected by shareholders. Savings banks offer savings and checking accounts and individual retirement accounts and make personal and business loans. Federal and state laws ensure the safety of depositors' money by limiting the investments such banks can make and by insuring the deposits. Savings banks invest chiefly in mortgages and government bonds. Central banks, which in most countries are government agencies, perform many financial services for the national government. Their chief responsibilities are to regulate banking and to influence such economic factors as interest rates, the availability of loans, and the money supply. The money supply is the total quantity of money in the country, including cash and bank deposits. Central banks also perform a variety of services for other hanks. For example, they serve as a lender of last resort — that is, they make emergency loans to banks that are short of cash. Central banks also handle the clearing of checks, the process by which banks settle claims against one another that result from the writing of checks. In the United States, the Federal Reserve System serves as a central bank. Most large U.S. commercial banks belong to the system. Central banks in other nations include the Bank of Canada and the Bank of England. Investment banks purchase newly issued stocks and bonds from corporations and governments. These banks then resell the securities to individual investors in smaller quantities. An investment bank makes a profit by selling securities at a higher price than it paid for them. Most U.S. banks once did such buying and selling, but now only specialized investment banks and a few large commercial banks do so. An investment bank may overestimate the demand for the securities that it buys and may have to sell them at a loss. Congress believed this risk helped cause many bank failures during the early years of the Great Depression. As a result, it passed the Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933. On provision of the act prohibited an institution that accepted deposits and made loans from doing investment banking.A=Commercial banks/A commercial bankB=Savings and loan associations/A savings and loan associationC=Savings banks/A savings bankD=Central banks/A central bankE=Investment banks/An investment bankWhich kind of bank/banks ...· were created in the early 1800's as charitable institutions to provide a safe place for poor workingpeople to save for retirement? 71. ______· were established to help people to purchase homes? 72. ______· purchase newly issued stocks and bonds from corporations and governments and resell the securitiesto individual investors in smaller quantities? 73. ______· perform many financial services for the national government? 74. ______· offer a variety of services for individuals and businesses, including NOW accounts, checkingaccounts, money market accounts, IRA's, and business loans? 75. ______· are the largest group of banks in the United States? 76. ______· invest chiefly in mortgages and government bonds? 77. ______· handle the clearing of checks, the process by which banks settle claims against one another thatresult from the writing of checks? 78. ______· is owned by stockholders who buy shares in it? 79. ______· may overestimate the demand for the securities that it buys and may have to sell them at a loss? 80. ______

填空题"Had a good flight?" the Chief asked. "A bit bumpy over the Azores," Hawthorne said. 1 this occasion he had not had time to 2 from his pale gray tropical suit; the summons had come to him 3 in Kingston and a car had met him at London Airport. He 4 as close to the steam 5 as he could, but sometimes he couldn"t 6 a shiver. "What"s that odd flower you"re 7 ?" Hawthorne had quite forgotten 8 . He put his hand up to his lapel. "It looks as though it had once been an orchid," the Chief said with disapproval. "Pan American gave it to us 9 our dinner last night," Hawthorne explained. He took out the limp mauve rag and put it in the ash-tray. "With your dinner? What an odd thing to do," the Chief said, "it can hardly have improved the meal. Personally I detest orchids. Decadent thing. There was someone, wasn"t there, who wore green 10 ?" "I only put it in my button-hole so as to clear the dinner-tray. There was so little room, with the hot-cakes and champagne and the sweet salad and the tomato soup and the chicken Maryland and ice-cream." "What a 11 mixture. You should travel BOAC." "You didn"t give me enough time, sir, to get a booking." "Well, the matter is rather urgent. You know our man in Havana has been turning 12 some pretty disquieting stuff 13 ." "He"s a good man," Hawthorne said. "I don"t deny it. I wish we 14 more like him. What I can"t understand is how the Americans have not tumbled to anything there." "Have you asked them, sir?" "Of course not. I don"t 15 their discretion." "Perhaps they don"t trust ours."

填空题Not every President is a leader, but every time we elect a President we hope for one, especially in times of doubt and crisis. In easy times we are ambivalent -- the leader, after all, makes demands, challenges the status quo, shakes things up. Leadership is as much a question of timing as anything else. 66. ______ And when he comes, he must offer a simple, eloquent message. Great leaders are almost always great simplifiers, who cut through argument, debate and doubt to offer a solution everybody can understand and remember. Churchill warned the British to expect "blood, toil, tears and sweat"; FDR told Americans that "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself"; Lenin promised the war-weary Russians peace, land and bread. Straightforward but potent messages. We have an image of what a leader ought to be. We even recognize the physical signs: Leaders may not necessarily be tall, but they must have bigger-than-life, commanding features--LBJ's nose and ear lobes, Ike's broad grin. A trademark also comes in handy: Lincoln's stovepipe hat, JFK's rocker. We expect our leaders to stand out a little, not to be like ordinary men. Half of President Ford's trouble lay in the fact that, if you closed your eyes for a moment, you couldn't remember his face, figure or clothes. A leader should have an unforgettable identity, instantly and permanently fixed in people's minds. It also helps for a leader to be able to do something most of us can' t: FDR overcame polio; Mao swam the Yangtze River at the age of 72. We don't want our leaders to be "just like us". We want them to be like us but better, special, more so. 67. ______ Even television, which comes in for a lot of knocks as an image-builder that magnifies form over substance, doesn't altogether obscure the qualities of leadership we recognize, or their absence. Television exposed Nixon's insecurity, Humphrey's fatal infatuation with his own voice. A leader must know how to use power, but he also has to have a way of showing that he does. He has to be able to project firmness-- no physical clumsiness(like Ford., no rapid eye movements(like Carter). A Chinese philosopher once remarked that a leader must have the grace of a good dancer, and there is a great deal of wisdom to this. 68. ______ He should be able, like Lincoln, FDR, Truman, Ike and JFK, to give a good, hearty, belly laugh, instead of the sickly grin that passes for good humor in Nixon or Carter. Ronald Reagan's training as an actor showed to good effect in the debate with Carter, when by his easy manner and apparent affability, he managed to convey the impression that in fact he was the President and Carter the challenger. If we know what we' re looking for, why is it so difficult to find? The answer lies in a very simple truth about leadership. People can only be led where they want to go. The leader follows, though a step ahead. 69. ______ The British believed that they could still win the war after the defeats of 1940, and Churchill told them they were right. A leader rides the waves, moves with the tides, understands the deepest yearnings of his people. He cannot make a nation that wants peace at any price go to war, or stop a nation determined to fight from doing so. His purpose must match the national mood. His task is to focus the people's energies and desires, to define them in simple terms, to inspire, and make what people already want seem attainable, important, within their grasp. 70. ______ Winston Churchill managed, by sheer rhetoric, to turn the British defeat and the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940 into a major victory. FDR's words turned the sinking of the American fleet at Pearl Harbor into a national rallying cry instead of a humiliating national scandal. A leader must stir our blood, not appeal to our reason... A great leader must have a certain irrational quality, a stubborn refusal to face facts, infectious optimism, the ability to convince us that all is not lost even when we're afraid it is. Confucius suggested that, while the advisers of a great leader should be as cold as ice, the leader himself should have fire, a spark of divine madness. A. Yet if they are too different, we reject them. Adlai Stevenson was too cerebral. Nelson Rockefeller, too rich. B. The leader must appear on the scene at a moment when people are looking for leadership, as Churchill did in 1940, as Roosevelt did in 1933, as Lenin did in 1917. C. Americans wanted to climb out of the Depression and needed someone to tell them they could do it, and FDR did. D. Our strength makes him strong; our determination makes him determined; our courage makes him a hero. He is the symbol of the best in us. E. Above all, he must dignify our desires, convince us that we are taking part in the making of great history, give us a sense of glory about ourselves. F. A leader should know how to appear relaxed and confident. His walk should be firm and purposeful.

填空题Children who grip their pens too close to the writing point are likely to be at a disadvantage in examinations, 1 to the first serious investigation into the way in which writing technique can dramatically affect educational achievement. The survey of 643 children and adults, ranking from preschool to 40-plus, also suggests 2 pen-holding techniques have detedorated sharply over one generation, with teachers now paying far 3 attention to correct pen grip and handwriting style. Stephanie Thomas, a learning support teacher 4 findings have been published, was inspired to investigate this area 5 he noticed that those students who had the most trouble with spelling 6 had a poor pen grip. While Mr. Thomas could not establish a significant statistical link 7 pen-holding style and accuracy in spelling, he 8 find huge differences in technique between the young children and the mature adults, and a definite 9 between near-point gripping and slow, illegible writing. People who 10 their pens at the writing point also show other characteristics 11 inhibit learning, 12 as poor posture, leaning too 13 to the desk, using four fingers to grip the pen 14 than three, and clumsy positioning of the thumb (which can obscure 15 is being written). Mr. Thomas believes that the 16 between elder and younger writers is 17 too dramatic to be accounted for simply by the possibility that people get better at writing as they grow 18 . He attributes it to a failure to teach the most effective methods, pointing out that the differences between 19 groups coincides with the abandonment of formal handwriting instruction in classrooms in the sixties. "The 30-year-old showed a huge diversity of grips, 20 the over 40s group all had a uniform "tripod" grip."

填空题There are some unexpected items in the author's book bag.

填空题will not be considered as a supplement to conventional electricity for several decades?

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填空题{{B}} A = George Clooney B = Johnny Depp C = Will Smith D = Matt Damon Which actor(s) ...{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} George Clooney: George Clooney has had a bumpy ride up the Hollywood ladder. He started acting seriously at age 2l, and after appearing in about 15 failed TV shows, he got his big break and made it big on ER. He has played everything from the caring, "break the roles" doctor to "do what it takes" billionaire superhero. If there is one character trait from these parts that reflects George Clooney, it is the calculated recklessness that seems to govern his actions. Any way you slice it, George Clooney has made his mark on Hollywood and is well on his way to superstardom. His films generally make for good entertainment and he gives off a "one of the boys" feel that makes even guys warm up to him. He's the kind of guy you would invite over to watch football on Sunday afternoons. George is somewhat of a Hollywood anomaly in that he doesn't buy into the whole "I'm a big star so I should get special treatment" notion. He's a regular guy that happens to be a star and he likes it that way. The man has been at the top of People magazine's "Most Beautiful People" list for what seems like forever, with no signs of him dropping off anytime soon. He's cool and that's no lie. Here's a guy that would look good dressed in a garbage bag. It doesn't seem to matter what he wears because he always pulls it off with flying colors. Part of the reason he's known for being such a snazzy dresser is that he doesn't deviate too far from the norm, but at the same time he isn't afraid to add his own personal touch. {{B}}B{{/B}} Johnny Depp: Johnny Depp is an actor who takes his job seriously. He knows the ins and outs of life in Hollywood and doesn't let himself get caught up in the hype machine. He does whatever he likes and has so far enjoyed a successful career on the big screen. His films do well with audiences and critics alike. Furthermore, he constantly tries to mix it up and try his hand at different roles to broaden his repertoire. Johnny Depp is the mysterious type. He isn't a big talker and when he does have something to say, it's usually short and sweet. Depp comes across as the brooding type, but he is much more congenial than he looks. He's a movie star yet doesn't look like one. Low-key may be the best way to describe him. However, he has had his wild times. He once trashed a swanky hotel room in New York and has thrown the occasional punch at the paparazzi. He once played guitar in a band (quite well, apparently), and he owned the infamous Viper Room, a club in Los Angeles. Is it a wonder that women flock to him? The fact that he's attached and has two children does not seem to deter the legions of adoring females that want to get deep with Depp. Johnny Depp simply exudes coolness. He's not a rebel but does march to his own beat. Perhaps it is his quirks and laid-back style that set him apart from the Hollywood rabble; whatever it is, there is definitely something about Johnny that says cool. Johnny prefers to dress casually, some would even say sloppily. He wears jeans and leather pants with open shirts. He is also big on leather jackets and tends to wear his hair long. {{B}}C{{/B}} Will Smith: Will Smith has triumphed in just about every venue in entertainment: from music to television to the big screen. His success is attributed to his incredible charisma and his instantly recognizable smile that helped him win over fans of all ages from around the world. He writes his own songs, produces and acts. Well, if he was a weak actor he would be labeled as a singer trying to act, and if he couldn't rap he would be deemed an actor trying to sing. The thing is that we can't accuse him of either, because Smith has been consistently excellent on every level. Despite being constantly criticized by other rap artists who deem Will Smith as soft, Smith lives the life that everyone desires. He is the ever-faithful husband despite the daily temptations thrust upon him by groupies. He was a self-proclaimed womanizer but family life has domesticated him considerably. His image as a positive role model sets him apart in so many different ways that we don't know who to compare him to. He has Grammy Awards and Billboard album sales plaques, but where is the Oscar? Will is a perfectionist and he won't rest until an Oscar is sitting on his mantel. Smith loves to dress sharp in smooth threads. He ii one of those men that take pride in grooming himself and looking good. Knowing the importance of style, he has become fast friends with some heavy-hitting fashion designers and has even taken part in several fashion shows. {{B}}D{{/B}} Matt Damon: A few years ago, Matt Damon seemed to be everywhere and anywhere. He was Hollywood's new "Golden Boy", and who could blame the media for its fascination with the talented Mr. Damon? He is virtually a rags to riches story, a young turk who became one of Hollywood's most influential stars seemingly overnight. Still, despite his vast popularity and fame, he continues to be generally under-appreciated and unrecognized for his talent as an actor. He is more than a pretty boy; he is a great all-round actor. Thanks to his charm, talent, matinee-idol looks, and dedication to his craft, Matt Damon is set to remain a fixture in Hollywood for some time to come. With the humility he has and plenty of gray matter upstairs, it seems only a matter of time before his Oscar has a buddy. It's very easy for a person in Damon's situation to fall into the trappings of celebrity. But we never worry about Damon falling into such a trap. In fact, we can't even imagine him being anything but courteous and genial. Matt's killer wardrobe of choice consists of jeans and a T-shirt. His look is all about comfort, not appearance. When necessary, he'll dress for success, but the rest of the time he's as simple as his Boston roots. But when he does turn it on, he quickly becomes one of his industry's best- dressed men, often spotted wearing the latest fashions from top designers who clamor to put a shirt on his back.· is willing to spend a lot to follow fashion design? 71. ______· is the one that people would like to watch sports together? 72. ______· both have talents in music though in different genres? 73. ______ 74. ______· embodies the dream of becoming famous overnight? 75. ______· is quite elusive and difficult to pin down? 76. ______· experienced hard time before gaining fame on the big screen? 77. ______· has already won an Academy Award? 78. ______· has a positive image of a responsible married man? 79. ______· will probably be among the most beautiful people for a long time? 80. ______

填空题is the headquarter of the Supreme court.

填空题It is difficult to find reliable body counts of suicides, and of course the rate (1) which people kill themselves (2) from place to place and from time to time. (3) , you can get some idea of the size of the problem (4) you realize that every 30 minutes someone in the Untied States (5) suicide. And for every successful suicide there are probably three attempts (6) fail. Suicide statistics are notoriously unreliable (7) only because shame is attached (8) the act but also because people who successfully kill themselves have often tried and (9) several times before. One survey at a suicide center showed that 60 percent of those who finally (10) to kill themselves had made previous attempts. Also, (11) looks like an accident may actually be deliberate suicide. We know that more than 55,000 persons die each year in automobile accidents, (12) no one knows how many of these drivers consciously or unconsciously set (13) the conditions for a fatal crash. When car accidents were carefully (14) in one study, up to one-half of the dead drivers had numerous previous driving offenses; over half had also been drinking; and nearly half were suffering (15) depression. Such self-destructive drivers were characterized as reckless, risk taking, impulsive persons who frequently got (16) the wheel after a violent argument. A survey of known suicides gave this description of the conditions in (17) self-destruction is most likely to occur: in the spring, in the late afternoon, on a Monday and at home. Suicide is (18) likely in the early morning in winter. (19) these details tell only part of the story. The finger on the trigger or the hand fumbling (20) the bottle of sleeping pills varies according to sex, marital status, and race.

填空题·has a good reputation for what they do for some special persons?

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