填空题 A = Chang Ling B = Ding Ling C = Emperor Qian kong's Tomb Which tomb...·was opened to the public as early as 19787 71. ______.·served as a model for the remaining 12 for its good preservation? 72. ______.·is of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs? 73. ______.·is the largest tomb? 　　 74. ______.·is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China? 　　　 75. ______.·has the inner walls and arched ceilings of its gateway and halls decorated with four ·celestial guardians? 76. ______.·owns three coffins within it? 77. ______.·holds the coffin of an emperor which was placed over a well? 78. ______.·has a large red gate with a significant bronze lion which marks the entrance to the ground? 79. ______.·was a huge and costly construction project which began in 1743? 80. ______. Maintaining an imperial tradition that originated from the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1066- 1221 BC), the Ming emperors selected the location and design of their tombs while they were still alive. The selection of sites, based on the prevailing winds and the water level, ensured that only benevolent spirits were in habiting the area. Of the 16 Ming emperors, 13 chose to be buried in this serene valley (Shisanling) just north of Beijing. The Sacred Way The road to the tombs, which branches off the route to the Great Wall, was once a 6.4 km (4 mi) long sacred way, forbidden to all but the emperor's funeral cortege. The road begins at a five-arched marble gate, built in 1540. A mile further down stands a three- arched gateway, the Dahongmen (Great Red Gate). The emperor's body was carried through the central archway. Only on this one occasion was the center door opened. Just beyond the gate sits a huge stone tortoise(symbol of longevity)with a 9.1 m (30 ft) stele mounted on its back. The stele, the largest such tablet in China, was inscribed by the fourth Ming emperor at the time of the death of his predecessor, Yang Le, in 1424. This tortoise marks the beginning of the famous Avenue of the Animals. Lions, camels, elephants, horses, and two sets of mythical (or at least unrecognizable)beasts, 12 statues in all, line either side of the road, alternately standing and kneeling and most, these days, supporting tourists on their backs while being photographed. Beyond the animal figures stretch a series of 12 stone human statues, dating from the 15th century: four military men, four civilian officials, and four obedient retainers, all with stately postures and fixed stares--an honor guard for the dead emperor. A legend says that an emperor of the later Qing Dynasty wanted to transport the statues to line the road to his own tomb. One of the emperor's ministers was told, in a dream, that the statues were eternally loyal to the Ming emperors and therefore should not be moved. The Qing emperor took this as a warning that if the statues were disturbed, a deadly wind would blow down from the Ming Tombs upon the capital and he abandoned the project. Chang Ling Of the 13 tombs, only two have been excavated, those of Chang (the burial name for Yong Le, 1403 - 1424), and Ding (Emperor Wan Li, 1562- 1620). The Chang Ling tomb is the largest and best preserved of the tombs; it served as a model for the remaining 12. Visitors enter through a red gate which opens toward a courtyard. From here they pass under the Gate of Eminent Favors(Lingenmen)into a second courtyard, in which stands the marble Hall of Eminent Favors (Lingendian), surrounded by pine trees(another ancient symbol of longevity) . The roof of the hall is supported by 32 giant tree columns. Beyond this hall is a third courtyard, where the visitor will see a simple stele with the inscription Da Ming--Great Ming. This marks the passage to the sepulcher. Ding Ling Also known as the Underground Palace, this is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China. The work was completed over a period of three years (1956- 1959). Ding(Emperor Wan Li) was buried here in 1620 with two of his wives in a deep marble vault located four stories underground(on the hottest of summer days the vault remains mercifully cool) . The entrance to the grounds is marked by a large red gate with a magnificent bronze lion. Gigantic marble doors stand at the entrance to the first of the three burial chambers. (After burial, a "locking stone", similar to the modem "police" lock, was rolled in front of the tomb itself. ) Inside are three coffins. Twenty six chests of jewelry and other artifacts were discovered at the foot of the coffins, and many of these finds can be viewed in the two exhibition halls constructed above ground. The broad, tree shaded grounds surrounding the tomb are dotted with stone picnic tables and seats. Tour groups are usually provided with box lunches which may be eaten outdoors or in a "picnic room" at the foot of the Great Wall. Emperor Qian Long's Tomb In 1978, the tomb of the Qing emperor Qian kong( 1736 - 1796), located about 100 km (62.5 mi) east of Beijing, was opened to the public. Known as Yu Ling, the tomb is on a grander scale and of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs. Construction began in 1743 and cost 90 tons of silver. The wood used was the durable, fragrant, close-grained nanmu. Some logs weighed up to 20 tons. The tomb is, in fact, an underground palace, similar to the tomb of Ding Ling. Nevertheless, Yu Ling has distinctive architectural features. Flanking the roadway leading to the tomb are eight pairs of stone sculptures depicting civil officials, military officers, horses, qilin ( a mythical 'animal of good omen), elephants, camels, suanni (mythical monsters), and lions. Each figure was carved from a single stone block. The largest weighs about 43 tons. The underground palace contains three stone halls and four pairs of stone gates, all arched. The overhanging eaves, tile gutters, ridges, and animal-shaped ornaments on the gate comers are in white marble. Each gate weighs about two tons and contains a Bod-hisattva, each with a different mien.. The inner walls and arched ceilings of the gateways and halls are decorated with four celestial guardians(also called Deva kings), seated statues of gods and Budd has, carvings of potted flowers, and small three-legged tables to hold incense burners and Buddhist scriptures. The coffin of Qian Long lies in the innermost recess of the underground palace. It was placed over a well that never runs dry.

填空题 Almost daily, the gulf between education and employment widens. Careers officers complain{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}a system that presents them with school-leavers devoid of ideas for employment. Employers deplore the fact {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}teenagers are unable to spell and write and calculate. Graduates discover that a knowledge of Ancient History or Zoology counts for nothing when they are{{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}for a job. With all our magnificent new colleges of further education, the super-polytechnics are{{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}up like mushrooms, and our much-vaunted increase of students in fulltime education, one vital point is being left out of educational thinking. What will it earn? Because — sad{{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}it may seem to those who believe in its mind- broadening, horizon-widening and stamina testing qualities — you can not eat education.{{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}are 39 universities and colleges offering degree courses in Geography, but I have never{{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}any good jobs advertised for Geography graduates. Or am I alone in suspecting that they will all return to{{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}Geography to another set of students, who in{{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}will teach more undergraduates Geography? Only 10 universities currently offer degree courses in Aeronautical Engineering, which perhaps is just as well, in view of the speed with{{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}the aircraft industry has been dispensing with excess personnel. On the other hand, hospital casualty departments throughout the country are having to close{{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}because of the lack of doctors. The reason? University medical schools can only find places for half of those who{{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}. It seems to me that the time is ripe for the Department of Employment and Productivity and the Department of Education and Science to get{{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}with the universities and produce a revised educational system that will make more economic{{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}of the wealth of talent, application and industry currently being frittered away on certificates, diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know{{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}. They might make a start by reintroducing a genuine "General" Certificate of Education. In the days{{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}it meant something, this was called the School Certificate. Employers liked it, because it indicated proficiency{{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}English, Arithmetic, Science and Humanities — in{{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}words, that you had an all-round education You could use it as a springboard to higher education,{{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}it actually meant something in itself in every{{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}from chemical to clothing.

填空题What does Rowe think the people doing clean jobs lack in their lives?

填空题"Down-to-earth" means someone or something that is honest, realistic and easy to deal with. It is a pleasure to find (31) who is down-to-earth. A person who is down-to-earth is easy to talk (32) and accepts other people as equals. A down-to- earth person is just the (33) of someone who acts important or proud. Down-to-earth persons may be (34) members of society, of course. But they do not let their importance " (35) to their heads". They do not consider themselves to be better persons than (36) of less importance. Someone who is filled with his own importance and pride, (37) without cause, is said to have "his nose in the air". There is (38) way a person with his nose in the air can be down-to-earth. Americans (39) another expression that means almost the same as "down-to- earth". The expression is "both-feet-on-the-ground". Someone (40) both-feet-on- the-ground is a person with a good understanding (41) reality. He has what is called "common sense", he may have dreams, (42) he does not allow them to block his knowledge of (43) is real. The opposite kind of (44) is one who has his "head-in-the-clouds". A man with his head-in-the-clouds is a dreamer (45) mind is not in the real world. (46) , such a dreamer can be brought back to earth. Sharp words from teacher can usually (47) a day-dreaming student down-to-earth. Usually the person who is down-to-earth is very (48) to have both feet on the ground. (49) we have both our feet on the ground, when we are down-to-earth, we act honestly and openly (50) others. Our lives are like the ground below us, solid and strong.

填空题A bank is a business establishment that safeguards people's money and uses it to make loans and investments. Banks differ in the services they provide and in how they are owned. Commercial banks are the most numerous banks in the United States. They offer a full range of services, including checking and savings accounts, loans, and trust services. They primarily serve the needs of businesses but also offer their services to individuals. A commercial bank is owned by stockholders who buy shares in it. In return for investing in the bank's stock, the stockholders expect the bank to pay them cash dividends from its profits. Saving and loan associations are the second largest group of deposit institutions in the United States. Savings and loans, as they are often called, were established to help people to purchase homes. Through the years they have been the chief source of home mortgages. Traditionally, they loaned money to businesses only for real estate construction. But today, sayings and loan associations offer a variety of services for individuals and businesses, including NOW accounts, checking accounts, money market accounts, IRA's and business loans. In the past, almost all savings and loans were owned and operated by their depositors. But today, many are owned and operated by stockholders. Savings banks are most commonly found in the Northeast. They were created in the early 1800's as charitable institutions to provide a safe place for poor working people to save for retirement. Originally, almost all savings banks were mutual savings banks, which are run by a board of trustees who elect their own successors. Mutual savings banks pass on any profits to their depositors as interest. But since the mid-1980's, many savings banks have become stock savings banks. These banks are run by a board of directors who are elected by shareholders. Savings banks offer savings and checking accounts and individual retirement accounts and make personal and business loans. Federal and state laws ensure the safety of depositors' money by limiting the investments such banks can make and by insuring the deposits. Savings banks invest chiefly in mortgages and government bonds. Central banks, which in most countries are government agencies, perform many financial services for the national government. Their chief responsibilities are to regulate banking and to influence such economic factors as interest rates, the availability of loans, and the money supply. The money supply is the total quantity of money in the country, including cash and bank deposits. Central banks also perform a variety of services for other hanks. For example, they serve as a lender of last resort — that is, they make emergency loans to banks that are short of cash. Central banks also handle the clearing of checks, the process by which banks settle claims against one another that result from the writing of checks. In the United States, the Federal Reserve System serves as a central bank. Most large U.S. commercial banks belong to the system. Central banks in other nations include the Bank of Canada and the Bank of England. Investment banks purchase newly issued stocks and bonds from corporations and governments. These banks then resell the securities to individual investors in smaller quantities. An investment bank makes a profit by selling securities at a higher price than it paid for them. Most U.S. banks once did such buying and selling, but now only specialized investment banks and a few large commercial banks do so. An investment bank may overestimate the demand for the securities that it buys and may have to sell them at a loss. Congress believed this risk helped cause many bank failures during the early years of the Great Depression. As a result, it passed the Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933. On provision of the act prohibited an institution that accepted deposits and made loans from doing investment banking.A=Commercial banks/A commercial bankB=Savings and loan associations/A savings and loan associationC=Savings banks/A savings bankD=Central banks/A central bankE=Investment banks/An investment bankWhich kind of bank/banks ...· were created in the early 1800's as charitable institutions to provide a safe place for poor workingpeople to save for retirement? 71. ______· were established to help people to purchase homes? 72. ______· purchase newly issued stocks and bonds from corporations and governments and resell the securitiesto individual investors in smaller quantities? 73. ______· perform many financial services for the national government? 74. ______· offer a variety of services for individuals and businesses, including NOW accounts, checkingaccounts, money market accounts, IRA's, and business loans? 75. ______· are the largest group of banks in the United States? 76. ______· invest chiefly in mortgages and government bonds? 77. ______· handle the clearing of checks, the process by which banks settle claims against one another thatresult from the writing of checks? 78. ______· is owned by stockholders who buy shares in it? 79. ______· may overestimate the demand for the securities that it buys and may have to sell them at a loss? 80. ______

填空题A = Ian Williams B = Michael Bourne C = Jim McEIwaine D = Pascal Harper who is a member of a team doing research on a cancer drug? helps athletes sharpen their skills to get closer to ideal performance? finds his job rewarding because it has never been done before? build models of their research objects? used to work on site at a sewage works? obtained PhDs before they turned to their respective research? keeps his research projects secret in order to have an advantage over competitors? believes his job is a perfect combination of work and pleasure? 1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______ 7. ______ 8. ______ 9. ______ 10. ______ A Ian Williams Zulu warriors used it as a poison to make their spears more deadly, and it is a substance that has been traded for its healing properties for over 2000 years. Now, this organic molecule derived from the bark of the African bush willow tree is being tested as a cancer drug. Unlike conventional drug treatments, which can destroy healthy as well as cancerous cells, the molecule combretastatin restricts blood flow, but only targets blood vessels formed inside tumours, effectively starving them. Ian Williams is part of a team at the University of Sheffield uncovering why and how it acts in this way. "Once we isolate the 'how' of a drug's action we can apply that knowledge to similar compounds and develop further cancer treatments," he says. Ian is in the second year of his PhD at Sheffield. He spends most of his time in the lab, assessing the drug's impact on colon carcinoma cells, Ian's PhD is funded by Cancer Research UK. "Later in my PhD I'll be presenting my work in charity shops, explaining how their work relates to mine. It's really important as it's the public who directly fund my work." Ian hopes his work will yield useful results, but as with all research nothing is certain. For Ian, that's what makes the research both daunting and exciting. B Michael Bourne As a biomechanist and performance analyst at the English Institute of Sport, Michael helps athletes get closer to the ideal performance. Biomechanics uses the laws of physics and principles of engineering to describe the human body as it moves. Michael studies video and sensory data using tools such as a "force platform", which is a complex set of scales measuring the forces an athlete generates as they make a movement such as a jump. He can then use this information to help athletes hone their technique. Another part of Michael's job is studying his athletes' opponents. This year he is helping the British judo team prepare for the 2008 Olympics by sizing up the strengths, weaknesses and fight style of every potential competitor. This will be the first database of its kind, he says, and biomechanists will soon have the same depth of data for all sports. Because standards in sports are continually rising, biomechanical know-how can mean the difference between winning or losing. "We keep a lot of our projects secret -- it only takes the seed of an idea to send our competitors down the right path, then we lose the advantage." C Jim McEIwaine Studying how an avalanche hurtles down the mountainside is no easy task, especially if you are trying to create a precise mathematical model like researcher Jim McEIwaine. "It is easy to do badly, and currently impossible to do very accurately," Jim says. "The fascinating thing for me is that sometimes these complications disappear and simple models can be reasonably good." Jim turned to avalanche research following a PhD in quantum mechanics. As a keen climber and skier, it has proved a great opportunity to combine work and pleasure, he says. Now he divides his time between sitting with pencil and paper writing equations at the University of Cambridge and several months every winter at the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research in Davos. There, he helps perform small-scale experiments dropping snow down chutes and larger experiments at a specially equipped test site. These can involve blasting out large avalanche by dropping bombs from a helicopter. Jim has first-hand experience of being at the wrong end of an avalanche. On one climbing trip to Himalayas when he was younger, he was buried up to his neck and a friend had to dig him free. But that hasn't stopped him pursuing a career with the two things he loves most -- maths and the mountains. D Pascal Harper When Pascal Harper says that to do his job you need to be prepared to get your hands dirty, he means it. Pascal learned this lesson the hard way, when early in his career he undid the fastening on a sludge pump, thinking it was turned off, to be greeted by a jet of high-pressure raw sewage. Today, Pascal is more white lab coat than hard hat and overalls. He works as a waste-water process engineer for a small company called Water Innovate, which develops new technologies for the waste-water industry. The majority of his time is spent developing software that models and simulates the odours from sewage works. Pascal started out as an engineer for Anglican Water on their graduate training scheme. He undertook two placements while he was there: the first on site, monitoring the removal of phosphorus from waste, and the second in the lab building computer models of biological processes taking place in the waste. But you don't need to be an engineer to get into the industry, Pascal stresses. "They were looking for people from all scientific disciplines, not just engineering." Pascal did an undergraduate degree in chemistry, before going on to do a master's and a PhD.

填空题Accordingtotheman,manyanimalsaresolitarymostofthetime.

填空题·is chosen as the state flower of Georgia?

填空题A=Alabama B=Alaska C=Florida D=Georgia Which state(s) ... · witnessed the earliest European settlement? 71. ______ · experienced the most frequent change of hands among European powers? 72. ______ · turned vast tracts of land into military uses? 73. ______ · was meant as a settlement site for criminals and the poor? 74. ______ · grew cotton in the 18th century? 75. ______76. ______ · has developed in most diversified industries? 77. ______ · experienced a change in its agricultural patterns after its main crop was attacked by pests? 78. ______ · profited from its natural resources? 79. ______ · has immigrants from Latin America? 80. ______ A Alabama In the 16th century the main powers were the Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws and Cherokees. The first European explorers were Spanish, including Hernando de Soto in 1540, but the first permanent European settlement was French, as part of French Louisiana after 1699. During the 17th and 18th centuries the British, Spanish and French all fought for control of the territory; it passed to Britain in 1763 and thence to the US in 1783, except for a Spanish enclave on Mobile Bay, which lasted until 1818, Alabama was organized as a Territory in 1817 and was admitted into the Union as a state on 14 Dec. 1819. The economy was then based on cotton, grown in white-owned plantations by black slave labor imported since 1719. Alabama broke away from the Union at the beginning of the Civil War (1861) and joined the Confederate States of America; its capital Montgomery became the confederate capital. After the defeat of the Confederacy the state was readmitted to the Union in 1878. During the reconstruction period, Birmingham began to develop as an important center of iron- and steel-making. Most of the state was still rural. In 1915 a pest epidemic attacked the cotton and forced diversification into other farm produce. More industries developed from the power schemes of the Tennessee Valley Authority in the 1930s. B Alaska In the 18th century there were a number of Indian, Eskimo and Aleut tribes. Russian fur-traders made the first European contact after Russian expeditions, and discovered the Alaskan coast in 1741. After 1799 the territory was administered by the Russian-American Company and was known as Russian America, its capital after 1806 being at Sitka. The company's charter was due to expire in 1861 and the US began negotiations to buy Alaska in 1859 until dealings were interrupted by the Civil War. The territory was administered by a Russian governor until 1867 when the purchase was completed on 30 March. American settlement was stimulated by gold-rushes during the 1880s. In 1884 the territory was organized as a district governed by the laws of the neighboring state of Oregon. On 24 Aug. 1912 the district became an incorporated territory. The first legislature sat in 1918 at Juneau, which had become the capital in 1906. During the Second World War the Federal Government acquired large areas for defense purposes and for the construction of the strategic Alaska Highway. In the 1950s oil was found. Alaska became the 49th state of the Union on 3 Jan. 1959. In the 1970s new oilfields were discovered and the Trans-Alaska pipeline was opened in 1977. The state obtained most of its income from petroleum by 1985. Questions of land-use predominate; there are large areas with valuable mineral resources, other large areas held for the native people and some still held by the Federal Government. The population increased by over 400G between 1940 and 1980. C Florida There were French and Spanish settlements in Florida in the 16th century, of which the Spanish, at St Augustine in 1565, proved permanent. Florida was claimed by Spain until 1763 when it passed to Britain. Although regained by Spain in 1783, the British used it as a base for attacks on American forces during the war of 1812. Gen. Andrew Jackson in 1818 captured Pensacola for the US. In 1819 a treaty was signed which ceded Florida to the US with effect from 1821 and it became a territory of the US in 1822. Florida became a state in 1845. About half of the population were black slaves. At the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861 the state left the Union. During the 20th century Florida continued to grow fruit and vegetables, but real-estate development (often for retirement) and the growth of tourism and the aerospace industry have prevented it from remaining a typical ex-plantation state. There has been some recent immigration from Caribbean States, notably Cuba and Haiti. D Georgia Originally the territory of Creek and Cherokee tribes, Georgia was first settled by Europeans in the 18th century. James Oglethorpe founded Savannah in 1733, intending it as a colony which offered a new start to debtors, convicts and the poor. Settlement was slow until 1783, when growth began in the cotton-growing areas west of Augusta. The Indian population was cleared off the rich cotton land and moved beyond the Mississippi. Georgia became one of the original 13 States of the Union. A plantation economy developed rapidly, using slave labor. In 1861 Georgia broke away from the Union and became an important source of supplies for the Confederate cause, although some northern areas never accepted secession and continued in sympathy with the Union during the Civil War. At the beginning of the war 56% of the population were white, the remaining 44% were black slaves. By 1980 the state was still about 40% black. The city of Atlanta, which grew as a railway junction, was destroyed during the war but revived to become the center of southern state during the reconstruction period. Also in Atlanta were developed successive movements for black freedom in social, economic and political life. Atlanta was confirmed as state capital in 1877.

填空题The author mentions that she has had to develop time management skills.

填空题{{B}}A Maturationionist Theory{{/B}} The maturationist theory was advanced by the work of Arnold Gessell. Maturationists believe that development is a biological process that occurs automatically in predictable, sequential stages over time. This perspective leads many educators and families to assume that young children will acquire knowledge naturally and automatically as they grow physically and become older, provided that they are healthy. School readiness, according to maturationists, is a state at which all healthy young children arrive when they can perform tasks such as reciting the alphabet and counting; these tasks are required for learning more complex tasks such as reading and arithmetic. Because development and school readiness occur naturally and automatically, maturationists believe the best practices are for parents to teach young children to recite the alphabet and count while being patient and waiting for children to become ready for kindergarten. If a child is developmentally unready for school, maturationists might suggest referrals to transitional kindergartens, retention, or holding children out of school for an additional year. These practices are sometimes used by schools, educators, and parents when a young child developmentally lags behind his or her peers. The young child's underperformance is interpreted as the child needing more time to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to perform at the level of his or her peers.{{B}} B Environmentalist Theory{{/B}} Theorists such as John Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura contributed greatly to the environmentalist perspective of development. Environmentalists believe the child's environment shapes learning and behavior; in fact, human behavior, development, and learning are thought of as reactions to the environment. This perspective leads many families, schools, and educators to assume that young children develop and acquire new knowledge by reacting to their surroundings. Kindergarten readiness, according to the environmentalists, is the age or stage when young children can respond appropriately to the environment of the school and the classroom (e. g. , roles and regulations, curriculum activities, positive behavior in group settings, and directions and instructions from teachers and other adults in the school). The ability to respond appropriately to this environment is necessary for young children to participate in teacher-initiated learning activities. Success is dependent on the child following instructions from the teacher or the adult in the classroom. Many environmentalist-influenced educators and parents believe that young children learn best by rote activities, such as reciting the alphabet over and over, copying letters, and tracing numbers. This viewpoint is evident in kindergarten classrooms where young children are expected to sit at desks arranged in rows and listen attentively to their teachers. At home, parents may provide their young children with workbooks containing such activities as coloring or tracing letters and numbers--activities that require little interaction between parent and child. When young children are unable to respond appropriately to the classroom and school environment, they often are labeled as having some form of learning disabilities and are tracked in classrooms with curriculum designed to control their behaviors and responses.{{B}} C Constructivist Theory{{/B}} The constructivist perspective of readiness and development was advanced by theorists such as Jean Piaget, Mafia Montessori, and Lev Vygotsky. Although their work varies greatly, each articulates a similar context of learning and development. They are consistent in .their belief that learning and development occur when young children Internet with the environment and people around them (Hunt, 1969). Constructivists view young children as active participants in the learning process. In addition, constructivists believe young children initiate most of the activities required for learning and development. Because active interaction with the environment and people are necessary for learning and development, constructivists believe that children are ready for school when they can initiate many of the interactions they have with the environment and people around them. Constructivist-influenced schools and educators pay a lot of attention to the physical environment and the curriculum of the early childhood classroom. Kindergarten classrooms often are divided into different learning centers and are equipped with developmentally appropriate materials for young children to play with and manipulate. Teachers and adults have direct conversations with children, children move actively from center to another, and daily activities are made meaningful through the incorporation of children's experiences into the curriculum. At home, parents engage their young children in reading and storytelling activities and encourage children's participation in daily household activities in a way that introduces such concepts as counting and language use. In addition, parents may provide young children with picture books containing very large print, and toys that stimulate interaction (such as building blocks and large puzzles). When a young child encounters difficulties in the learning process, the constructivist approach is neither to label the child nor to retain him or her; instead, constructivists give the child some individualized attention and customize the classroom curriculum to help the child address his or her difficulties.·young children are expected to learn repetitively both in class and at home? {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}·each child is given individual attention and can express his ideas freely? {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}·young children are not ready for school unless they can recite thealphabet and count? {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}·building blocks and large puzzles are helpful toys stimulatingchildren's interaction? {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}·as young children grow older, they will learn naturally and automatically? {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}·young children are ready for school when they initiatively interact with theenvironment and people around them? {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}·young children are best taught by their parents to learn to recite thealphabet and count before they go to the kindergarten? {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}·children are both the designers and participants in classroom activities? {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}·children with learning disabilities have to attend special classes if theycan't respond properly? {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}·young children are not ready for school unless they can follow instructionsfrom adults? {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}

填空题For a child, happiness has a magical nature. I remember making hide-outs in newly-cut hay, playing cops and robbers in the woods, getting a speaking part in the school play. Of course, kids also experience lows, but their delight at such peaks of pleasure as winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved. In the teen-age years the concept of happiness changes. Suddenly it's conditional on such things as excitement, love, popularity and whether that zit will clear up before night. I can still feel the agony of not being invited to a party that almost everyone else was going to. But I also recall the ecstasy of being plucked from obscurity at another event to dance with a John Travolta look-alike. (67) My dictionary defines happy as "lucky" or "fortunate", but I think a better definition of happiness is "the capacity for enjoyment". The more we can appreciate what we have, the happier we are. It's easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, even good health. (68) Later, peace descended again, and my husband and I enjoyed another pleasure—intimacy. Sometimes just the knowledge that he wants can bring me joy. You never know where happiness will turn up next. When I asked friends what made them happy, some mentioned apparently insignificant moments. "I hate shopping," one friend said, "But there's a clerk who always chats and really cheers me up". (69) I get a thrill from driving. One day I stopped to let the school bus tuna onto a side road. The driver grinned and gave me a thumbs-up sign. We were two allies in the world of mad motorists. It made me smile. (70) Psychologists tell us that to be happy we need a mixture of enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work. I doubt that my great grandmother, who raised 14 children and took in washing, had none of either. She did have a network of close friends and families, and maybe this is what fulfilled her. If she was content with what she had, perhaps it was because she didn't expect life to be very different. (71) While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever. Happiness isn't about what comes to us—it's about how we perceive what comes to us. It's the knack of finding a positive for every negative, and viewing a setback as a challenge. It's not wishing for what we haven't had, but enjoying what we do possess. A. Another friend loves the telephone. "Every time it rings, I know someone is thinking about me." B. When we think about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, a pinnacle of sheer delight—and those pinnacles seem to get rater the older we get. C. In adulthood the things that bring profound joy—birth, love, marriage—also bring responsibility and the risk of loss. Love may not last, sex isn't always good, loved ones die. For adults, happiness is complicated. D. We, on the other hand, with se many choices and such pressure to succeed in every area, have changed happiness into one more thing we "gotta have". We're so self-conscious about our "right" to it that it's making us miserable. So we chase it and equate it with wealth and success, without noticing that the people who have those things aren't necessarily happier. E. I added up my little moments of pleasure yesterday. First there was sheer bless when I shut the last lunchbox and had the house for myself. Then I spent an uninterrupted morning writing, which I love. When the kids came back home, I enjoyed their noise after the quiet of the whole day. F. We all experience moments like these. Too few of us register them as happiness.

填空题a variety of species are on the decrease?

填空题 Henry Kissinger was born in a small town, located {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}the south German province of Franconia, on May 27,1923. His father was a Professor at a local high school, his mother was a house-wife; the setting was typical German-middleclass. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}the Kissingers were a Jewish family in Germany that was on the brink of Nazism. He and his younger brother were often beaten by anti-Semitic youngsters on their way to and {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}their school; finally they were expelled and {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}to attend an all-Jewish institution. Their father was forced to resign his professor-ship. After years of social torture, the family {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}to the United States in 1938. In America, the Kissinger {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}lived in New York City, in a neighborhood of Upper Manhattan among thousands of other {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}and Austrian refugees. Henry Kissinger was never assimilated by the culture and society that made up America; in taste {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}style, he would always be distinctly European. After four years in a New York City high school, {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}he had shown special {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}in mathematics, Kissinger began to study accounting at night sessions of the City University of New York, earning his tuition during the daytime. But then, in 1943, he was drafted by the US Army, an army which was at {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}with the Axis Powers. After the war, his friend Kraemer got him a job {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}an instructor in an Army training school that paid $10,000 a year. "That was real {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}power in 1946," Kraemer would remark later. But Kissinger was {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}interested in that materialist lure; he felt he wanted {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}education of his own. And so he won a New York State scholarship, gave up his well-paying {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}, and enrolled at Harvard in September 1946. Since the Civil War, Harvard had carefully nurtured its pipeline to the nation's capital. In the postwar years, the Department of State was small and unsteady; in many situations, its first reflex was to turn {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}Harvard's area specialists. In late 1965, Kissinger {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}invited to Saigon to investigate American involvement in Vietnam. In the following decades he {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}a famous activist of political and diplomatic {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}.

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. Many university students {{U}}(31) {{/U}} studying history because there is little to get excited about when historical events are presented {{U}}(32) {{/U}} a boring manner. {{U}}(33) {{/U}}., I'll never forget my American History professor, Dr. Williamson. Each event leaped from the pages of our {{U}}(34) {{/U}} and became as real {{U}}(35) {{/U}} the daily news report on the radio. My favorite lecture concerned the American Revolution. Dr. Williamson set the mood for the story {{U}}(36) {{/U}} imitating Paul Revere, a well-known silversmith, working in his shop. The American colonists were angry because of the British control over their lives. Revere felt that war {{U}}(37) {{/U}} the British and the colonists was imminent. Then, Dr. Williamson told us about Revere rowing {{U}}(38) {{/U}} the Charles River from Boston on April 18,1775. I can see the professor now as he raised his hand to {{U}}(39) {{/U}} forehead as if he {{U}}(40) {{/U}} looking across the Charles River to the Old North Church in Boston. Suddenly, Revere spotted two lanterns, a signal {{U}}(41) {{/U}} meant that the British would attack {{U}}(42) {{/U}} sea. He jumped on his horse to {{U}}(43) {{/U}} the villagers {{U}}(44) {{/U}} the attack. Professor Williamson reminded us that the first battles of the American Revolution were fought at Concord and {{U}}(45) {{/U}} Lexington, Massachusetts, the year before the Declaration of Independence was {{U}}(46) {{/U}} in 1776. Never before {{U}}(47) {{/U}} history seemed so alive to me. And all because a {{U}}(48) {{/U}} cared enough to put {{U}}(49) {{/U}} heart into his {{U}}(50) {{/U}}.

填空题An economist is someone who knows a lot about how goods and wealth are produced and used. Food, for (31) , is a kind of goods. Everyone eats food, but the average person does not think much (32) all the things that must happen before (33) appears on his plate. Another example is the paper this article is printed on. (34) started as wood on a tree very far from (35) . Men and machines made the wood (36) paper, which had to be packaged and carried (37) trucks and put into stores. At every step in the process people had to be paid for their work; money had to (38) used for buying and repairing the machines, and so on. Of course, everyone (39) had to make (40) , too. Even a very simple thing (41) a piece of paper has a long story (42) it. Economists try to understand how all the parts of the long story are related. (43) economist learns how to guess (44) will happen in the future, as (45) as goods and prices are concerned. If fruit growers in Florida lose part of their crops (46) of bad weather this month, what will happen to the (47) of oranges in New York two months from (48) ? If banks charge higher interest (49) loans to builders, how will that affect the cost of a new home? These are just a few of the questions economists learn how to (50) . Would you like to be an economist?

填空题Melanoma, also referred to as "malignant melanoma", is the most serious form of skin cancer. It is the skin cancer most likely to spread to lymph nodes and internal organs. There are four most common types of melanoma, which accounts for about 100% of diagnosed cases. A Superficial Spreading Melanoma: Superficial spreading melanoma (SSM) is the most common type of melanoma in the United States, accounting for about 70% of all diagnosed melanoma cases. This type of melanoma can strike at any age and occurs slightly more often in females than males. SSM is the leading cause of death from cancer in young adults. When SSM occurs in females, it most commonly appears on the legs. In males, it is more likely to develop between the neck and pelvis. However, this does not mean that females do not get SSM on their trunks or that males do not see SSM on their legs. This melanoma can occur anywhere on the skin's surface. A typical SSM lesion has irregular borders and various shades of black, brown, gray, blue, pink, red, or white. Within the lesion there can be a remarkable variation in color involving white, pink, brown, and black. In the early stages, SSM usually appears as a flat spot that looks like a freckle that is spreading sideways on the skin. Over time, the pigmentation in the lesion may darken, and the lesion may grow, develop increasingly irregular borders, and have areas of inflammation within the lesion. The area around the lesion may begin to itch. Occasionally, a SSM may become "less" pigmented as a person's immune responses try to destroy it. Superficial spreading melanoma can progress rapidly. B Nodular Melanoma: Nodular melanoma (NM) is the most aggressive type of melanoma and accounts for about 15% of all melanomas diagnosed in the United States. It can appear anywhere on the body and occurs more often in males than females. It can develop at any age; however, it is most often seen in people aged 60 and older. NM is different from other types of melanoma. It tends to grow more rapidly in thickness than in diameter and it may not have a readily visible phase of development. Instead of arising from a pre-existing mole, it may appear in a spot where a lesion did not previously exist. Since NM tends to grow deeper more quickly than it does wide and can occur in a spot that did not have a previous lesion, the prognosis is often worse because it takes longer for a person to be aware of the changes. NM is most often darkly pigmented; however, some NM lesions can be light brown or even colorless (non-pigmented). A light-colored or non-pigmented NM lesion may escape detection because the appearance is not alarming. An ulcerated and bleeding lesion is common. C Lentigo Maligna Melanoma: Lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM) typically occurs on sun-damaged skin in the middle-aged and elderly, especially on the face. This melanoma may be mistaken in its early, and most treatable, stages for a benign "age spot" or "sun spot". LMM accounts for about 10% of the melanomas diagnosed in the United States. Since LMM is so easily mistaken, it can go undetected for years. This can be quite dangerous. LMM begins as a spreading, flat, patch with irregular borders and variable colors of brown. This lesion is called "lentigo rnaligna". This spreading brownish patch may grow slowly for years and is often mistaken for lentigo simplex—a benign (non cancerous) brownish patch that can develop in the elderly after years of sun exposure. As the lesion grows and evolves, both the pigmentation and borders tend to become more irregular. This often occurs slowly over a period of 10 to 15 years. It also can happen rapidly--in a matter of weeks or months. As the lesion grows deeper into the skin (thickness increases), it may become various shades of black and brown. Dark nodules may appear within the irregular borders. These nodules me the invasive tumor, and if large enough to be felt by touch, will feel lumpy. D Acral Lentiginous Melanoma: In the United States, acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) accounts for about 5% of all diagnosed melanomas. It also is the most common form of melanoma in Asians and people with dark skin, accounting for 50% of melanomas that occur in people with these skin types. ALM is sometimes referred to as a "hidden melanoma" because these lesions occur on parts of the body not easily examined or not thought necessary to examine. ALM develops on the palms, soles, mucous membranes (such as those that line the mouth, nose, and female genitals), and underneath or near fingernails and toenails. ALM is often overlooked until it is well advanced because in the early stages, it often looks like a bruise or nail streak. As an ALM tumor increases in size, it usually becomes more irregular in shape and color. However, some ALM lesions can be lightly colored or colorless. The surface of the ALM lesion may remain flat, even as the rumor invades deeply into the skin. Thickening ALM on the sole of the foot can make walking painful and be mistaken for a plantar wart.· it is the most common form of melanoma in people of color? 72. ______· this type of melanoma occurs more often in males than females? 73. ______· dark nodules may appear within the irregular borders of the lesions? 74. ______· it may develop on mucous membranes? 75. ______· it can occur anywhere on the skin's surface? 76. ______ 77. ______· this type of melanoma occurs more often in females than males? 78. ______· it often looks like a bruise or nail streak in the early stages? 79. ______· it can develop on sun-damaged skin especially on the face? 80. ______· it looks like a freckle that is spreading sideways on the skin in the early stages? 81. ______

填空题A convenient point of departure is provided by the famous ClarkTrimble experiments of 1935. Clark-Trimble was not primarily a physicist, and his great (1) of the Graduated Hostility of Things was made almost accidentally. (2) some research into the relation between periods of the day and human bad temper, Clark-Trimble, a leading Cambridge psychologist, came to the (3) that low human dynamics in the early morning could not sufficiently (4) the apparent hostility of things at the breakfast table the way honey gets. (5) the fingers, the unfoldability of newspapers, etc. in the experiments which finally confirmed him in this view, (6) which he demonstrated before the Royal Society in London, Clark-Trimble arranged four hundred pieces of carpet in ascending degrees of quality, (7) coarse matting to priceless Chinese silk. Pieces of toast and marmalade, graded, weighed, and measured, were then dropped on each (8) of carpet, and the marmaladedownwards incidence was statistically (9) . The toast fell right-side-up every time on the cheap carpet, (10) when the cheap carpet was screened from the rest (in (11) case the toast didn't know that Clark-Trimble had other and better carpets), and it fell marmalade-downwards every time on the Chinese silk. (12) remarkable of all, the marmalade-downwards incidence for the intermediate grades was (13) to vary exactly with the quality of carpet. The success of these experiments naturally switched ClarkTrimble's attention to further research on resistentia, a fact which was directly (14) for the tragic and sudden end to his career (15) he trod on a garden rake at the Cambridge School of Agronomy. (16) the meantime, Noys and Crangenbacker had been doing some notable work in America. Noys (17) out literally thousands of experiments, in which subjects of all ages and sexes, sitting in chairs of every conceivable kind, dropped various kinds of pencils. In only three cases (18) the pencil come to rest within easy reach. Crangenbacker's work in the social-industrial field, on the relation of human willpower to specific problems such as (19) a train or subway will stop with the door opposite you on a crowded platform, or whether there will be a mail box (20) on your side of the street, was attracting much attention.

填空题The ocean bottom—a region nearly 2.5 times greater thanthe total land area of the earth—is a vast frontier that even todayis largely unexplored and uncharted. Until about a centuryago, the deep-ocean floor was completely accessible, hidden (53) ______beneath waters averaging over 3,600 meters deep. Totally withoutlight and subjected intense pressures hundreds of times greater (54) ______than at the Earth's surface, the deep-ocean bottom is a hostileenvironment to humans, in some ways as forbidding and remoteas the void of out space. (55) ______ Therefore researchers have been taking samples of (56) ______deep-ocean rocks and sediments for over a century, the firstdetailed global investigation of the ocean bottom did actually (57) ______start until 1968, with the beginning of the National ScienceFoundation's Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). Used techniques first developed for the offshore, oil and (58) ______gas industry, the DSDP's drill ship, the Glomar Challenger,was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean's surfaceand drill very deep waters, extracting samples of sediments (59) ______and rock from the ocean floor. The Glomar Challenger's core samples have allowedgeologists to reconstruct that the planet looked like hundreds (60) ______of millions of years ago and to calculate what it will probablylook like millions of years in the future. Today largely on thestrength of evidence gathered during the GlomarChallenger's voyages, nearly all earth scientists agree with (61) ______the theories of plate construction and continental drift thatexplain many of the geological processes that shape on the (62) ______Earth.

填空题Many engineering students don't take their core courses seriously.

填空题·indicates that a 63-year-old man ,night find job-sharing against his interest?

填空题A = Rotherhithe B = Barnes C = Willesden D = King's Cross Which city... · used to have lot of problems such as drugs, street crime, etc.? (71) · has the unpopular style of architecture? (72) · has the most expensive properties? (73) · offers big out-fashioned houses at lower price? (74) · is located in a quiet residential area? (75) · saw a big increase in price last year? (76) · will build a lot of new facilities? (77) · is estimated to be a good investment? (78) · encourages night-life culture for young people? (79) · creates energetic multi-cultural atmosphere? (80) A Rotherhithe Rotherhithe may be most famous for its congested tunnel but many young buyers are warming to its riverside charms. It is still much cheaper than its waterside neighbors. The housing stock is predominately 1980s flats, many arranged in cul-de-sacs (死胡同) and closes around Surrey Quays Road. The unpopular architecture has led to the area being called the Milton Keynes of London but properties are spacious and unfashionable style has kept prices down. Paul Mitchell, of estate agents Alex Neil, says, "There is precious little period property, but you will get far more for your money here than a Victorian house with lots of original features down the road in Bermondsey." Surry Quays shopping center provides all the amenities of a high street but the area is lacking in fun. However, Southwark Council is in talks to develop the "night time economy" which could well lead to an increase in bars and restaurants to cater for the growing number of young professional residents. "It is possible to get a good three-bedroom house in Rotherhithe for 280,000," says Sumine Jordaan-Robinson, of agents Burwood Marsh, "About eight minutes; walk from the Jubilee line which will have you in Bond street in 15 minutes. There are not that many areas in London where that is possible." B Barnes Barnes sits just across the river from Hammersmith in southwest London, but it could not be more different from the noise and bustle of the opposite bank. It has been called one of the last true London "villages" with happy residents keeping its old school charms quiet from nosey outsiders and potential developers. Being by the river and predominately residential gives Barnes an attractively lazy vibe. It has a traditional village green complete with idyllic duck pond and quaint pub. The high street is about as far from the Pound Shop and Primark ambience of its neighbors as is possible. But buying into Barnes is not cheap. "Family houses are snapped up incredibly quickly," claims Chris Carney, sales negotiator at Boileaus estate agents. "It is very hard to get properties of this size, with outside space so close to London, which is why they are expensive." Large detached Victorian houses on the two main roads, Castlenau and Lonsdale, normally have between five and seven bedrooms, gardens of 120 ft and off street parking. These sell for anything between ￡2 million and ￡5 million. By the village green there are rows of immaculate terraced house on a number of streets that run off Church and Station roads, and four bedroom houses of this kind sell for around ￡1 million. C Willesden Green Willesden Green has both suffered and benefited from its famous neighbors. Despite its growing popularity, the area remains interesting and multicultural, injecting a little bit of soul into what could otherwise become just another yuppie backwater. "Willesden Green has a diverse range of properties from 1930s semi-detached houses to large Victorian properties and new-builds which attract all kinds of buyers," says Richard Chiti, sales manager at estate agents Ellis and Co. "The roads bordering West Hampstead are popular, as they are wide, tree lined streets with sizeable family houses. Properties in and around Dobree Road, which lead down to Kensal Rise, are also in high demand." Estate agents and residents agree that the area used to be regarded as dangerous and undesirable, but this has changed over the last decade. It's popular because it is still affordable, although prices have rocketed over the last year. D King's Cross King's Cross used to be renowned for problems including drugs, prostitution and street crime but a ￡2 billion regeneration programme should help the area lose its seedy reputation. The project includes a new Eurostar terminal opening this year and a spruced-up tube station, alongside hundreds of new homes, offices and leisure facilities set to be completed in 2015. Such development has had a predictable effect on house prices. "There are a lot more amenities now, such as supermarkets, cafes and bars and the issue people used to have with safety a few years ago has disappeared." By the canal basin, new build flats and luxury ware house conversions form the bulk of property, and at the top end of the market there are stunning penthouses available with views across London. Much of the new development is centered on the back of the station, off York way, and flats are being sold to eager buyers off plan. The older properties are mainly mid-Victorian terraces around Caledonian Road and the streets heading towards Angel, and ex-local authority blocks where it is possible to pick up a two-bedroom refurbished flat for under ￡250,000. Smith adds, "Investment-wise, King's Cross is a good bet. There is a big rental market here and prices will go up. There are still cheaper properties available, one to two bedroom flats in Victorian conversions, or ex-council properties. But people are holding on to them for dear life in the hope they will go up in value. If you find one, it is worth investing in./

填空题"Had a good flight?" the Chief asked. "A bit bumpy over the Azores," Hawthorne said. 1 this occasion he had not had time to 2 from his pale gray tropical suit; the summons had come to him 3 in Kingston and a car had met him at London Airport. He 4 as close to the steam 5 as he could, but sometimes he couldn"t 6 a shiver. "What"s that odd flower you"re 7 ?" Hawthorne had quite forgotten 8 . He put his hand up to his lapel. "It looks as though it had once been an orchid," the Chief said with disapproval. "Pan American gave it to us 9 our dinner last night," Hawthorne explained. He took out the limp mauve rag and put it in the ash-tray. "With your dinner? What an odd thing to do," the Chief said, "it can hardly have improved the meal. Personally I detest orchids. Decadent thing. There was someone, wasn"t there, who wore green 10 ?" "I only put it in my button-hole so as to clear the dinner-tray. There was so little room, with the hot-cakes and champagne and the sweet salad and the tomato soup and the chicken Maryland and ice-cream." "What a 11 mixture. You should travel BOAC." "You didn"t give me enough time, sir, to get a booking." "Well, the matter is rather urgent. You know our man in Havana has been turning 12 some pretty disquieting stuff 13 ." "He"s a good man," Hawthorne said. "I don"t deny it. I wish we 14 more like him. What I can"t understand is how the Americans have not tumbled to anything there." "Have you asked them, sir?" "Of course not. I don"t 15 their discretion." "Perhaps they don"t trust ours."

填空题 If going to work feels more like torture, and fatigue, depression and irritation are daily aspects of your life, job burnout may be to blame. Too much office stress is putting a major strain on many professionals, according to Clare Chen, an analyst at Hudson Recruitment, a Nasdaq-listed headhunting firm. Along with booming business expansion and fast social transition, job burnout is pervasive in the Chinese mainland. In April, Hudson Recruitment surveyed 705 multinational companies in China--mostly based in Shanghai--about their hiring plans and employees. The survey showed that 33 per cent of survey participants believe job burnout is getting more and more serious in the mainland. Last year, about 27 per cent of respondents complained of being overworked. 66. ______. The survey also indicates that practitioners in media, public relations, advertising, medical and biotechnology sectors are among the biggest sufferers of job burnout, as they not only work long hours but face pressures of stiffening job competition and constantly staying abreast of changes in their sectors. Meanwhile, women employees suffer more than their male counterparts, as 41.4 per cent of the women surveyed report they are in a state of moderate job burnout, compared with 37.2 per cent of men. Most people start feeling the most office stress after working for four years, which is much shorter than 10 years in the late 1990s, the chinahrd, net survey says. 67. ______. Turning down these extra hours is not a good career move, Zhang says. "If you refuse overtime, someone will do it and replace you," he says. However, Hudson's report finds that a shortage of suitable talent is one of the reasons for increasing job burnout. 68. ______. Internal competition for promotions, problems between colleagues, and work and life imbalances all contribute to psychological tension, which may result in accident or collapse, says Xu. "High-pressure work environments are taking their toll on workers' morale," says Gary Lazzarotto, CEO of Hudson Asia. "This can be detrimental to both workers, whose health and career progress may suffer, and employers, who pick up the tab in higher insurance costs and lost productivity." 69. ______. Furthermore, allowing time off for training will help facilitate employees' know/edge and offer a cushion for intense work. France-based Schneider Electric invited IBM and Tsinghua University to formulate a leadership development programme for its managerial-level talents in China. The one-year programme will offer e-learning, classroom workshops, professional discussions and courses for 36 trainees selected from its China branch. It uses a model that combines academic training and business practices together, according to Amy Kan, a human resources director of Schneider Electric China. 70. ______. Xu offers some advice for the job burnout employees: 1. Organize and prioritize by taking care of the more difficult and important tasks early in the day. 2. Have expectations so that you can achieve your goals and deliver on promises to others. 3. Set aside a period of time dedicated to responding to e-mail and voicemails. 4. Take care of yourself. A. Hudson's Chen says there are many factors contributing to the office stress. "Amid the fierce competition in the human resources (HR) market, employers have to work longer to cope with heavy workloads, receive last-minute missions constantly and are faced with work performance appraisals by bosses," says Chen. Zhang Xing, a consultant at a PR company, usually works 10 hours a day. But there are times when he works more than 12 hours a day, and Saturdays and Sundays sometimes become working days. B. About 55 per cent of respondents suggested they are working more hours than they were two years ago. Of those, 13 per cent say their hours are significantly longer. About 42 per cent of office workers surveyed said they worked more than 50 hours a week, compared with the country's 40-hour-a-week standard. The number is about one percentage point higher than in last year's survey, Hudson reports. C. Dealing with the modern world "epidemic" of job burnout is a new challenge for both employers and employees. In developed nations, entrepreneurs commonly push a policy known as Work-Life Balance (WLB) to help employees work productively and better enjoy their lives. "If an employer finds an employee often works longer, the employer should ask if the executive- designed workload is too heavy for the employee or if there are some problems with the employee's working efficiency," says Xu. "Then the employer or the employee should adjust." D. The long working hours will greatly reduce working efficiency and productivity, both Chen and Zhang believe. In addition to physical exertion, psychological tension is another result of an overworked employee, points out Xu Xinxin, a researcher with the Sociology Research Institute attached to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. E. Paid leave is another way to ensure employees not to get worn out. "I find that many Chinese employees have not realized that it is their right to leave. They must keep in mind that we have a duty to work and have a fight to leave," says Lazzarotto. "A nice holiday can refresh you and do good for your company." He also suggests companies employ new measures to meet the headcount gap. "Employing and training cost can be compensated by employees' higher productivity and guarantee a sound talent structure in the long run," he says. F. By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow, the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Women's magazines ran headlines like "Stress causes illness!" If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy, the articles said, avoid stressful events.

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填空题In recent thirty years, Confucius and Confucianism are introduced and discussed systematically in

填空题You may say that the business of marking books is going to slow down your reading. (31) probably will. That's one of the (32) for doing it. Most of us have been taken in by the notion that speed of (33) is a measure of our intelligence. There is (34) such things as the right (35) for intelligent reading. Some things should be (36) quickly and effortlessly, and some should be read (37) and even laboriously. The sign of intelligence (38) reading is the ability to read (39) things differently according to their worth. In the (40) of good books, the point is not to see how many of them can you get through, (41) how many can you get through them—how many you can (42) your own. A few friends are (43) than a thousand acquaintances. If this be your goal, (44) it should be, you will not be impatient if it takes more time and effort to read a great book than a newspaper (45) . You may have another objection to (46) books. You can't lend them to your friends (47) nobody else can read them (48) being distracted by your notes. What's more, you won't want to lend them because a (49) copy is a kind of intellectual diary, and (50) it is almost like giving your mind away. If your friend hopes to read your Shakespeare, or The Federalist Papers, tell him, gently but firmly, to buy a copy. You will lend him your car or your coat—but your books are as much a part of you as your head or your heart.

填空题In the following article some paragraphs or sentences have been removed for questions 16—20, choose the most suitable paragraph or sentence from the lists A—F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which doesn't fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET 1. Between the end of the World War II and the early sixties, a baby boom occurred in the US, and people born during that period were known as the baby boomers. Bill Clinton is no doubt a typical representative of that generation. Like the 1992 general elections, the presidential election of 1997 was not merely a skirmish between two political parties but also a generation war between the baby boomers and the G.I. generation represented by Bush and Dole. 16. ____________ William Jefferson Clinton was born on August 19, 1946, in the mountain city of Hope, Arkansas. In English, "hope" means "xiwang". 17. ____________ The family circumstances of Clinton's childhood years were very unfortunate. Clinton's own father died in a traffic accident 3 months before Clinton was born. His stepfather, Roger Clinton, was a habitual drunkard, which caused discord in the family. 18. ____________ Self-reliant, diligent and hard working, Clinton gained a good education. In the fall of 1964, he enrolled in Georgetown University in Washington D.C., and majored in international politics. After graduation, he won the famous Rhodes scholarship pursued advanced studies for 2 years in England's Oxford University. In 1971, he entered Yale University's law college and obtained a doctorate in law two years later. During his university days, Clinton actively participated in the students' movement against the Vietnam War, avoided army enlistment, and took a trip to Moscow in 1970. 19. ____________ After leaving Yale, Clinton returned to his hometown in Arkansas where he began his political career. In 1974, when he was not quite 28, he formally campaigned for congress. His vivid and dramatic first attempt greatly threatened his opponents. Though defeated in his campaign, his political talent received confirmation in news and political circles, winning him the title of "child prodigy". In 1976, Clinton won the post of State Attorney General. In 1978, he succeeded in his campaign for the Governorship and at 32 became the youngest governor in the history of the state of Arkansas. In 1980, he lost to the Republicans in his campaign for re-election but two years later he staged a comeback, which won him the nickname of "undefeated kid". 20. ____________ In October 1997, when China's president Jiang Zemin visited the US, he and president Clinton reached agreement in the setting up of a constructive, strategic partnership for the 21st century. President Clinton announced that he would move up his visit to China to the end of June in order to give a fresh stimulus to the development and improvement of Sino-US relations. A. Such an experience helped Clinton become a man who knew his own mind, had self-restrain and self-control, and was good at competition. B. He kept the Governorship right up until January 1993, when he officially became the master of the White House. His first term of office expired in 1997, but he defeated republican Dole and was re-elected, and served as president. C. Clinton's triumph signaled a shift of US political power from the older generation to the younger one, and might reflect developments of far reaching significance in today's American politics. D. No wonder that later on Clinton's supporters often called him "the man from the city of hope". E. President Clinton has responded by making public apologies to US citizens, who, as recently as the 1950s, were used as guinea-pigs in recent experiments involving radiation and sexually transmitted diseases. F. These experiences helped him mature early, but left him vulnerable to political controversies later, and branded him as a young liberal.

填空题You will hear a long talk. As you listen, answer the questions or complete the notes in your test booklet for Questions 21 to 30 by writing no more than three words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk twice.

填空题Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B or C. Some choices may be required more than once. A =Section A B =Section B C =Section C Lessening the effect of the epidemic upon sustainable development is one of the issues USAID will get down to in the future. 71．______ The multinational cooperation is the best way to stop HIV/AIDS from spreading among the mobile population. 72．______ The effective way to deal with HIV/AIDS transmission trom mother to child. 73．______ USAID is trying to work out ways to work out ways to prevent HIV/AIDS transmission from mother to child. 74．______ In the past eight years USAID has experimented with and improved various methods to slow the spread of HIV/AIDS. 75．______ USAID will strengthen women's ability to resist HIV/AIDS. 76．______ Women and children are those who are very easy to be infected HIV/AIDS. 77．______ USAID will put the prevention method into effect. 78．______ The epidemic has been spreading very fast over the past eight years. 79．______ The integration of prevention and cure is the most efficient way of preventing HIV/AIDS. 80．______ Section A Since the US Agency for International Development (USAID) began its first HIV/AIDS prevention efforts eight years ago, the epidemic has changed dramatically. HIV has spread to every region of the world. Millions of people infected with HIV during the first decade of the epidemic are developing opportunistic infections and other AIDS-related illnesses, and many are dying. Women and children are among those most vulnerable to HIV infection. As HIV prevalence and AIDS mortality soar, millions of children will lose their parents. HIV/AIDS is having a devastating impact on the health and well-being of families, communities and nations worldwide. The epidemic's effects on the structure of societies and the productivity of their members undermine efforts to promote sustainable development around the globe. USAID's approach to slowing the spread of HIV/AIDS relies on strategies tested and refined over the past eight years. At the same time, the Agency is moving forward to address new challenges posed by the evolving epidemic. One of the important lessons learned during the past decade is that an effective response to HIV/AIDS requires the full participation of people and communities affected by the virus. Although people living with HIV/AIDS are among the most successful advocates and communicators for prevention, too often their voices are not heard or heeded. Greater involvement of people living with HIV/AIDS is essential to creating the supportive political, legal and social environments needed to control the epidemic. Section B In December 1994 at the Paris AIDS Summit, representatives of 42 governments adopted resolution pledging greater support for networks of people living with HIV/AIDS. Before and during the summit, members of these networks worked with government and multilateral organizations, including USAID, to develop a plan for translating the words of the resolution into concrete action. The Agency is committed to ensuring that people living with HIV/AIDS are accepted in full partnership with governments, international organizations and the private sector in developing, implementing and evaluating HIV/AIDS policies and programs. People living with HIV/AIDS and community-based organizations have been at the forefront of efforts to draw attention to the connection between compassionate AIDS care and effective HIV prevention. In the absence of a vaccine or cure, USAID continues to emphasize HIV/AIDS prevention. But as the number of people suffering from AIDS-related illness begins to increase dramatically, the Agency is also exploring ways to reduce the social impact of AIDS and enhance prevention efforts by integrating prevention and care. The Agency will also continue to pioneer regional approaches to an epidemic that does not recognize national boundaries. Crossborder interventions throughout the world will target mobile populations, including migrant workers, tourists, traders, transport workers and people displaced by war and, social disruption. Results from USAID-supported research on preventing HIV/AIDS in women, from microbiocide development to behavioral research on communication between men and women, will play a key role in slowing the rapid spread of the epidemic in the future. The Agency will continue to support research designed to strengthen programs for women and will move quickly to incorporate promising prevention methods into field activities. USAID will also work to reduce women's vulnerability to HIV prevention by promoting multisectoral efforts to improve their economic and social status. Section C Recognizing the growing threat HIV/AIDS poses to child survival, the Agency will support efforts to identify and test methods of preventing transmission from mother to child, such as Vitamin A supplements and other promising interventions. In addition, USAID will expand efforts to reduce HIV/AIDS among women and children by integrating prevention interventions into its family planning and child survival programs. Effective use of integrated interventions is critical for HIV/AIDS prevention because the virus affects people who are most active in the development process. Decades of progress in health and development are jeopardized by the social and economic impact of the epidmic. Without careful planning, development activities, in trun, can promote the spread of HIV/AIDS by encouraging migration and the separation of workers from their families. Most integration efforts to date have been in health and family planning, but other development sectors have an important role to play in HIV/AIDS prevention. In the future, the Agency will pursue opportunities for reducing HIV transmission and mitigating the impact of the epidemic on sustainable development through its programs in education, agriculture, and human resource and micro-enterprise development. USAID's approach to HIV/AIDS has evolved along with the epidemic. To meet the challenges ahead, the Agency will continue to adapt its strategies and programs in order to benefit from lessons from the field and new opportunities for building effective partnerships. Given the epidemic's profound implications for health, economic growth and social stability, USAID's investment in HIV/AIDS prevention will save millions of lives and promote sustainable development throughout the world.

填空题WhatdoyouknowaboutBeethoven'smusictalentwhenhewas7?

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or {{U}}(31) {{/U}} that can easily be identified {{U}}(32) {{/U}} measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student {{U}}(33) {{/U}} grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language — all these are examples of people who have measurable {{U}}(34) {{/U}} to show for their efforts. {{U}}(35) {{/U}} contrast, the process of personal growth is {{U}}(36) {{/U}} more difficult to determine, since {{U}}(37) {{/U}} definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks {{U}}(38) {{/U}} the way. The process is not the road itself, but {{U}}(39) {{/U}} the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this {{U}}(40) {{/U}} , the journey never really ends; there are {{U}}(41) {{/U}} new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges {{U}}(42) {{/U}} accept. In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to {{U}}(43) {{/U}} risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail" at first. {{U}}(44) {{/U}} we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves {{U}}(45) {{/U}} quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open {{U}}(46) {{/U}} unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're slow to adapt {{U}}(47) {{/U}} change or that we're not smart {{U}}(48) {{/U}} to cope with a new challenge? Then we are {{U}}(49) {{/U}} to take a more passive role or not try at {{U}}(50) {{/U}}.

填空题Whatdoesthelecturemainlyconcern?

填空题The first person who used Confucianism to express Christianity was from

填空题 It was a cold day. I sat in my room writing letters. I glanced out of the window. In the window directly opposite me stood Herr Stroh, gazing blatantly upon me. I was annoyed at his interest. I pulled down the blind and switched on the light to continue my writing. But the drawn blind and the artificial light irritated me, and suddenly I didn' t see why I shouldn' t write my letters by daylight without being stared at. I switched off the light and released the blind. Herr Stroh had gone. I concluded that he had taken my action as a signal of disapproval, and I settled back to write. 66. ____________ I left my room and went down to complain to Frau Lublonitsch. "She's gone to the market," Gertha said. "She' 11 be back in half an hour." 67. ____________ "I shall tell Frau Chef," she said. Something in her manner made me ask, "Has this ever happened before.'?" "Once or twice this year," she said. "I' 11 speak to Frau Chef." And she added, with her music-hall grimace, "He was probably counting your eyelashes." 68. ____________ For nearly an hour I sat patiently at the window. Herr Stroh rested his arms now and again, but he did not leave his seat. I could see him clearly, although I think I imagined the grin on his face as, from time to time, he raised the glasses to his eyes. There was no doubt that he could see, as if it were within an inch of his face, the fury on mine. It was too late now for one of us to give in, and I kept glancing down at the entrances to the hotel Stroh, expecting to see Frau Lublonitsch or perhaps one of her sons or the yard hands going across to deliver a protest. But no one from our side approached the Stroh premises. I continue to stare, and Herr Stroh continued to goggle through his glasses. Then he dropped them. It was as if they had been jerked out of his hands by an invisible nudge. He approached close to the window and gazed, but now he was gazing at a point above and slightly to the left of my room. After about two minutes, he turned and disappeared. 69. ____________ "Did she telephone to his house?" "No, Frau Chef doesn't use the phone; it mixes her up." "Who protested, then?" "Frau Chef." "But she hasn't been across to see him. I' ve been watching the house." "No, Frau Chef doesn't visit with him. But don't worry, he knows all right that he mustn't annoy our guests." When I looked out of the window again, I saw that the blind of Herr Stroh' s room had been pulled down, and so it remained for the rest of my stay. Meantime, I went out to post my letters in the box opposite our hotel, across the path. The sun had come out more strongly, and Herr Stroh stood in his doorway blinking up at the roof of the Guesthouse Lublonitsch. He was engrossed, he did not notice me at all. 70. ____________ Like most of the roofs in that province, the Lublonitsch roof had a railed ledge running several inches above the eaves, for the purpose of preventing the snow from falling in heavy thumps during the winter. On this ledge, just below an attic window, stood the gold-and-rose ormolu clock that I had seen in Frau Lublonitsch's splendid bedroom. I turned the corner just as Herr Stroh gave up his gazing; he went indoors, sullen and bent. Two car-loads of people who had moved into the hotel that morning were now moving out, shifting their baggage with speed and the signs of a glad departure. I know that his house was nearly empty. A. I didn' t want to draw his attention by following the line of his gaze but I was curious as to what held him staring so trancelike up at our roof. On my way back from the postbox I saw what it was. B. I caught sight of a tiled stove constructed of mosaic tiles that were not a local type. I also noticed, standing upon the cabinet, a large ornamental clock; each curve and twirl in the case of this clock was overlaid with that gildedbronze alloy which is known as ormolu. The clock twinkled in the sunlight which slanted between the window hangings. C. I looked up a few moments later, and this time Herr Stroh was seated on a chair a little way back from the window. He was facing me squarely and holding to his eyes a pair of field-glasses. D. I returned to my room. Herr Stroh still sat in position, the field-glasses in his hands resting on his knees. As soon as I came within view, he raised the glasses to his eyes. I decided to stare him out until such time as Frau Lublonitsch should return and take the matter in hand. E. Just then Gertha knocked at my door. "Frau Chef has protested, and you won't have any more trouble," she said. F. So I lodged my complaint with Gertha.

填空题was discovered as early as 1524.

填空题 Machines and foreign competition will replace{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}of American jobs. But work will be plentiful for people{{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}in the occupations of the future. The Labor Department predicts a net increase of 25 million new jobs in the United States in 1995,{{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}service-industry jobs growing three times{{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}rapidly as factory jobs. "Work will shift its emphasis from the fatigue and{{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}of the production line and the typing pool to the more interesting challenge of the electronic service center, the design studio, the research laboratory, the education institute, and the training school, "predicts Canadian economist Calvert. Jobs in high-tech fields will multiply fastest,{{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}from a low base. In{{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}of actual numbers, more mundane occupations will experience the biggest surge: custodians, cashiers, secretaries, waiters and clerks. Yet much of the drudge work will be taken{{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}by robots. The{{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}of robots performing blue-collar tasks will increase{{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}3 000 in 1981 to 40 000 in 1990, says John E. Taylor of the Human Resources Research Organization in Alexandria, Va. Robots might also be found on war zones,{{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}space-even in the office, perhaps{{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}coffee, opening mall and delivering messages. One unsolved problem: what to do{{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}workers displaced by high technology and foreign competition.{{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}the world "the likelihood of growing permanent unemployment is becoming{{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}accepted as a reality among social planners," notes David Macarov, associate professor of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Meantime, the percentage of time people{{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}on the job is{{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}to continue to fall. Robert Theobald,{{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}of Avoiding 1984, fears that joblessness will{{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}to increasing depression, bitterness, and unrest. "The dramatic consequences of such a shift on the Western psyche,{{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}has made the job the way we value human beings, are almost incalculable, "he comments.

填空题the climate affects the future sustainable agricultural development? 1 environmental control is related with the national revenues? 2 the environmental problems are not caused overnight? 3 a variety of species are on the decrease? 4 agriculture is also a factor for file degradation of environment? 5 pollution can be controlled by increasing the production cost of polluting goods? 6 The developing world is often regarded as having a high percentage of heavily polluting activities within its industrial sector. 7 substitutions in consumption, emission abatement and exposure avoid ance. 8 the degradation of environment causes the change of climate? 9 the approaches to research should be adjusted to the changing situation? 10 A BOOK 1 The book offers a comprehensive perspective on the consequences and possible policy solutions for climatic change as we move into the twenty-first century. It assesses the impact of potential future global climate change on agriculture and the need to sustain agricultural growth for economic development. The book begins by examining the role of international research institutions in overcoming environmental constraints on sustainable agricultural growth and economic development. The authors then discuss how agricultural research systems may be restructured to respond to global environmental problems such as climate change and loss of genetic diversity. The discussion then extends to consider environmental accounting and indexing, to illustrate how environmental quality can be included formally in measures of national income, social welfare and sustainability. The third part of the book focuses on the effects of and policy responses to climate change. Chapters in this part examine the effect of climate change on production, trade land use patterns and livelihoods. They consider impacts on the distribution of income between developed and developing countries remain a major economic activity. Authors take on an economy-wide perspective to draw lessons for agriculture, trade, land use and tax policy. B BOOK 2 The ozone layer is threatened by chemical emissions, the climate is endangered from fossil fuels and deforestation, and global biodiversity is being lost by reason of thousands of years of habitat conversions. Global environmental problems arise out of the accumulated impacts from many years" and many countries" economic development. In order to address these problems the states of the world must cooperate to manage their development processes together--this is what an international environmental agreement must do. But can the world"s countries cooperate successfully to manage global development? How should they manage it? Who should pay for the process, as well as for the underlying problems? This book presents an examination of both the problem and the process underlying international environmental lawmaking.- the recognition of international interdependence, the negotiation of international agreements and the evolution of international resource management. It examines the general problem of global resource management by means of general principles and case studies and by looking at how and why specific negotiations and agreements have failed to achieve their targets. The book is designed as an introductory text for those studying global environmental policy making and institution building. It will also be of interest to practitioners and policy makers and scholars in the areas of environmental economics and law. C BOOK 3 Industrialization to achieve economic development has resulted in global environmental degradation. While the impacts of industrial activity on the natural environment are a major concern in developed countries, much less is known about these impacts in developing countries. This source book identifies and quantifies the environmental consequences of industrial growth, and provides policy advice, including the use of clean technologies and environmentally sound production techniques, with special reference to the developing world. The developing world is often seen as having a high percentage of heavily polluting activities within its industrial sector. This, combined with a substantial agricultural sector, which contributes to deforestation, the erosion of the top soil and desertification, has led to extreme pressures on the environment and impoverishes the population by destroying its natural resource base. This crisis suggests that sound industrialization policies are of paramount importance in developing countries" economic development, and calls for the management of natural resources and the adoption of low-waste of environmentally clean technologies. The authors consider the industrial sector as a pollutant vis-a-vis other sectors of the economy, and then focus on some industry-specific pollutants within the manufacturing sector and some process-specific industrial pollutants. They conclude by reviewing the economic implications of promoting environmentally sound industrial development, specifically addressing the question of the conflict or complementarity which may exist between environmental goods and industrial production. D BOOK 4 This is an important book which presents new concepts of the marginal cost of substituting non-pollutive for pollutive goods. Technical in its approach it complements the other literature in the field and will be a significant contribution to the understanding of microeconomic issues in pollution control. The book focuses on three main concepts- substitutions in consumption, emission abatement and exposure avoidance. The first part considers the adjustment of the scope and combination of goods produced as a method for controlling pollution. The author argues that pollution is controlled by increasing the relative price of the polluting goods in the production process; thereby reducing demand and subsequent production of the goods. In the second part, the discussion is extended to include the possibilities of preventing or abating emissions in relation to three models.- first, pollution prevention when non-polluting inputs and processes are substituted for pollutants; second, when a proportion of the polluting output is recycled rather than being discarded; and finally end-of-pipe abatement where additional technology is used. In conclusion the author assesses the extent to which pollution damage is controlled by avoidance of emissions, with avoidance being modeled as an add-on technology with its own returns to scale.

填空题was a special Administrative Region within one country with a high degree of autonomy?

填空题Grown-ups, as any child will tell you, are monstrous hypocrites, especially when it comes to television. It is to take their minds off their own telly-addiction that adults are so keen to hear and talk about the latest report on the effects of programs on children. Surely all that nonsense they watch must be desensitizing them, making them vicious, shallow, acquisitive, less responsible and generally sloppy about life and death. But no, not a scrap of convincing evidence from the sociologists and experts in the psyches of children. For many years now parents, teachers and newspaper editors have been disappointed by the various studies, and sociologists are beginning to fall into disrepute for failing to come up with the desired results. The latest report, "Popular TV and Schoolchildren", perhaps more attuned to the authoritarian times in which we live, assumes greater moral leadership and hands out laurels and wooden spoons to TV shows and asserts, as educators should, the importance of having values. The kids, on the other hand, will no be switching off Kenny Everett now they have been told how sexist and trivial he is. (As if they didn't know!) (70) The nation has lived with the box for more than 30 years now and has passed from total infatuation-- revived temporarily by the advent of colour--to the present casual obsession which is not unlike that of the well-adjusted alcoholic. And now tile important and pleasant truth is breaking, to the horror of program makers and their detractors alike, that television really does not 'affect much at all. (71) And if TV imparts little bad, there is no reason to think it does much good either. It has failed spectacularly to make our children more callous and violent, and it has failed by way of "Jackanory" or "Blue Peter" to forge a young nation of origami adepts, or dog handlers or builders of lawn mowers out of coat hangers and wire corks. Television turns out to be no great transformer of minds or society. We are not, en masse, as it was once predicted we would be, fantastically well-informed about other cultures or about the origins of life on earth. People do not remember much from television documentary beyond how good it was. (72) Documentaries are not what most people want to watch anyway. Television is at its most popular when it celebrates its own present. Its ideal subjects are those that need not be remembered and can be instantly replaced, where what matters most is what is happening now and what is going to happen next. Sport, news, panel games, cop shows, long-running soap operas, situation comedies--these occupy us only for as long as they are on. (73) The box is further neutralized by the sheer quantity people watch. The more of it you see, the less any single bit of it matters. Of course, some programs are infinitely better than others. There are gifted people working in television. But seen from a remoter perspective--say, four hours a night viewing for three months--the quality of individual programs means as much as the quality of each car in the rush- hour traffic. For the heavy viewer, TV has only two meaningful states--on and off. What are the kids doing? Watching TV. No need to ask what, the answer is sufficient. Soon, I'll go up there and turn it off. Like a light bulb it will go out and the children will do something else. It appears that the nation's children spend more time in front of their TVs than in the classroom. Their heads are full of TV--but that's all, just TV. The Kojak violence they witness is TV violence, sufficient to itself. It does not brutalize them to the point where they cannot grieve the loss of a pet, or be shocked at some minor playground violence. Children, like everyone else, know the difference between TV and life. TV knows its place. It imparts nothing but itself; it has its own rules, its own language, its own priorities. (74) Whatever the TV/video industry might now say, television will never have the impact on civilization that the invention of the written word has had. The book--this little hinged thing--is cheap, portable, virtually unbreakable, endlessly reusable, has instant replay facilities and in slow motion if you want it, needs no power lines, batteries or aerials, works in planes and train tunnels, can be stored indefinitely without much deterioration. A. Only those who knew something about the subject in the first place retain the information. B. Nor, I suspect, will they have become more sexist and trivial themselves from watching him. C. This is tough on those diligent professionals who produce excellent work; but since--as everyone agrees--awful programs far outnumber the good, it is a relief to know the former cannot do much harm. Television cannot even make impressionable children less pleasant. D. It is less amenable to censorship and centralized control, can be written and manufactured by relatively unprivileged individuals or groups, and--most sophisticated of all--dozens of different ones can be going at the same time, in the same room without a sound. E. It is because this little glowing, chattering screen barely resembles life at all that it remains so usefully ineffectual. To stare at a brick wall would waste time in a similar way. The difference is that the brick wall would let you know you were wasting your time. F. However good or bad it is, a night's viewing is wonderfully forgettable. It's a little sleep, it's entertainment; our morals, and for that matter, our brutality, remain intact.

填空题Scientists Say Plants Helped Ants Evolve Ants evolved far earlier than (1) believed, as far back as 140 million to 168 million years ago -- and they have plants to (2) for their diversity, U.S. researchers reported on Thursday. Researchers at Harvard University used a genetic clock to reconstruct the history of ants, and found that the ant family (3) arose more than 40 million years (4) than previously thought. The family did not diversify into different genera and species (5) flowering plants came (6) the scene, they said. The study sheds light on one of the (7) important and numerous animals, which includes hundreds of (8) species. "We (9) that ant diversification took off (10) 100 million years ago, along with the rise of flowering plants, the angiosperms," Naomi Pierce, a professor of biology who (11) the study, said in a statement. "These (12) provided ants with new habitats (13) in the forest canopy and in the more complex leaf litter on the forest floor, and the herbivorous insects that evolved alongside flowering plants provided food for (14) ." Writing in Friday's (15) of the journal Science, the researchers said they reconstructed the ant family tree (16) DNA sequencing of six genes from 139 ant genera, encompassing 19 of 20 ant subfamilies around the world. Such "molecular clocks" are (17) used, alongside fossil and other evidence, to (18) how old species are. They work on the basis that DNA mutates at a steady and calculable (19) . "Ants are a dominant feature of nearly all terrestrial ecosystems, and yet we know surprisingly little about their evolutionary history: the major groupings of ants, how they are (20) to each other, and when and how they arose," said graduate student Corrie Moreau.

填空题You will hear a talk about World Trade Organization. As you listen, you must answer Questions 35 to 44 by writing not more than three words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk twice. You now have I minute to read Questions 35 to 44.

填空题66. __________. Demand theory is based on a simply generalization about customer behavior that has been observed for centuries, that almost people would regard as "common sense". Generally speaking, if a good or service becomes more expensive, consumers are less likely to buy it. So, the price of oil more than doubled in 1999, the demand for oil would fall. How much did the demand for oil fall would depend on the elasticity of the demand for oil. Economists describe the demand for oil response as relatively inelastic. So, the fall was not large.67. __________. A substantial rise in the price of oil would affect the demand for oil tankers and coal in 1999.68. __________. The use of coal is the same as oil. When file price of oil rises, fewer people will use oil and more people will use coal. In Economics, coal is a substitute good of oil, the price of oil rises, and the demand for oil falls, the demand for coal increases. As the demand for coal is related to the demand for oil, therefore, a constriction in the demand for oil will mean that the demand for coal will shift to a rise. The increase in demand is shown by demand rising from oil to coal. So, the demand for coal increased in 1999.69. __________. Because the price of oil rose in 1999, refiner had to face a squeeze on profit margins. This made the costs of refining petrol increase. The costs of production increase will lead decrease on the supply for petrol. As the supply for petrol is related to the supply for oil, therefore, an extension in the supply for oil will mean that the supply for petrol will shift to a fall. This decrease in supply is shown by supply falling from Qs0 to Qs1 So, the supply for petrol decreased in 1999.70. __________. Because the price of oil rose in 1999, the supply for oil would raise. Nylon is joint of oil. So, the supply for oil raises the supply for nylon increases. As the supply for nylon is related to the supply for oil, therefore, an extension in the supply for oil will mean that the supply for nylon will shift to a rise. So the supply for nylon increased in 1999.A. The graph shows how the crude oil price has changed between 1994 and 1998. In general, the crude oil price rose up to the peak until 1997, at which point there was a sharp reduction in the crude oil price. Finally, we can summarize that the overall price, if crude oil dropped from over＄10 per barrel to almost ＄7 per barrel between 1994 and 1998. Market forces affected this.B. In 1999 the price of oil more than doubled. Discuss the effects of a substantial rise in the price of oil on the supply and demand for oil and other related products. This affected not only the demand and supply for oil, but also other related products.C. Because the price of oil rose in 1999, producing oil could get more profit. Therefore, some producers would switch from providing nuclear power to providing oil. This meant that more producers would produce oil. Oil becomes more attractive than nuclear power; this will lead decrease on the supply for nuclear power. As the supply for nuclear power is related to the supply for oil, therefore an extension in the supply for oil will mean that the supply will shift to a fall. So, the supply for nuclear power decreased in 1999.D. Supply theory tells us that profit enable producers to use less suitable resources to increase their supply of product. In 1999, the price of oil more than doubled, this meant that the oil producers could get more profit, so the supply would rise. This type of movement is known as an extension which leads to supply rising. How much did the supply for oil raise would depend on the elasticity of the supply for oil. The rule is that the steeper the curve, the more elastic the supply and vice versa. So, the supply for oil is elastic.E. A substantial rise in the price of oil would affect the supply for nuclear power, petrol and nylon.F. We know that oil tankers are used to transport oil. If the price of oil rises, fewer people buy oil. Therefore, less oil tankers are used to transport oil. In Economics, oil tankers are complementary goods of oil, the price of oil rises, and the demand for oil falls, the demand for oil tankers decrease. As the demand for oil tankers is related to the demand for oil, therefore, a constriction in the demand for oil will mean that the demand for oil tankers will shift to a fall. So the demand for oil tankers decreased in 1999.

填空题As the Internet has rapidly become a mainstream medium, the social impact of the Internet has been a topic of ongoing debate. Some studies have found that Internet use is associated with reduced social networks and increased loneliness. Internet use appears to cause a decline in psychological well-being, 1 to research at Carnegie Mellon University. Even people 2 spent just a few hours a week 3 the Internet experienced more depression and loneliness 4 those who logged on less frequently, the two-year study showed. And it wasn"t 5 people who were already feeling had spent more time on the internet, 6 that using the Net actually appeared to 7 the bad feelings. Researchers are puzzling over the results, 8 were completely contrary 9 their expectation. They expected that the Net would 10 socially healthier than television, since the Net allows 11 to choose their information and to communicate 12 others. The fact 13 Internet use reduces time available for family and friends may account 14 the drop in well-being, researchers hypothesized. Faceless, bodiless "virtual" communication may be less psychologically satisfying than 15 conversation, and the relationships formed through it may be shallower. 16 possibility is that exposure 17 the wider world via the Net makes users less 18 with their lives. "But it"s important to remember this is 19 about the technology, per se; it"s about 20 it is used," says psychologist Christine Riley of Intel, one of the study"s sponsors. "It really points to the need for considering social factors in terms of how you design applications and services for technology."

填空题 A bank is a business establishment that safeguards people's money and uses it to make loans and investments. Banks differ in the services they provide and in how they are owned. Commercial banks are the most numerous banks in the United States. They offer a full range of services, including checking and savings accounts, loans, and trust services. They primarily serve the needs of businesses but also offer their services to individuals. A commercial bank is owned by stockholders who buy shares in it. In return for investing in the bank's stock, the stockholders expect the bank to pay them cash dividends from its profits. Saving and loan associations are the second largest group of deposit institutions in the United States. Savings and loans, as they are often called, were established to help people to purchase homes. Through the years they have been the chief source of home mortgages. Traditionally, they loaned money to businesses only for real estate construction. But today, sayings and loan associations offer a variety of services for individuals and businesses, including NOW accounts, checking accounts, money market accounts, IRA's and business loans. In the past, almost all savings and loans were owned and operated by their depositors. But today, many are owned and operated by stockholders. Savings banks are most commonly found in the Northeast. They were created in the early 1800's as charitable institutions to provide a safe place for poor working people to save for retirement. Originally, almost all savings banks were mutual savings banks, which are run by a board of trustees who elect their own successors. Mutual savings banks pass on any profits to their depositors as interest. But since the mid-1980's, many savings banks have become stock savings banks. These banks are run by a board of directors who are elected by shareholders. Savings banks offer savings and checking accounts and individual retirement accounts and make personal and business loans. Federal and state laws ensure the safety of depositors' money by limiting the investments such banks can make and by insuring the deposits. Savings banks invest chiefly in mortgages and government bonds. Central banks, which in most countries are government agencies, perform many financial services for the national government. Their chief responsibilities are to regulate banking and to influence such economic factors as interest rates, the availability of loans, and the money supply. The money supply is the total quantity of money in the country, including cash and bank deposits. Central banks also perform a variety of services for other hanks. For example, they serve as a lender of last resort — that is, they make emergency loans to banks that are short of cash. Central banks also handle the clearing of checks, the process by which banks settle claims against one another that result from the writing of checks. In the United States, the Federal Reserve System serves as a central bank. Most large U.S. commercial banks belong to the system. Central banks in other nations include the Bank of Canada and the Bank of England. Investment banks purchase newly issued stocks and bonds from corporations and governments. These banks then resell the securities to individual investors in smaller quantities. An investment bank makes a profit by selling securities at a higher price than it paid for them. Most U.S. banks once did such buying and selling, but now only specialized investment banks and a few large commercial banks do so. An investment bank may overestimate the demand for the securities that it buys and may have to sell them at a loss. Congress believed this risk helped cause many bank failures during the early years of the Great Depression. As a result, it passed the Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933. On provision of the act prohibited an institution that accepted deposits and made loans from doing investment banking.A=Commercial banks/A commercial bankB=Savings and loan associations/A savings and loan associationC=Savings banks/A savings bankD=Central banks/A central bankE=Investment banks/An investment bankWhich kind of bank/banks ...· were created in the early 1800's as charitable institutions to provide a safe place for poor workingpeople to save for retirement? 71. ______· were established to help people to purchase homes? 72. ______· purchase newly issued stocks and bonds from corporations and governments and resell the securitiesto individual investors in smaller quantities? 73. ______· perform many financial services for the national government? 74. ______· offer a variety of services for individuals and businesses, including NOW accounts, checkingaccounts, money market accounts, IRA's, and business loans? 75. ______· are the largest group of banks in the United States? 76. ______· invest chiefly in mortgages and government bonds? 77. ______· handle the clearing of checks, the process by which banks settle claims against one another thatresult from the writing of checks? 78. ______· is owned by stockholders who buy shares in it? 79. ______· may overestimate the demand for the securities that it buys and may have to sell them at a loss? 80. ______

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填空题 {{B}} Which book...{{/B}}·places an stress on something that can hardly be learnt at school? 71. ______.·is particularly helpful for those who fear changes? 72. ______.·tells readers it doesn't follow that those who don't have good academic achieve- ·ment will not make a fortune? 73. ______.·is not written by a single writer? 74. ______.·tells a very simple story but it contains many messages? 75. ______.·seems not to express ideas straightforward? 76. ______.·is written by the one who also wrote a lot of other works with other writers? 77. ______.·is probably full of facts? 78. ______.·is not only statistical but also interesting? 79. ______.·is not related to finance? 80. ______.{{B}}A{{/B}} Change can be a blessing or a curse, depending on your perspective. The message of Who Moved My Cheese? is that all can come to see it as a blessing, if they understand the nature of cheese and the role it plays in their lives. Who Moved My Cheese? is a parable that takes place in a maze. Four beings live in that maze: Sniff and Scurry are mice--nonanalytical and nonjudgmental, they just want cheese and are willing to do whatever it takes to get it; Hem and Haw are "little people", mouse-size humans who have an entirely different relationship with cheese. It's not just sustenance to them; it's their self-image. Their lives and belief systems are built around the cheese they've found. Most of us reading the story will see the cheese as something related to our livelihoods--our jobs, our career path, the industries we work in--although it can stand for anything, from health to relationships. The point of the story is that we have to be alert to changes in the cheese, and be prepared to go running off in search of new sources of cheese when the cheese we have runs out. Dr. Johnson, co-author of The One Minute Manager and many other books, presents this parable to business, church groups, schools, military orgazinations--any place where you find people who may be nervous about or resist change. And although more analytical and skeptical readers may find the tale a little too simplistic, its beauty is that it sums up all natural history in just 94 pages: Thingy change. They always have changed and always will change. And while there's no single way to deal with change, the consequence of pretending change won't happen is always the same: The cheese runs out.{{B}}B{{/B}} Personal-finance author and lecturer Robert Kiyosaki established his unique economic perspective through exposure to a pair of disparate influences: his own highly educated but fiscally unstable father, and the multimillionaire eighth-grade dropout father of his closest friend. The lifelong monetary problems experienced by his "poor dad" (whose weekly paychecks, while respectable, were never quite sufficient to meet family needs) pounded home the counterpoint communicated by his "rich dad" (that "the poor and the middle class work for money", but "the rich have money work for them"). Taking that message to heart, Kiyosaki was able to retire at 47. Rich Dad, Poor Dad, written with consultant and CPA Sharon L. Lechter, lays out the philosophy behind his relationship with money. Although Kiyosaki can take a frustratingly long time to make his points, his book nonetheless compellingly advocates for the type of "financial literacy" that's never taught in schools. Based on the principle that income-generating assets always provide healthier bottom-line results than even the best of traditional jobs, it explains how those assets might be acquired so that the jobs can eventually be shed.{{B}}C{{/B}} What do you do after you've written the NO. 1 best-seller The Millionaire Next Door? Survey 1, 371 more millionaires and write The Millionaire Mind. Dr. Stanley's extremely timely tone is mixture of entertaining elements. It resembles Regis Philbin's hit show(and CD-ROM game) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, only you have to pose real-life questions, instead of quizzing about trivia. Are you gambling, divorce-prone, conspicuously consuming "Income-Statement Affluent" Jacuzzi fool soon to be parted from his or her money, or a frugal, Noyal, resole your shoes and buy your own groceries type like one of Stanley' s "Balance-Sheet Affluent" millionaires? "Cheap dates, "millionaires are 4.9 times likelier to play with their grandkids than shop at Brooks Brothers. "If you asked the average American what it takes to be a millionaire," he writes, "they'd probably quoted a number of predictable factors: inheritance, luck, stock market investments... Topping his list would be a high IQ, high SAT scores and gradepoint average, along with attendance at a top college." No way, says Stanley, backing it up with data he compiled with help from the University of Georgia and Harvard geodemographer Jon Robbin. Robbin may wish he'd majored in socializing at LSU, instead, because the numbers show the average millionaire had a lowly 2.92 GPA, SAT scores between 1100 and 1190, and teachers who told them they were mediocre students but personable people. "Discipline 101 and Tenacity 102' made them wealth. Stanley got straight C's in English and writing, but he had money-minded drive. He urges you to pattern your life according to Yale professor Robert Sternberg's Successful Intelligence, because Stanley's statistics bear out Sternberg's theories on what makes minds succeed--and it is not IQ. Besides offering insights into millionaires' pinchpenny ways, pleasing quips("big brain, no bucks" ), and 46 statistical charts with catchy titles, Stanley' s book booms with human-potential pep talk and bristles with anecdotes--for example, about a bus driver who made $ 3 million, a doctor(reporting that his training gave him zero people skills)who lost $ 1.5 million, and a loser scholar in the bottom 10 percent on six GRE tests who grew up to be Martin Luther King Jr. Read it and you'll feel like a million bucks.

填空题Children who grip their pens too close to the writing point are likely to be at a disadvantage in examinations, 1 to the first serious investigation into the way in which writing technique can dramatically affect educational achievement. The survey of 643 children and adults, ranking from preschool to 40-plus, also suggests 2 pen-holding techniques have detedorated sharply over one generation, with teachers now paying far 3 attention to correct pen grip and handwriting style. Stephanie Thomas, a learning support teacher 4 findings have been published, was inspired to investigate this area 5 he noticed that those students who had the most trouble with spelling 6 had a poor pen grip. While Mr. Thomas could not establish a significant statistical link 7 pen-holding style and accuracy in spelling, he 8 find huge differences in technique between the young children and the mature adults, and a definite 9 between near-point gripping and slow, illegible writing. People who 10 their pens at the writing point also show other characteristics 11 inhibit learning, 12 as poor posture, leaning too 13 to the desk, using four fingers to grip the pen 14 than three, and clumsy positioning of the thumb (which can obscure 15 is being written). Mr. Thomas believes that the 16 between elder and younger writers is 17 too dramatic to be accounted for simply by the possibility that people get better at writing as they grow 18 . He attributes it to a failure to teach the most effective methods, pointing out that the differences between 19 groups coincides with the abandonment of formal handwriting instruction in classrooms in the sixties. "The 30-year-old showed a huge diversity of grips, 20 the over 40s group all had a uniform "tripod" grip."

填空题· will frustrate those who like to play sports game on computer just as they play in the reality?

填空题·is probably frightening?

填空题A = Yahoo! B = eBay C = Amazon Which company (companies) rents its own logistics and infrastructure to other companies to compute on the Internet? 1 are run without a clear vision for the future? 2 3 held a dominant position in its business but alienated its users? 4 employed internal competition in a way that confused advertisers and users? 5 is the youngest among the three survivors in the great Internet crisis? 6 has not changed its leader since the very beginning and still sticks to the game vision? 7 acquired other companies without making them an integral part of it? 8 used to be less profitable but is now on the right track? 9 provides services similar to Google but does not confront it directly? 10 The Internet company, Yahoo! appears in the end to have rebuffed Microsoft, the software Goliath that wanted to buy it. It has done so, in part, by surrendering to Google, the younger Internet company that is its main rival. Yahoo! lives, but on the web"s equivalent of life support. Yahoo! "s descent, first gradual then sudden, during this decade marks a surprising reversal of the fates of the only three big Internet firms to have survived since the web"s earliest days. Back in 1994, Jerry Yang and David Filo, truant PhD students at Stanford, started to publish a list, eventually named Yahoo! , of links to cool destinations on the nascent web. Around the same time, Jeff Bezos was writing his business plan for a website, soon to be called Amazon, for selling books online. The following year, Pierre Omidyar, a French-born Iranian-American, put an auction site on the web that would become eBay. Even as hundreds of other dotcoms fell by the wayside at the turn of the century, these three made it through the great Internet crisis and have since prospered, to varying degrees and at different times. Their fates have reflected the evolution of the web as a whole, and now suggest its future direction. For many years eBay and Yahoo! made more money than Amazon, which, as a capitalintensive retailer, struggled longer with losses and then made profits at lower margins. And yet, says Pip Coburn of Coburn Ventures, an investment adviser, Yahoo! is now drifting and eBay is a washed-up quasi-monopoly, whereas Amazon finds itself at the Internet"s cutting edge. Yahoo! set out to be a new sort of media company. Its site became a tawdry strip mall, with big, flashing advertisements next to users" e-mail inboxes. The firm slipped into a mindset of product silos, with the teams for the home-page, e-mail, finance and sports pages competing with each other and for advertisers, and confusing users. Yahoo! "s bigger mistake was not to see how the web was changing. Google, also founded by two truant Stanford PhD students, became the leader of a new generation with a vision that web search, rather than Yahoo! "s "portal" approach, would guide surfers around the Internet. Yahoo! belatedly tried to keep up and bought sites such as flicker, com for photo-sharing and del. icio. us. cam for bookmark-sharing, but it "put them in the curio cabinet" without transforming the company, say"s Jerry Michalski, a technology consultant. EBay took a different route, recognising that its business—in effect, online yard sales—had potential network effects: in short, that sellers and buyers would flock to whichever site already did the most trading. The firm became a de facto monopoly, but with that came a culture that left many of its users disenchanted, and growth slowed. Some measures, such as the number of new listings of items for sale, are even in decline. Buyers and sellers increasingly rely on Google"s search model, or online social networks, to find things and one another. EBay"s new boss, John Donahoe, is not facing a crisis like Yahoo! "s—but neither does he appear to have a big idea for the future. Amazon, by contrast, has found exactly that. It is the only one of the three that has been led continuously by the same man, its founder Jeff Bezos. Unlike his peers at the other two firms, Mr. Bezos has stuck to his original vision—while adding two new ideas as they presented themselves, His original plan was to become "Earth"s biggest river" of merchandise, from books and toys to electronics and almost anything else that can be shipped. Then Mr. Bezos realized that the same online store-front and logistics system that worked for Amazon itself could alga work for others, So he added an entirely new category of customers: third-party sellers, who account for 30% of all items sold through Amazon"s site today. Then, about four years ago, another, and potentially bigger, idea struck Mr. Bezos. Their infrastructure is rivalled in scale by only a few other fu-ms in the world, including Google. So Mr. Bezos again added an entire category of customers: firms that wanted to rent computing capacity from Amazon over the Internet, rather than build their own data centres in a warehouse, It has signed up over 370,000 customers. Almost by accident, Amazon has thus "backed into cloud computing". If there is a lender in the cloud, it is Google. But Amazon is now right up there. Better yet, although Amazon overlaps with Google in the cloud, it does not rival it directly. Google mostly offers entire applications, such as word processing or spreadsheets, to consumers through their web browsers. Amazon offers services to programmers so they can build and run their own applications. So there they are. Jerry Yang is still boss of Yahoo! , although angry, restive shareholders may oust him at their annual meeting on August 1st, and his top lieutenants are leaving in groves. John Donahoe is looking hard for a purpose that will enable eBay to survive another decade. And Mr. Bezos is right where he wants to be.

填空题The author changed his minors.

填空题From her vantage point she watched the main doors swing open and the first arrivals pour in. Those who had been at the head of the line paused momentarily on entry, looked around curiously, then quickly moved forward as others behind pressed in. Within moments the central public area of the big branch bank was filled with a chattering, noisy crowd. The building, relatively quiet less than a minute earlier, had become a Babel. Edwina saw a tall heavy-set black man wave some dollar bills and announce loudly, "I want to put my money in the bank. " 66. ______ It seemed as if the report about everyone having come to open an account had been accurate after all. Edwina could see the big man leaning back expansively, who was still holding his dollar bills. His voice cut across the noise of other conversations and she heard him proclaim, "I'm in no hurts. There's something I'd like you to explain. " Two other desks were quickly manned by other clerks. With equal speed, long wide lines of people loaned in front of them. Normally, three members of staff were ample to handle new account business, but obviously inadequate now. Edwina could see Tottenhoe on the far side of the bank and called him on the intercom. She instructed, "Use more desks for new accounts and take all the staff you can spare to man then. " 67. ______ Tottenhoe grumbled in reply, "You realize we can't possibly process all these people today, and however many we do will tie us tip completely. " "I've got an idea, "Edwina said, "that's what someone has in mind. Just hurry the processing all you can. " 68. ______ First, an application form called for details of residence, employment, social security, and family matters. A specimen signature was obtained. Then proof of identity was needed. After that, the new accounts clerk would take all documents to an officer of the bank for approval and initialing. Finally, a savings passbook was made out or a temporary checkbook issued. Therefore the most new accounts that any bank employee could open in an hour were five, so the three clerks presently working might handle a sum of ninety in one business day, if they kept going at top speed, which was unlikely. 69. ______ Still the noise within the bank increased. It had become an uproar. A further problem was that the growing mass of arrivals in the central public area of the bank was preventing access to tellers' counters by other customers. Edwina could see a few of them outside, regarding of the milling scene with consternation. While she watched, several gave up and walked away. Inside the bank some of the newcomers were engaging tellers in conversation and the tellers, having nothing else to do because of the melee, chatted back. Two assistant managers had gone to the central floor area and were trying to conduct the flood of people so as to clear some space at counters. They were having small success. 70. ______ She decided it was time for her own intervention. Edwina left the platform and a failed--off staff area and, with difficulty, made her way through the milling crowd to the main front door. A. Yet she knew however much they hurried it would still take ten to fifteen minutes to open any single new account. It always did. The paperwork required that time. B. But still no hostility was evident. Everyone in the now jam--packed bank who was spoken to by members of the staff answered politely and with a smile. It seemed, Edwina thought, as if all who were here had been briefed to be on best behavior. C. A security guard directed him, "Over there for new accounts. " The guard pointed to a desk where a clerk-- a young girl-- sat waiting. She appeared nervous. The big man walked toward her, smiled reassuringly, and sat down. Immediately a press of others moved into a ragged line behind him, waiting for their turn. D. Even leaning closer to the intercom, it was hard to hear above the noise. E. Even tripling the present complement of clerks would permit very few more than two hundred and fifty accounts to be opened in a day, yet already, in the first few minutes of business, the bank was crammed with at least four hundred people, with still more flooding in, and the line outside, which Edwina rose to check, appeared as long as ever. F. Obviously someone had alerted the press in advance, which explained the presence of the TV camera crew outside. Edwina hoped to know who had done it.

填空题{{B}} A = George Clooney B = Johnny Depp C = Will Smith D = Matt Damon Which actor(s) ...{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} George Clooney: George Clooney has had a bumpy ride up the Hollywood ladder. He started acting seriously at age 2l, and after appearing in about 15 failed TV shows, he got his big break and made it big on ER. He has played everything from the caring, "break the roles" doctor to "do what it takes" billionaire superhero. If there is one character trait from these parts that reflects George Clooney, it is the calculated recklessness that seems to govern his actions. Any way you slice it, George Clooney has made his mark on Hollywood and is well on his way to superstardom. His films generally make for good entertainment and he gives off a "one of the boys" feel that makes even guys warm up to him. He's the kind of guy you would invite over to watch football on Sunday afternoons. George is somewhat of a Hollywood anomaly in that he doesn't buy into the whole "I'm a big star so I should get special treatment" notion. He's a regular guy that happens to be a star and he likes it that way. The man has been at the top of People magazine's "Most Beautiful People" list for what seems like forever, with no signs of him dropping off anytime soon. He's cool and that's no lie. Here's a guy that would look good dressed in a garbage bag. It doesn't seem to matter what he wears because he always pulls it off with flying colors. Part of the reason he's known for being such a snazzy dresser is that he doesn't deviate too far from the norm, but at the same time he isn't afraid to add his own personal touch. {{B}}B{{/B}} Johnny Depp: Johnny Depp is an actor who takes his job seriously. He knows the ins and outs of life in Hollywood and doesn't let himself get caught up in the hype machine. He does whatever he likes and has so far enjoyed a successful career on the big screen. His films do well with audiences and critics alike. Furthermore, he constantly tries to mix it up and try his hand at different roles to broaden his repertoire. Johnny Depp is the mysterious type. He isn't a big talker and when he does have something to say, it's usually short and sweet. Depp comes across as the brooding type, but he is much more congenial than he looks. He's a movie star yet doesn't look like one. Low-key may be the best way to describe him. However, he has had his wild times. He once trashed a swanky hotel room in New York and has thrown the occasional punch at the paparazzi. He once played guitar in a band (quite well, apparently), and he owned the infamous Viper Room, a club in Los Angeles. Is it a wonder that women flock to him? The fact that he's attached and has two children does not seem to deter the legions of adoring females that want to get deep with Depp. Johnny Depp simply exudes coolness. He's not a rebel but does march to his own beat. Perhaps it is his quirks and laid-back style that set him apart from the Hollywood rabble; whatever it is, there is definitely something about Johnny that says cool. Johnny prefers to dress casually, some would even say sloppily. He wears jeans and leather pants with open shirts. He is also big on leather jackets and tends to wear his hair long. {{B}}C{{/B}} Will Smith: Will Smith has triumphed in just about every venue in entertainment: from music to television to the big screen. His success is attributed to his incredible charisma and his instantly recognizable smile that helped him win over fans of all ages from around the world. He writes his own songs, produces and acts. Well, if he was a weak actor he would be labeled as a singer trying to act, and if he couldn't rap he would be deemed an actor trying to sing. The thing is that we can't accuse him of either, because Smith has been consistently excellent on every level. Despite being constantly criticized by other rap artists who deem Will Smith as soft, Smith lives the life that everyone desires. He is the ever-faithful husband despite the daily temptations thrust upon him by groupies. He was a self-proclaimed womanizer but family life has domesticated him considerably. His image as a positive role model sets him apart in so many different ways that we don't know who to compare him to. He has Grammy Awards and Billboard album sales plaques, but where is the Oscar? Will is a perfectionist and he won't rest until an Oscar is sitting on his mantel. Smith loves to dress sharp in smooth threads. He ii one of those men that take pride in grooming himself and looking good. Knowing the importance of style, he has become fast friends with some heavy-hitting fashion designers and has even taken part in several fashion shows. {{B}}D{{/B}} Matt Damon: A few years ago, Matt Damon seemed to be everywhere and anywhere. He was Hollywood's new "Golden Boy", and who could blame the media for its fascination with the talented Mr. Damon? He is virtually a rags to riches story, a young turk who became one of Hollywood's most influential stars seemingly overnight. Still, despite his vast popularity and fame, he continues to be generally under-appreciated and unrecognized for his talent as an actor. He is more than a pretty boy; he is a great all-round actor. Thanks to his charm, talent, matinee-idol looks, and dedication to his craft, Matt Damon is set to remain a fixture in Hollywood for some time to come. With the humility he has and plenty of gray matter upstairs, it seems only a matter of time before his Oscar has a buddy. It's very easy for a person in Damon's situation to fall into the trappings of celebrity. But we never worry about Damon falling into such a trap. In fact, we can't even imagine him being anything but courteous and genial. Matt's killer wardrobe of choice consists of jeans and a T-shirt. His look is all about comfort, not appearance. When necessary, he'll dress for success, but the rest of the time he's as simple as his Boston roots. But when he does turn it on, he quickly becomes one of his industry's best- dressed men, often spotted wearing the latest fashions from top designers who clamor to put a shirt on his back.· is willing to spend a lot to follow fashion design? 71. ______· is the one that people would like to watch sports together? 72. ______· both have talents in music though in different genres? 73. ______ 74. ______· embodies the dream of becoming famous overnight? 75. ______· is quite elusive and difficult to pin down? 76. ______· experienced hard time before gaining fame on the big screen? 77. ______· has already won an Academy Award? 78. ______· has a positive image of a responsible married man? 79. ______· will probably be among the most beautiful people for a long time? 80. ______

填空题Accordingtothespeaker,whoshouldenjoytherightofAcademicFreedom?

填空题It is difficult to find reliable body counts of suicides, and of course the rate (1) which people kill themselves (2) from place to place and from time to time. (3) , you can get some idea of the size of the problem (4) you realize that every 30 minutes someone in the Untied States (5) suicide. And for every successful suicide there are probably three attempts (6) fail. Suicide statistics are notoriously unreliable (7) only because shame is attached (8) the act but also because people who successfully kill themselves have often tried and (9) several times before. One survey at a suicide center showed that 60 percent of those who finally (10) to kill themselves had made previous attempts. Also, (11) looks like an accident may actually be deliberate suicide. We know that more than 55,000 persons die each year in automobile accidents, (12) no one knows how many of these drivers consciously or unconsciously set (13) the conditions for a fatal crash. When car accidents were carefully (14) in one study, up to one-half of the dead drivers had numerous previous driving offenses; over half had also been drinking; and nearly half were suffering (15) depression. Such self-destructive drivers were characterized as reckless, risk taking, impulsive persons who frequently got (16) the wheel after a violent argument. A survey of known suicides gave this description of the conditions in (17) self-destruction is most likely to occur: in the spring, in the late afternoon, on a Monday and at home. Suicide is (18) likely in the early morning in winter. (19) these details tell only part of the story. The finger on the trigger or the hand fumbling (20) the bottle of sleeping pills varies according to sex, marital status, and race.

填空题The author holds that engineering and humanities have the least in common. 71. ______ Science and humanities are both theoretical subjects. 72. ______ The author's thought processes are different when he studies literature and engineering respectively. 73. ______ The other students didn't understand the language of mathematics when the author used it. 74. ______ The author changed his minors. 75. ______ The author wanted to combine engineering with humanities. 76. ______ The author chose the college he attended because he wanted a broad education that would develop flexibility and values. 77. ______ The author's secondary school ambition was to major in electrical engineering. 78. ______ Many engineering students don't take their core courses seriously. 79. ______ The author found that his two fields of study did not mix well and he could not apply them easily. 80. ______ Section A Engineering students are supposed to be practically and rationally personified, but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool. In high school I wanted to be an electrical engineer and, of course, any sensible student with my aims would have chosen a college with a large engineering department, prestigious reputation and lots of fancy labs and research equipment. But that's not what I did. I chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts university that doesn't even offer a major in electrical engineering. Obviously, this was not a practical choice; I came here for more noble reasons. I wanted a broad education that would provide me with flexibility and a value system to guide me in my career. I wanted to open my eyes and expand my vision by interacting with people who weren't studying science or engineering. My parents, teachers and other adults commended me for such a prudent choice. They told me I was wise and mature beyond my 18 years, and I believed them. I headed off to college sure I was going to have an advantage over these students who went to the big engineering "factories" where they didn't care if you had values or were flexible. I was going to be a complete engineer: technical genius and sensitive humanist all in one. Now I'm not so sure. Somewhere along the line my lofty ideals smacked into reality, as all naive visions eventually do. After three years of struggling to balance math, physics and engineering courses with the humanities courses of my core, I have learned there are reasons why few engineering students try to combine engineering with a broad liberal curriculum in college. Section B The reality that has blocked my breezy path to stereotype smasher is that engineering and the liberal arts simply don't mix as easily as I assumed in high school. Individually they shape a person in very different ways; together they threaten to confuse. The struggle to reconcile the two disciplines is difficult. Students who pursue more traditional liberal-arts degrees don't experience the dichotomy between major and core studies that I do. English or psychology majors find related subjects in almost any of their core courses. They can apply much of what they learn in "Chaucer and His Age "or "Personality Theories "to questions raised in "American Foreign Policy "or "Religions of the World". But I rarely find that my ability to analyze circuits by LaPlace transforms is applicable to the discussions held in my religion or history courses. What I contribute is almost always something learned in another core class, not in the science building. On the rare occasions when I do speak from my knowledge of engineering, there is a language barrier. I can't talk mathematics to the people in my core classes because most don't understand it. They force me to deliver a diluted and popularized version of my point that often fails to convey the impact I think it should. It's like telling a joke to someone who doesn't get it. You say the punch line and he looks dumbly at you, waiting for more. It's frustrating. Not only do engineering and humanities subjects not overlap, but each discipline demands that I think in separate modes. When I walk into a core classroom I am expected to look at many different aspects of existence from a single point of view, such as ethical theory or Romantic poetry. When I enter an electronics laboratory I am expected to examine one thing, such as the characteristics of the ideal transformer, from several different angles, such as the laws of magnetic induction or the perspective of practical design. It feels different in the classroom than in the lab. The differences follow me out of the classroom. When I sit back in the recliner in my room to read a novel for "British Literature", I open my mind to allow associations between new knowledge and old. But when it is time to work through a few problems for "Electromagnetic Theory", I sit down at my desk on a hard wooden chair and shut out all of my thoughts except those that will help me find the answers. Section C The Two Cultures. The essential approach of each discipline can be captured in a metaphor. Imagine how each would use a spotlight to explore a theatrical stage. The humanities would use one colored filter and point the light all over the stage. Engineering would focus a tight beam on one particular actor and use the entire spectrum of colored filters. The gap between the two cultures of science and humanities is a common theme. But the engineer has even less in common with the humanities than the scientist does. The scientist at least shares the humanist's ideal of knowledge for its own sake: the unimpeachable position of pure theory. Engineers are denied even this because they are explicitly concerned with using knowledge to fulfill our needs and purposes, both glorious and mundane. There is no pure theory in engineering. There is only what works. Many engineering students avoid the conflict between their major and their core by placing less emphasis on courses outside their major. They train their thinking to be most effective at solving well-defined problems and muddle through the foggy issues in their core courses as best they can. I am stubborn enough to believe I can learn to think more freely and still be an effective engineer, and that I can be technically honed and still be a human being. But I know I can't smash all the stereotypes; I have acquired some of the prejudices they are based on. My writing professor urges me to be less rational. My religion professor reminds me that technology cannot solve all our problems, as much as I would like it to. As I was preparing last spring to register for classes this fall, I saw that I could be spending more time in the lab than ever during my senior year. Suddenly I wanted out. I swapped my minors in electrical engineering and computer science for a degree in physics, the most I could do without postponing my graduation. I was reluctant to switch, and someday I may return to engineering. But for now I need to stay closer to the humanities of my core so that I do not abandon part of myself before I know who I really am.

填空题 A = Chang Ling B = Ding Ling C = Emperor Qian kong"s Tomb Which tomb... ·was opened to the public as early as 19787 71. ______. ·served as a model for the remaining 12 for its good preservation? 72. ______. ·is of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs? 73. ______. ·is the largest tomb? 74. ______. ·is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China? 75. ______. ·has the inner walls and arched ceilings of its gateway and halls decorated with four ·celestial guardians? 76. ______. ·owns three coffins within it? 77. ______. ·holds the coffin of an emperor which was placed over a well? 78. ______. ·has a large red gate with a significant bronze lion which marks the entrance to the ground? 79. ______. ·was a huge and costly construction project which began in 1743? 80. ______. Maintaining an imperial tradition that originated from the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1066- 1221 BC), the Ming emperors selected the location and design of their tombs while they were still alive. The selection of sites, based on the prevailing winds and the water level, ensured that only benevolent spirits were in habiting the area. Of the 16 Ming emperors, 13 chose to be buried in this serene valley (Shisanling) just north of Beijing. The Sacred Way The road to the tombs, which branches off the route to the Great Wall, was once a 6.4 km (4 mi) long sacred way, forbidden to all but the emperor"s funeral cortege. The road begins at a five-arched marble gate, built in 1540. A mile further down stands a three- arched gateway, the Dahongmen (Great Red Gate). The emperor"s body was carried through the central archway. Only on this one occasion was the center door opened. Just beyond the gate sits a huge stone tortoise(symbol of longevity)with a 9.1 m (30 ft) stele mounted on its back. The stele, the largest such tablet in China, was inscribed by the fourth Ming emperor at the time of the death of his predecessor, Yang Le, in 1424. This tortoise marks the beginning of the famous Avenue of the Animals. Lions, camels, elephants, horses, and two sets of mythical (or at least unrecognizable)beasts, 12 statues in all, line either side of the road, alternately standing and kneeling and most, these days, supporting tourists on their backs while being photographed. Beyond the animal figures stretch a series of 12 stone human statues, dating from the 15th century: four military men, four civilian officials, and four obedient retainers, all with stately postures and fixed stares--an honor guard for the dead emperor. A legend says that an emperor of the later Qing Dynasty wanted to transport the statues to line the road to his own tomb. One of the emperor"s ministers was told, in a dream, that the statues were eternally loyal to the Ming emperors and therefore should not be moved. The Qing emperor took this as a warning that if the statues were disturbed, a deadly wind would blow down from the Ming Tombs upon the capital and he abandoned the project. Chang Ling Of the 13 tombs, only two have been excavated, those of Chang (the burial name for Yong Le, 1403 - 1424), and Ding (Emperor Wan Li, 1562- 1620). The Chang Ling tomb is the largest and best preserved of the tombs; it served as a model for the remaining 12. Visitors enter through a red gate which opens toward a courtyard. From here they pass under the Gate of Eminent Favors(Lingenmen)into a second courtyard, in which stands the marble Hall of Eminent Favors (Lingendian), surrounded by pine trees(another ancient symbol of longevity) . The roof of the hall is supported by 32 giant tree columns. Beyond this hall is a third courtyard, where the visitor will see a simple stele with the inscription Da Ming--Great Ming. This marks the passage to the sepulcher. Ding Ling Also known as the Underground Palace, this is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China. The work was completed over a period of three years (1956- 1959). Ding(Emperor Wan Li) was buried here in 1620 with two of his wives in a deep marble vault located four stories underground(on the hottest of summer days the vault remains mercifully cool) . The entrance to the grounds is marked by a large red gate with a magnificent bronze lion. Gigantic marble doors stand at the entrance to the first of the three burial chambers. (After burial, a "locking stone", similar to the modem "police" lock, was rolled in front of the tomb itself. ) Inside are three coffins. Twenty six chests of jewelry and other artifacts were discovered at the foot of the coffins, and many of these finds can be viewed in the two exhibition halls constructed above ground. The broad, tree shaded grounds surrounding the tomb are dotted with stone picnic tables and seats. Tour groups are usually provided with box lunches which may be eaten outdoors or in a "picnic room" at the foot of the Great Wall. Emperor Qian Long"s Tomb In 1978, the tomb of the Qing emperor Qian kong( 1736 - 1796), located about 100 km (62.5 mi) east of Beijing, was opened to the public. Known as Yu Ling, the tomb is on a grander scale and of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs. Construction began in 1743 and cost 90 tons of silver. The wood used was the durable, fragrant, close-grained nanmu. Some logs weighed up to 20 tons. The tomb is, in fact, an underground palace, similar to the tomb of Ding Ling. Nevertheless, Yu Ling has distinctive architectural features. Flanking the roadway leading to the tomb are eight pairs of stone sculptures depicting civil officials, military officers, horses, qilin ( a mythical "animal of good omen), elephants, camels, suanni (mythical monsters), and lions. Each figure was carved from a single stone block. The largest weighs about 43 tons. The underground palace contains three stone halls and four pairs of stone gates, all arched. The overhanging eaves, tile gutters, ridges, and animal-shaped ornaments on the gate comers are in white marble. Each gate weighs about two tons and contains a Bod-hisattva, each with a different mien.. The inner walls and arched ceilings of the gateways and halls are decorated with four celestial guardians(also called Deva kings), seated statues of gods and Budd has, carvings of potted flowers, and small three-legged tables to hold incense burners and Buddhist scriptures. The coffin of Qian Long lies in the innermost recess of the underground palace. It was placed over a well that never runs dry.

填空题 If you've been on campus for very long, I'm certain that you've already heard about this course. You may know that last semester about fifty{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}of the students enrolled in my course failed it. Let me explain how this came{{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}before you jump to any{{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}. In the first{{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}, since this is a composition class, I expect my students to follow certain rules{{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}formality. Unfortunately, students today dislike having to follow rules of any kind, especially those which they may feel to be unnecessary. For{{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}, I ask that each of your papers{{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}typed and centered on the paper correctly. I count off points for various kinds of mistakes. A misspelled word will cost you 5 points. You've lost 25 points if you've{{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}five words. If you write{{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}incomplete sentence, you've lost 10 points. If you give me two complete sentences as one without adequate punctuation, you've lost 15 points. I do not accept late{{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}You will receive a zero for any theme which you fail to submit on{{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}I expect, you to read each assignment. To make certain that you have read the assignment, I{{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}give you a short unannounced quiz from time to{{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}. This class meets on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. You will have a total of six major tests throughout the{{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Your final grade will be based{{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}an average of these major tests, the pop tests,{{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}eight written themes. If you have any questions at any time, you can see me on Tuesday. My office is{{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}the second floor of this building. Your{{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}for Wednesday is to read Hemingway's short story on page 55. Friday will be the last class day of this week, so you can expect to write a short in class theme for me then. That's{{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}for today. I'll{{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}you on Wednesday.

填空题

填空题the environmental problems are not caused overnight?

填空题A=Rotherhithe B=Barnes C=Willesden D=King's Cross Which city... ·used to have lot of problems such as drugs, street crime, etc. ? 71. ______ ·has the unpopular style of architecture? 72. ______ ·has the most expensive properties? 73. ______ ·offers big out-fashioned houses at lower price? 74. ______ ·is located in a quiet residential area? 75. ______ ·saw a big increase in price last year? 76. ______ ·will build a lot of new facilities? 77. ______ ·is estimated to be a good investment? 78. ______ ·encourages night-life culture for young people? 79. ______ ·creates energetic multi-cultural atmosphere? 80. ______ A Rotherhithe Rotherhithe may be most famous for its congested tunnel but many young buyers are warming to its riverside charms. It is still much cheaper than its waterside neighbors. The housing stock is predominately 1980s flats, many arranged in cul-de-sacs (死胡同)and closes around Surrey Quays Road. The unpopular architecture has led to the area being called the Milton Keynes of London but properties are spacious and unfashionable style has kept prices down. Paul Mitchell, of estate agents Alex Nell, says, "There is precious little period property, but you will get far more for your money here than a Victorian house with lots of original features down the road in Bermondsey. " Surry Quays shopping center provides all the amenities of a high street but the area is lacking in fun. However, Southwark Council is in talks to develop the "night time economy" which could well lead to an increase in bars and restaurants to cater for the growing number of young professional residents. "It is possible to get a good three-bedroom house in Rotherhithe for 280,000, " says Sumine Jordaan-Robinson, of agents Burwood Marsh , "About eight minutes; walk from the Jubilee line which will have you in Bond street in 15 minutes. There are not that many areas in London where that is possible. " B Barnes Barnes sits just across the river from Hammersmith in southwest London, but it could not be more different from the noise and bustle of the opposite bank. It has been called one of the last true London "villages" with happy residents keeping its old school charms quiet from nosey outsiders and potential developers. Being by the river and predominately residential gives Barnes an attractively lazy vibe. It has a traditional village green complete with idyllic duck pond and quaint pub. The high street is about as far from the Pound Shop and Primark ambience of its neighbors as is possible. But buying into Barnes is not cheap. "Family houses are snapped up incredibly quickly, " claims Chris Carney, sales negotiator at Boileaus estate agents. "It is very hard to get properties of this size, with outside space so close to London, which is why they are expensive. " Large detached Victorian houses on the two main roads, Castlenau and Lonsdale, normally have between five and seven bedrooms, gardens of 120 ft and off street parking. These sell for anything between ￡2 million and ￡5 million. By the village green there are rows of immaculate terraced house on a number of streets that run off Church and Station roads, and four bedroom houses of this kind sell for around ~ 1 million. C Willesden Green Willesden Green has both suffered and benefited from its famous neighbors. Despite its growing popularity, the area remains interesting and multicultural, injecting a little bit of soul into what could otherwise become just another yuppie backwater. "Willesden Green has a diverse range of properties from 1930s semi-detached houses to large Victorian properties and new-builds which attract all kinds of buyers, " says Richard Chiti, sales manager at estate agents Ellis and Co. "The roads bordering West Hampstead are popular, as they are wide, tree lined streets with sizeable family houses. Properties in and around Dobree Road, which lead down to Kensal Rise, are also in high demand. " Estate agents and residents agree that the area used to be regarded as dangerous and undesirable, but this has changed over the last decade. It's popular because it is still affordable, although prices have rocketed over the last year. D King's Cross King's Cross used to be renowned for problems including drugs, prostitution and street crime but a ￡2 billion regeneration programme should help the area lose its seedy reputation. The project includes a new Eurostar terminal opening this year and a spruced-up tube station, alongside hundreds of new homes, offices and leisure facilities set to be completed in 2015. Such development has had a predictable effect on house prices. "There are a lot more amenities now, such as supermarkets, cafes and bars and the issue people used to have with safety a few years ago has disappeared. " By the canal basin, new build flats and luxury ware house conversions form the bulk of property, and at the top end of the market there are stunning penthouses available with views across London. Much of the new development is centered on the back of the station, off York way, and flats are being sold to eager buyers off plan. The older properties are mainly mid-Victorian terraces around Caledonian Road and the streets heading towards Angel, and ex-local authority blocks where it is possible to pick up a two-bedroom refurbished flat for under ￡250,000. Smith adds, "Investment-wise, King's Cross is a good bet. There is a big rental market here and prices will go up. There are still cheaper properties available, one to two bedroom flats in Victorian conversions, or ex-council properties. But people are holding on to them for dear life in the hope they will go up in value. If you find one, it is worth investing in. /

填空题takes advantage of market both at home and abroad?

填空题Karoshi -- Worked to Death Japan's rise from the devastation of World War Ⅱ to economic prominence between 1945 and 1975 was not without human cost. People cannot work for ten or twelve hours a day six and seven days a week, year after year, (1) suffering physically as well as mentally. But during the first three postwar decades no one (2) any special attention to the (3) than usual number of men in their 40s and 50s who died of brain and heart ailments, most often (4) acute cardiac insufficiency and subarachnoid hemorrhage. It was not (5) the latter part of the 1980s, when several high-ranking business executives who were still in their prime (6) suddenly died without any previous (7) of illness, that the news media began picking up on what appeared to be a new (8) . This new phenomenon was quickly labeled karoshi, (9) "death from overwork", and once it had a (10) and its symptoms were broadcast far and wide, it quickly became obvious that (11) was experiencing a virtual epidemic. According to Labor Ministry (12) there had been only twenty-one cases of (13) in 1987, twenty-nine cases in 1988 and thirty cases in 1989. But a liaison council of attorneys established in 1988 to monitor (14) from overwork estimated in 1990 that over 10,000 people were (15) each year from karoshi. Most of the (16) of death from overwork had been putting in more than one hundred hours of overtime each. The victims did not receive (17) overtime pay for their (18) work. After years of such intense overwork, most of them find that they cannot rest even when they do take time (19) . They are (20) wound up that not working leaves them disoriented and suffering from serious stress.

填空题A=Report 1 B=Report 2 C=Report 3 D=Report 4 Which report(s) say(s) that... · hot weather may cause serious health problems associated with air pollution? 71. ______ · a weather warning system is established to help people away from danger heat? 72. ______ · not only people but also animals and crops are victims of the heat wave? 73. ______ · there were controversies on the issue of global warming? 74. ______ · human activities contribute to global warming? 75. ______ · the deadly heat wave can kill people? 76. ______ · hot weather will have its effects on consumers? 77. ______ · reducing exposure to air pollution can decrease deaths associated with pollution? 78. ______ · hot weather had attacked France twice since 2003? 79. ______ · wildfires increased in North America and other parts of the world recently? 80. ______ A Report 1 A new study requested by the US Congress is helping clear up some of the controversies regarding global warming. It finds the warming of the northern hemisphere in the last decades of the 20th century was unprecedented in the past thousand years. It also says the decade of the 1990s was the warmest on record. Authors believe human activities are at least partly responsible for recent warming. The study comes as extreme weather has struck many parts of the United States. There was flooding in parts of the Midwest last week, more heavy rains this week in the southern and eastern United States. Scientists say that the warmer the air, the more evaporated water it holds. Winds pick up more moisture from the hotter ocean surfaces, resulting in heavier and more frequent downpours. Recent data compiled on wildfires indicate an increasing frequency in North America and elsewhere around the world. Scientists say generally over the last five decades snows are melting sooner and faster, producing hot, dry drought conditions in many parts of the world. Weather patterns have natural cycles, but this latest study suggests more frequent extremes of too dry and too wet conditions may exist for the rest of the decade and beyond. B Report 2 Scientists observed the highest air pollution on record above the Arctic Circle in May. Air pollution has been linked to a number of medical problems including heart attacks, asthma and stroke. It is so hot in many parts of the US that officials are cautioning people to stay indoors. Even short exposure to high temperatures can cause serious health problems. Heat is not the only danger factor. Hot weather with little or no wind can lead to high levels of air pollution, especially ozone. Last year researchers in Boston analyzed pollution rates in nine major US cities. They found the risk of stroke was one percent higher on days with relatively higher air pollution. Scientists say while this increase may seem small, it has a huge effect, since the number of people living in pollution-prone cities is so great. Researchers say pollution particles in the air may enter the body through the lungs and irritate the walls of blood vessels, encouraging clots that travel to the brain. The Hopkins scientists found these fine particles can reach the small airways and the air sacks in the lungs. A study found a link between fine particles in air pollution and risk of death It also found that reducing exposure to air pollution decreased the number of deaths associated with pollution. C Report 3 Europe is baking under a heat wave that has sent temperatures soaring past 36 degrees Celsius in some places. The sizzling weather is blamed for the deaths of at least half a dozen people. Temperatures in parts of France were expected to soar as high as 36 degrees Celsius Wednesday. Other parts of Europe are expected to be even hotter. So far, the heat wave has killed at least six people around Europe, including three in France. The heat is accompanied by unusually dry weather in many places. The sizzling scenario seems very similar to the heat wave of 2003, when heat was linked to the deaths of roughly 30000 people around Europe, half of them in France. Things are different this summer. French social workers and ordinary French are checking in on older people, to make sure they're OK. The government has established a weather warning system, and a help hot line for the elderly and other fragile people. Other European countries are taking similar preventative measures. Nobody wants a repeat of the killer heat wave of 2003. D Report 4 Eleven days of triple digit temperatures in California are taking a toll on the state agricultural industry. Meteorologists expect the deadly heat wave that has killed at least 60 people could subside by this weekend. But the relief may be too late for many California farmers. California dairy farmer Hank Van Excel is doing his best to keep his herds comfortable. But the effect of the heat on his dairy cows is evident. He has lost 14 cows and says milk production is down more than 20 percent. The heat has led to emergency declarations in several counties. The heat has been unprecedented. It's been oppressively hot at night. All of these factors coming together have made it very challenging for the local community. "And California's $ 50 billion-a-year dairy industry is not the only victim. In vineyard, the scorching temperatures will affect the taste of the wines and grapes are beyond raisin. Over in the tomato fields, the heat has killed about 15 percent of the blossoms that typically yield 46000 tons of tomatoes per season. People obviously losing money as the days continue to be hot. It's a story repeated in peach orchards and walnut groves and melon patches up and down the state. It's too early to assess total damages but consumers will feel the heat in their pocketbooks. The consumers deal with it in the prices they're going to pay when they go to the store or when they go to the restaurant./

填空题Ivo Jupa was moved when he heard that several men drinking in a bar sent DMSs for the disaster-stricken people in ______.

填空题 Answer questions 71-80 by referring to the comments on the economy of three different countries/region in the following magazine article. Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B or C and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once.{{B}}A=Indonesia B=Hong Kong C=CanadaWhich country/region…{{/B}} {{B}}Indonesia{{/B}} The period under review (1994-98) has been one of great contrast for Indonesian. After three decades of continuous growth fostered by political, social and macro-economic stability, the Asian economic crisis of 1997 has sown the seeds of major change in Indonesia's economic and financial structures, which prompted calls for reform. Trade and foreign direct investment have been at the heart of Indonesia's economic policy. In the face of the recent economic crisis, the Government undertook to accelerate the pace of reforms and to remove many remaining restrictions on domestic and international trade. From 1994 to 1996, real GDP grew on average by 8% annually. Although economic activity started to decelerate in the second half of 1996, the financial crisis of 1997 transformed a soft landing of the Indonesian economic into a serious recession. Indonesia's international trade has also been severely affected by the recession in the country and elsewhere in Asia. Imports, which increased by nearly 27% in 1995, declined by 3% in U. S. dollar value in 1997 before failing by 30% in the first quarter of 1998. Exports a major element that could have stimulated activity in current circumstances, have fallen (in value terms) as a result of the slump in demand elsewhere in Asia. The causes of the financial and currency turmoil are multiple and complex. External factors, such as the withdrawal of international investors from Asia in the wake of the Thai, Philippines and Korean Crisis, were compounded by internal developments, particularly growing uncertainty about economic, social and political stability in Indonesia. {{B}}Hong Kong{{/B}} The period under review (1994-95) was marked by two main events. The first was Hong Kong's reversion to the People's Republic of China, on 1 July 1997, and its designation as a Special Administrative Region (SAR) with a high degree of autonomy with regard to economic (and most other) policies under the "one country, two systems" framework established in accordance with the Basic Law. Hong Kong is one of, if not the most liberal among WTO members. There is no indication that Hong Kong's traditional openness to trade and foreign investment has been affected by reunification, and as such, the present economic regime may be broadly characterized as "business as usual". The second main event during the review period was the outbreak of the economic crisis in Thailand in July 1997 and its spread to other countries in and beyond South East Asia. The crisis, and the associated drop in demand throughout the region, has seriously impaired Hong Kong's economic performance since the third quarter of 1997, causing a dramatic slow-down in economic activity. Nor, it would appear, has the Government attempted to influence the long-run structural evolution of Hong Kong's economy during the period under review. One of the main features of this evolution has been the increasingly closer links with the fast-developing adjacent region of South China. In response to domestic calls for the Government to take action in order to alleviate, if not reverse, the recent slow-down in economic growth and the consequent rise in unemployment, in June 1998 the Government introduced a package of relief measures. Apart from the implementation of a few "emergency" measures, the authorities have largely refrained from interfering with the normal functioning of the free-market system. {{B}}Canada{{/B}} Canada has continued to pursue an outward-oriented strategy that, combined with prudent macroeconomic policies, has been integral to a recent strong growth performance. Over the last two years, Canada has participated in regional and multilateral initiatives that have further liberalized its generally open economy. It has also demonstrated its commitment to a strong multilateral trading system through an active and constructive participation in all aspects of work in the WTO. Domestic initiatives to lower interprovincial trade barriers, and move forward internal deregulation, enhance transparency, and rationalize the import regime have helped Canadian producers to adapt to the challenges, and to take advantage of the opportunities resulting from greater market access both at home and abroad. Economic activity has reflected strong private consumption and investment. Developments in the past two years have confirmed trade as a major determinant of Canada's economic performance. Exports continued to benefit from the United States' cyclical lead, supported by efficiency gains in the Canadian economy. The U. S. share in Canadian trade has risen further, to some 83% of merchandise exports and 67% of imports. Canada's aggregate output thus remains exposed to slower growth in the United States. The financial crisis in Asia has had so far a limited impact on Canada's overall economic growth, as only 8% of Canadian exports are destined for that region. Nevertheless, the crisis has been felt distinctively in western Canada and, if protracted, could have significant indirect effects on the economy as a whole. __ has been broadly characterized by its openness to trade and foreign investment? 71. ______ . __ has a strong link with the U. S. economy? 72. ______ . __ was severely impaired in its economy by he crisis in and beyond South-east Asia? 73. ______ . __ called for reform in economic and financial structures, which was particularly true during the crisis in South-east Asia? 74. ______ . __ has strengthened links with the Southern part of China? 75. ______ . __ wants to lower inter-provincial trade barriers to strengthen internal deregulation? 76. ______ . __ is the one where the lack of stability in economy, society and politics blocked its economic development? 77. ______ . __ was a special Administrative Region within one country with a high degree of autonomy? 78. ______ . __ takes advantage of market both at home and abroad? 79. ______ . __ is a very liberal WTO member or actively involved in the work in WTO? 80. ______ .

填空题Wherewastheletterprobablyplacedmanyyearsago?

填空题But in preserving the balance we have to be clear where the problem actually lies. Of the total carbon dioxide emissions caused by burning fossil fuels, only 20 percent comes from transportation. 80 percent comes from static uses of energy — the energy used in our homes, in industry and in power generation. Of the total, 43 percent comes from petroleum, (67) On top of that, a further one megaton is produced by our chemical operations. If you add to that the carbon produced by the consumption of the products we produce — the total goes up to around 95 megatons. That is just 1 percent of the total carbon dioxide emissions which come from all human activity. (68) Only a fraction of the total emissions come from the transportation sector — so the problem is not just caused by vehicles. Any response which is going to have a real impact has to look at all the sources. That means ensuring our own house is in order. It also means contributing to the wider analysis of the problem — through research, technology and through engagement in the search for the best public policy mechanisms — the actions which can produce the right solutions for the long-term common interest. We have a responsibility to act, and I hope that through our actions we can contribute to the much wider process which is desirable and necessary. First we will monitor and control our own carbon dioxide emissions. This follows the commitment we've made in relation to other environmental issues. Our overall goal is to do no harm or damage to the natural environment. That's an ambitious goal which we approach systematically. (69) Now, as well as continuing our efforts in relation to the other greenhouse gases, it is time to establish a similar process for carbon dioxide. Our carbon dioxide emissions result from burning hydrocarbon fuels to produce heat and power, from flaring feed and product gases, and directly from the process of separation or transformation. So far our approach to carbon dioxide has been indirect and has mainly come through improvements in the energy efficiency of our production processes. Over the last decade, efficiency in our major manufacturing activities has improved by 20 percent. (70) It is a learning process — just as it has been with the other emissions we've targeted but the learning is cumulative and I think it will have a substantial impact. Other steps will require investment to make existing facilities more energy efficient. For instance, we're researching ways in which we can remove the carbon dioxide from large compressors and reinject it to improve oil recovery. That would bring a double benefit — a cut in emissions and an improvement in production efficiency. The task is particularly challenging in the refining sector where the production of cleaner products requires more extensive processing and a higher energy demand for each unit of output. That means that to make gasoline cleaner, with lower sulphur levels, takes more energy at the manufacturing stage. That's the trade off. In each case our aim will be to establish a database, including benchmark data; to create a monitoring process, and then to develop targets for improvement through operational line management. (71) We will increase our support for that work. That support will be focused on finding solutions and will be directed to work of high quality which we believe can address the key outstanding questions. A. Let me put that another way — to be clear. Human activity accounts for a small part of the total volume of emissions of carbon — but it is that part which could cause disequilibrium. B. As I said a few moments ago, there are still areas of significant uncertainty around the subject of climate change. Those who tell you they know all the answers are fools or knaves. More research is needed — on the detail of cause and effect, on the consequences of what appears to be happening, and on the effectiveness of the various actions which can be taken. C. Monitoring and controlling emissions is one step. The second is to increase the level of support we give to the continuing scientific work which is necessary. D. Now we want to go further. We have to continue to improve the efficiency with which we use energy. And in addition we need a better understanding of how our own emissions of carbon can be monitored and controlled, using a variety of measures including sequestration. It is a very simple business lesson that what gets measured gets managed. E. Our method has been to focus on one item at a time, to identify what can be delivered, to establish monitoring processes and targets as part of our internal management system and to put in place an external confirmation of delivery. In most cases the approach has meant that we've been able to go well beyond the regulatory requirements. F. We've looked carefully, using the best available data, at the precise impact of our own activities. Our operations — in exploration and in refining — produce around eight megatons of carbon.

填空题 There is a difference between science and technology. Science is a method of answering theoretical {{U}}(31) {{/U}}; technology is a method of{{U}} (32) {{/U}}practical problems (and sometimes creating new problems out ofthe "solutions"). Science has to do with discovering the facts and relationships{{U}} (33) {{/U}}observable phenomena in nature and with establishing theories that serve to organize{{U}} (34) {{/U}}facts and relationships; technology has to do{{U}} (35) {{/U}}tools, techniques, and procedures for implementing the findings of science. Another distinction between science{{U}} (36) {{/U}}technology has to do with the progress in each. Progress{{U}} (37) {{/U}}science excludes the human factor. And this is justly so. Scientists,{{U}} (38) {{/U}}seek to comprehend the universe and know the truth within the highest degree of accuracy and certainty cannot pay attention to their own or other people's likes or{{U}} (39) {{/U}}or to popular ideas about the fitness of things. What scientists discover may shock or anger people -- as{{U}} (40) {{/U}}Darwin's theory of evolution. But even an unpleasant truth is more than likely to be useful; besides, we have the option of refusing to{{U}} (41) {{/U}}it! But hardly so with technology; we do not have the option of refusing to{{U}} (42) {{/U}}the sonic boom produced by a supersonic aircraft{{U}} (43) {{/U}}overhead; we do not have the option of refusing to breathe polluted{{U}} (44) {{/U}}; and we do not have the option of living in a non-atomic age. Unlike science, progress in{{U}} (45) {{/U}}must be measured in{{U}} (46) {{/U}} of the human factor. Technology must be our slave and not the reverse. The legitimate purpose of technology is to serve people — people in{{U}} (47) {{/U}}, not merely some peoples and future generations, not merely{{U}} (48) {{/U}} who presently wish to gain advantage{{U}} (49) {{/U}}themselves. Technology must be humanistic{{U}} (50) {{/U}}it is to lead to a better world.

填空题Recent surveys show that Japanese youth have become a "Me Generation" that rejects traditional values. "Around 1980 many Japanese, 1 young people abandoned the values of economic success and began 2 for new sets of values to 3 them happiness," writes sociologist Yasuhiro in Comparative Civilizations Review. Japanese youth are placing more importance on the individual"s pursuit of 4 and less on the values of work, family, and society. Japanese students seem to be losing patience with work, 5 their counterparts in the United States and Korea. In a 1993 6 of college students in the three countries, only 10% of the Japanese regarded 7 as a primary value compared with 47% of Korean students and 27% of American students. A greater 8 of Japanese aged 18-24 also preferred easy jobs 9 heavy responsibility. The younger Japanese are showing less concern for family values as they pursue an inner world of private satisfaction. Data collected 10 the Japanese government in 1993 shows that only 23% of Japanese youth are thinking about supporting their aged parents, in contrast 11 63% of young Americans. It appears that many younger-generation Japanese are 12 both respect for their parents 13 a sense of responsibility to the family. Author Yoshizaki attributes the change 14 Japanese parents" over-indulgence of their children, material affluence, and growing 15 for private matters. The shift 16 individualism among Japanese is most pronounced among 17 very young. According to 1991 data 18 the Bunka Center of Japan, 50% of Japanese youth aged 16-19 can be labeled "self-centered" compared with 33% among 19 aged 25-29. To earn the self-centered label, the young people responded positively to 20 ideas as "I would like to make decisions without considering traditional values" and "I don"t want to do anything I can"t enjoy doing."

填空题 {{B}}Capital markets need a push.{{/B}} It is an urgent task for China to accelerate the development of the capital market to facilitate the restructuring of its State economy, according to a recent report by the State Council Development Research Centre. China has made considerable progress in developing its capital market in the past decade. Acquisitions and mergers have given a strong impetus to the reorganization of enterprises. 66. ______ First, development of the three elements of China's capital market has not proceeded at the same pace. Though the stock market has developed rapidly during recent years, the bond market and medium-and long-term credit market have lagged behind. In the bond market, the issue and trading of corporate bonds is far behind those of treasury bonds. Because the risk and yield of bonds and stocks differ, a well-developed bond market can increase the choice for investors and those seeking to raise capital. In developed market economies, funds raised by enterprises through bond financing are several times higher than those raised through the issue of shares. The situation is the reverse in China. In 1997, enterprises raised 132.5 billion yuan (US ＄16 billion)through stock issues but a mere 30 billion yuan (US ＄3.6 billion) through bond issues. 67. ______ To develop the medium-and-long-term credit market, the State should break the monopoly of inefficient State banks and develop joint-stock banks, it said. Second, non-State enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises are still handicapped in the capital market. Obstacles remain to their access to the medium-and-long-term credit market despite the central bank's recent efforts to make more loans available to them. While large State-owned enterprises benefit from the State' s preferential policy in issuing bonds and stocks, most non-state enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises have no chance of being listed on the State's official stock market, but have to turn to volatile over-the-counter markets which have not yet been legalized. Non-State enterprises do not even have equal rights in the State's preferential policy in encouraging the merger and reorganization of enterprises. The State should regulate secondary markets to provide a fair capital market for non-State enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises, the report said. 68. ______ 69. ______ Since the merger and acquisition of enterprises usually involve a huge amount of funds, enterprises can rarely raise enough money from internal reserves. Therefore, the State should support financing of the reorganization of enterprises, stressed the report. Banks should add credit for mergers and acquisitions to their loan categories. Additionally, restrictive regulations on enterprises' financing of mergers and acquisitions through the issue of corporate bonds should be eased or abolished. Finally, there is a serious shortage of institutional investors aiming at stable long-range profits in China's security market. To develop institutional investors and investment funds, the State should encourage pension insurance and trust funds, the report proposed. 70. ______ In the meantime, institutional investors should also strengthen their own management and standardize their operations to raise efficiency. In China's underdeveloped capital market, inadequate supervision has resulted in excessive speculation and misconduct by enterprises and investors. To protect the interests of the masses of small and medium-sized investors, the State should urgently improve its supervision of the capital market, the report said.The focus of its supervision should be shifted from the investment value of securities to the credibility and completeness of listed companies' reports. A. Third, enterprises still face many difficulties in financing reorganization through the capital market. B. However, there is an urgent need to improve the country's capital market, the report said. C. The growth of these three funds would help maintain a stable capital market and facilitate the reorganization of State-owned enterprises. D. In addition, the State should allow circulation of shares owned by the State in listed companies to facilitate acquisition of listed companies through the secondary stock market. E. So, China should make greater efforts to boost its corporate bond market, urged the report. F. Against the backdrop of the Asian financial turmoil and shrinking Asian markets, the EU has become an important export target market for Chinese exporters.

填空题 After its misadventures in 1093, when American marines were driven out of Somalia by skinny gunmen, America has used a long spoon in supping with Somalia's warlords. This, like so much else, changed on September 11th. 66. ______. Clandestine, up to a point: within hours of the arrival in Baidoa of nine closely cropped Americans sporting matching satellite phones and shades, their activities were broadcast. After meeting various warlords, the group inspected a compound that had apparently been offered to them as their future base. They also saw an old military depot. Neither can have been encouraging: the compound has been taken over by war-displaced families, and the depot by thorn-scrub. America was already convinced of al-Qaeda's presence in Somalia. It had listed a Somali Islamic group, al-Itihaad al-Islamiya (Islamic Unity), as a terrorist organization. 67. ______. It fears that lawless Somalia could become a haven for escapes from Afghanistan. The American navy is currently patrolling the country's long coastline, while spy planes are said to be criss-crossing the heavens. 68. ______. With a little bit of help, he told his American visitors, he would be ready "to liberate the country from these evil forces". America had already heard as much through its embassies in Nairobi and Addis Ababa, which maintain contact with the warlords, and from Ethiopia. The warlords are supported by Ethiopia, which has a historical fear of a strong Somalia, in a bid to oppose the government. But their differing views on where to strike at the "terrorists" reveal that their individual ambitions are even sharper than their dislike of file government. Mr. Ismail says that Merca, which is claimed by his Rahanwein clan, is the capital of terror. 69. ______. The LIN rays there is only an orphanage there now. But the island is close to Mr. Morgan's home town of Kismaayo, which he failed to capture from a pro-government militia in July, and he is determined not to fail again. None of this looks good for Somalia's official president, Abdiquassim Salad Hassan, whose government is in control of about half the capital, Mogadishu. He has formed his own anti- terrorism unit, and invited America to send investigators, or even troops. America, armed with stories about the presence of al-Itihaad members held back, but on December 18th sent an envoy to Mogadishu. Both Mr. Hassan and the UN say that al-Itihaad is not a terrorist organization. It emerged as an armed force in 1991, battling for power in the aftermath of Siad Barre's fall. It had some early successes, briefly taking Kismaayo. But it was always dependent on the blessing of its members' clan elders. When the elders eventually called their fighters back, a hard core of Islamists fled to the Gedo border region where, in 1997, they were crushed by Ethiopian troops 70. ______. The Baidoa alliance plainly hopes to be supported as proxies in a fight against "terrorism" and the Mogadishu regime. But the latest intelligence leaks suggest that the first reports may have overestimated al-Qaeda's presence in Somalia. Nor would Mr. bin Laden and his henchmen find it easy to lie low in an oral culture that considers rumour-mongering to be a form of manners. Even so, the warlords seem to believe that they have won some promise of help. Soon after the arrival of the American group, they pulled out of the peace talks they had been holding with their government in Nairobi. A. Al-Itihaad subsequently infiltrated Somalia's business class, and now runs Islamic schools, courts and clinics with the money it has accumulated. B. According to Abdullahi Sheikh Ismail, the acting chairman of the loose alliance of warlords who control most of Somalia and are based in Baidoa, there are "approximately 20, 480armed extremists" in Somalia and "85% of the government is al-Itihaad". C. Muhammad Hersi Morgan, known as the "butcher of Hargeisa" because he once razed that town to the ground, says an al-Itihaad camp on Ras Kamboni island is still active. D. American intelligence officers are working with two warlords to gather information about suspected al-Qaeda people in Somalia. E. It had also forced the closure of Barakaat, Somalia's biggest banking and telecoms company, which handles most of the remittances that Somalis working abroad send back to their families. F. On December 9th America sent a clandestine mission to talk to a collection of Somali warlords, who like to claim that their country, in particular their UN-sponsored government, is overrun with terrorists.

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填空题Recent surveys show that Japanese youth have become a "Me Generation" that rejects traditional values. "Around 1980 many Japanese, (31) young people abandoned the values of economic success and began (32) for new sets of values to (33) them happiness," writes sociologist Yasuhiro in Comparative Civilizations Review. Japanese youth are placing more importance on the individual's pursuit of (34) and less on the values of work, family, and society. Japanese students seem to be losing patience with work, (35) their counterparts in the United States and Korea. In a 1993 (36) of college students in the three countries, only 10% of the Japanese regarded (37) as a primary value compared with 47% of Korean students and 27% of American students. A greater (38) of Japanese aged 18-24 also preferred easy jobs (39) heavy responsibility. The younger Japanese are showing less concern for family values as they pursue an inner world of private satisfaction. Data collected (40) the Japanese government in 1993 shows that only 23% of Japanese youth are thinking about supporting their aged parents, in contrast (41) 63% of young Americans. It appears that many younger-generation Japanese are (42) both respect for their parents (43) a sense of responsibility to the family. Author Yoshizaki attributes the change (44) Japanese parents' over-indulgence of their children, material affluence, and growing (45) for private matters. The shift (46) individualism among Japanese is most pronounced among (47) very young. According to 1991 data (48) the Bunka Center of Japan, 50% of Japanese youth aged 16-19 can be labeled "self-centered" compared with 33% among (49) aged 25-29. To earn the self-centered label, the young people responded positively to (50) ideas as "I would like to make decisions without considering traditional values" and "I don't want to do anything I can't enjoy doing./

填空题What is the new brand name for his company?

填空题Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, to reduce health-care costs. They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing components of which are pharmaceutical costs.66. ______. What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.67. ______. But "national" doesn't have to mean that. "National" could mean interprovincial -- provinces combining efforts to create one body. Either way, one benefit of a "national" organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province -- or a series of hospitals within a province -- negotiate a price for a given drug on tile provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces. Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.68. ______. A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health technology assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join. A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a national list hasn't gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.69. ______. Premiers love to quote Mr Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: "A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs."70. ______. So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint lists, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients. [A] Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 percent! [B] Or they could read Mr Kirby's report: "The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies." [C] What does "national" mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council. [D] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list; the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it. [E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription-drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatment. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices. [F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative cost, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.

填空题It was a cold day. I sat in my room writing letters. I glanced out of the window. In the window directly opposite me stood Herr Stroh, gazing blatantly upon me. I was annoyed at his interest. I pulled down the blind and switched on the light to continue my writing. But the drawn blind and the artificial light irritated me, and suddenly I didn"t see why I should"t write my let- tees by daylight without being stared at. I switched off the light and released the blind. Herr Stroh had gone. I concluded that he had taken my action as a signal of disapproval, and I settled back to write. 1 I left my room and went down to complain to Frau Lublonitsch. "She"s gone to the market," Gertha said. "She"s 11 be back in half an hour." 2 "I shah tell Fran Chef, "she said. Something in her manner made me ask, "Has this ever happened before?" "Once or twice this year, "she said." I"ll speak to Frau Chef. "And she added, with her music-hall grimace, "He was probably counting your eyelashes." 3 For nearly an hour I sat patiently at the window. Herr Sroh rested his arm now and again, but he did not leave his seat. I could see him clearly, although I think I imagined the grin on his face as, from time to time, he raised the glasses to his eyes. There was no doubt that he could see, as if it were within an inch of his face, the fury on mine. It was too late now for one of us to give in, and I kept glancing down at the entrances to the hotel Stroh, expecting to see Fran Lublonitsch or perhaps one of her sons or the yard hands going across to deliver a protest. But no one from our de approached the Stroh premises. I continue to stare, and Herr continued to goggle through his glasses. Then he dropped them. It was as if they had been jerked out of his hands by an invisible nudge. He approached close to the window and gazed, but now he was gazing at a point above and slightly to the left of my room. After about two minutes, he turned and disappeared. 4 "Did she telephone to his house?" "No, Frau Chef doesn"t use the phone; it mixes her up." "Who protested, then."?" "Fran Chef." "But she hasn"t been across to see him. I"ve been watching the house." "No, Frau Chef doesn"t visit with him. But don"t worry, he known all right that he mustn"t annoy our guests. " When I looked out of the window again, I saw that the blind of Herr Stroh"s room had been pulled down, and so it remainded for the rest of my stay. Meantime, I went out to post my letters in the box opposite our hotel, across the path. The sun had come out more strongly, and Herr Stroh stood in his doorway blinking up at the roof of the Guesthouse Lublonitsch. He was engrossed, he did not notice me at all. 5 Like most of the roofs in that province, the Lublonitsch roof had a railed ledge running several inches above the eaves, for the purpose of preventing the snow from falling in heavy thumps during the winter. On this ledge, just below an attic window, stood the gold-and-rose ormolu clock that I had seen in Frau Lublonitsch"s splendid bedroom. I turned the corner just as Herr Stroh gave up his gazing; he went indoors, sullen and bent. Two ear-loads of people who had moved into the hotel that morning were now moving out, shifting their baggage with speed and the signs of a glad departure. I know that his house was nearly empty. A. I didn"t want to draw his attention by following the line of his gaze but I was curious as to what held him staring so trance-like up at our roof. On my way back from the post- box I saw what it was. B. I caught sight of a tiled stove contructed of mosaic files that were not a local type. I also noticed, standing upon the cabinet, a large ornamental clock; each curve and twirl in the case of this clock was overlaid with that gilded-bronze alloy which is known as ormolu. The clock twinkled in the sunlight which slanted between the window hangings. C. I looked up a few moments later, and this time Herr Stroh was seated on a chair a little way back from the window. He was facing me squarely and holding to his eyes a pair of field-glasses. D. I returned to my room. Herr Stroh still sat in position, the field-glasses in his hands resting on his knees. As soon as I came within view, he raised the glasses to his eyes, I decided to stare him out until such time as Frau Lublonitsch should return and take the matter in hand. E. Just then Gertha knocked at my door. "Frau Chef has protested, and you won"t have any more trouble, "she said. F. So I lodged my complaint with Gertha.

填空题The curious youngster, the crack student who gets nothing (31) A's in math and sciences, the bright and inventive whiz kid who frightens his or her schoolmates, sometimes becomes an inventor that the world will honor forever for devising an important machine, improving an old process, or making a major breakthrough (32) the search for the cure for some disease. It is rare nowadays to see one person alone invent something entirely new and startling. More (33) a number of researchers are working (34) a problem that has been studied by others for some time; a pioneer has (35) the groundwork, probably, and his or her successors are building on it, step by step. Scientists, engineers, and technicians are a competitive lot; they often have a clear idea (36) what is afoot in (37) others' laboratories, and they do their (38) to beat their rivals to the final glorious discovery. Some inventors are neither scientists not trained technicians: they are merely tinkerers who play (39) an idea, working in a amateurish way but with great imagination and skill. While they tinker, they might stumble, entirely by chance, upon some major fact (40) they had not at all expected. The faculty of making such lucky (41) unplanned discoveries is called serendipity. (42) the word "serendipity" nor the occurrence that is expressed are very common. Usually discoveries are the fruit of hard work and obstinate, dogged perseverance. Thomas Edison, who (43) the electric light bulb and the phonograph(among other things)said that genius, which brings discoveries, is 10 (44) inspiration and 90 percent perspiration. It is not enough to announce one's invention to the world, (45) we have seen in the case of young Imogen Cunningham. The inventor should protect his (46) her brainchild against pirates who (47) steal the idea and make practical (48) of it. To establish ownership and rights, the wise inventor (49) to the Patent Office for a patent of invention. If someone infringes (50) inventor can appeal to the courts. The litigation may be slow, but it is usually thorough.

填空题The integration of prevention and cure is the most efficient way of preventing HIV/AIDS.

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. "The more gadgets there are, the{{U}} (31) {{/U}}things seem to get. " said Honore Ervin, co-author of The Etiquette Girls : Things You Need to Be Told. "Just because it' s there{{U}} (32) {{/U}}your disposal, doesn’t mean you have to use it 24/7. " A recent{{U}} (33) {{/U}}by market research company Synovate showed that 70 percent of 1,000 respondents {{U}}(34) {{/U}}the poorest etiquette in cell phone users over other devices. The worst habit? Loud phone conversations in public places, or "cell yell," {{U}}(35) {{/U}}to 72 percent of the Americans polled. "People use{{U}} (36) {{/U}}anywhere and everywhere," Ervin said. "At the movies-turn{{U}} (37) {{/U}}your cell phone. I don't want to pay $10 to be sitting next to some guy chitchatting to his girlfriend{{U}} (38) {{/U}}his cell phone. " This rudeness has deteriorated public spaces, according to Lew Friedland, a communication professor {{U}}(39) {{/U}}the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He{{U}} (40) {{/U}}the lack of manners a kind of unconscious rudeness,{{U}} (41) {{/U}}many people are not{{U}} (42) {{/U}}of what they're doing or the others around them. "I think it's really noticeable in any plane, train or bus{{U}} (43) {{/U}}you're subjected against your will {{U}}(44) {{/U}}someone else's conversation," he said. "You can listen to intimate details of their uncle's illness, problems with their lovers and{{U}} (45) {{/U}}they're having for sinner. " "It{{U}} (46) {{/U}}what. was a public" common space and starts to{{U}} (47) {{/U}}it up into small private space. " A short time ago, if cell phone users{{U}} (48) {{/U}}politely asked to talk quietly, they would{{U}} (49) {{/U}} with chagrin, he said. "Now more and more people are essentially treating you like you don't understand that loud cell phone use is{{U}} (50) {{/U}}in public."

填空题Accordingtothespeaker,whoshouldenjoytherightofAcademicFreedom?

填空题is particularly helpful for those who fear changes?

填空题The children participate in the parent's studying.

填空题 You will hear a talk. As you listen, you must answer Questions 21～30 by writing NO MORE THAN THREE words in the space provided on the right, You will hear the talk TWICE.

填空题Answer questions by referring to 3 passages concerning cultural differences. Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B or C and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once. A=Passage One B=Passage Two C=Passage Three In which passage you will find ... Asian workers in American company has got emotional starvation? 21. ______ people are willing to give much information of their culture when asked? 22. ______ in one country, if you are punctual for a party, you will feel embarrassed? 23. ______ the idea that the interior world of people in different cultures are basically the same in nany aspects? 24. ______ misunderstanding arises because of different manners in showing refusal? 25. ______ a manager found his foreign stuff have complaints due to different understanding of me word? 26. ______ misunderstanding arises because of different manners in accepting compliments? 27. ______ before entering another culture, it is crucial to know different thinking patterns? 28. ______ if a person says, It's trouble some and I'm not much thirsty. you should offer him something to drink? 29. ______ is there much to be gained by observing how people of the same culture interact with each other? 30. ______ Passage One American and Chinese cultures are at polar opposites. An American hostess, complimented for her culinary skills, is likely to say, "Oh, I'm so glad you liked it. I cooked it especially for you." Not so a Chinese host or hostess, who will instead apologize profusely for giving you "nothing" even slightly edible and for not showing you enough honor by providing proper dishes. The Chinese take pride in "modesty"; the Americans in "straightforwardness". That modesty has left many a Chinese hungry at an American table, for Chinese politeness calls for three refusals before one accepts an offer, and the American hosts take a "no" to mean "no", whether it's the first, second, or third time. Recently, a number of a delegation sent to China by a large American corporation complained to me about how the Chinese had asked them three times if they would be willing to modify some proposal, and each time the Americans had said "no" clearly and definitely. My friend was incensed that the Chinese had not taken their word the first time. I recognized the problem immediately and wondered why the American had not studied up on cultural differences before coming to China. It would have saved them a lot of perplexity and needless frustration in their negotiation. Once you've learned the signals and how to respond, life becomes infinitely easier. When guests come, I know I should immediately ask if they'd like a cup of tea. They will respond, "Please don't bother," which is my signal to fetch tea. Passage Two An Asian engineer is assigned to a US laboratory and almost suffers a nervous breakdown. A US executive tells his staff he's going to treat them fairly — and creates dissension. Each of these real life cases involved people who were regarded as superior employees, but were ill-equipped to cope with the complexities and dangers of intercultural management. Never show the sole of your shoe to an Arab; never arrive on time for a party in Brazil; and in Japan, don't think "yes" means "yes", but simply learning the social "dos" and "don'ts" is not the answer, according to the new culture specialists. The penalties for ignoring different thinking patterns, they point out, can be disastrous. For example, the American manager who promised to be fair thought he was telling the Japanese staff that their hard work would be rewarded; but when some workers received higher salary increase than others, there were complaints. "You told us you'd be fair, and you lied to us," accused one salesman. "It took me a year and a half," signed the American, " to realize that 'fair', to my staff, means being treated equally." The Asian engineer who suffered in American was the victim of another mistaken expectation. He was accustomed to the warm group environment so typical in Japan. But in American company, everyone is expected to be self-starter, who thrives on working alone. For this Japanese it was emotional starvation. Passage Three As we interact with others of different cultures, there is no good substitute for receptiveness to interpersonal feedback, good observation skills, effective questions, and some horse sense. There is much to be gained by observing how people of the same culture interact with each other. Don't be afraid to ask questions as most people respond very positively to inquiries about their culture. Ask a variety of people so you can get a balanced view. Making a genuine effort to find the positive historical, literary, and cultural contributions of a society; learning a few polite expressions in another person's language; and showing appreciation for the food and music of another culture can have especially positive effects. The conclusion, then, is not that there are no cultural differences. These differences between cultures and peoples are real and can add richness (and humor) to the fabric of life. People everywhere have much in common, such as a need for affiliation and love, participation, and contribution. When the exterior is peeled off, there are not so many differences after all.

填空题How we look and how we appear to others probably worries us more when we are in our teens or early twenties than at any time in our life. (54)______ Few of us are discontent to accept ourselves as we are, and few are brave (55)______ enough to ignore the trends of fashion. Most fashion magazines or TV advertisements try to persuade us that we should dress in a certain way or behave in a certain manner. If w e do, they tell us, we will be able to meet new people with confidence and deal with every situation confidently ,and with embarrassment. (56)______ Changing fashion, of course, does not apply just in dress. A barber (57)______ today does not cut a boy's hair in the same way as he used to, and girls do not make up in the same way as their mothers and grand- mothers do. The advertisers show us the latest fashionable styles (58)______ and we are constantly under pressure to follow the fashion in case our friends will think we are odd or dull. (59)______ What causes fashions to change? Sometimes convenience or practical necessity or just the fancy of an influential person can establish a fashion. Take hats, for example. In cold climates, early buildings were cold outside, so people wore hats indoors as well as (60)______ outside. In recent time, the late President Kennedy caused a (61)______ depression in the American hat industry by not wearing hats: more American men followed his example. Today, society is more freer and easier than it used to be. (62)______ It is no longer necessary to dress like everyone else. Within reason, you can dress as you like or do your hair the way you like instead of the way you should because it is the fashion. The popularity of jeans and the "untidy" look seems to be a reaction against the increasing (63)______ expensive fashions of the top fashion houses.

填空题RedCrosswasestablished______.