填空题A = Yahoo! B = eBay C = Amazon Which company (companies) rents its own logistics and infrastructure to other companies to compute on the Internet? 1 are run without a clear vision for the future? 2 3 held a dominant position in its business but alienated its users? 4 employed internal competition in a way that confused advertisers and users? 5 is the youngest among the three survivors in the great Internet crisis? 6 has not changed its leader since the very beginning and still sticks to the game vision? 7 acquired other companies without making them an integral part of it? 8 used to be less profitable but is now on the right track? 9 provides services similar to Google but does not confront it directly? 10 The Internet company, Yahoo! appears in the end to have rebuffed Microsoft, the software Goliath that wanted to buy it. It has done so, in part, by surrendering to Google, the younger Internet company that is its main rival. Yahoo! lives, but on the web"s equivalent of life support. Yahoo! "s descent, first gradual then sudden, during this decade marks a surprising reversal of the fates of the only three big Internet firms to have survived since the web"s earliest days. Back in 1994, Jerry Yang and David Filo, truant PhD students at Stanford, started to publish a list, eventually named Yahoo! , of links to cool destinations on the nascent web. Around the same time, Jeff Bezos was writing his business plan for a website, soon to be called Amazon, for selling books online. The following year, Pierre Omidyar, a French-born Iranian-American, put an auction site on the web that would become eBay. Even as hundreds of other dotcoms fell by the wayside at the turn of the century, these three made it through the great Internet crisis and have since prospered, to varying degrees and at different times. Their fates have reflected the evolution of the web as a whole, and now suggest its future direction. For many years eBay and Yahoo! made more money than Amazon, which, as a capitalintensive retailer, struggled longer with losses and then made profits at lower margins. And yet, says Pip Coburn of Coburn Ventures, an investment adviser, Yahoo! is now drifting and eBay is a washed-up quasi-monopoly, whereas Amazon finds itself at the Internet"s cutting edge. Yahoo! set out to be a new sort of media company. Its site became a tawdry strip mall, with big, flashing advertisements next to users" e-mail inboxes. The firm slipped into a mindset of product silos, with the teams for the home-page, e-mail, finance and sports pages competing with each other and for advertisers, and confusing users. Yahoo! "s bigger mistake was not to see how the web was changing. Google, also founded by two truant Stanford PhD students, became the leader of a new generation with a vision that web search, rather than Yahoo! "s "portal" approach, would guide surfers around the Internet. Yahoo! belatedly tried to keep up and bought sites such as flicker, com for photo-sharing and del. icio. us. cam for bookmark-sharing, but it "put them in the curio cabinet" without transforming the company, say"s Jerry Michalski, a technology consultant. EBay took a different route, recognising that its business—in effect, online yard sales—had potential network effects: in short, that sellers and buyers would flock to whichever site already did the most trading. The firm became a de facto monopoly, but with that came a culture that left many of its users disenchanted, and growth slowed. Some measures, such as the number of new listings of items for sale, are even in decline. Buyers and sellers increasingly rely on Google"s search model, or online social networks, to find things and one another. EBay"s new boss, John Donahoe, is not facing a crisis like Yahoo! "s—but neither does he appear to have a big idea for the future. Amazon, by contrast, has found exactly that. It is the only one of the three that has been led continuously by the same man, its founder Jeff Bezos. Unlike his peers at the other two firms, Mr. Bezos has stuck to his original vision—while adding two new ideas as they presented themselves, His original plan was to become "Earth"s biggest river" of merchandise, from books and toys to electronics and almost anything else that can be shipped. Then Mr. Bezos realized that the same online store-front and logistics system that worked for Amazon itself could alga work for others, So he added an entirely new category of customers: third-party sellers, who account for 30% of all items sold through Amazon"s site today. Then, about four years ago, another, and potentially bigger, idea struck Mr. Bezos. Their infrastructure is rivalled in scale by only a few other fu-ms in the world, including Google. So Mr. Bezos again added an entire category of customers: firms that wanted to rent computing capacity from Amazon over the Internet, rather than build their own data centres in a warehouse, It has signed up over 370,000 customers. Almost by accident, Amazon has thus "backed into cloud computing". If there is a lender in the cloud, it is Google. But Amazon is now right up there. Better yet, although Amazon overlaps with Google in the cloud, it does not rival it directly. Google mostly offers entire applications, such as word processing or spreadsheets, to consumers through their web browsers. Amazon offers services to programmers so they can build and run their own applications. So there they are. Jerry Yang is still boss of Yahoo! , although angry, restive shareholders may oust him at their annual meeting on August 1st, and his top lieutenants are leaving in groves. John Donahoe is looking hard for a purpose that will enable eBay to survive another decade. And Mr. Bezos is right where he wants to be.

填空题 You will hear a talk. As you listen, you must answer Questions 21～30 by writing NO MORE THAN THREE words in the space provided on the right, You will hear the talk TWICE.

填空题The author changed his minors.

填空题Whatdoesthelecturemainlyconcern?

填空题Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B or C. Some choices may be required more than once. A =Section A B =Section B C =Section C Lessening the effect of the epidemic upon sustainable development is one of the issues USAID will get down to in the future. 71．______ The multinational cooperation is the best way to stop HIV/AIDS from spreading among the mobile population. 72．______ The effective way to deal with HIV/AIDS transmission trom mother to child. 73．______ USAID is trying to work out ways to work out ways to prevent HIV/AIDS transmission from mother to child. 74．______ In the past eight years USAID has experimented with and improved various methods to slow the spread of HIV/AIDS. 75．______ USAID will strengthen women's ability to resist HIV/AIDS. 76．______ Women and children are those who are very easy to be infected HIV/AIDS. 77．______ USAID will put the prevention method into effect. 78．______ The epidemic has been spreading very fast over the past eight years. 79．______ The integration of prevention and cure is the most efficient way of preventing HIV/AIDS. 80．______ Section A Since the US Agency for International Development (USAID) began its first HIV/AIDS prevention efforts eight years ago, the epidemic has changed dramatically. HIV has spread to every region of the world. Millions of people infected with HIV during the first decade of the epidemic are developing opportunistic infections and other AIDS-related illnesses, and many are dying. Women and children are among those most vulnerable to HIV infection. As HIV prevalence and AIDS mortality soar, millions of children will lose their parents. HIV/AIDS is having a devastating impact on the health and well-being of families, communities and nations worldwide. The epidemic's effects on the structure of societies and the productivity of their members undermine efforts to promote sustainable development around the globe. USAID's approach to slowing the spread of HIV/AIDS relies on strategies tested and refined over the past eight years. At the same time, the Agency is moving forward to address new challenges posed by the evolving epidemic. One of the important lessons learned during the past decade is that an effective response to HIV/AIDS requires the full participation of people and communities affected by the virus. Although people living with HIV/AIDS are among the most successful advocates and communicators for prevention, too often their voices are not heard or heeded. Greater involvement of people living with HIV/AIDS is essential to creating the supportive political, legal and social environments needed to control the epidemic. Section B In December 1994 at the Paris AIDS Summit, representatives of 42 governments adopted resolution pledging greater support for networks of people living with HIV/AIDS. Before and during the summit, members of these networks worked with government and multilateral organizations, including USAID, to develop a plan for translating the words of the resolution into concrete action. The Agency is committed to ensuring that people living with HIV/AIDS are accepted in full partnership with governments, international organizations and the private sector in developing, implementing and evaluating HIV/AIDS policies and programs. People living with HIV/AIDS and community-based organizations have been at the forefront of efforts to draw attention to the connection between compassionate AIDS care and effective HIV prevention. In the absence of a vaccine or cure, USAID continues to emphasize HIV/AIDS prevention. But as the number of people suffering from AIDS-related illness begins to increase dramatically, the Agency is also exploring ways to reduce the social impact of AIDS and enhance prevention efforts by integrating prevention and care. The Agency will also continue to pioneer regional approaches to an epidemic that does not recognize national boundaries. Crossborder interventions throughout the world will target mobile populations, including migrant workers, tourists, traders, transport workers and people displaced by war and, social disruption. Results from USAID-supported research on preventing HIV/AIDS in women, from microbiocide development to behavioral research on communication between men and women, will play a key role in slowing the rapid spread of the epidemic in the future. The Agency will continue to support research designed to strengthen programs for women and will move quickly to incorporate promising prevention methods into field activities. USAID will also work to reduce women's vulnerability to HIV prevention by promoting multisectoral efforts to improve their economic and social status. Section C Recognizing the growing threat HIV/AIDS poses to child survival, the Agency will support efforts to identify and test methods of preventing transmission from mother to child, such as Vitamin A supplements and other promising interventions. In addition, USAID will expand efforts to reduce HIV/AIDS among women and children by integrating prevention interventions into its family planning and child survival programs. Effective use of integrated interventions is critical for HIV/AIDS prevention because the virus affects people who are most active in the development process. Decades of progress in health and development are jeopardized by the social and economic impact of the epidmic. Without careful planning, development activities, in trun, can promote the spread of HIV/AIDS by encouraging migration and the separation of workers from their families. Most integration efforts to date have been in health and family planning, but other development sectors have an important role to play in HIV/AIDS prevention. In the future, the Agency will pursue opportunities for reducing HIV transmission and mitigating the impact of the epidemic on sustainable development through its programs in education, agriculture, and human resource and micro-enterprise development. USAID's approach to HIV/AIDS has evolved along with the epidemic. To meet the challenges ahead, the Agency will continue to adapt its strategies and programs in order to benefit from lessons from the field and new opportunities for building effective partnerships. Given the epidemic's profound implications for health, economic growth and social stability, USAID's investment in HIV/AIDS prevention will save millions of lives and promote sustainable development throughout the world.

填空题 Once the exclusive domain of executives with expense accounts, the mobile phone is set to become one of the central technologies of the 21st century. Within a few years, the mobile phone will evolve from a voice-only device to a multi-functional communicator capable of transmitting and receiving not only sound, but video, still images, data and text. A whole new era of personal communication is on the way. Thanks in part to the growth of wireless networks, the telephone is converging with the personal computer and the television. Soon lightweight phones outfitted with high-resolution screens—which can be embedded in everything from wristwatches to palm-held units—will be connected to series of low orbit satellites enabling people to talk, send and receive e-mail, or take part in video conferences anytime, anywhere. These phones might also absorb many of the key functions of the desktop computer. Mobile devices are expected to be ideal for some of the new personalized services that are becoming available via the Internet, such as trading stocks, gambling, shopping and buying theater and airline tickets. The communications revolution is already taking shape around the globe. In Europe, small scale trials are under way using mobile phones for electronic commerce. For example, most phones contain a subscriber identification module (SIM) card that serves primarily to identify a user to the phone network. But the card could also facilitate limited financial transactions. Deutsche Bank and Nokia, for example, are working together to develop mobile banking services. Some manufacturers plan to upgrade the SIM card to an all-in-one personal identification and credit card. Another approach is to add a slot to mobile phones for a second smart card designed specifically for mobile e-commerce. These cards could be used to make payments over the Internet or removed from the phone for use in point-of-sale terminals to pay for things like public transportation, movie tickets or a round of drinks at the bar. In France, {{B}}Motorola{{/B}} is currently testing a dual slot phone, the StarTACD, in a trial with France Telecom, while in Finland {{B}}Nokia{{/B}} is testing a phone that uses a special plug-in reader for a tiny smart card. {{B}}Siemens{{/B}} is pursuing a different approach. Since it is not yet clear whether it's best to do everything with a single device, {{B}}Siemens{{/B}} is developing dual slot phones and Einstein, a device equipped with a smart card reader and keypad that can be linked to the phone via infrared wireless technology. For those who want to, though, it will be possible to receive almost all forms of electronic communication through a single device, most likely a three-in-one phone that serves as a cordless at home, a cell phone on the road and an intercom at work. "The mobile phone will become increasingly multifunctional," says Burghardt Shallenberger, vice president for technology and innovation at {{B}}Siemens{{/B}} Information and Consumer Products in Munich, "and fingerprint technology or advanced speech recognition will ensure that only one or two authorized users will be able to operate it." New hybrid devices, such as {{B}}Nokia{{/B}}'s 9110 Communicator, a combination phone and personal digital assistant (PDA), are already on the market. But some customers feel the keyboard and screen are too small and complex for comfort. To get around these problems, {{B}}Nokia{{/B}}'s 7110 mobile phone has a larger screen and is operated by a tracking ball in addition to a keyboard. The phone has found a ready market among young people, who tend to scud more text messages than they make mobile phone calls—not surprising given the fact that text is approximately a tenth as costly as voice. The {{B}}Nokia{{/B}} 7110 also offers Internet access via Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), an open standard that allows streamlined versions of website contents to be displayed on mobile phone screens. Phones equipped with WAP enable people on the move to access basic information—such as news services, stock prices and flight timetables—from specially "cut-down" sites. For some, any device that bridges the gap between handwriting and keying in text will be a world-beater. {{B}}Ericsson{{/B}} is researching a "smart quill" pen that could do just that. Though the smart quill looks like any other pen, it permits writers to write on any surface—or even in the air—while a microchip in the tip of the pen records the shape of the scribblings and transmits them to a remote PC, where special software converts them into normal text. Could this mean the end of typing? Not yet. {{B}}Ericsson{{/B}} cannot say when a prototype will be ready. Keyboards might eventually be unnecessary on mobile handsets if speech recognition software continues to improve. Mobile phones might then be reduced to a few computer chips, a microphone and a receiver embedded in an earring. The {{B}}Philips{{/B}} Genie, a lightweight m6bile phone, can be operated by uttering a single word. When you type a name into the Genie's keypad, the system asks whether you would like to assign a voice-dial tag to that name. Through a series of yes or no prompts, the Genie compiles a list of up to 10 voice tags. The next time you want to call a person listed as one of these tags, just say that person's name or a relevant code word. The word home, for example, is sufficient to place a call to your family.·has a small and complex keyboard and screen? {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}·has combined handwriting and keying? {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}·can recognize voices? {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}·has a voice dial tag? {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}·has a pen which can write in the air? {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}·might carry out financial transactions? {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}·are working on dual slot phones? {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}·can be connected to your home by a saying "Home"? {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}·is both a phone and personal digital assistant? {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}

填空题The first person who used Confucianism to express Christianity was from

填空题Howmanylanguagesareusedthroughouttheworldtoday?

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or {{U}}(31) {{/U}} that can easily be identified {{U}}(32) {{/U}} measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student {{U}}(33) {{/U}} grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language — all these are examples of people who have measurable {{U}}(34) {{/U}} to show for their efforts. {{U}}(35) {{/U}} contrast, the process of personal growth is {{U}}(36) {{/U}} more difficult to determine, since {{U}}(37) {{/U}} definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks {{U}}(38) {{/U}} the way. The process is not the road itself, but {{U}}(39) {{/U}} the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this {{U}}(40) {{/U}} , the journey never really ends; there are {{U}}(41) {{/U}} new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges {{U}}(42) {{/U}} accept. In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to {{U}}(43) {{/U}} risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail" at first. {{U}}(44) {{/U}} we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves {{U}}(45) {{/U}} quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open {{U}}(46) {{/U}} unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're slow to adapt {{U}}(47) {{/U}} change or that we're not smart {{U}}(48) {{/U}} to cope with a new challenge? Then we are {{U}}(49) {{/U}} to take a more passive role or not try at {{U}}(50) {{/U}}.

填空题 It was a cold day. I sat in my room writing letters. I glanced out of the window. In the window directly opposite me stood Herr Stroh, gazing blatantly upon me. I was annoyed at his interest. I pulled down the blind and switched on the light to continue my writing. But the drawn blind and the artificial light irritated me, and suddenly I didn' t see why I shouldn' t write my letters by daylight without being stared at. I switched off the light and released the blind. Herr Stroh had gone. I concluded that he had taken my action as a signal of disapproval, and I settled back to write. 66. ____________ I left my room and went down to complain to Frau Lublonitsch. "She's gone to the market," Gertha said. "She' 11 be back in half an hour." 67. ____________ "I shall tell Frau Chef," she said. Something in her manner made me ask, "Has this ever happened before.'?" "Once or twice this year," she said. "I' 11 speak to Frau Chef." And she added, with her music-hall grimace, "He was probably counting your eyelashes." 68. ____________ For nearly an hour I sat patiently at the window. Herr Stroh rested his arms now and again, but he did not leave his seat. I could see him clearly, although I think I imagined the grin on his face as, from time to time, he raised the glasses to his eyes. There was no doubt that he could see, as if it were within an inch of his face, the fury on mine. It was too late now for one of us to give in, and I kept glancing down at the entrances to the hotel Stroh, expecting to see Frau Lublonitsch or perhaps one of her sons or the yard hands going across to deliver a protest. But no one from our side approached the Stroh premises. I continue to stare, and Herr Stroh continued to goggle through his glasses. Then he dropped them. It was as if they had been jerked out of his hands by an invisible nudge. He approached close to the window and gazed, but now he was gazing at a point above and slightly to the left of my room. After about two minutes, he turned and disappeared. 69. ____________ "Did she telephone to his house?" "No, Frau Chef doesn't use the phone; it mixes her up." "Who protested, then?" "Frau Chef." "But she hasn't been across to see him. I' ve been watching the house." "No, Frau Chef doesn't visit with him. But don't worry, he knows all right that he mustn't annoy our guests." When I looked out of the window again, I saw that the blind of Herr Stroh' s room had been pulled down, and so it remained for the rest of my stay. Meantime, I went out to post my letters in the box opposite our hotel, across the path. The sun had come out more strongly, and Herr Stroh stood in his doorway blinking up at the roof of the Guesthouse Lublonitsch. He was engrossed, he did not notice me at all. 70. ____________ Like most of the roofs in that province, the Lublonitsch roof had a railed ledge running several inches above the eaves, for the purpose of preventing the snow from falling in heavy thumps during the winter. On this ledge, just below an attic window, stood the gold-and-rose ormolu clock that I had seen in Frau Lublonitsch's splendid bedroom. I turned the corner just as Herr Stroh gave up his gazing; he went indoors, sullen and bent. Two car-loads of people who had moved into the hotel that morning were now moving out, shifting their baggage with speed and the signs of a glad departure. I know that his house was nearly empty. A. I didn' t want to draw his attention by following the line of his gaze but I was curious as to what held him staring so trancelike up at our roof. On my way back from the postbox I saw what it was. B. I caught sight of a tiled stove constructed of mosaic tiles that were not a local type. I also noticed, standing upon the cabinet, a large ornamental clock; each curve and twirl in the case of this clock was overlaid with that gildedbronze alloy which is known as ormolu. The clock twinkled in the sunlight which slanted between the window hangings. C. I looked up a few moments later, and this time Herr Stroh was seated on a chair a little way back from the window. He was facing me squarely and holding to his eyes a pair of field-glasses. D. I returned to my room. Herr Stroh still sat in position, the field-glasses in his hands resting on his knees. As soon as I came within view, he raised the glasses to his eyes. I decided to stare him out until such time as Frau Lublonitsch should return and take the matter in hand. E. Just then Gertha knocked at my door. "Frau Chef has protested, and you won't have any more trouble," she said. F. So I lodged my complaint with Gertha.

填空题 A = Chang Ling B = Ding Ling C = Emperor Qian kong"s Tomb Which tomb... ·was opened to the public as early as 19787 71. ______. ·served as a model for the remaining 12 for its good preservation? 72. ______. ·is of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs? 73. ______. ·is the largest tomb? 74. ______. ·is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China? 75. ______. ·has the inner walls and arched ceilings of its gateway and halls decorated with four ·celestial guardians? 76. ______. ·owns three coffins within it? 77. ______. ·holds the coffin of an emperor which was placed over a well? 78. ______. ·has a large red gate with a significant bronze lion which marks the entrance to the ground? 79. ______. ·was a huge and costly construction project which began in 1743? 80. ______. Maintaining an imperial tradition that originated from the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1066- 1221 BC), the Ming emperors selected the location and design of their tombs while they were still alive. The selection of sites, based on the prevailing winds and the water level, ensured that only benevolent spirits were in habiting the area. Of the 16 Ming emperors, 13 chose to be buried in this serene valley (Shisanling) just north of Beijing. The Sacred Way The road to the tombs, which branches off the route to the Great Wall, was once a 6.4 km (4 mi) long sacred way, forbidden to all but the emperor"s funeral cortege. The road begins at a five-arched marble gate, built in 1540. A mile further down stands a three- arched gateway, the Dahongmen (Great Red Gate). The emperor"s body was carried through the central archway. Only on this one occasion was the center door opened. Just beyond the gate sits a huge stone tortoise(symbol of longevity)with a 9.1 m (30 ft) stele mounted on its back. The stele, the largest such tablet in China, was inscribed by the fourth Ming emperor at the time of the death of his predecessor, Yang Le, in 1424. This tortoise marks the beginning of the famous Avenue of the Animals. Lions, camels, elephants, horses, and two sets of mythical (or at least unrecognizable)beasts, 12 statues in all, line either side of the road, alternately standing and kneeling and most, these days, supporting tourists on their backs while being photographed. Beyond the animal figures stretch a series of 12 stone human statues, dating from the 15th century: four military men, four civilian officials, and four obedient retainers, all with stately postures and fixed stares--an honor guard for the dead emperor. A legend says that an emperor of the later Qing Dynasty wanted to transport the statues to line the road to his own tomb. One of the emperor"s ministers was told, in a dream, that the statues were eternally loyal to the Ming emperors and therefore should not be moved. The Qing emperor took this as a warning that if the statues were disturbed, a deadly wind would blow down from the Ming Tombs upon the capital and he abandoned the project. Chang Ling Of the 13 tombs, only two have been excavated, those of Chang (the burial name for Yong Le, 1403 - 1424), and Ding (Emperor Wan Li, 1562- 1620). The Chang Ling tomb is the largest and best preserved of the tombs; it served as a model for the remaining 12. Visitors enter through a red gate which opens toward a courtyard. From here they pass under the Gate of Eminent Favors(Lingenmen)into a second courtyard, in which stands the marble Hall of Eminent Favors (Lingendian), surrounded by pine trees(another ancient symbol of longevity) . The roof of the hall is supported by 32 giant tree columns. Beyond this hall is a third courtyard, where the visitor will see a simple stele with the inscription Da Ming--Great Ming. This marks the passage to the sepulcher. Ding Ling Also known as the Underground Palace, this is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China. The work was completed over a period of three years (1956- 1959). Ding(Emperor Wan Li) was buried here in 1620 with two of his wives in a deep marble vault located four stories underground(on the hottest of summer days the vault remains mercifully cool) . The entrance to the grounds is marked by a large red gate with a magnificent bronze lion. Gigantic marble doors stand at the entrance to the first of the three burial chambers. (After burial, a "locking stone", similar to the modem "police" lock, was rolled in front of the tomb itself. ) Inside are three coffins. Twenty six chests of jewelry and other artifacts were discovered at the foot of the coffins, and many of these finds can be viewed in the two exhibition halls constructed above ground. The broad, tree shaded grounds surrounding the tomb are dotted with stone picnic tables and seats. Tour groups are usually provided with box lunches which may be eaten outdoors or in a "picnic room" at the foot of the Great Wall. Emperor Qian Long"s Tomb In 1978, the tomb of the Qing emperor Qian kong( 1736 - 1796), located about 100 km (62.5 mi) east of Beijing, was opened to the public. Known as Yu Ling, the tomb is on a grander scale and of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs. Construction began in 1743 and cost 90 tons of silver. The wood used was the durable, fragrant, close-grained nanmu. Some logs weighed up to 20 tons. The tomb is, in fact, an underground palace, similar to the tomb of Ding Ling. Nevertheless, Yu Ling has distinctive architectural features. Flanking the roadway leading to the tomb are eight pairs of stone sculptures depicting civil officials, military officers, horses, qilin ( a mythical "animal of good omen), elephants, camels, suanni (mythical monsters), and lions. Each figure was carved from a single stone block. The largest weighs about 43 tons. The underground palace contains three stone halls and four pairs of stone gates, all arched. The overhanging eaves, tile gutters, ridges, and animal-shaped ornaments on the gate comers are in white marble. Each gate weighs about two tons and contains a Bod-hisattva, each with a different mien.. The inner walls and arched ceilings of the gateways and halls are decorated with four celestial guardians(also called Deva kings), seated statues of gods and Budd has, carvings of potted flowers, and small three-legged tables to hold incense burners and Buddhist scriptures. The coffin of Qian Long lies in the innermost recess of the underground palace. It was placed over a well that never runs dry.

填空题was severely impaired in its economy by the crisis in and beyond Southeast Asia?

填空题You will hear a talk about World Trade Organization. As you listen, you must answer Questions 35 to 44 by writing not more than three words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk twice. You now have I minute to read Questions 35 to 44.

填空题the climate affects the future sustainable agricultural development?

填空题A=Rotherhithe B=Barnes C=Willesden D=King's Cross Which city... ·used to have lot of problems such as drugs, street crime, etc. ? 71. ______ ·has the unpopular style of architecture? 72. ______ ·has the most expensive properties? 73. ______ ·offers big out-fashioned houses at lower price? 74. ______ ·is located in a quiet residential area? 75. ______ ·saw a big increase in price last year? 76. ______ ·will build a lot of new facilities? 77. ______ ·is estimated to be a good investment? 78. ______ ·encourages night-life culture for young people? 79. ______ ·creates energetic multi-cultural atmosphere? 80. ______ A Rotherhithe Rotherhithe may be most famous for its congested tunnel but many young buyers are warming to its riverside charms. It is still much cheaper than its waterside neighbors. The housing stock is predominately 1980s flats, many arranged in cul-de-sacs (死胡同)and closes around Surrey Quays Road. The unpopular architecture has led to the area being called the Milton Keynes of London but properties are spacious and unfashionable style has kept prices down. Paul Mitchell, of estate agents Alex Nell, says, "There is precious little period property, but you will get far more for your money here than a Victorian house with lots of original features down the road in Bermondsey. " Surry Quays shopping center provides all the amenities of a high street but the area is lacking in fun. However, Southwark Council is in talks to develop the "night time economy" which could well lead to an increase in bars and restaurants to cater for the growing number of young professional residents. "It is possible to get a good three-bedroom house in Rotherhithe for 280,000, " says Sumine Jordaan-Robinson, of agents Burwood Marsh , "About eight minutes; walk from the Jubilee line which will have you in Bond street in 15 minutes. There are not that many areas in London where that is possible. " B Barnes Barnes sits just across the river from Hammersmith in southwest London, but it could not be more different from the noise and bustle of the opposite bank. It has been called one of the last true London "villages" with happy residents keeping its old school charms quiet from nosey outsiders and potential developers. Being by the river and predominately residential gives Barnes an attractively lazy vibe. It has a traditional village green complete with idyllic duck pond and quaint pub. The high street is about as far from the Pound Shop and Primark ambience of its neighbors as is possible. But buying into Barnes is not cheap. "Family houses are snapped up incredibly quickly, " claims Chris Carney, sales negotiator at Boileaus estate agents. "It is very hard to get properties of this size, with outside space so close to London, which is why they are expensive. " Large detached Victorian houses on the two main roads, Castlenau and Lonsdale, normally have between five and seven bedrooms, gardens of 120 ft and off street parking. These sell for anything between ￡2 million and ￡5 million. By the village green there are rows of immaculate terraced house on a number of streets that run off Church and Station roads, and four bedroom houses of this kind sell for around ~ 1 million. C Willesden Green Willesden Green has both suffered and benefited from its famous neighbors. Despite its growing popularity, the area remains interesting and multicultural, injecting a little bit of soul into what could otherwise become just another yuppie backwater. "Willesden Green has a diverse range of properties from 1930s semi-detached houses to large Victorian properties and new-builds which attract all kinds of buyers, " says Richard Chiti, sales manager at estate agents Ellis and Co. "The roads bordering West Hampstead are popular, as they are wide, tree lined streets with sizeable family houses. Properties in and around Dobree Road, which lead down to Kensal Rise, are also in high demand. " Estate agents and residents agree that the area used to be regarded as dangerous and undesirable, but this has changed over the last decade. It's popular because it is still affordable, although prices have rocketed over the last year. D King's Cross King's Cross used to be renowned for problems including drugs, prostitution and street crime but a ￡2 billion regeneration programme should help the area lose its seedy reputation. The project includes a new Eurostar terminal opening this year and a spruced-up tube station, alongside hundreds of new homes, offices and leisure facilities set to be completed in 2015. Such development has had a predictable effect on house prices. "There are a lot more amenities now, such as supermarkets, cafes and bars and the issue people used to have with safety a few years ago has disappeared. " By the canal basin, new build flats and luxury ware house conversions form the bulk of property, and at the top end of the market there are stunning penthouses available with views across London. Much of the new development is centered on the back of the station, off York way, and flats are being sold to eager buyers off plan. The older properties are mainly mid-Victorian terraces around Caledonian Road and the streets heading towards Angel, and ex-local authority blocks where it is possible to pick up a two-bedroom refurbished flat for under ￡250,000. Smith adds, "Investment-wise, King's Cross is a good bet. There is a big rental market here and prices will go up. There are still cheaper properties available, one to two bedroom flats in Victorian conversions, or ex-council properties. But people are holding on to them for dear life in the hope they will go up in value. If you find one, it is worth investing in. /

填空题 Machines and foreign competition will replace{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}of American jobs. But work will be plentiful for people{{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}in the occupations of the future. The Labor Department predicts a net increase of 25 million new jobs in the United States in 1995,{{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}service-industry jobs growing three times{{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}rapidly as factory jobs. "Work will shift its emphasis from the fatigue and{{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}of the production line and the typing pool to the more interesting challenge of the electronic service center, the design studio, the research laboratory, the education institute, and the training school, "predicts Canadian economist Calvert. Jobs in high-tech fields will multiply fastest,{{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}from a low base. In{{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}of actual numbers, more mundane occupations will experience the biggest surge: custodians, cashiers, secretaries, waiters and clerks. Yet much of the drudge work will be taken{{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}by robots. The{{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}of robots performing blue-collar tasks will increase{{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}3 000 in 1981 to 40 000 in 1990, says John E. Taylor of the Human Resources Research Organization in Alexandria, Va. Robots might also be found on war zones,{{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}space-even in the office, perhaps{{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}coffee, opening mall and delivering messages. One unsolved problem: what to do{{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}workers displaced by high technology and foreign competition.{{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}the world "the likelihood of growing permanent unemployment is becoming{{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}accepted as a reality among social planners," notes David Macarov, associate professor of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Meantime, the percentage of time people{{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}on the job is{{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}to continue to fall. Robert Theobald,{{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}of Avoiding 1984, fears that joblessness will{{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}to increasing depression, bitterness, and unrest. "The dramatic consequences of such a shift on the Western psyche,{{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}has made the job the way we value human beings, are almost incalculable, "he comments.

填空题 A bank is a business establishment that safeguards people's money and uses it to make loans and investments. Banks differ in the services they provide and in how they are owned. Commercial banks are the most numerous banks in the United States. They offer a full range of services, including checking and savings accounts, loans, and trust services. They primarily serve the needs of businesses but also offer their services to individuals. A commercial bank is owned by stockholders who buy shares in it. In return for investing in the bank's stock, the stockholders expect the bank to pay them cash dividends from its profits. Saving and loan associations are the second largest group of deposit institutions in the United States. Savings and loans, as they are often called, were established to help people to purchase homes. Through the years they have been the chief source of home mortgages. Traditionally, they loaned money to businesses only for real estate construction. But today, sayings and loan associations offer a variety of services for individuals and businesses, including NOW accounts, checking accounts, money market accounts, IRA's and business loans. In the past, almost all savings and loans were owned and operated by their depositors. But today, many are owned and operated by stockholders. Savings banks are most commonly found in the Northeast. They were created in the early 1800's as charitable institutions to provide a safe place for poor working people to save for retirement. Originally, almost all savings banks were mutual savings banks, which are run by a board of trustees who elect their own successors. Mutual savings banks pass on any profits to their depositors as interest. But since the mid-1980's, many savings banks have become stock savings banks. These banks are run by a board of directors who are elected by shareholders. Savings banks offer savings and checking accounts and individual retirement accounts and make personal and business loans. Federal and state laws ensure the safety of depositors' money by limiting the investments such banks can make and by insuring the deposits. Savings banks invest chiefly in mortgages and government bonds. Central banks, which in most countries are government agencies, perform many financial services for the national government. Their chief responsibilities are to regulate banking and to influence such economic factors as interest rates, the availability of loans, and the money supply. The money supply is the total quantity of money in the country, including cash and bank deposits. Central banks also perform a variety of services for other hanks. For example, they serve as a lender of last resort — that is, they make emergency loans to banks that are short of cash. Central banks also handle the clearing of checks, the process by which banks settle claims against one another that result from the writing of checks. In the United States, the Federal Reserve System serves as a central bank. Most large U.S. commercial banks belong to the system. Central banks in other nations include the Bank of Canada and the Bank of England. Investment banks purchase newly issued stocks and bonds from corporations and governments. These banks then resell the securities to individual investors in smaller quantities. An investment bank makes a profit by selling securities at a higher price than it paid for them. Most U.S. banks once did such buying and selling, but now only specialized investment banks and a few large commercial banks do so. An investment bank may overestimate the demand for the securities that it buys and may have to sell them at a loss. Congress believed this risk helped cause many bank failures during the early years of the Great Depression. As a result, it passed the Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933. On provision of the act prohibited an institution that accepted deposits and made loans from doing investment banking.A=Commercial banks/A commercial bankB=Savings and loan associations/A savings and loan associationC=Savings banks/A savings bankD=Central banks/A central bankE=Investment banks/An investment bankWhich kind of bank/banks ...· were created in the early 1800's as charitable institutions to provide a safe place for poor workingpeople to save for retirement? 71. ______· were established to help people to purchase homes? 72. ______· purchase newly issued stocks and bonds from corporations and governments and resell the securitiesto individual investors in smaller quantities? 73. ______· perform many financial services for the national government? 74. ______· offer a variety of services for individuals and businesses, including NOW accounts, checkingaccounts, money market accounts, IRA's, and business loans? 75. ______· are the largest group of banks in the United States? 76. ______· invest chiefly in mortgages and government bonds? 77. ______· handle the clearing of checks, the process by which banks settle claims against one another thatresult from the writing of checks? 78. ______· is owned by stockholders who buy shares in it? 79. ______· may overestimate the demand for the securities that it buys and may have to sell them at a loss? 80. ______

填空题Children who grip their pens too close to the writing point are likely to be at a disadvantage in examinations, 1 to the first serious investigation into the way in which writing technique can dramatically affect educational achievement. The survey of 643 children and adults, ranking from preschool to 40-plus, also suggests 2 pen-holding techniques have detedorated sharply over one generation, with teachers now paying far 3 attention to correct pen grip and handwriting style. Stephanie Thomas, a learning support teacher 4 findings have been published, was inspired to investigate this area 5 he noticed that those students who had the most trouble with spelling 6 had a poor pen grip. While Mr. Thomas could not establish a significant statistical link 7 pen-holding style and accuracy in spelling, he 8 find huge differences in technique between the young children and the mature adults, and a definite 9 between near-point gripping and slow, illegible writing. People who 10 their pens at the writing point also show other characteristics 11 inhibit learning, 12 as poor posture, leaning too 13 to the desk, using four fingers to grip the pen 14 than three, and clumsy positioning of the thumb (which can obscure 15 is being written). Mr. Thomas believes that the 16 between elder and younger writers is 17 too dramatic to be accounted for simply by the possibility that people get better at writing as they grow 18 . He attributes it to a failure to teach the most effective methods, pointing out that the differences between 19 groups coincides with the abandonment of formal handwriting instruction in classrooms in the sixties. "The 30-year-old showed a huge diversity of grips, 20 the over 40s group all had a uniform "tripod" grip."

填空题 Thomas Aquinas, who knew more about education and persuasion than almost anybody who ever lived, once said that when you want to convert someone to your view, you go over to {{U}}(31) {{/U}} he is standing, take him {{U}}(32) {{/U}} the hand (mentally speaking), and guide him to where {{U}}(33) {{/U}} want to go. You {{U}}(34) {{/U}} stand across the room and shout at him. You don't order him to {{U}}(35) {{/U}} over to where you are. You start where he is, and work from that position. {{U}} (36) {{/U}} the only way to get him to {{U}}(37) {{/U}} his attitude. I have never known a single passionate and prejudiced argument to win {{U}}(38) {{/U}} a person who disagreed with it, or {{U}}(39) {{/U}} to persuade a person who was neutral on the subject. The chief {{U}}(40) {{/U}} is that all passionate and prejudiced arguments overstate their case and {{U}}(41) {{/U}} their opponents' case. When you think that {{U}}(42) {{/U}} is wrong, and you disagree with him, the first {{U}}(43) {{/U}} is to determine in what {{U}}(44) {{/U}} he is right. This is right. For {{U}}(45) {{/U}} view can be entirely wrong, and everybody has a little piece of truth by the tail. This is the piece we start with. We work from there, and concede as {{U}}(46) {{/U}} as we honestly can. A philosopher said that we have {{U}}(47) {{/U}} right to oppose a position until we can state that {{U}}(48) {{/U}} in a way that fully satisfies {{U}}(49) {{/U}} who hold it; until, indeed, we can make out a better case for it than the proponent himself {{U}}(50) {{/U}}.

填空题takes advantage of market both at home and abroad?

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填空题{{B}} A = George Clooney B = Johnny Depp C = Will Smith D = Matt Damon Which actor(s) ...{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} George Clooney: George Clooney has had a bumpy ride up the Hollywood ladder. He started acting seriously at age 2l, and after appearing in about 15 failed TV shows, he got his big break and made it big on ER. He has played everything from the caring, "break the roles" doctor to "do what it takes" billionaire superhero. If there is one character trait from these parts that reflects George Clooney, it is the calculated recklessness that seems to govern his actions. Any way you slice it, George Clooney has made his mark on Hollywood and is well on his way to superstardom. His films generally make for good entertainment and he gives off a "one of the boys" feel that makes even guys warm up to him. He's the kind of guy you would invite over to watch football on Sunday afternoons. George is somewhat of a Hollywood anomaly in that he doesn't buy into the whole "I'm a big star so I should get special treatment" notion. He's a regular guy that happens to be a star and he likes it that way. The man has been at the top of People magazine's "Most Beautiful People" list for what seems like forever, with no signs of him dropping off anytime soon. He's cool and that's no lie. Here's a guy that would look good dressed in a garbage bag. It doesn't seem to matter what he wears because he always pulls it off with flying colors. Part of the reason he's known for being such a snazzy dresser is that he doesn't deviate too far from the norm, but at the same time he isn't afraid to add his own personal touch. {{B}}B{{/B}} Johnny Depp: Johnny Depp is an actor who takes his job seriously. He knows the ins and outs of life in Hollywood and doesn't let himself get caught up in the hype machine. He does whatever he likes and has so far enjoyed a successful career on the big screen. His films do well with audiences and critics alike. Furthermore, he constantly tries to mix it up and try his hand at different roles to broaden his repertoire. Johnny Depp is the mysterious type. He isn't a big talker and when he does have something to say, it's usually short and sweet. Depp comes across as the brooding type, but he is much more congenial than he looks. He's a movie star yet doesn't look like one. Low-key may be the best way to describe him. However, he has had his wild times. He once trashed a swanky hotel room in New York and has thrown the occasional punch at the paparazzi. He once played guitar in a band (quite well, apparently), and he owned the infamous Viper Room, a club in Los Angeles. Is it a wonder that women flock to him? The fact that he's attached and has two children does not seem to deter the legions of adoring females that want to get deep with Depp. Johnny Depp simply exudes coolness. He's not a rebel but does march to his own beat. Perhaps it is his quirks and laid-back style that set him apart from the Hollywood rabble; whatever it is, there is definitely something about Johnny that says cool. Johnny prefers to dress casually, some would even say sloppily. He wears jeans and leather pants with open shirts. He is also big on leather jackets and tends to wear his hair long. {{B}}C{{/B}} Will Smith: Will Smith has triumphed in just about every venue in entertainment: from music to television to the big screen. His success is attributed to his incredible charisma and his instantly recognizable smile that helped him win over fans of all ages from around the world. He writes his own songs, produces and acts. Well, if he was a weak actor he would be labeled as a singer trying to act, and if he couldn't rap he would be deemed an actor trying to sing. The thing is that we can't accuse him of either, because Smith has been consistently excellent on every level. Despite being constantly criticized by other rap artists who deem Will Smith as soft, Smith lives the life that everyone desires. He is the ever-faithful husband despite the daily temptations thrust upon him by groupies. He was a self-proclaimed womanizer but family life has domesticated him considerably. His image as a positive role model sets him apart in so many different ways that we don't know who to compare him to. He has Grammy Awards and Billboard album sales plaques, but where is the Oscar? Will is a perfectionist and he won't rest until an Oscar is sitting on his mantel. Smith loves to dress sharp in smooth threads. He ii one of those men that take pride in grooming himself and looking good. Knowing the importance of style, he has become fast friends with some heavy-hitting fashion designers and has even taken part in several fashion shows. {{B}}D{{/B}} Matt Damon: A few years ago, Matt Damon seemed to be everywhere and anywhere. He was Hollywood's new "Golden Boy", and who could blame the media for its fascination with the talented Mr. Damon? He is virtually a rags to riches story, a young turk who became one of Hollywood's most influential stars seemingly overnight. Still, despite his vast popularity and fame, he continues to be generally under-appreciated and unrecognized for his talent as an actor. He is more than a pretty boy; he is a great all-round actor. Thanks to his charm, talent, matinee-idol looks, and dedication to his craft, Matt Damon is set to remain a fixture in Hollywood for some time to come. With the humility he has and plenty of gray matter upstairs, it seems only a matter of time before his Oscar has a buddy. It's very easy for a person in Damon's situation to fall into the trappings of celebrity. But we never worry about Damon falling into such a trap. In fact, we can't even imagine him being anything but courteous and genial. Matt's killer wardrobe of choice consists of jeans and a T-shirt. His look is all about comfort, not appearance. When necessary, he'll dress for success, but the rest of the time he's as simple as his Boston roots. But when he does turn it on, he quickly becomes one of his industry's best- dressed men, often spotted wearing the latest fashions from top designers who clamor to put a shirt on his back.· is willing to spend a lot to follow fashion design? 71. ______· is the one that people would like to watch sports together? 72. ______· both have talents in music though in different genres? 73. ______ 74. ______· embodies the dream of becoming famous overnight? 75. ______· is quite elusive and difficult to pin down? 76. ______· experienced hard time before gaining fame on the big screen? 77. ______· has already won an Academy Award? 78. ______· has a positive image of a responsible married man? 79. ______· will probably be among the most beautiful people for a long time? 80. ______

填空题Scientists Say Plants Helped Ants Evolve Ants evolved far earlier than (1) believed, as far back as 140 million to 168 million years ago -- and they have plants to (2) for their diversity, U.S. researchers reported on Thursday. Researchers at Harvard University used a genetic clock to reconstruct the history of ants, and found that the ant family (3) arose more than 40 million years (4) than previously thought. The family did not diversify into different genera and species (5) flowering plants came (6) the scene, they said. The study sheds light on one of the (7) important and numerous animals, which includes hundreds of (8) species. "We (9) that ant diversification took off (10) 100 million years ago, along with the rise of flowering plants, the angiosperms," Naomi Pierce, a professor of biology who (11) the study, said in a statement. "These (12) provided ants with new habitats (13) in the forest canopy and in the more complex leaf litter on the forest floor, and the herbivorous insects that evolved alongside flowering plants provided food for (14) ." Writing in Friday's (15) of the journal Science, the researchers said they reconstructed the ant family tree (16) DNA sequencing of six genes from 139 ant genera, encompassing 19 of 20 ant subfamilies around the world. Such "molecular clocks" are (17) used, alongside fossil and other evidence, to (18) how old species are. They work on the basis that DNA mutates at a steady and calculable (19) . "Ants are a dominant feature of nearly all terrestrial ecosystems, and yet we know surprisingly little about their evolutionary history: the major groupings of ants, how they are (20) to each other, and when and how they arose," said graduate student Corrie Moreau.

填空题A = Colt B = Lancer C = Grandis D = Outlander Which car (s)... ● is for those who want both looks and performance? 1 ● has the technology to stop and start again automatically? 2 ● have been rated as the Euro NCAP five-star? 3 4 ● takes the safety of other road-users into consideration? 5 ● has the equipment that enables the driver to back safely? 6 ● have back seats that can be folded up? 7 8 ● is a compact car with multiple places for storage? 9 ● has airbags only for the driver and the passenger in the front? 10 A Colt Radical, contemporary design in a stylish compact form—this describes the new Mitsubishi Colt. Not only is Colt fun to drive, it also excels in its combination of interior flexibility and roominess. Sitting on an advanced but compact platform with a long wheelbase, Colt offers excellent cabin space. The people who designed the Colt are massively safety conscious. Colt models come generously equipped with The Colt"s Auto Stop the boot space holds up to 882 liters of luggage and there are trays and storage compartments throughout the car. It"s perfect for a family-sized trip. Mitsubishi has tried to make everyone in the family equal, too. So, the seats in the second row can recline and slide backwards and forwards. This should end the squabbles about seating arrangements. When you want to get away from it all, with an easy switch from the two to the four-wheel drive mode you can explore the possibilities of what is a genuine off-road vehicle, ideal for families who love adventures. It will give you and your passengers all of the usual big-car protection and more (it"s engineered to achieve the absolute maximum Euro-NCAP 5-stars); it"s been designed to do it in such a way as to minimize injury to pedestrians or damage to smaller vehicles. The height of the Outlander makes it easy to look ahead, which you tend to do when you have a family. Impressively, then, the 2.0 DI-D has the lowest CO2 emissions of any seven seat 4×4 and achieves over 40 mpg.1. B[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“哪种车既好看，操作性又好?”从B文中第一段第一句“Fed up with having to compromise between the car you want and the car you need?”可得出此类型车可满足你的双重需求。故选B。 2. A[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“哪种车能够自动启动与停止?”从A文中第三段“The Colt"s Auto Stop & Go technology automatically stops and then restarts the engine when the car is stationary at road junctions or in congested traffic.”说明此种车型能够自动启动和停车，可得出答案，故选A。 3. B[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“哪种类型的车被定级为欧洲碰撞测试五星级安全标准?”由B文中第二段“The Lancer is one of the first cars to gain Euro NCAP five-star safety rating under their new more stringent standards.”说明这种类型车已获得碰撞测试五星级安全标准。故选B。 4. D[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“哪种类型的车被定级为欧洲碰撞测试五星级安全标准?”由D文中第四段“It will give you and your passengers all of the usual big-car protection and more (it"s engineered to achieve the absolute maximum Euro-NCAP 5-stars)”可得出此种类型车也获得五星级安全标准。故选D。 5. D[解析] 推理题。题目问的是“哪种类型的车考虑到了他人安全?”由D文中第四段最后一句“it"s been designed to do it in such a way as to minimize injury to pedestrians or damage to smaller vehicles.”由对此车的精心设计，尽量减少对行人和小型车辆的伤害可得出，此车着重考虑了对他人安全的问题。故选D。 6. D[解析] 题目问的是“哪种类型的车让驾驶者能够安全地向后?”根据D文中第三段“the seats in the second row can recline and slide backwards and forwards”可得出此车能够让乘客安全的在座位上向后或向前，故选D。 7. B[解析] 题目问的是“哪种类型的车有可以折叠的后座?”根据B文中第四段“It even has folding rear seats and most models have a movable load floor that allows you to carry all manner of paraphernalia.”。说明此车有可以折叠的后座。故选B。 8. C[解析] 题目问的是“哪种类型的车有可以折叠的后座?”根据C文中第一段中“But, use the Fold 2 Hide concept, and they form a flat loading area. On your two-week break you"ll pack in everything you need, even if you decide on camping.”。说明此种车型也有可折叠的后座。故选C。 9. A[解析] 题目问的是“哪种类型的车带有多样化的存贮空间?”根据A文开头部分“Radical, contemporary design in a stylish compact form—this describes the new Mitsubishi Colt. Not only is Colt fun to drive, it also excels in its combination of interior flexibility and roominess. Sitting on an advanced but compact platform with a long wheelbase, Colt offers excellent cabin space.”即可看出此车不仅精致，而且空间足够大。故选A。 10. A[解析] 题目问的是“哪种类型的车仅对前排的驾驶员和乘客配备了安全气囊?”从A文中第二段“Colt models come generously equipped with driver and passenger front airbags”即可得出此车为前排驾驶员和乘客配备了安全气囊，故答案为A。

填空题It is difficult to find reliable body counts of suicides, and of course the rate (1) which people kill themselves (2) from place to place and from time to time. (3) , you can get some idea of the size of the problem (4) you realize that every 30 minutes someone in the Untied States (5) suicide. And for every successful suicide there are probably three attempts (6) fail. Suicide statistics are notoriously unreliable (7) only because shame is attached (8) the act but also because people who successfully kill themselves have often tried and (9) several times before. One survey at a suicide center showed that 60 percent of those who finally (10) to kill themselves had made previous attempts. Also, (11) looks like an accident may actually be deliberate suicide. We know that more than 55,000 persons die each year in automobile accidents, (12) no one knows how many of these drivers consciously or unconsciously set (13) the conditions for a fatal crash. When car accidents were carefully (14) in one study, up to one-half of the dead drivers had numerous previous driving offenses; over half had also been drinking; and nearly half were suffering (15) depression. Such self-destructive drivers were characterized as reckless, risk taking, impulsive persons who frequently got (16) the wheel after a violent argument. A survey of known suicides gave this description of the conditions in (17) self-destruction is most likely to occur: in the spring, in the late afternoon, on a Monday and at home. Suicide is (18) likely in the early morning in winter. (19) these details tell only part of the story. The finger on the trigger or the hand fumbling (20) the bottle of sleeping pills varies according to sex, marital status, and race.

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填空题A=Advertisement 1 B=Advertisement 2 C=Advertisement 3 D=Advertisement 4 E=Advertisement 5 Which advertisement(s) ... · is/are looking for someone who has a cross-disciplinary background? 71. ______72. ______ · is/are looking for someone who would like to study a subject as a PhD degreecandidate? 73. ______ · is/are for a vacancy that excludes overseas applicants? 74. ______ · require(s) the post holder to work at the company for about six months? 75. ______ · require(s) assistance in the publication of an academic journal? 76. ______ · offer(s) the job with the shortest term of contract? 77. ______ · suggest(s) that the applicant be keen on the theory related to the project? 78. ______ · offer(s) a job that is least attractive in terms of salary? 79. ______ · implies/imply that the applicant needs to play a part in the team? 80. ______ A SCHOOL OF PROFSS, ENVIRONMENTAL AND MATRIALS ENGINEERING Research Fellow in Materials Characterization The above EPSRC-funded post is available from 1 October 2012 for a fixed period of three years to work on the modeling of electron energy loss near-edge fine structure for the extraction for bonding information from nano-scale solids. Applicants should have a PhD in physical/engineering sciences and research experience in physics/chemistry electron microscopy and/or computing/programming. Salary will be on the scale for Research Staff Grade 1A(15159～22785 p. a.) according to qualifications and relevant experience. Application forms and further particulars may be obtained from Dr Rik Brydson, School of Materials, University of Leeds,Leeds,LS2 9JT, te1:0113 233 2369. In all enquiries please quote the reference number 58. Closing date for applications; 24 July 2012. B Four Studentships Four 3-year EPSRC-funded studentships are available (leading to the degree of PhD), the maintenance grants of which will be supplemented to 6295 p.a. (EPSRC Quota+1000). Candidates must have at least a Class 11-1 degree, or equivalent and be UK residents (to qualify for a maintenance grant). ⊙ Analytical electron microscopy and/or surface analysis. Contact; Dr Rik Brydson (as above) ⊙ Flow behavior and structure of ceramic pastes, and ⊙ Colloid behavior of ceramic systems. Contact.- Professor Brian Rand, tel.. 0113 233 2536, email: b. rand@leeds, ac. uk ⊙ Materials process modeling/fluid dynamics. Contact: Dr Andy Mullis, tel: 0113 233 2568, email: met6am@ sun. leeds, ac. uk C PROCTER DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE Research Fellow/Officer in Dairy Emulsion Science The above post is available immediately for a fixed period of 18 months to carry out an experimentally based project concerned with fundamental and applied aspects of emulsion systems in relation to development of new dairy-type food products. The project is funded by St. Ivel (Unigate) Ltd and about one third of the time will be spent at company premises near Swindon. Applicants should have a PhD degree in food science and chemistry. Salary will be on the scale for Research Staff Grade 1A within the range 15159～22785 p. a. according to qualifications and relevant experience. Application forms and further particulars may be obtained from Professor Eric Dickinson, the Procter Department of Food Science, the University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, tel,, 0113 233 2956, fax: 0113 233 2982, email: e. dickinson@leeds, ac. uk. In all enquiries please quote the reference number 72/109. Closing date for applications.. 24 July 2012. D DEPARTMENTS OF FOOD SCIENCE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS Research Fellow and Studentship A research fellowship is available from 1 October 2011 for a fixed period of three years, along with a studentship for an EPSRC-funded project "Ultrasound propagation in soft solids". Ultrasound measurement allied to an understanding of ultrasound propagation in soft solids is complementary to mechanical rheometry and gives important information on the structure of the system and the particle interactions. The research fellow will develop the applied mathematics aspects of this project. Applicants for the fellowship should have a PhD or equivalent qualification in a relevant discipline, a background in scattering theory and an interest in the theory of acoustic propagation in systems of weakly interacting particles. The research student, whilst primarily an experimentalist, must also be interested in theory. Salary for the fellowship will be on the scale for Research Staff Grade 1A within the range 15159～16045 p.a. according to qualifications and relevant experience. Application forms and further particulars may be obtained from Malcolm Povey, Procter Department of Food Science, the University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, tel: 0113 233 2963. Fax: 0113 233 2982, email: m. j. mpovey@leeds, ac. uk. World Wide Web: http..//www, food. leeds, ac. uk/mp, htm. In all enquiries please quote the reference number 72/108. Closing date for applications= 24 July 2012. E RESEARCH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH MIDWIFERY STUDIES, CENTRE FOR REPRODUCTION, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Part-Time Research Fellow/Officer The above part-time (50%) post is available immediately for a fixed period of two years. The Midwifery Studies Research Group carries out clinical research related to midwifery, as well as research in the organization of maternity care and the dissemination and implementation of research evidence. The appointee will have a background in epidemiology or health services research to assist in the preparation of Cochran Reviews. He/She will work on reviews of trials in the field of breast-feeding: no prior knowledge of breastfeeding research will be required. Applicants should have a first degree in a related subject and a higher degree or research training in epidemiology or health services research. The knowledge of, and interest in systematic reviewing is essential as is an ability to use initiative and work as part of a team. Salary will be on the scale for Research Staff Grade 1A (15259～22785 p.a. Pro rata) according to qualifications and relevant experience. Informal enquiries may be made to Professor Mary Renfrew, tel: 0113 233 6888, fax: 0113 244 9730, or email: m, j. renfw@leeds, ac. uk; or Dr Mike Woolridge, tel: 0113 233 6894. Application forms and further particulars may be obtained from Trish Walker, Midwifery Studies, the University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, tel: O113 233 6888. In all enquiries please quote the reference number 90/19.

填空题A=Report 1 B=Report 2 C=Report 3 D=Report 4 Which report(s) say(s) that... · hot weather may cause serious health problems associated with air pollution? 71. ______ · a weather warning system is established to help people away from danger heat? 72. ______ · not only people but also animals and crops are victims of the heat wave? 73. ______ · there were controversies on the issue of global warming? 74. ______ · human activities contribute to global warming? 75. ______ · the deadly heat wave can kill people? 76. ______ · hot weather will have its effects on consumers? 77. ______ · reducing exposure to air pollution can decrease deaths associated with pollution? 78. ______ · hot weather had attacked France twice since 2003? 79. ______ · wildfires increased in North America and other parts of the world recently? 80. ______ A Report 1 A new study requested by the US Congress is helping clear up some of the controversies regarding global warming. It finds the warming of the northern hemisphere in the last decades of the 20th century was unprecedented in the past thousand years. It also says the decade of the 1990s was the warmest on record. Authors believe human activities are at least partly responsible for recent warming. The study comes as extreme weather has struck many parts of the United States. There was flooding in parts of the Midwest last week, more heavy rains this week in the southern and eastern United States. Scientists say that the warmer the air, the more evaporated water it holds. Winds pick up more moisture from the hotter ocean surfaces, resulting in heavier and more frequent downpours. Recent data compiled on wildfires indicate an increasing frequency in North America and elsewhere around the world. Scientists say generally over the last five decades snows are melting sooner and faster, producing hot, dry drought conditions in many parts of the world. Weather patterns have natural cycles, but this latest study suggests more frequent extremes of too dry and too wet conditions may exist for the rest of the decade and beyond. B Report 2 Scientists observed the highest air pollution on record above the Arctic Circle in May. Air pollution has been linked to a number of medical problems including heart attacks, asthma and stroke. It is so hot in many parts of the US that officials are cautioning people to stay indoors. Even short exposure to high temperatures can cause serious health problems. Heat is not the only danger factor. Hot weather with little or no wind can lead to high levels of air pollution, especially ozone. Last year researchers in Boston analyzed pollution rates in nine major US cities. They found the risk of stroke was one percent higher on days with relatively higher air pollution. Scientists say while this increase may seem small, it has a huge effect, since the number of people living in pollution-prone cities is so great. Researchers say pollution particles in the air may enter the body through the lungs and irritate the walls of blood vessels, encouraging clots that travel to the brain. The Hopkins scientists found these fine particles can reach the small airways and the air sacks in the lungs. A study found a link between fine particles in air pollution and risk of death It also found that reducing exposure to air pollution decreased the number of deaths associated with pollution. C Report 3 Europe is baking under a heat wave that has sent temperatures soaring past 36 degrees Celsius in some places. The sizzling weather is blamed for the deaths of at least half a dozen people. Temperatures in parts of France were expected to soar as high as 36 degrees Celsius Wednesday. Other parts of Europe are expected to be even hotter. So far, the heat wave has killed at least six people around Europe, including three in France. The heat is accompanied by unusually dry weather in many places. The sizzling scenario seems very similar to the heat wave of 2003, when heat was linked to the deaths of roughly 30000 people around Europe, half of them in France. Things are different this summer. French social workers and ordinary French are checking in on older people, to make sure they're OK. The government has established a weather warning system, and a help hot line for the elderly and other fragile people. Other European countries are taking similar preventative measures. Nobody wants a repeat of the killer heat wave of 2003. D Report 4 Eleven days of triple digit temperatures in California are taking a toll on the state agricultural industry. Meteorologists expect the deadly heat wave that has killed at least 60 people could subside by this weekend. But the relief may be too late for many California farmers. California dairy farmer Hank Van Excel is doing his best to keep his herds comfortable. But the effect of the heat on his dairy cows is evident. He has lost 14 cows and says milk production is down more than 20 percent. The heat has led to emergency declarations in several counties. The heat has been unprecedented. It's been oppressively hot at night. All of these factors coming together have made it very challenging for the local community. "And California's $ 50 billion-a-year dairy industry is not the only victim. In vineyard, the scorching temperatures will affect the taste of the wines and grapes are beyond raisin. Over in the tomato fields, the heat has killed about 15 percent of the blossoms that typically yield 46000 tons of tomatoes per season. People obviously losing money as the days continue to be hot. It's a story repeated in peach orchards and walnut groves and melon patches up and down the state. It's too early to assess total damages but consumers will feel the heat in their pocketbooks. The consumers deal with it in the prices they're going to pay when they go to the store or when they go to the restaurant./

填空题As the Internet has rapidly become a mainstream medium, the social impact of the Internet has been a topic of ongoing debate. Some studies have found that Internet use is associated with reduced social networks and increased loneliness. Internet use appears to cause a decline in psychological well-being, 1 to research at Carnegie Mellon University. Even people 2 spent just a few hours a week 3 the Internet experienced more depression and loneliness 4 those who logged on less frequently, the two-year study showed. And it wasn"t 5 people who were already feeling had spent more time on the internet, 6 that using the Net actually appeared to 7 the bad feelings. Researchers are puzzling over the results, 8 were completely contrary 9 their expectation. They expected that the Net would 10 socially healthier than television, since the Net allows 11 to choose their information and to communicate 12 others. The fact 13 Internet use reduces time available for family and friends may account 14 the drop in well-being, researchers hypothesized. Faceless, bodiless "virtual" communication may be less psychologically satisfying than 15 conversation, and the relationships formed through it may be shallower. 16 possibility is that exposure 17 the wider world via the Net makes users less 18 with their lives. "But it"s important to remember this is 19 about the technology, per se; it"s about 20 it is used," says psychologist Christine Riley of Intel, one of the study"s sponsors. "It really points to the need for considering social factors in terms of how you design applications and services for technology."

填空题Ivo Jupa was moved when he heard that several men drinking in a bar sent DMSs for the disaster-stricken people in ______.

填空题Confucianism has its greatest effect among European countries in 71. ______ The first person who used Confucianism to express Christianity was from 72. ______ More than one thousand years ago, students were sent to China to study Confucianism. They came from 73. ______ Centuries ago, in ______, the government even set up universities and hold ceremonies in memory of Confucius. 74. ______ Confucius has been given a thorough study and review for the sake of capital expansion in 75. ______ War and development motivated the study of Confucianism in 76. ______ In ______, Confucius' teachings can even find its reflection in the Declaration of the Right of Man and of the Citizen. 77. ______ The earliest classical books of Confucius translated into European language appeared in 78. ______ Confucianism has its most influential power upon foreign countries in 79. ______ In recent thirty years, Confucius and Confucianism are introduced and discussed systematically in 80. ______ In Japan It has been a long history of 1750 years ever since Confucianism was introduced into this country. Confucius' teachings are in every field of the social life in Japan. Its influence on the people's moral concepts and views about education are the deepest in Japan. It was in the 16th year of Mikado (285 A. D. ) that Confucius' teachings began to be introduced to Japan. In the year the suggestion of a Korean envoy was adopted and Wang Ren, a Chinese court academician was sent to Japan to present to the Mikado ten copies of Lun Yu (The Analects of Confucius) and a copy of an Article of a Thousand Words (Qian Zi Wen). Wang Ren's arriving at Japan is generally regarded as the beginning of Confucianism being spread in the country. Confucius' teachings were accepted by both the government and the public. Confucianism quickly took its roots among the people and developed constantly. Combined with the conditions in Japan Confucianism has gradually become part of the national culture of the country. During the time of Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty Japan sent many students to China to study Confucianism. Under the influence of Confucius' theory about a unified domain, Japanese successfully carried the DAIKA Reform after which Japanese society started to transit from a slavish society to a feudal society. The person pulling strings behind the scenes of the reform was a great Confucianist who had studied in China for 20 to 30 years. During the 200 years after the reform Japan had sent to China 19 groups of envoys. The country did its utmost to import the culture of Tang dynasty, develop national education based on Confucianism, spread the thought of the sage, set up universities and hold ceremonies in memory of Confucius. In the years of EDO Confucius' teachings were unprecedentedly popular. The ruling class people took the lead in reading the classical books of Confucianism, setting up education based on Confucianism, building Confucius' Temples. Education was developed, people of talents came forth in large numbers and the academic circle reached to its flourishing time. The major schools include School of Yonego, School of Yang Ming, School of Mito, School of Kogaku, School of Eclecticism, School of Textual Research. Since the beginning of 20'th century, especially in the late thirty years, among countries except China the study of Confucianism is best developed in Japan. Not only that Confucianism influenced Japanese society in the past 1 000 years, it also has great effect on the people at present time. In Italy China is one of the birth places of human civilization. As the kernel of the traditional culture of ancient China, Confucius' teachings greatly influenced not only the historical development of Oriental society, but also the social life of some European countries. Confucius' influence on Italy has something to do with the missionaries who came to China to do missionary work. In 1582, the Society of Jesus sent Matteo Ricci to China. In order to do their missionary work well he studied Confucianism very hard. Matteo Ricci was the first person who used Confucianism to express Christianity. He arrived in Beijing in 1601 and lived there for years. He published the Latin version of the Four $ bus which were the earliest classical books of Confucius translated into European Language. Matteo Ricci had made some contributions to the cultural exchange between the East and the West, so in Italy he was called "the first man who facilitated the flow of culture between China and Western countries", "Learned Western Confucianist" and "Christian Confucius". The study of Confucius in today's Italy has made some progress and several groups of books about Confucius have been published. In France Among European countries, Confucianism has its greatest effect in France. It was introduced to France soon after it was introduced to Italy. During the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, Confucianism had made some positive contributions to the bourgeois revolution in France. Among the great thinkers Confucianism mainly influenced the Encyclopedism dism school and Physiocratic school. Its influence on the French Revolution can be seen in the Declaration of the Right of Man and of the Citizen, drafted by Robespierre, leader of Jacobin Club, the declaration says that freedom is the right belonging to all those who do not do harm to others, the principle of freedom is nature, the rule is justice, the guarantee is the law and the moral limits are in the following, '"Don't treat others in the way you do not want to be treated. " The Chinese Study Institute of Paris University is the major one that studies Confucianism in France. The subjects include Confucianist Classics and Confucianism. In Grand Larousse Encyclopedique (published in 1973), under the entry of Confucius, Confucius and Confucianism are introduced and discussed systematically. As a representative work of Confucian study in France it starts its discussion with Confucius and ends with Mr. Feng Youlan, a Chinese expert at Confucian study. In America Through missionary activities Americans began to study Confucianism, motivated by capital expansion. The study has been pushed forward while the U. S. -China policy and international conditions are changing frequently. From the end of the 19th century to the early 20th century, especially during World War Ⅰ and World War Ⅱ , more attention was paid to the work because of political and military reasons. The founding of the People's Republic of China and the triumph of China and Korea over America in Korean War made Americans feel it necessary to work even harder in the study of Chinese history and present conditions. As a result, Confucianism which has influenced Chinese in the history and at present time was paid great attention to, especially in the years after 1960's because of the international conditions, especially the Sino-U. S. relationship, Chinese study in America, including the study of Confucius, developed quickly. In the American academic field Confucius has been given a thorough study and review. More and more Americans began to understand and respect Confucius as a famous intellectual in Chinese history and Confucianism as the representative of Chinese feudal traditional culture. In People's Almanac Handbook, published in 1985 in America, Confucius heads the list of the ten great thinkers in the world.

填空题Wherewastheletterprobablyplacedmanyyearsago?

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Children who grip their pens too close to the writing point are likely to be at a disadvantage in examinations,{{U}} (31) {{/U}}to the first serious investigation into the way in which writing technique can dramatically affect educational achievement. The survey of 643 children and adults, ranking from pre-school to 40-plus, also suggests{{U}} (32) {{/U}}penholding techniques have deteriorated sharply over one generation, with teachers now paying far{{U}} (33) {{/U}}attention to correct pen grip and handwriting style. Stephanie Thomas, a learning support teacher{{U}} (34) {{/U}}findings have been published, was inspired to investigate this area{{U}} (35) {{/U}}he noticed that those students who had the most trouble with spelling{{U}} (36) {{/U}}had a poor pen grip. While Mr. Thomas could not establish a significant statistical link{{U}} (37) {{/U}}pen-holding style and accuracy in spelling,he{{U}} (38) {{/U}}find huge differences in technique between the young children and the mature adults, and a definite{{U}} (39) {{/U}}between near-point gripping and slow, illegible writing. People who{{U}} (40) {{/U}}their pens at the writing point also show other characteristics{{U}} (41) {{/U}}inhibit learning,{{U}} (42) {{/U}}as poor posture,leaning too{{U}} (43) {{/U}}to the desk,using four fingers to grip the pen{{U}} (44) {{/U}}than three, and clumsy positioning of the thumb (which can obscure{{U}} (45) {{/U}}is being written ). Mr. Thomas believes that the{{U}} (46) {{/U}}between elder and younger writers is{{U}} (47) {{/U}}too dramatic to be accounted for simply by the possibility that people get better at writing as they grow{{U}} (48) {{/U}}. He attributes it to a failure to teach the most effective methods, pointing out that the differences between{{U}} (49) {{/U}}groups coincides with the abandonment of formal handwriting instruction in classrooms in the sixties. "The 30-year-old showed a huge diversity of grips,{{U}} (50) {{/U}}the over 40s group all had a uniform 'tripod' grip. "

填空题But in preserving the balance we have to be clear where the problem actually lies. Of the total carbon dioxide emissions caused by burning fossil fuels, only 20 percent comes from transportation. 80 percent comes from static uses of energy — the energy used in our homes, in industry and in power generation. Of the total, 43 percent comes from petroleum, (67) On top of that, a further one megaton is produced by our chemical operations. If you add to that the carbon produced by the consumption of the products we produce — the total goes up to around 95 megatons. That is just 1 percent of the total carbon dioxide emissions which come from all human activity. (68) Only a fraction of the total emissions come from the transportation sector — so the problem is not just caused by vehicles. Any response which is going to have a real impact has to look at all the sources. That means ensuring our own house is in order. It also means contributing to the wider analysis of the problem — through research, technology and through engagement in the search for the best public policy mechanisms — the actions which can produce the right solutions for the long-term common interest. We have a responsibility to act, and I hope that through our actions we can contribute to the much wider process which is desirable and necessary. First we will monitor and control our own carbon dioxide emissions. This follows the commitment we've made in relation to other environmental issues. Our overall goal is to do no harm or damage to the natural environment. That's an ambitious goal which we approach systematically. (69) Now, as well as continuing our efforts in relation to the other greenhouse gases, it is time to establish a similar process for carbon dioxide. Our carbon dioxide emissions result from burning hydrocarbon fuels to produce heat and power, from flaring feed and product gases, and directly from the process of separation or transformation. So far our approach to carbon dioxide has been indirect and has mainly come through improvements in the energy efficiency of our production processes. Over the last decade, efficiency in our major manufacturing activities has improved by 20 percent. (70) It is a learning process — just as it has been with the other emissions we've targeted but the learning is cumulative and I think it will have a substantial impact. Other steps will require investment to make existing facilities more energy efficient. For instance, we're researching ways in which we can remove the carbon dioxide from large compressors and reinject it to improve oil recovery. That would bring a double benefit — a cut in emissions and an improvement in production efficiency. The task is particularly challenging in the refining sector where the production of cleaner products requires more extensive processing and a higher energy demand for each unit of output. That means that to make gasoline cleaner, with lower sulphur levels, takes more energy at the manufacturing stage. That's the trade off. In each case our aim will be to establish a database, including benchmark data; to create a monitoring process, and then to develop targets for improvement through operational line management. (71) We will increase our support for that work. That support will be focused on finding solutions and will be directed to work of high quality which we believe can address the key outstanding questions. A. Let me put that another way — to be clear. Human activity accounts for a small part of the total volume of emissions of carbon — but it is that part which could cause disequilibrium. B. As I said a few moments ago, there are still areas of significant uncertainty around the subject of climate change. Those who tell you they know all the answers are fools or knaves. More research is needed — on the detail of cause and effect, on the consequences of what appears to be happening, and on the effectiveness of the various actions which can be taken. C. Monitoring and controlling emissions is one step. The second is to increase the level of support we give to the continuing scientific work which is necessary. D. Now we want to go further. We have to continue to improve the efficiency with which we use energy. And in addition we need a better understanding of how our own emissions of carbon can be monitored and controlled, using a variety of measures including sequestration. It is a very simple business lesson that what gets measured gets managed. E. Our method has been to focus on one item at a time, to identify what can be delivered, to establish monitoring processes and targets as part of our internal management system and to put in place an external confirmation of delivery. In most cases the approach has meant that we've been able to go well beyond the regulatory requirements. F. We've looked carefully, using the best available data, at the precise impact of our own activities. Our operations — in exploration and in refining — produce around eight megatons of carbon.

填空题Recent surveys show that Japanese youth have become a "Me Generation" that rejects traditional values. "Around 1980 many Japanese, 1 young people abandoned the values of economic success and began 2 for new sets of values to 3 them happiness," writes sociologist Yasuhiro in Comparative Civilizations Review. Japanese youth are placing more importance on the individual"s pursuit of 4 and less on the values of work, family, and society. Japanese students seem to be losing patience with work, 5 their counterparts in the United States and Korea. In a 1993 6 of college students in the three countries, only 10% of the Japanese regarded 7 as a primary value compared with 47% of Korean students and 27% of American students. A greater 8 of Japanese aged 18-24 also preferred easy jobs 9 heavy responsibility. The younger Japanese are showing less concern for family values as they pursue an inner world of private satisfaction. Data collected 10 the Japanese government in 1993 shows that only 23% of Japanese youth are thinking about supporting their aged parents, in contrast 11 63% of young Americans. It appears that many younger-generation Japanese are 12 both respect for their parents 13 a sense of responsibility to the family. Author Yoshizaki attributes the change 14 Japanese parents" over-indulgence of their children, material affluence, and growing 15 for private matters. The shift 16 individualism among Japanese is most pronounced among 17 very young. According to 1991 data 18 the Bunka Center of Japan, 50% of Japanese youth aged 16-19 can be labeled "self-centered" compared with 33% among 19 aged 25-29. To earn the self-centered label, the young people responded positively to 20 ideas as "I would like to make decisions without considering traditional values" and "I don"t want to do anything I can"t enjoy doing."

填空题 Answer questions 71-80 by referring to the following article. Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B or C and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once.{{B}}Which article…{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} The Government is going to give new "job splitting" grants to employers willing to offer part-time work to people claiming unemployment benefit. The next scheme, which took many union leaders and large employers by surprise yesterday night, will be announced in detail in the autumn. It is intended to cost the taxpayer nothing because of savings in unemployment benefit. The proposal, unveiled last night by Mr, Norman Tebbit, Secretary of State for Employment, will be in addition to the new Community Programme for the long-term unemployed. Mr. Tebbit said that under the scheme a vacancy could be offered to two unemployed people, one existing full-time employee or two existing full-time employees if one of them would otherwise have been made redundant. The Employment Secretary suggested yesterday that workers reaching retirement might find the idea of sharing their job attractive, if pensions could be secured. But he also said that firms might find it attractive to offer one vacancy to two school leavers. In a sharp reaction to the Community Programme, Mr. Nicholas Hinton, director of the National Council for Voluntary Organizations, whose members will be expected to sponsor many of the new places, said: "The Government is trying to spread too little money too thinly among too many people and many voluntary organizations are suspicious of its motives. " {{B}}B{{/B}} Few people believe that unemployment in the United Kingdom will fall favorably below the 3.2 million mark, or 13.4 percent of the labour force, during the next few years. The remarkable rise in productivity over the past year will, if it continues, make it even more difficult to tackle unemployment. Many firms are confident that they can meet any increase in demand without hiring extra staff. Remedies more imaginative and more permanent than those tried so far are needed. The Government's job-splitting scheme announced on Tuesday is one example that should be welcomed. Another good idea is Rank Xerox's "networking" plan, by which executives would be able to work part-time from home. The possibilities of work-sharing need to be more vigorously investigated, on the lines indicated by a recent OECD study. If the total hours of work required are not going to increase-with output rising thanks to improved productivity-then let us try to share those working hours more equitably among the labour force. Work-sharing helps to produce new jobs by reducing the working hours of those in existing jobs. The danger with work-sharing is that employees may expect to be paid more per hour for working shorter hours, and that fixed labour costs will rise as the numbers on the payroll increase. Many employers therefore fear that the effect on costs and prices would be inflationary. The Government is therefore subsidizing employers to participate in its job-splitting scheme. Most kinds of work-sharing involve marginal cuts of a few per cent in total working hours, and thus only modest increases in the number of jobs. The biggest difference would be made if a substantial number of full-time jobs could be turned into part-time jobs. The Government's role would be to adapt the tax and social security system to make part-time work more attractive to employers and employees, notably by ensuring that as many part-time employees as possible escape both tax and social security payment. The social effects of work-sharing, are likely to be beneficial, since it would involve an attempt to match work opportunities to a wider variety of life styles. The combination of one fulltime and one part-time spouse might become much more universal. {{B}}C{{/B}} Part-timers usually earn less per hour than a full-timer, have fewer fringe benefits and less job security. They have virtually no career prospects. Employers often think that working parttime means that a person has no ambition and no chance of promotion. But job-sharing bridges that gap and offers the chance of interesting work to people who can only work part-time and that does not mean just married women. As Adrienne Broyle of "New Ways to Work"-formally the London Job-sharing Project-points out: "There are various reasons why people want to job-share and so have more spare time. " A growing number of men want to job-share so that they can play an active role in bringing up their children. It allows people to study at home in their free time, and means that disabled people or those who otherwise stay at home to look after them, can work. Job-sharing is also an ideal way for people to ease into to retirement. Many employers are wary of new work schemes, but an investigation carried out by the EOC shows that they can profit in various ways from sharing. If one sharer is away sick, at least half the job continues to be done. Skilled workers who cannot work full-time can bring years of experience to a job. Half-timers have to work flat out without a tea break. Another attraction is that two people bring to one job twice as much experience, sets of ideas and discussion. But there are financial pitfalls for the job-sharers. If one becomes unemployed, he should be eligible for Unemployment Benefit. But he has to sign on as being available for full-time work. Otherwise, he can not claim the benefit. Pensions are a big block. The EOC paper points out that the Local Government Superannuation Scheme excludes people who work less than 30 hours a week. For those who are attracted to job-sharing, beware. Most occupational pension schemes are based either on the average annual earnings during membership of the scheme or on the employee's final salary. ·tells us that the government will give support to employers, who offer part-time jobs? 71. ______ . ·states that employers can benefit from having two people performing the same job? 72. ______ . ·provides means for older people to ease into retirement? 73. ______ . ·implies that work-sharing schemes have so far been unsatisfactory? 74. ______ . ·shows that the author approves the Government's plan? 75. ______ . ·indicates that a 63-year-old man might find job-sharing against his interest? 76. ______ . ·states that job-sharing can offer the chance of interesting work to people who can only work part-time? 77. ______ . ·says that many organizations are doubting the motives of the government in advocating job-sharing? 78. ______ . ·implies that increased payment for less work would destroy the scheme? 79. ______ . ·states that a rise in output does not reduce unemployment? 80. ______ .

填空题Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, to reduce health-care costs. They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing components of which are pharmaceutical costs.66. ______. What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.67. ______. But "national" doesn't have to mean that. "National" could mean interprovincial -- provinces combining efforts to create one body. Either way, one benefit of a "national" organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province -- or a series of hospitals within a province -- negotiate a price for a given drug on tile provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces. Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.68. ______. A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health technology assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join. A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a national list hasn't gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.69. ______. Premiers love to quote Mr Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: "A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs."70. ______. So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint lists, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients. [A] Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 percent! [B] Or they could read Mr Kirby's report: "The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies." [C] What does "national" mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council. [D] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list; the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it. [E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription-drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatment. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices. [F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative cost, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.

填空题Accordingtothespeaker,whoshouldenjoytherightofAcademicFreedom?

填空题 {{B}} Which book...{{/B}}·places an stress on something that can hardly be learnt at school? 71. ______.·is particularly helpful for those who fear changes? 72. ______.·tells readers it doesn't follow that those who don't have good academic achieve- ·ment will not make a fortune? 73. ______.·is not written by a single writer? 74. ______.·tells a very simple story but it contains many messages? 75. ______.·seems not to express ideas straightforward? 76. ______.·is written by the one who also wrote a lot of other works with other writers? 77. ______.·is probably full of facts? 78. ______.·is not only statistical but also interesting? 79. ______.·is not related to finance? 80. ______.{{B}}A{{/B}} Change can be a blessing or a curse, depending on your perspective. The message of Who Moved My Cheese? is that all can come to see it as a blessing, if they understand the nature of cheese and the role it plays in their lives. Who Moved My Cheese? is a parable that takes place in a maze. Four beings live in that maze: Sniff and Scurry are mice--nonanalytical and nonjudgmental, they just want cheese and are willing to do whatever it takes to get it; Hem and Haw are "little people", mouse-size humans who have an entirely different relationship with cheese. It's not just sustenance to them; it's their self-image. Their lives and belief systems are built around the cheese they've found. Most of us reading the story will see the cheese as something related to our livelihoods--our jobs, our career path, the industries we work in--although it can stand for anything, from health to relationships. The point of the story is that we have to be alert to changes in the cheese, and be prepared to go running off in search of new sources of cheese when the cheese we have runs out. Dr. Johnson, co-author of The One Minute Manager and many other books, presents this parable to business, church groups, schools, military orgazinations--any place where you find people who may be nervous about or resist change. And although more analytical and skeptical readers may find the tale a little too simplistic, its beauty is that it sums up all natural history in just 94 pages: Thingy change. They always have changed and always will change. And while there's no single way to deal with change, the consequence of pretending change won't happen is always the same: The cheese runs out.{{B}}B{{/B}} Personal-finance author and lecturer Robert Kiyosaki established his unique economic perspective through exposure to a pair of disparate influences: his own highly educated but fiscally unstable father, and the multimillionaire eighth-grade dropout father of his closest friend. The lifelong monetary problems experienced by his "poor dad" (whose weekly paychecks, while respectable, were never quite sufficient to meet family needs) pounded home the counterpoint communicated by his "rich dad" (that "the poor and the middle class work for money", but "the rich have money work for them"). Taking that message to heart, Kiyosaki was able to retire at 47. Rich Dad, Poor Dad, written with consultant and CPA Sharon L. Lechter, lays out the philosophy behind his relationship with money. Although Kiyosaki can take a frustratingly long time to make his points, his book nonetheless compellingly advocates for the type of "financial literacy" that's never taught in schools. Based on the principle that income-generating assets always provide healthier bottom-line results than even the best of traditional jobs, it explains how those assets might be acquired so that the jobs can eventually be shed.{{B}}C{{/B}} What do you do after you've written the NO. 1 best-seller The Millionaire Next Door? Survey 1, 371 more millionaires and write The Millionaire Mind. Dr. Stanley's extremely timely tone is mixture of entertaining elements. It resembles Regis Philbin's hit show(and CD-ROM game) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, only you have to pose real-life questions, instead of quizzing about trivia. Are you gambling, divorce-prone, conspicuously consuming "Income-Statement Affluent" Jacuzzi fool soon to be parted from his or her money, or a frugal, Noyal, resole your shoes and buy your own groceries type like one of Stanley' s "Balance-Sheet Affluent" millionaires? "Cheap dates, "millionaires are 4.9 times likelier to play with their grandkids than shop at Brooks Brothers. "If you asked the average American what it takes to be a millionaire," he writes, "they'd probably quoted a number of predictable factors: inheritance, luck, stock market investments... Topping his list would be a high IQ, high SAT scores and gradepoint average, along with attendance at a top college." No way, says Stanley, backing it up with data he compiled with help from the University of Georgia and Harvard geodemographer Jon Robbin. Robbin may wish he'd majored in socializing at LSU, instead, because the numbers show the average millionaire had a lowly 2.92 GPA, SAT scores between 1100 and 1190, and teachers who told them they were mediocre students but personable people. "Discipline 101 and Tenacity 102' made them wealth. Stanley got straight C's in English and writing, but he had money-minded drive. He urges you to pattern your life according to Yale professor Robert Sternberg's Successful Intelligence, because Stanley's statistics bear out Sternberg's theories on what makes minds succeed--and it is not IQ. Besides offering insights into millionaires' pinchpenny ways, pleasing quips("big brain, no bucks" ), and 46 statistical charts with catchy titles, Stanley' s book booms with human-potential pep talk and bristles with anecdotes--for example, about a bus driver who made $ 3 million, a doctor(reporting that his training gave him zero people skills)who lost $ 1.5 million, and a loser scholar in the bottom 10 percent on six GRE tests who grew up to be Martin Luther King Jr. Read it and you'll feel like a million bucks.

填空题How we look and how we appear to others probably worries us more when we are in our teens or early twenties than at any time in our life. (54)______ Few of us are discontent to accept ourselves as we are, and few are brave (55)______ enough to ignore the trends of fashion. Most fashion magazines or TV advertisements try to persuade us that we should dress in a certain way or behave in a certain manner. If w e do, they tell us, we will be able to meet new people with confidence and deal with every situation confidently ,and with embarrassment. (56)______ Changing fashion, of course, does not apply just in dress. A barber (57)______ today does not cut a boy's hair in the same way as he used to, and girls do not make up in the same way as their mothers and grand- mothers do. The advertisers show us the latest fashionable styles (58)______ and we are constantly under pressure to follow the fashion in case our friends will think we are odd or dull. (59)______ What causes fashions to change? Sometimes convenience or practical necessity or just the fancy of an influential person can establish a fashion. Take hats, for example. In cold climates, early buildings were cold outside, so people wore hats indoors as well as (60)______ outside. In recent time, the late President Kennedy caused a (61)______ depression in the American hat industry by not wearing hats: more American men followed his example. Today, society is more freer and easier than it used to be. (62)______ It is no longer necessary to dress like everyone else. Within reason, you can dress as you like or do your hair the way you like instead of the way you should because it is the fashion. The popularity of jeans and the "untidy" look seems to be a reaction against the increasing (63)______ expensive fashions of the top fashion houses.

填空题 The autumn rains had come in with two angry storms, and Lazy River was waking up. In a week school{{U}} (31) {{/U}}be closed for Easter vacation. Dick and Turkey planned to have a trip to the inland by boat,{{U}} (32) {{/U}}they collected maps and statistics of the entire inland river system. Water levels down Lazy River; levels down the Namoi; along the Darling and the Murray; all were{{U}} (33) {{/U}}their fingertips. They were very happy because now{{U}} (34) {{/U}}, it appeared, except the joy of voyaging lay{{U}} (35) {{/U}}them and the Southern Ocean or Central Queensland. It was clear to them{{U}} (36) {{/U}}Australia's early explorers had{{U}} (37) {{/U}}a big mistake toiling overland when they{{U}} (38) {{/U}}have opened up the continent rapidly and pleasantly with paddle and pole. It was at this stage{{U}} (39) {{/U}}Dick's father put his foot down. "Now listen, you chap," he said quietly. "It begins to look like a wet autumn and the river is already{{U}} (40) {{/U}}wild. A few days' rain or a wicked storm or two{{U}} (41) {{/U}}it' 11 flood. I'm not going to{{U}} (42) {{/U}}your mother worrying herself sick about you, Dick. I know you' re{{U}} (43) {{/U}}on the trip but floods aren't{{U}} (44) {{/U}}anyone can fool with. You can go for a camp if you like, but no further{{U}} (45) {{/U}}six miles from home; and of course you'll camp{{U}} (46) {{/U}}the flood level." It was{{U}} (47) {{/U}}a blow to their inter-state dreams,{{U}} (48) {{/U}}the boys had' to concede, on reflection, that what their father said was reasonable.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}they told their classmate Fred Ingleton at school on Monday about their father's suggestion, he became suddenly cheerful. "That's{{U}} (50) {{/U}}my dad said, "he grinned. "Now he might let me go with you. He reckons you made a decent swimmer of me!"

填空题A=Henri Matisse B=Francis Bacon C=Mark Rothko Which painter... ● is famous for the pleasing, decorative effect of paintings? 1 ● wants to be intimate and human? 2 ● thinks that there is no art without love? 3 ● expresses horror, loneliness, violence and oppression in his paintings? 4 ● wants to show people anger in his paintings? 5 ● didn"t want to describe objects in a photographic way? 6 ● says that nowadays people have no religion? 7 ● liked tragic and timeless subjects? 8 ● felt his painting had a religious meaning? 9 ● is more concerned with expressing feeling than he is with telling a story? 10 Henri Matisse Henri Matisse is famous for the wonderful colours of his paintings and for their pleasing, decorative effect. In an interview in 1952, Matisse said: "First of all, I must say that there is no single abstract art. If the subject of a painting isn"t important, if Acre is no story in the picture, then it is abstract." Today the artist doesn"t need to represent objects. However, even though he has to concentrate on the picture he must remember the object and his feelings for the object. One starts with the object, then the feelings follow. One doesn"t start from nothing. Today, too many so-called abstract painters start from nothing and so they arrive at nothing. They have no strength, no inspiration, no feeling. One doesn"t find any expression of feeling in their colors. They don"t relate their colors to each other. If they can"t create relationships they are using colors uselessly. The French word "rapport" means the connection between things. "Rapport" is love. Without "rapport", without love, there is no way of choosing what to do. Without love there is no art. Matisse shows us in this interview that he wanted to paint colours and shapes which are related to each other rather than to object and scenes. He wanted to express feelings and didn"t want to describe objects in a photographic way. Most artists since 1900 have had a similar aim. Francis Bacon Francis Bacon once told a BBC interviewer, "I have nothing to express." However, for many people who look at his pictures, Bacon expresses horror, loneliness, violence and oppression. There is no love in these paintings. The people don"t have a warm and a friendly spirit. They are trapped and desperate animals rather than people. Some times the paint is smeared across the picture and expresses anger and violence, but the subject might be love making or is it fighting? Francis Bacon doesn"t want to show us angry people. He wants to show us angry paint! Then we will feel anger and not just see it. (In a similar way, the quality of the voice in anger is more important than the words themselves.) Paint, of course, can"t be angry! However, lines and shapes can express anger and it is lines of this kind which fill Bacon"s pictures. Compare the lines and movement in Bacon"s picture with the picture by Van de Velde and indeed many other pictures in the book. Bacon says that art used to be an expression of religion and artists had hope through religion. Now, he says, we have no religion and artists have no hope. Art is a game. Artists concentrate on the game and don"t have to think about the awful unknown. In one important way Francis Bacon is a traditional painter. His painting are seen more or less from one viewpoint. And it is true that he is more concerned with expressing feeling than he is with telling a story which is quite clear and can be put into words. Mark Rothko Rothko"s paintings are very big. He said, "I want to be intimate and human. If you paint a small picture you are outside it and you control it. If you paint a big picture you are in it." However, I don"t agree that we remain outside a smaller picture. Rothko liked tragic and timeless subjects. He painted large areas of color with soft edges. His paintings are like landscapes with huge areas of sky and land but, of course, there is no detail; there are no trees and buildings, there are not clouds and birds. Before 1957 he painted light, bright pictures, but then he began to use dark colors. He felt his paintings had a religious meaning, and he wanted to affect people. He didn"t want to paint "social" paintings like Leger, but to paint beautiful and eternal symbols.

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填空题A=Canon Elan IIE B=Casio Digital Camera C=Sharp Digital Viewcam Which camera · enables the users to add pictures to documents? (21) · has a flash system that can balance subject and background? (22) · can satisfy photo fans requirements? (23) · has the ability to rewind film in near silence? (24) · has a different way of showing pictures? (25) · has the technology to an off-center subject? (26) · can work as a still camera? (27) · has an eye catching design function? (28) · offers a software to group pictures easily? (29) · can send a picture back to the camera? (30) Canon Elan IIE Canon Elan IIe fuses the high-performance of the EOS system with eye-catching design. An Eye On Composition: using Eye-Controlled Focus, you can choose to focus on and shoot an off-center subject—there's no need to center and recompose. And as your eye follows the action, the camera follows you. So when an unexpected moment occurs while you're shooting, even if it's off-center, you have the technology to capture it accurately and easily. What you see, and where you see it, is now exactly what you'll get. The Freedom of Choice. for vertical compositions, the Elan IIE is equally proficient. Bi-directional Eye-Controlled Focus allows for more versatility by putting three-point autofocus between you and your subject no matter which way you orient the camera. Let There Be Light= The Elan IIE is equipped with an advanced, built-in flash. And Canon's exclusive E-TTL flash system, available with the optional Speedlite 380EX, helps to provide a natural balance between subject and background. The Zebras Are Feeding: Elan IIE's improved Whisper Drive allows you to rewind film in near silence. Whether you're shooting on the Serengeti or on the sly in your own backyard, there are a number of situations which demand quiet performance—and Canon delivers! Hey, Cool Looking Camera! Thanks. And, with an improved control layout, it's even easier to use. Form and function are truly united in the Elan IIE. Casio Digital Camera The new Casio QV-10A plus Digital Camera might just change the way you take and display your picture. Because until now, digital cameras were bulky and expensive, the QV-10A plus is anything but. Using it is simple. With its LDC screen you see your pictures instantly. With the touch of a button you can delete images you don't want or display one, four or nine shots at a time in the camera or on a TV. It can even send images from the computer back to the camera, so it's perfect for presentations. And with the QV software, you can easily add photos to documents and e-mail. Plus with the Adobe Photo Deluxe software that's included, you can even customize your photos. All it takes is the Casio QV-10A plus. Sharp digital Viewcam One device that's a sure thing on almost any photo bug's dream list is a combination camcorder and still camera. Now, Sharp's new digital Viewcam is among the first of a group of imaging devices offering such dynamic duality. For movies, the compact VL-DX10 uses a small digital cassette tape, a format that's superior to VHS or 8mrn. What cranks this device's value up a notch is its ability to take photos like a digital still camera. As many as 12 high-resolution pictures can be stored in the 2 MB flash memory and in economy mode. The still-picture quality is similar to that of other digital cameras— well short of 35ram prints but useful nonetheless if you're transferring images to computer. With this many images at your beck and call, organizing them becomes important, Sharp supplies a software program that lets you group picture "galleries" that can be stored by subject for easy retrieval.

填空题 After its misadventures in 1093, when American marines were driven out of Somalia by skinny gunmen, America has used a long spoon in supping with Somalia's warlords. This, like so much else, changed on September 11th. 66. ______. Clandestine, up to a point: within hours of the arrival in Baidoa of nine closely cropped Americans sporting matching satellite phones and shades, their activities were broadcast. After meeting various warlords, the group inspected a compound that had apparently been offered to them as their future base. They also saw an old military depot. Neither can have been encouraging: the compound has been taken over by war-displaced families, and the depot by thorn-scrub. America was already convinced of al-Qaeda's presence in Somalia. It had listed a Somali Islamic group, al-Itihaad al-Islamiya (Islamic Unity), as a terrorist organization. 67. ______. It fears that lawless Somalia could become a haven for escapes from Afghanistan. The American navy is currently patrolling the country's long coastline, while spy planes are said to be criss-crossing the heavens. 68. ______. With a little bit of help, he told his American visitors, he would be ready "to liberate the country from these evil forces". America had already heard as much through its embassies in Nairobi and Addis Ababa, which maintain contact with the warlords, and from Ethiopia. The warlords are supported by Ethiopia, which has a historical fear of a strong Somalia, in a bid to oppose the government. But their differing views on where to strike at the "terrorists" reveal that their individual ambitions are even sharper than their dislike of file government. Mr. Ismail says that Merca, which is claimed by his Rahanwein clan, is the capital of terror. 69. ______. The LIN rays there is only an orphanage there now. But the island is close to Mr. Morgan's home town of Kismaayo, which he failed to capture from a pro-government militia in July, and he is determined not to fail again. None of this looks good for Somalia's official president, Abdiquassim Salad Hassan, whose government is in control of about half the capital, Mogadishu. He has formed his own anti- terrorism unit, and invited America to send investigators, or even troops. America, armed with stories about the presence of al-Itihaad members held back, but on December 18th sent an envoy to Mogadishu. Both Mr. Hassan and the UN say that al-Itihaad is not a terrorist organization. It emerged as an armed force in 1991, battling for power in the aftermath of Siad Barre's fall. It had some early successes, briefly taking Kismaayo. But it was always dependent on the blessing of its members' clan elders. When the elders eventually called their fighters back, a hard core of Islamists fled to the Gedo border region where, in 1997, they were crushed by Ethiopian troops 70. ______. The Baidoa alliance plainly hopes to be supported as proxies in a fight against "terrorism" and the Mogadishu regime. But the latest intelligence leaks suggest that the first reports may have overestimated al-Qaeda's presence in Somalia. Nor would Mr. bin Laden and his henchmen find it easy to lie low in an oral culture that considers rumour-mongering to be a form of manners. Even so, the warlords seem to believe that they have won some promise of help. Soon after the arrival of the American group, they pulled out of the peace talks they had been holding with their government in Nairobi. A. Al-Itihaad subsequently infiltrated Somalia's business class, and now runs Islamic schools, courts and clinics with the money it has accumulated. B. According to Abdullahi Sheikh Ismail, the acting chairman of the loose alliance of warlords who control most of Somalia and are based in Baidoa, there are "approximately 20, 480armed extremists" in Somalia and "85% of the government is al-Itihaad". C. Muhammad Hersi Morgan, known as the "butcher of Hargeisa" because he once razed that town to the ground, says an al-Itihaad camp on Ras Kamboni island is still active. D. American intelligence officers are working with two warlords to gather information about suspected al-Qaeda people in Somalia. E. It had also forced the closure of Barakaat, Somalia's biggest banking and telecoms company, which handles most of the remittances that Somalis working abroad send back to their families. F. On December 9th America sent a clandestine mission to talk to a collection of Somali warlords, who like to claim that their country, in particular their UN-sponsored government, is overrun with terrorists.

填空题{{B}}A = Developing Reading SkillsB = Better College ReadingC = Reading and Thinking in EnglishWhich course book ...{{/B}} {{B}}Developing Reading Skills{{/B}} Developing Reading Skills: Intermediate is designed for adults who want to strengthen their reading skills for academic, personal, or career purposes. These materials have been tested successfully with both native and non-native speakers of English. This text also emphasizes guided reading practice and the development of reading speed. The readings come from current non-fiction, magazine, and newspaper writing, and they cover a wide subject range in order to expose the reader to the content demands of different types of reading material. We have tried to select the readings with great care so that we would have to make as few changes as possible from the original text. We have occasionally simplified structures and vocabulary in the earlier readings. In later readings, we have used margin glosses to help the reader out. The readings are arranged in order of difficulty, and the exercises deliberately build upon vocabulary and structures introduced in earlier chapters. We recommend that the chapters be presented in the given order if possible. As in the development of any other skill, guided practice over an extended period of time is essential. In the beginning, many students will have difficulty in finishing the articles in the time you suggest. We have given reading speeds (words per minute) after every reading. You can choose the most appropriate time limit for your class. The students must learn to stop reading word by word and, instead, read to grasp the general ideas of the article. They should try to guess the probable meanings of unfamiliar words from their contexts rather than look these words up in the dictionary. {{B}}Better College Reading{{/B}} Better College Reading aims to intrigue and improve. It intrigues by gathering in one place thirty relatively short articles -- collected from scores of mass media sources — on lively, interesting subjects, ranging from how movie stunt men work, to the awakening of prejudice in children, to police decoys, to the importance of the name one bears, and more. It improves by arranging the articles according to length and difficulty and by providing exercises and scorekeeping devices designed to challenge the student to enlarge his/ her vocabulary and to increase his/her reading-speed and comprehension. The selections in Better College Reading also provide good models for students struggling to write beginning short compositions. Each article is followed not only by objective questions but also by suggestions fox' writing and questions designed to stimulate thought and discussion. The articles range in length from 350 to 2500 words, each succeeding article a little longer than the one preceding it. The exercises grow in length and difficulty to match the length and difficulty of the articles. The articles include words ranging from the somewhat familiar decoy and baffled to the relatively abstruse androgynous, odyssey, and anachronism. The vocabulary exercises following each article present some of the more difficult words in the context of their sentences. The students should look these words up in the dictionary and, after selecting the appropriate definition from the several to be found for any given word, write it in the blank provided. This will help the student understand the article better and help fix those words in his/her memory. {{B}}Reading and Thinking in English{{/B}} Reading and Thinking in English is an integrated course in reading comprehension for students of English as a foreign language. It is based on the belief that a special kind of course is required for students of English whose main need is to gain access to information through English. The course has been designed for a wide range of learners whose needs can be described as "English for Academic Purposes" — advanced secondary school pupils preparing for tertiary education, students in universities and other tertiary institutions, adults whose profession requires them to make use of material in English. It is therefore intended to help students and others read textbooks, works of reference and general academic interest, sourcebooks and journals in English. 'You must be able to understand basic English grammar and vocabulary in order to use the book successfully. This book can be used by students working with a teacher in a class. It can also be used by students working individually and independently. The practice activities are all designed to develop reading strategies and the ability to understand how information is organized in passages. They involve answering questions, completing tables and diagrams, making summaries, etc. The activities are not mechanical. A reader has to think carefully in order to read with understanding. So reading and thinking are part of the same process. It is better to work regularly for a short time than to work occasionally for a long time. It is not a good idea to study more than one part of a unit in one study period. It is a good idea to go back to a previous unit and do a difficult exercise again.

填空题 In the debate over genetically-altered foods, proponents Nike Senator Richard Lugar argued that such products will be essential{{U}} (31) {{/U}}we are to feed the world. {{U}} (32) {{/U}}this claim rests on two persistent misconceptions about hunger. First,{{U}} (33) {{/U}}people are hungry because of high population density,{{U}} (34) {{/U}}second, that genetic engineering is the best or only way to meet our future needs. In{{U}} (35) {{/U}}, there is no relationship between the prevalence of hunger in a given country and its population.{{U}} (36) {{/U}}every densely populated and hungry nation like Bangladesh, there is sparsely populated and hungry nation like Brazil. The world today produces more food per{{U}} (37) {{/U}}than ever before. Enough is available to provide 2 kilograms to every person every day. The real problems,{{U}} (38) {{/U}}, are poverty and inequality. Too many people are too poor{{U}} (39) {{/U}}buy the food that is available{{U}} (40) {{/U}}lack land on which to grow it{{U}} (41) {{/U}}. As a matter of fact, some researchers have shown that{{U}} (42) {{/U}}of the genetically-engineered seeds significantly increases the{{U}} (43) {{/U}}of crops. Far from{{U}} (44) {{/U}}a solution to the world's hunger problem, the rapid introduction of genetically-engineered crops{{U}} (45) {{/U}}actually threaten agriculture and food security. {{U}} (46) {{/U}}, widespread adoption of herbicide-resistant seeds may{{U}} (47) {{/U}}to greater use of chemicals{{U}} (48) {{/U}}kill weeds. And biological pollution from genetically-engineered organisms may be another problem. A true solution{{U}} (49) {{/U}}the problem of hunger depends on attacking poverty and inequality among both producers and consumers of food.{{U}} (50) {{/U}}food system increasingly dependent on genetically altered seeds takes us in the wrong direction.

填空题WhatdoyouknowaboutBeethoven'smusictalentwhenhewas7?

填空题A = BOOK REVIEW 1 B = BOOK REVIEW 2 C = BOOK REVIEWS 3 D = BOOK REVIEW 4 Which book review(s) contain(s) the following information? ? Comparison of the significance of two economic books 1 ? Stiglitz"s prestige in the field of economics 2 ? Stiglitz"s criticism of those who exaggerated the power of markets in developing countries 3 ? Stiglitz"s points are convincing in certain areas 4 5 ? Stiglitz"s dedication to the development of poor countries 6 ? Stiglitz"s preference of one type of economic policy over another one 7 ? More people joined Stiglitz in criticizing free trade and globalization. 8 ? Stiglitz"s points have been supported by what actually happened in the country. 9 ? Mainly gives positive comments on Stiglitz and his new book. 10 A. BOOK REVIEW 1 "The main point of the book is simple: globalization is not helping many poor countries. Incomes are not rising in much of the world, and adoption of market- based policies such as open capital markets, free trade, and privatization are making developing economies less stable, not more. Instead of a bigger dose of free markets, Stiglitz argues, what"s needed to make globalization work better is more and smarter government intervention. While this has been said before, the ideas carry more weight coming from someone with Stiglitz" credentials. In some ways, this book has the potential to be the liberal equivalent of Milton Friedman"s 1962 classic capitalism and Freedom, which helped provide the intellectual foundation for a generation of conservatives. But Globalization and Its Discontents does not rise to the level of capitalism and freedom. While Stiglitz makes a strong case for government-oriented development policy, he ignores some key arguments in favor of the market." The book"s main villain is the International Monetary Fund, the Washington organization that lends to troubled countries. Stiglitz" contempt for the IMF is boundless. "It is clear that the IMF has failed in its mission," he declares. "Many of the policies that the IMF pushed have contributed to global instability." B. BOOK REVIEW 2 "While parts of this book are disappointingly shallow, Stiglitz"s critique of the market-driven 90"s still resonates, especially when the business pages are full of stories about white-collar crime and the stock market seems stuck in a perpetual rut. Even the United States cannot blithely assume that financial markets will work on autopilot. It is testament to the salience of Stiglitz"s arguments that many economists—even some Bush administration officials—now embrace his view that economic change in the developing world must evolve more with local conditions, not on Washington"s calendar. Without a thorough makeover, globalization could easily become a quagmire." Stiglitz shared a Nobel Prize last year for his work analyzing the imperfections of markets. His main complaint against Rubin and Summers, who served as Treasury secretaries, and against Fischer, the No. 2 official and de facto chief executive of the International Monetary Fund, is that they had too much faith that markets could transform poor countries overnight. He labels these three men market fundamentalists, who fought to maintain financial stability with the same urgency that an earlier generation struggled to contain communism. Worse, he suggests, they shilled for Wall Street, conflating the interests of the big banks with the financial health of the world. C. BOOK REVIEW 3 "Stiglitz, 58, is hardly the first person to accuse the IMF of operating undemocratically and exacerbating Third World poverty. But he is by far the most prominent, and his emergence as a critic marks an important shift in the intellectual landscape. Only a few years ago, it was possible for pundits to claim that no mainstream economist, certainly nobody of Stiglitz"s stature, took the criticism of free trade and globalization seriously. Such claims are no longer credible, for Stiglitz is part of a small but growing group of economists, sociologists and political scientists, among them Dani Rodrik of Harvard and Robert Wade of the London School of Economics, who not only take the critics seriously but warn that ignoring their concerns could have dire consequences." Over the past several years, Stiglitz, a celebrated theorist who was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in economics for his work on asymmetric information, has grown accustomed to being at the center of controversy. From 1997 to 2000, he served as senior vice president and chief economist at the World Bank—a title that did not stop him from publicly criticizing the bank"s sister institution, the International Monetary Fund. Stiglitz"s outspokenness, unprecedented for a high-ranking insider, infuriated top officials at the IMF and US Treasury Department, and eventually led James Wolfensohn, the World Bank"s president, to inform him that he would have to mute his criticism or resign. Stiglitz chose to leave. D. BOOK REVIEW 4 "Stiglitz"s book makes a compelling case that simple-minded economic doctrine, inadequately tailored to the realities of developing countries, can do more harm than good, and that the subtleties of economic theory are actually quite important for sound policy advice. But simplistic political advice—give developing countries more voice and the institutions of global governance will be rendered more legitimate and efficient—is equally problematic. Political reform is as subtle and complex as economic reform. Evidently, the best minds among us have only begun to think about it." Joseph Stiglitz"s memoirs of his years in Washington, D.C.—first as chair of President Bill Clinton"s Council of Economic Advisers and then as chief economist at the World Bank—have the flavor of a morality play. Our goodhearted but slightly naive hero, on leave from Stanford University, sets out for the nation"s capital to serve his country and improve the lot of the developing world. Once there he finds a morass of political opportunism, ideologically motivated decision-making, and bureaucratic inertia. Undeterred, he battles valiantly on behalf of impoverished nations against the unrelenting globalisers of the International Monetary Fund.

填空题Recent surveys show that Japanese youth have become a "Me Generation" that rejects traditional values. "Around 1980 many Japanese, (31) young people abandoned the values of economic success and began (32) for new sets of values to (33) them happiness," writes sociologist Yasuhiro in Comparative Civilizations Review. Japanese youth are placing more importance on the individual's pursuit of (34) and less on the values of work, family, and society. Japanese students seem to be losing patience with work, (35) their counterparts in the United States and Korea. In a 1993 (36) of college students in the three countries, only 10% of the Japanese regarded (37) as a primary value compared with 47% of Korean students and 27% of American students. A greater (38) of Japanese aged 18-24 also preferred easy jobs (39) heavy responsibility. The younger Japanese are showing less concern for family values as they pursue an inner world of private satisfaction. Data collected (40) the Japanese government in 1993 shows that only 23% of Japanese youth are thinking about supporting their aged parents, in contrast (41) 63% of young Americans. It appears that many younger-generation Japanese are (42) both respect for their parents (43) a sense of responsibility to the family. Author Yoshizaki attributes the change (44) Japanese parents' over-indulgence of their children, material affluence, and growing (45) for private matters. The shift (46) individualism among Japanese is most pronounced among (47) very young. According to 1991 data (48) the Bunka Center of Japan, 50% of Japanese youth aged 16-19 can be labeled "self-centered" compared with 33% among (49) aged 25-29. To earn the self-centered label, the young people responded positively to (50) ideas as "I would like to make decisions without considering traditional values" and "I don't want to do anything I can't enjoy doing./

填空题Audi A3 Most of our drivers said the A3 was their definite favourite in this group. They described it as refined and comfortable with good handing characteristics and light, precise steering. All the seats were comfortable and the front ones were easy to adjust. Most drivers liked the driving position, helped by a good range of steering wheel and seat height adjustments. The main instruments were clear and dashboard controls were well positioned. Mirror coverage was excellent but our drivers complained that the view out of the rear was badly hindered by the high rear window line and thick pillars. Getting into the back seats was easy, thanks to a clever seat mechanism, which moves the seat up and forward as well as tilting the backrest. Rear legroom was reasonable but the rear seat was only barely wide enough for three adults. Luggage space was average for this class of car but you have to remove the rear head restraints to fold the rear seat. There were plenty of useful interior storage spaces. All A3s come with an alarm and immobilizer as standard. Our "thief" got in through the doors in 20 seconds. But the radio was a non-standard fit, which is probably to deter thieves. The hinges of the rear seats could release in an accident, allowing luggage to crash through into the passenger compartment. Also, the driver's knees could be damaged by stiff structures under the dash. Some parts of the fuel system and electrics would be vulnerable to damage in a frontal collision. Honda Civic Honda says its special VTEC engine has a winning combination of economy and performance, but our drivers found it a bit of a curate's egg. It was the most economical of the car on test, but drivers found it sluggish at low revs, and its acceleration in the fifth gear was slow, so overtaking normally meant having to shift down to the fourth gear. The driving position was acceptable, but our panel criticized the restricted rear visibility— the rear window was quite small. Drivers found the back rest supportive but it was not available to make fine adjustments to the angle. The ride comfort was acceptable, but it wasn't as good as the Audi's or Rover's. The driver's seat didn't slide forward when it was tilted, making rear access awkwardly from this side. In the back, headroom and legroom was excellent but testers didn't find the seats particularly comfortable. The luggage space was small for this class of car, especially with the rear seats in place. However, folding the rear seat to increase luggage space was easy. Other points proved by our panel included well-placed minor controls, good mirror coverage, but fiddly radio controls. All Civics come with an immobilizer but no alarm. You may want to consider paying extra for an alarm, as our "thief" broke into through the doors in 13 seconds, and into the engine bay in just five seconds. There were stiff structures under the dash which could damage the driver's knees in an accident, though there was no problem on the passenger's side. The handbook (like the Audi's) provided suggestion on Using child restraints. Rover 216 The 1.6-litre engine had good power delivery at both high and low revs but some drivers complained that it was noisy at high revs. The brakes didn't have very good progression, but drivers like their positive feel. Ride comfort and the handling were recommended. But drivers found it difficult to achieve a comfortable driving position, The driver's seat was not height-adjustable, and there was only limited space to rest your clutch foot. Some testers also found the seat backrest uncomfortable. Visibility was married by the small mirrors. The rear view was also restricted by thick pillars and the small rear window, Getting into the back was tricky because the front seats did not slide forward when tilted. Once in the back, legroom and headroom were poor, and testers complained that their rear seat base was unsupportive. Luggage space was smaller than average for this class of car—this was compounded by a high boot sill and difficulties in folding the rear seat. But there were large pockets in the doors and rear side panels. The main radio controls were more convenient; they were mounted on the steering wheel so drivers didn't have to take their hands off the wheel to use them. Our Rover 200s came with an alarm, though this isn't standard on all versions. Our "thief" broke in through the doors in 15 seconds. Some of the electrics would be vulnerable in a frontal impact. The rear seat hinges could release in an accident, allowing luggage to crash through into the passenger compartment. Also, information in the handbook on using child restrains was not adequate.

填空题A= Rock painting B= Painting of beauties C= Landscape painting D= New Year painting Which painting(s) ... · drew the daily life of upper classes? 71. ______ · was aimed to invite blessings and ward off disasters? 72. ______ · witnessed the rise of the women painting school? 73. ______ · introduced the western art into China? 74. ______ · depicts scenes of production activities and animal grazing? 75. ______ · was pinned up on doors, walls and windows? 76. ______ · was found in the extreme north of China? 77. ______ · combines the merits of Chinese and Western classicism, romanticism, etc? 78. ______ · has painters to use freehand brushwork in their flower-and-bird painting? 79. ______ · was painted by the painters getting government payroll? 80. ______ A Rock painting Paintings or engravings found on precipitous cliffs in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou in Southwest China; Fujian in East China and Mount Yinshan in Inner Mongolia; Altai in China's extreme west and Heihe in the far north, are even more ancient. Strong visual effects characterize the bright red cliff paintings in southern China that depict scenes of sacrificial rites, production activities and daily life. In comparison, hunting, animal grazing, wars and dancing are then main themes of cliff paintings in northern China. B Painting of beauties The Tang Dynasty (618～907) witnessed the prosperity of figure painting, where the most outstanding painters were Zhang Xuan and Zhou Fang. Their paintings, depicting the life of noble women and court ladies, exerted an eternal influence on the development of Shi Nu Hua (painting of beauties) ,which comprises an important branch of traditional Chinese painting today. Beginning in the Five Dynasties(907～960), each dynasty set up an art academy that gathered together the best painters throughout China. Academy members, who were on the government payroll and wore official uniforms, drew portraits of emperors, nobles and aristocrats that depicted their daily lives. The system proved conducive to the development of painting. The succeeding Song Dynasty (960～1127) developed such academies into the Imperial Art Academy. C Landscape painting During the Yuan Dynasty(1271～1368) the "Four Great Painters" — Huang Gongwang, Nizan, Wei Zhen and Wang Meng — represented the highest level of landscape painting. Their works immensely influenced landscape painting of the Ming(1368～1644) and Qing(1644～1911) dynasties. The Ming Dynasty saw the rise of the Women Painting School, which emerged in Suzhou on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Keen to carry on the traditions of Chinese painting, the four women masters blazed new trails and developed their own unique styles. When the Manchus came to power in 1644, the then-best painters showed their resentment to the Qing court in many ways. The "Four Monk Masters" — Zhu Da, Shi Tao, Kun Can and Hong Ren — had their heads shaved to demonstrate their determination not to serve the new dynasty, and they soothed their sadness by painting tranquil nature scenes and traditional art. Yangzhou, which faces Suzhou across the Yangtze River, was home to the "Eight Eccentrics" — the eight painters all with strong characters, proud and aloof, who refused to follow orthodoxy. They used freehand brushwork and broadened the horizon of flower-and-bird painting. By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Shanghai, which gave birth to the Shanghai Painting School, had become the most prosperous commercial city and a gathering place for numerous painters. Following the spirit of the Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou, the Shanghai School played a vital role in the transition of Chinese traditional painting from a classical art form to a modern one. The May 4th Movement of 1919,or the New Culture Movement, inspired the Chinese to learn from western art and introduce it to China. Many outstanding painters, led by Xu Beihong, emerged, whose paintings recognized a perfect merging of the merits of both Chinese and Western styles, absorbing western classicism, romanticism and impressionism. Other great painters of this period include Qi Baishi, Huang Binhong and Zhang Daqian. Oil painting, a western art, was introduced to China in the 17th century and gained popularity in the early 20th century. D New Year painting The popular folk painting — Chinese New Year pictures pinned up on doors, room wails and windows on the Chinese New Year to invite heavenly blessings and ward off disasters and evil spirits — dates back to the Qin and Han dynasties. Thanks to the invention of block printing, folk painting became popular in the Song Dynasty and reached its zenith of sophistication in the Qing. Woodcuts have become increasingly diverse in style, variety, theme and artistic form since the early 1980s.

填空题·is probably frightening?

填空题Children who grip their pens too close to the writing point are likely to be at a disadvantage in examinations, (31) to the first serious investigation into the way in which writing technique can dramatically affect educational achievement. The survey of 643 children and adults, ranking from pre-school to 40-plus, also suggests (32) pen-holding techniques have deteriorated sharply over one generation, with teachers now paying far (33) attention to correct pen grip and handwriting style. Stephanie Thomas, a learning support teacher (34) findings have been published, was inspired to investigate this area (35) he noticed that those students who had the most trouble with spelling (36) had a poor pen grip. While Mr. Thomas could not establish a significant statistical link (37) pen-holding style and accuracy in spelling, he (38) find huge differences in technique between the young children and the mature adults, and a definite (39) between near-point gripping and slow, illegible writing. People who (40) their pens at the writing point also show other characteristics (41) inhibit learning, (42) as poor posture, leaning too (43) to the desk, using four fingers to grip the pen (44) than three, and clumsy positioning of the thumb (which can obscure (45) is being written). Mr. Thomas believes that the (46) between elder and younger writers is (47) too dramatic to be accounted for simply by the possibility that people get better at writing as they grow (48) . He attributes it to a failure to teach the most effective methods, pointing out that the differences between (49) groups coincides with the abandonment of formal handwriting instruction in classrooms in the sixties. "The 30-year-old showed a huge diversity of grips, (50) the over 40s group all had a uniform 'tripod' grip./

填空题

填空题WhendoesthefirsttrainoftheLondonUndergroundleave?

填空题The curious youngster, the crack student who gets nothing (31) A's in math and sciences, the bright and inventive whiz kid who frightens his or her schoolmates, sometimes becomes an inventor that the world will honor forever for devising an important machine, improving an old process, or making a major breakthrough (32) the search for the cure for some disease. It is rare nowadays to see one person alone invent something entirely new and startling. More (33) a number of researchers are working (34) a problem that has been studied by others for some time; a pioneer has (35) the groundwork, probably, and his or her successors are building on it, step by step. Scientists, engineers, and technicians are a competitive lot; they often have a clear idea (36) what is afoot in (37) others' laboratories, and they do their (38) to beat their rivals to the final glorious discovery. Some inventors are neither scientists not trained technicians: they are merely tinkerers who play (39) an idea, working in a amateurish way but with great imagination and skill. While they tinker, they might stumble, entirely by chance, upon some major fact (40) they had not at all expected. The faculty of making such lucky (41) unplanned discoveries is called serendipity. (42) the word "serendipity" nor the occurrence that is expressed are very common. Usually discoveries are the fruit of hard work and obstinate, dogged perseverance. Thomas Edison, who (43) the electric light bulb and the phonograph(among other things)said that genius, which brings discoveries, is 10 (44) inspiration and 90 percent perspiration. It is not enough to announce one's invention to the world, (45) we have seen in the case of young Imogen Cunningham. The inventor should protect his (46) her brainchild against pirates who (47) steal the idea and make practical (48) of it. To establish ownership and rights, the wise inventor (49) to the Patent Office for a patent of invention. If someone infringes (50) inventor can appeal to the courts. The litigation may be slow, but it is usually thorough.

填空题 {{B}} A = Chang Ling B = Ding Ling C = Emperor Qian kong's Tomb Which tomb...{{/B}}·was opened to the public as early as 19787 71. ______.·served as a model for the remaining 12 for its good preservation? 72. ______.·is of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs? 73. ______.·is the largest tomb? 　　 74. ______.·is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China? 　　　 75. ______.·has the inner walls and arched ceilings of its gateway and halls decorated with four ·celestial guardians? 76. ______.·owns three coffins within it? 77. ______.·holds the coffin of an emperor which was placed over a well? 78. ______.·has a large red gate with a significant bronze lion which marks the entrance to the ground? 79. ______.·was a huge and costly construction project which began in 1743? 80. ______. Maintaining an imperial tradition that originated from the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1066- 1221 BC), the Ming emperors selected the location and design of their tombs while they were still alive. The selection of sites, based on the prevailing winds and the water level, ensured that only benevolent spirits were in habiting the area. Of the 16 Ming emperors, 13 chose to be buried in this serene valley (Shisanling) just north of Beijing.{{B}} The Sacred Way{{/B}} The road to the tombs, which branches off the route to the Great Wall, was once a 6.4 km (4 mi) long sacred way, forbidden to all but the emperor's funeral cortege. The road begins at a five-arched marble gate, built in 1540. A mile further down stands a three- arched gateway, the Dahongmen (Great Red Gate). The emperor's body was carried through the central archway. Only on this one occasion was the center door opened. Just beyond the gate sits a huge stone tortoise(symbol of longevity)with a 9.1 m (30 ft) stele mounted on its back. The stele, the largest such tablet in China, was inscribed by the fourth Ming emperor at the time of the death of his predecessor, Yang Le, in 1424. This tortoise marks the beginning of the famous Avenue of the Animals. Lions, camels, elephants, horses, and two sets of mythical (or at least unrecognizable)beasts, 12 statues in all, line either side of the road, alternately standing and kneeling and most, these days, supporting tourists on their backs while being photographed. Beyond the animal figures stretch a series of 12 stone human statues, dating from the 15th century: four military men, four civilian officials, and four obedient retainers, all with stately postures and fixed stares--an honor guard for the dead emperor. A legend says that an emperor of the later Qing Dynasty wanted to transport the statues to line the road to his own tomb. One of the emperor's ministers was told, in a dream, that the statues were eternally loyal to the Ming emperors and therefore should not be moved. The Qing emperor took this as a warning that if the statues were disturbed, a deadly wind would blow down from the Ming Tombs upon the capital and he abandoned the project.{{B}} Chang Ling{{/B}} Of the 13 tombs, only two have been excavated, those of Chang (the burial name for Yong Le, 1403 - 1424), and Ding (Emperor Wan Li, 1562- 1620). The Chang Ling tomb is the largest and best preserved of the tombs; it served as a model for the remaining 12. Visitors enter through a red gate which opens toward a courtyard. From here they pass under the Gate of Eminent Favors(Lingenmen)into a second courtyard, in which stands the marble Hall of Eminent Favors (Lingendian), surrounded by pine trees(another ancient symbol of longevity) . The roof of the hall is supported by 32 giant tree columns. Beyond this hall is a third courtyard, where the visitor will see a simple stele with the inscription Da Ming--Great Ming. This marks the passage to the sepulcher.{{B}} Ding Ling{{/B}} Also known as the Underground Palace, this is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China. The work was completed over a period of three years (1956- 1959). Ding(Emperor Wan Li) was buried here in 1620 with two of his wives in a deep marble vault located four stories underground(on the hottest of summer days the vault remains mercifully cool) . The entrance to the grounds is marked by a large red gate with a magnificent bronze lion. Gigantic marble doors stand at the entrance to the first of the three burial chambers. (After burial, a "locking stone", similar to the modem "police" lock, was rolled in front of the tomb itself. ) Inside are three coffins. Twenty six chests of jewelry and other artifacts were discovered at the foot of the coffins, and many of these finds can be viewed in the two exhibition halls constructed above ground. The broad, tree shaded grounds surrounding the tomb are dotted with stone picnic tables and seats. Tour groups are usually provided with box lunches which may be eaten outdoors or in a "picnic room" at the foot of the Great Wall.{{B}} Emperor Qian Long's Tomb{{/B}} In 1978, the tomb of the Qing emperor Qian kong( 1736 - 1796), located about 100 km (62.5 mi) east of Beijing, was opened to the public. Known as Yu Ling, the tomb is on a grander scale and of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs. Construction began in 1743 and cost 90 tons of silver. The wood used was the durable, fragrant, close-grained nanmu. Some logs weighed up to 20 tons. The tomb is, in fact, an underground palace, similar to the tomb of Ding Ling. Nevertheless, Yu Ling has distinctive architectural features. Flanking the roadway leading to the tomb are eight pairs of stone sculptures depicting civil officials, military officers, horses, qilin ( a mythical 'animal of good omen), elephants, camels, suanni (mythical monsters), and lions. Each figure was carved from a single stone block. The largest weighs about 43 tons. The underground palace contains three stone halls and four pairs of stone gates, all arched. The overhanging eaves, tile gutters, ridges, and animal-shaped ornaments on the gate comers are in white marble. Each gate weighs about two tons and contains a Bod-hisattva, each with a different mien.. The inner walls and arched ceilings of the gateways and halls are decorated with four celestial guardians(also called Deva kings), seated statues of gods and Budd has, carvings of potted flowers, and small three-legged tables to hold incense burners and Buddhist scriptures. The coffin of Qian Long lies in the innermost recess of the underground palace. It was placed over a well that never runs dry.

填空题Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1 . Some choices may be required more than once. A=BOOK REVIEW 1 B=BOOK REVIEW 2 C=BOOK REVIEW 3 D=BOOK REVIEW 4 Which book review(s) contain(s) the following information? ·Comparison of the significance of two economic books. 1 ·Stiglitz"s prestige in the field of economics. 2 ·Stiglitz"s criticism of those who exaggerated the power of markets in developing countries. 3 ·Policy making should consider local conditions. 4 ·The intervention of government is the way to assist globalization. 5 ·Stiglitz"s dedication to the development of poor countries. 6 ·Stiglitz"s preference of one type of economic policy over another one. 7 ·More people joined Stiglitz in criticizing free trade and globalization. 8 ·Stiglitz"s points have been supported by what actually happened in the country. 9 ·Mainly gives positive comments on Stiglitz and his new book. 10 A The main point of the book is simple: globalization is not helping many poor countries. Incomes are not rising in much of the world, and adoption of market-based policies such as open capital markets, free trade, and privatization are making developing economies less stable, not more. Instead of a bigger dose of free markets, Stiglitz argues, what"s needed to make globalization work better is more and smarter government intervention. While this has been said before, the ideas carry more weight coming from someone with Stiglitz"s credentials. In some ways, this book has the potential to be the liberal equivalent of Milton Friedman"s 1962 classic Capitalism and Freedom, which helped provide the intellectual foundation for a generation of conservatives. But Globalization and Its Discontents" does not rise to the level of capitalism and freedom. While Stiglitz makes a strong case for government-oriented development policy, be ignores some key arguments in favor of the market. "The book"s main villain is the International Monetary Fund, the Washington organization that lends to troubled countries", Stiglitz" contempt for the IMF is boundless, "It is clear that the IMF has failed in its mission, " he declares. "Many of the policies that the IMF pushed have contributed to global instability. " B While parts of this book are disappointingly shallow, Stiglitz"s critique of the market-driven 90"s still resonates, especially when the business page is full of stories about white-collar crime and the stock market seems stuck in a perpetual rut. Even the United States cannot blithely assume that financial markets will work on autopilot. It is testament to the salience of Stiglitz"s arguments that many economists—even some Bush Administration officials—now embrace his view that economic change in the developing world must evolve more with local conditions, not on Washington"s calendar. Without a thorough makeover, globalization could easily become a quagmire. Stiglitz shared a Nobel Prize last year for his work analyzing the imperfections of markets. His main complaint against Rubin and Summers, who served as Treasury Secretaries, and against Fischer, the NO. 2 official and de facto chief executive of the international Monetary Fund, is that they had too much faith that markets could transform poor countries overnight. He labels these three men market fundamentalists, who fought to maintain financial stability with the same urgency that an earlier generation struggled to contain communism. Worse, he suggests, they shilled for Wall Street, conflating the interests of the big banks with the financial health of the world. C "Stiglitz, 58, is hardly the first person to accuse the IMF of operating undemocratically and exacerbating Third World poverty. But he is by far the most prominent and his emergence as a critic marks an important shift in the intellectual landscape. Only a few years ago, it was possible for pundits to claim that no mainstream economist, certainly nobody of Stiglitz"s stature, took the criticism of free trade and globalization seriously. Such claims are no longer credible, for Stiglitz is part of a small but growing group of economists, sociologists and political scientists, among them Dani Rodrik of Harvard and Robert Wade of the London School of Economics, who not only take the critics seriously but warn that ignoring their concerns could have dire consequences. " Over the past several years, Stiglitz, a celebrated theorist who was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in economics for his work on asymmetric information, has grown accustomed to being at the center of controversy. From 1997 to 2000, he served as senior vice president and chief economist at the World Bank—a title that did not stop him from publicly criticizing the bank"s sister institution, the International Monetary Fund, Stiglitz"s outspokenness, unprecedented for a highranking insider, infuriated top officials at the IMF and US Treasury Department, and eventually led James Wolfensohn, the World Bank"s president, to inform him that he would have to mute his criticism or resign, Stiglitz chose to leave. D "Stiglitz" book makes a compelling case that simple-minded economic doctrine, inadequately tailored to the realities of developing countries, can do more harm than good, and that the subtleties of economic theory are actually quite important for sound policy advice. But simplistic political advice—give developing countries more voice and the institutions of global governance will be rendered more legitimate and efficient—is equally problematic. Political reform is as subtle and complex as economic reform. Evidently, the best minds among us have only begun to think about it. " Joseph Stiglitz"s memoirs of his years in Washington, D.C. —first as chair of President Bill Clinton"s Council of Economic Advisers and then as chief economist at the World Bank—have the flavor of a morality play. Our goodhearted but slightly native hero, on leave from Stanford University, sets out for the nation"s capital to serve his country and improve the lot of the developing world. Once there he finds a morass of political opportunism, ideologically motivated decision-making and bureaucratic inertia. Undeterred, he battles valiantly on behalf of impoverished nations against the unrelenting globalisers of the International Monetary Fund.

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. "The more gadgets there are, the{{U}} (31) {{/U}}things seem to get. " said Honore Ervin, co-author of The Etiquette Girls : Things You Need to Be Told. "Just because it' s there{{U}} (32) {{/U}}your disposal, doesn’t mean you have to use it 24/7. " A recent{{U}} (33) {{/U}}by market research company Synovate showed that 70 percent of 1,000 respondents {{U}}(34) {{/U}}the poorest etiquette in cell phone users over other devices. The worst habit? Loud phone conversations in public places, or "cell yell," {{U}}(35) {{/U}}to 72 percent of the Americans polled. "People use{{U}} (36) {{/U}}anywhere and everywhere," Ervin said. "At the movies-turn{{U}} (37) {{/U}}your cell phone. I don't want to pay $10 to be sitting next to some guy chitchatting to his girlfriend{{U}} (38) {{/U}}his cell phone. " This rudeness has deteriorated public spaces, according to Lew Friedland, a communication professor {{U}}(39) {{/U}}the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He{{U}} (40) {{/U}}the lack of manners a kind of unconscious rudeness,{{U}} (41) {{/U}}many people are not{{U}} (42) {{/U}}of what they're doing or the others around them. "I think it's really noticeable in any plane, train or bus{{U}} (43) {{/U}}you're subjected against your will {{U}}(44) {{/U}}someone else's conversation," he said. "You can listen to intimate details of their uncle's illness, problems with their lovers and{{U}} (45) {{/U}}they're having for sinner. " "It{{U}} (46) {{/U}}what. was a public" common space and starts to{{U}} (47) {{/U}}it up into small private space. " A short time ago, if cell phone users{{U}} (48) {{/U}}politely asked to talk quietly, they would{{U}} (49) {{/U}} with chagrin, he said. "Now more and more people are essentially treating you like you don't understand that loud cell phone use is{{U}} (50) {{/U}}in public."

填空题Wheredidriceoriginate?

填空题 Multidisciplinary science is all the rage these days. Even{{U}} (31) {{/U}}, the overlap between archaeology and pharmacology is not, at first{{U}} (32) {{/U}}, obvious. But there is a connection. An analytical technique developed for the{{U}} (33) {{/U}}, used to work out how old things are, is now{{U}} (34) {{/U}}used in the latter, to see if promising drugs are likely to fail{{U}} (35) {{/U}}expensive clinical trials are undertaken. At the{{U}} (36) {{/U}}, a third of drug candidates do not pass such trials. This may be{{U}} (37) {{/U}}they fail to reach the part of the body where they are{{U}} (38) {{/U}}to work—many molecules, for{{U}} (39) {{/U}}, cannot cross from the bloodstream into the brain. Or it may be that the body breaks down the active ingredients before the drug has time to act. Identifying{{U}} (40) {{/U}}problems early in the testing process would be a boon. Trials on{{U}} (41) {{/U}}can help, but how other species react is not always a good indication of how people will. What is needed is a way of testing potential drugs on people,{{U}} (42) {{/U}}in a way that cannot possibly cause any harm. That is{{U}} (43) {{/U}}the archaeologists come in. {{U}} (44) {{/U}}decades, archaeologists have used a technique called carbon dating to work{{U}} (45) {{/U}}how old their finds are. Some of the carbon dioxide absorbed by plants during photosynthesis is{{U}} (46) {{/U}}. That is because it contains carbon atoms which are{{U}} (47) {{/U}}than run-of-the-mill carbon, and are unstable. The radioactive carbon atoms weigh 14 atomic units,{{U}} (48) {{/U}}nm-of-the-mill ones weigh 12 units. Food grains, scraps of cloth and so on can thus be dated by finding out how{{U}} (49) {{/U}}radioactive carbon is left in them: the less there is, the{{U}} (50) {{/U}}they are. (278 words)

填空题is particularly helpful for those who fear changes?

填空题With unfamiliar human beings, when we acknowledge their humanness, we must avoid staring at them, and yet we must also avoid ignoring them. To make them into people rather than objects, we use a deliberate and polite inattention. We look at them long enough to, make it quite clear that we see them, and then we immediately look away. (66) The important thing in such an exchange is that we do not catch the eye of one whom we are recognizing as a person. We look at him without locking glances, and then we immediately look away. Recognition is not permitted. (67) If you pass someone in the street, you may eye the oncoming person until you are about eight feet apart, then you must look away as you pass. Before the eight-foot distance is reached, each will signal in which direction he will pass. This is done with a brief look in that direction. Each will veer slightly and the passing is done smoothly. (68) To strengthen this signal, you look directly at the other's face before looking away. (69) It becomes impossible to discover just what they are doing. Are they looking at you too long, too intently? Are they looking at you at all? The person wearing the glasses feels protected and assumes that he can stare without being noticed in his staring. However, this is a self-deception. To the other person, dark glasses seem to indicate that the wearer is always staring at him. We often use this look-away technique when we meet famous people. We want to assure them we are respecting their privacy and that we would not dream of staring at them. The same is true of the crippled or physically handicapped. We look brief and then look away before the stare can be said to be a stare. (70) Of course, the opposite is also true. If we wish to put a person down, we may do so by staring longer than is acceptably polite. Instead of dropping our gazes when we lock glances, we continue to stare. The person who disapproves of interracial marriages or dating will stare rudely at the interracial couple. If he dislikes long hair, short dresses, or beards, he may show it with a longer-than-acceptable stare. A. There are different formulas for the exchange of glances depending on where the meeting takes place. B. In the subway or bus where long rides in very close circumstances are a necessity, we may be bard put to find some way of not staring. We sneak glances, but look away before our eyes can lock. If we look with an unfocused glance that misses the eyes and settles on the head, the mouth, the body for any place but the eyes is an acceptable looking spot for the unfocused glance. C. Actually in this way we are saying, in body language, "I know you are there," and a moment later we add, "But I would not dream of intruding on your privacy." D. It is the technique we use for any unusual situation where too long a stare would be embarrassing. When we see an interracial couple, we also use this technique. We might use it when we see a man with an unusual beard, with extra longhair, with outlandish clothes, or a girl with a minimal miniskirt may attract this look-and-away. E. For this passing encounter Dr. Erving Goffman in behavior in public places says that the quick look and the lowering of the eyes is body language for, "I trust you. I am not afraid of you." F. Sometimes the rules are hard to follow, particularly if one of the two people wears dark glasses.

填空题The reasons for sending humans to Mars range from good to bad to terrible. The notion that we should take on such a dangerous and expensive endeavor just as an elite remnant of Earthlings might survive if we destroy ourselves here on our own planet, for instance, is ludicrous. 1 One of the best arguments for making the trip is pragmatic. We are now embarked as a civilization on a program of sustained global environmental management; we have changed the climate already, and from now on we have to deal with the Earth as a total dynamic system, trying to keep it all in balance. The better we understand our planet, the better we will be able to keep it (and ourselves) healthy. One of the most powerful scientific methods for understanding something is to compare it with other things like it, and there aren"t many options when you look around for other planets to compare with earth. 2 The second reason is more abstract, but so fundamental to our grasp of who we are that it can"t be easily dismissed; we should go to Mars to search for life there. This is a new idea; after the Viking landings in 1976 it was assumed that Mars was lifeless. But since then we have discovered life on Earth in such unlikely harsh environments that a new word, "extremophiles," has been coined to describe these hardy microbes. 3 Some will say we can send robots to make these investigations. Robots like Pathfinder and the Polar Lander will land on Mars biannually for the coming decade, and they will send back valuable information. But the search for life will be difficult to do mechanically, and the truth is that humans are much better at field geology than robots. A single human expedition would teach us more than a century of robotic landings, as members of the team lived there for six months or a year, wandering over the astounding red landscape performing one complicated experiment after another; their work and problems would be more interesting than the robots as well. 4 So we should enjoy the fruits of the robot missions, while at the same time deciding to go ourselves, and designing the robotic missions to set the groundwork for our arrival. 5 A. It appears now that life can exist anywhere there is water and some minerals. Mars may have these ingredients in abundance, far under its frozen surface. Scientists have already claimed to have found fossil bacteria in the Martian meteorite ALH84001, and while this particular finding is contested, the possibility that life once existed on Mars is generally acknowledged, as is the possibility that it is still there deep underground. If we go there and find life, or even fossil evidence of past life, it would be one of the most important scientific discoveries in history. B. For the foreseeable future, Mars is not only the best choice; it is probably the only one. We"ve come to understand that the two planets shared very similar beginnings, then radically diverged; understanding more about the two planetary histories will teach us a lot about Earth. So we should go to Mars to help us here. It"s as simple as that. Comparative planetology is an environmentalist tool, and going to the Red Planet is a green project. C. The case for going in person is also strengthened by the fact that it looks much less expensive than it used to. A study during the Bush administration put the cost at $450 billion. Tighter engineering has recently revised that downward tenfold, to $50 billion spread over a decade. This is back within the realm of the thinkable, even within the realm of NASA"s extremely modest budget. Costs fairly low, benefits extremely high; challenging both technically and socially; educational, exciting, inspirational, appealing to all that is best in human nature; really, the strange thing would be to neglect to go. Let"s go! D. Similarly, to claim that such an undertaking is worthwhile because it will solve all of humanity"s problems is taking things too far. But there is a good case for going to Mars, and some recent developments have made it even stronger. E. This last is no trivial matter. We live for our stories, and it would be inspiring to see our civilization make a peaceful international effort to explore another world, seeking knowledge rather than profits. F. The mission marks the first time a space probe has attempted to land on the moon of another planet, providing the first direct sampling of the Earthlike atmosphere of Titan and the first detailed pictures of its previously hidden surface. Titan is Saturn"s largest moon, namely, nearly the size of Mars and bigger than either Mercury or Pluto.

填空题How does Casey feel when he has trouble operating a machine?

填空题Answer questions by referring to 3 passages concerning cultural differences. Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B or C and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once. A=Passage One B=Passage Two C=Passage Three In which passage you will find ... Asian workers in American company has got emotional starvation? 21. ______ people are willing to give much information of their culture when asked? 22. ______ in one country, if you are punctual for a party, you will feel embarrassed? 23. ______ the idea that the interior world of people in different cultures are basically the same in nany aspects? 24. ______ misunderstanding arises because of different manners in showing refusal? 25. ______ a manager found his foreign stuff have complaints due to different understanding of me word? 26. ______ misunderstanding arises because of different manners in accepting compliments? 27. ______ before entering another culture, it is crucial to know different thinking patterns? 28. ______ if a person says, It's trouble some and I'm not much thirsty. you should offer him something to drink? 29. ______ is there much to be gained by observing how people of the same culture interact with each other? 30. ______ Passage One American and Chinese cultures are at polar opposites. An American hostess, complimented for her culinary skills, is likely to say, "Oh, I'm so glad you liked it. I cooked it especially for you." Not so a Chinese host or hostess, who will instead apologize profusely for giving you "nothing" even slightly edible and for not showing you enough honor by providing proper dishes. The Chinese take pride in "modesty"; the Americans in "straightforwardness". That modesty has left many a Chinese hungry at an American table, for Chinese politeness calls for three refusals before one accepts an offer, and the American hosts take a "no" to mean "no", whether it's the first, second, or third time. Recently, a number of a delegation sent to China by a large American corporation complained to me about how the Chinese had asked them three times if they would be willing to modify some proposal, and each time the Americans had said "no" clearly and definitely. My friend was incensed that the Chinese had not taken their word the first time. I recognized the problem immediately and wondered why the American had not studied up on cultural differences before coming to China. It would have saved them a lot of perplexity and needless frustration in their negotiation. Once you've learned the signals and how to respond, life becomes infinitely easier. When guests come, I know I should immediately ask if they'd like a cup of tea. They will respond, "Please don't bother," which is my signal to fetch tea. Passage Two An Asian engineer is assigned to a US laboratory and almost suffers a nervous breakdown. A US executive tells his staff he's going to treat them fairly — and creates dissension. Each of these real life cases involved people who were regarded as superior employees, but were ill-equipped to cope with the complexities and dangers of intercultural management. Never show the sole of your shoe to an Arab; never arrive on time for a party in Brazil; and in Japan, don't think "yes" means "yes", but simply learning the social "dos" and "don'ts" is not the answer, according to the new culture specialists. The penalties for ignoring different thinking patterns, they point out, can be disastrous. For example, the American manager who promised to be fair thought he was telling the Japanese staff that their hard work would be rewarded; but when some workers received higher salary increase than others, there were complaints. "You told us you'd be fair, and you lied to us," accused one salesman. "It took me a year and a half," signed the American, " to realize that 'fair', to my staff, means being treated equally." The Asian engineer who suffered in American was the victim of another mistaken expectation. He was accustomed to the warm group environment so typical in Japan. But in American company, everyone is expected to be self-starter, who thrives on working alone. For this Japanese it was emotional starvation. Passage Three As we interact with others of different cultures, there is no good substitute for receptiveness to interpersonal feedback, good observation skills, effective questions, and some horse sense. There is much to be gained by observing how people of the same culture interact with each other. Don't be afraid to ask questions as most people respond very positively to inquiries about their culture. Ask a variety of people so you can get a balanced view. Making a genuine effort to find the positive historical, literary, and cultural contributions of a society; learning a few polite expressions in another person's language; and showing appreciation for the food and music of another culture can have especially positive effects. The conclusion, then, is not that there are no cultural differences. These differences between cultures and peoples are real and can add richness (and humor) to the fabric of life. People everywhere have much in common, such as a need for affiliation and love, participation, and contribution. When the exterior is peeled off, there are not so many differences after all.

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Many parents who welcome the idea of turning{{U}} (31) {{/U}}the TV and{{U}} (32) {{/U}}more time with the family are still worried that{{U}} (33) {{/U}}TV they would constantly be on call as entertainers for their children. They remember{{U}} (34) {{/U}}Up all sorts of things to do when they were kids. But their own kids seem{{U}} (35) {{/U}}, less resourceful, somehow. When there's nothing to do, these parents observe regretfully, their kids seem unable to come up with anything to do{{U}} (36) {{/U}}turning on the TV. One father, for example, says, "When I was a{{U}} (37) {{/U}}, we were always thinking up things to do, projects and games. We certainly never complained{{U}} (38) {{/U}}an annoying way{{U}} (39) {{/U}}our parents, 'I have nothing to do !' "He compares this with his own children today: "They are simply lazy. If someone{{U}} (40) {{/U}}entertain them, they'll happily sit there watching TV all day. " There is one word for this father's disappointment; unfair. {{U}}(41) {{/U}}is as if he{{U}} (42) {{/U}}disappointed in them for not reading Greek though they have never studied the language. He deplores his children's{{U}} (43) {{/U}}of inventiveness, as if the ability to play was missing. In fact, {{U}}(44) {{/U}}the tendency to play is built into the human species, the actual ability to play-to imagine, to invent, to elaborate on reality in a playful way-and the ability to{{U}} (45) {{/U}}fulfillment from it, these are skills that have to be{{U}} (46) {{/U}}and developed. Such disappointment, however, is not only{{U}} (47) {{/U}}, it is also destructive. Sensing their parents' disappointment, children come to believe that they are. {{U}}(48) {{/U}}, lacking something, and that this{{U}} (49) {{/U}}them less worthy of admiration and respect. Giving children the opportunity to develop new resources, to enlarge their horizons and discover the pleasures of doing things{{U}} (50) {{/U}}their own is, on the other hand, a way to help children develop a confident feeling about themselves as capable and interesting people.

填空题USAID is trying to work out ways to prevent HIV/ AIDS transmission from mother to child.

填空题From her vantage point she watched the main doors swing open and the first arrivals pour in. Those who had been at the head of the line paused momentarily on entry, looked around curiously, then quickly moved forward as others behind pressed in. Within moments the central public area of the big branch bank was filled with a chattering, noisy crowd. The building, relatively quiet less than a minute earlier, had become a Babel. Edwina saw a tall heavy-set black man wave some dollar bills and announce loudly, "I want to put my money in the bank. " 66. ______ It seemed as if the report about everyone having come to open an account had been accurate after all. Edwina could see the big man leaning back expansively, who was still holding his dollar bills. His voice cut across the noise of other conversations and she heard him proclaim, "I'm in no hurts. There's something I'd like you to explain. " Two other desks were quickly manned by other clerks. With equal speed, long wide lines of people loaned in front of them. Normally, three members of staff were ample to handle new account business, but obviously inadequate now. Edwina could see Tottenhoe on the far side of the bank and called him on the intercom. She instructed, "Use more desks for new accounts and take all the staff you can spare to man then. " 67. ______ Tottenhoe grumbled in reply, "You realize we can't possibly process all these people today, and however many we do will tie us tip completely. " "I've got an idea, "Edwina said, "that's what someone has in mind. Just hurry the processing all you can. " 68. ______ First, an application form called for details of residence, employment, social security, and family matters. A specimen signature was obtained. Then proof of identity was needed. After that, the new accounts clerk would take all documents to an officer of the bank for approval and initialing. Finally, a savings passbook was made out or a temporary checkbook issued. Therefore the most new accounts that any bank employee could open in an hour were five, so the three clerks presently working might handle a sum of ninety in one business day, if they kept going at top speed, which was unlikely. 69. ______ Still the noise within the bank increased. It had become an uproar. A further problem was that the growing mass of arrivals in the central public area of the bank was preventing access to tellers' counters by other customers. Edwina could see a few of them outside, regarding of the milling scene with consternation. While she watched, several gave up and walked away. Inside the bank some of the newcomers were engaging tellers in conversation and the tellers, having nothing else to do because of the melee, chatted back. Two assistant managers had gone to the central floor area and were trying to conduct the flood of people so as to clear some space at counters. They were having small success. 70. ______ She decided it was time for her own intervention. Edwina left the platform and a failed--off staff area and, with difficulty, made her way through the milling crowd to the main front door. A. Yet she knew however much they hurried it would still take ten to fifteen minutes to open any single new account. It always did. The paperwork required that time. B. But still no hostility was evident. Everyone in the now jam--packed bank who was spoken to by members of the staff answered politely and with a smile. It seemed, Edwina thought, as if all who were here had been briefed to be on best behavior. C. A security guard directed him, "Over there for new accounts. " The guard pointed to a desk where a clerk-- a young girl-- sat waiting. She appeared nervous. The big man walked toward her, smiled reassuringly, and sat down. Immediately a press of others moved into a ragged line behind him, waiting for their turn. D. Even leaning closer to the intercom, it was hard to hear above the noise. E. Even tripling the present complement of clerks would permit very few more than two hundred and fifty accounts to be opened in a day, yet already, in the first few minutes of business, the bank was crammed with at least four hundred people, with still more flooding in, and the line outside, which Edwina rose to check, appeared as long as ever. F. Obviously someone had alerted the press in advance, which explained the presence of the TV camera crew outside. Edwina hoped to know who had done it.

填空题A good many technical people become angry when you call a computer a giant brain. They insist that computer does only what thinking humans have planned to have it do. 1 There is a popular anecdote about a computer programmer who, just for a good fun, spent days setting up the machine to destroy itself, then watched delightedly as the computer dutifully proceeded to commit suicide. If that machine could have thought, would it not have got the better of him? 2 Apparently, neurons are elementary memory units, capable of storing the same kind of information "bits" that a machine can store. The completely materialistic view is that neurons, along with an extraordinary network of nerve-communication lines, comprise all there is to the brain. But such an explanation fails to account for how the brain originates thought. 3 Computers can already do a lot of surprising things, which include predicting the weather. The machine is able to make forecasts by absorbing vast quantities of data, but this, as well as most of the other tasks now performed by the thinking machines, is routine, requiring thinking of a very low order. Let us see what happens when we go beyond this step. A great many outstanding men are preoccupied with computers that do nonnumerical work: that is, machines that go on from there after all the figures are in. These men want to see, for example, whether lifeless devices can exercise judgment, make choices, give birth to ideas, and play games intelligently. At the far limit of possibility, they wish to know whether, at least on paper, machines can reproduce themselves. In other words, are we really certain that a machine can do only what its programmer wills it to do? Already there are in existence a number of machines that approach these powers. The simplest type is the computer that understands logic. 4 Boolean algebra caught the eye of two Harvard students some years ago, and they built a machine called the Logical Truth Calculator. It created quite a stir in Cambridge, because it worked extremely well at solving rather simple logical problems. Soon more complicated machines were developed—machines that could play games. The mechanical game-players fall into a number of classes. The simplest has a dictionary of rules in its memory, including all possible moves to be made in answer to an opponent. A second class plays only according to a strict formula, and can never lose. 5 Dr. Claude Shannon of Bell Telephone Laboratories, and his colleague, E. F. Moore, once built a machine to play the game known as Hex, using an analog computer working on electrical voltages. "It beat them about 70 per cent of the time. It frequently surprised its designer," Shannon comments, "by selecting odd-looking moves which, on analysis, proved sound!" A. To me the controversy boils down to a definition of the word "think". There is no area in physiology that is less understood than the human brain. Practically all that is known is that the brain contains some ten billion tiny cells called neurons. B. Probably the clearest difference between man and machine is a quantitative one. The brain has roughly a million times as many parts as the best computer. On the other hand, the difference may lie in a spiritual factor, embraced by religion. At any rate, a machine cannot exercise free will or originate anything—not yet. Whether it ever will is still an open argument. C. A third category applies the principles of approximations, choosing the probable best move by "thinking" over all imaginable moves and testing each against a certain standard. The games these machines can play include checkers, chess, bridge, poker, and many other card games. They can"t always win, because an approximately right move isn"t necessarily the best one, but few human opponents can do better. D. The mathematics of logic, upon which such machines work, was originated a century ago by an obscure Englishman named George Boole. Boolean algebra, as it is now called, has proved to be of great service to telephone engineers in designing automatic switching apparatus. E. But complexity is not the only requirement: the billions of parts would all have to work together to produce reliable results. Considering how far from perfect most human brains are, there isn"t much threat from a synthetic one. F. Yet one authority states categorically, "A machine can handle information: it can calculate, conclude, and choose, it can perform reasonable operations with information. A machine, therefore, can think." Famed mathematician Norbert Wiener, of MIT, foresees a machine that can learn will "in no way be obliged to make such decisions as we should have made, or will be acceptable to us." Evidently, he thinks machines can think.

填空题Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with one suitable word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. America—the great "melting pot"—has always been a rich blend of cultural traditions from all over the world. Many American families can trace their histories {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}immigrant ancestors who traveled great {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}, enduring risk and hardship, to make a home {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}they would be guaranteed basic freedoms. And for many American families, these freedoms came {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}a struggle. Their parents and grandparents were deprived of the basic rights we value. American society was founded {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}freedom from religious persecution and on tolerance of {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}in beliefs and cultural heritage. The differences (or diversity) that come {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}people from all over the world enrich our culture, bringing new ideas and energy. Today, more than {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}, children have opportunities to interact with {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}of differing ethnicities, religions, and cultures. Classrooms are increasingly {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}, reflecting the communities where families live and work. Some parents welcome the fact that we live in an increasingly diverse {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Others may feel more hesitant, especially if they have not had much exposure {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}people different from {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Many children are way ahead of their {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}in terms of exposure to cultural differences. Their circle of friends, their schoolmates, and their athletic teams are much more varied than {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}of even a generation ago. Why is it important for parents to {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}their children prepare to live, learn, and work in communities that will become even more diverse? Teaching tolerance is important {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}just because it is part of our American heritage but {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}the person who learns to be open to differences will have more opportunity in education, in business, and in so many {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}ways. In {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}, your child's success depends on it. Success in today's world—and tomorrow's—depends on being able to understand, appreciate, and work with others.

填空题RedCrosswasestablished______.

填空题places an emphasis on something that can hardly be learnt at school? 71. ______ is particularly helpful for those who fear changes? 72. ______ tells readers it doesn't follow that those who don't have good academic achievement will not make a fortune? 73. ______ is not written by a single writer? 74. ______ tells a very simple story but it contains some messages? 75. ______ seems not to express ideas straightforward? 76. ______ is written by the one who also wrote a lot of other works with other writers? 77. ______ is probably full of facts? 78. ______ is not only statistical but also interesting? 79. ______ is not related to finance? 80. ______ A Change can be a blessing or a curse, depending on your perspective. The message of Who Moved My Cheese? is that aI1 can come to see it as a blessing, if they understand the nature of cheese and the role it plays in their lives. Who Moved My Cheese? is a parable that takes place in a maze. Four beings live in that maze. Sniff and Scurry are mice--non-analytical and non-judgmental, they just want cheese and are willing to do whatever it takes to get it. Hem and Haw are "little people", mouse-size humans who have an entirely different relationship with cheese. It's not just sustenance to them; it's their self-image. Their lives and belief systems are built around the cheese they' ve found. Most of us reading the story will see the cheese as something related to our livelihoods--our jobs, our career paths, the industries we work in--although it can stand for anything, from health to relationships. The point of the story is that we have to be alert to changes in the cheese, and be prepared to go running off in search of new sources of cheese when the cheese we have runs out. Dr. Johnson, co-author of The One Minute Manager and many other books, presents this parable to business, church groups, schools, military organizations-any place where you find people who may fear or resist change. And although more analytical and skeptical readers may find the tale a little too simplistic, its beauty is that it sums up all natural history in just 94 pages: things change. They always have changed and always will change. And while there's no single way to deal with change, the consequence of pretending change won' t happen is always the same: the cheese runs out. B Personal-finance author and lecturer Robert Kiyosaki developed his unique economic perspective through exposure to a pair of disparate influences: his own highly educated but fiscally unstable father, and the multimillionaire eighth-grade dropout father of his closest friend. The lifelong monetary problems experienced by his "poor dad" (whose weekly paychecks, while respectable, were never quite sufficient to meet family needs) pounded home the counterpoint communicated by his "rich dad" (that "the poor and the middle class work for money, " but "the rich have money work for them"). Taking that message to heart, Kiyosaki was able to retire at 47. Rich. Dad, Poor Dad, written with consultant and CPA Sharon L. Lechter, lays out the philosophy behind his relationship with money. Although Kiyosaki can take a frustratingly long time to make his points, his book nonetheless compellingly advocates for the type of "financial literacy" that's never taught in schools. Based on the principle that income-generating assets always provide healthier bottom-line results than even the best of traditional jobs, it explains how those assets might be acquired so that the jobs can eventually be shed. C What do you do after you' ve written the No. 1 best-seller The Millionaire Next Door? Survey 1, 371 more millionaires and write The Millionaire Mind. Dr. Stanley's extremely timely tome is a mixture of entertaining elements. It resembles Regis Philbin' s hit show (and CD-ROM game) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, only you have to pose real-life questions, instead of quizzing about trivia. Are you a gambling, divorce-prone, conspicuously consuming "Income-Statement Affluent" Jacuzzi fool soon to be parted from his or her money, or a frugal, loyal, resole your shoes and buy your own groceries type like one of Stanley's "Balance-Sheet Affluent" millionaires? "Cheap dates " millionaires are 4.9 times likelier to play with their grandkids than shop at Brooks Brothers. "If you asked the average American what it takes to be a millionaire, " he writes, "they'd probably cite a number of predictable factors., inheritance, luck, stock market investments Topping his list would be a high IQ, high SAT scores and grade point average, along with attendance at a top college. " No way, says Stanley, backing it up with data he compiled with help from the University of Georgia and Harvard geodemographer Jon Robbin. Robbin may wish he'd majored in socializing at LSU, instead, because the numbers show the average millionaire had a lowly 2.92 GPA, SAT scores between 1100 and 1190, and teachers who told them they were mediocre students but personable people. "Discipline 101 and Tenacity 102" made them rich. Stanley got straight C's in English and writing, but he had money-minded drive. He urges you to pattern your life according to Yale professor Robert Sternberg's Successful Intelligence, because Stanley' s statistics bear out Sternberg' s theories on what makes minds succeed-and it isn't IQ. Besides offering insights into millionaires' pinchpenny ways, pleasing quips ("big brain, no bucks"), and 46 statistical charts with catchy titles, Stanley's book booms with humanpotential pep talk and bristles with anecdotes--for example, about a bus driver who made $ 3 million, a doctor (reporting that his training gave him zero people skills) who lost $1.5 million, and a loser scholar in the bottom 10 percent on six GRE tests who grew up to be Martin Luther King Jr. Read it and you' 11 feel like a million bucks.

填空题·is of special value for perfume making because of its fragrance?

填空题Accordingtothespeaker,whoshouldenjoytherightofAcademicFreedom?

填空题In the following article, some paragraphs have been removed. For Questions 66 to 70, choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. One day a group of people walked into a cave and painted handprints all over the walls. Ten thousand years later, archaeologists have no idea why. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} But this is the kind of challenge now facing a group of scientists, historians and futurists who are trying to send a message to the people of the distant future. In what has been called the first ever attempt at "reverse archaeology", they are designing a sign that will last at least 10,000 years. The message: Don't dig here, we buried nuclear waste. The repository in question, the Waste Isolation Pilot Project, or WIPP, was constructed in the 1970s and 80s in a disused salt mine near Carlsbad, New Mexico. In 1999, it became the first underground repository in the world licensed to house waste from the production of nuclear weapons. Once it reaches full capacity in 2033, it will be monitored by the US Department of Energy for 1000 years before being abandoned. Computer models predict that within 1000 years the mine will collapse in on itself, sealing the chemical sludge, toxic waste and contaminated lab equipment inside. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} This is a major challenge. In 10,000 years our descendants may have no recollection of our culture, languages or technologies. They may be more technologically advanced than we can imagine, or civilisation as we know it may have long since crashed and burned. Clearly the survival of the WIPP message depends on more than paper or digital records. Maps and technical details will be stored in libraries around the world, but the warning signs on the site itself will need to be big, obvious and permanent. They will need to survive over thousands of years without eroding, being looted or being destroyed by vandals. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} But making sure the message remains legible is only half the battle. It will also need to be understood, and, equally critically, believed. This is where things get tricky. Chances are the people of the future will no longer use language in the same way that we do. Even if they do use the spoken and written word to communicate, there is no guarantee their language will bear any relation to ours. In the early 1990s, Nelson gathered two teams of historians, anthropologists and semiotic-ians—experts in signs—and challenged them to come up with the perfect warning sign. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} Anthropologists say there is no universal symbol that will convey danger to any human past, present or future. Interpretations of colours vary between cultures, and while depictions of animals like spiders and snakes may inspire fear, they don't tell you what you should be frightened of. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} So if the symbols no longer mean anything to our descendants, will the two faces be enough to get the message across? "Both are relevant, I suppose," says Robert Aunger, "although we argue that disgust is a response to threat only of infectious disease; radioactivity is not contagious. Fear is more relevant than disgust." Barring extreme genetic modification, chances are faces will look much the same in 10,000 years. A. All things going well it should stay that way for the 250,000 years it will take for most of the waste to become safe. However, according to legislation drawn up in 1985 by the US Department of Energy, a repository must be safeguarded for at least 10,000 years, and that means it must be marked. B. All we know is that nuclear waste is dangerous now and is likely to stay that way for a very long time, and that means we have to try. C. To be fair to the artists in question, they probably didn't set out to create something that would make sense in 400 generations' time. Even if thoughts of the future had crossed their minds, how could they possibly have imagined what would have become of the human race? Since that day, mankind has invented the wheel, developed hundreds of languages and got through several major civilisations, not to mention remodelled the planet and its climate. D. Facial expressions, though, are universally understood. "Fear is the most basic of emotions, and so would survive any cultural evolution," says Robert Aunger, a biological anthropologist. With this in mind, the WIPP designers came up with two symbols: a human face showing fear and another showing revulsion and disgust. There will also be a description of the site in seven languages, plus the word "Danger" and today's symbols for biohazards and radioactivity. E. The biggest challenge was choosing an image. Symbols do exist to illustrate radiation and biohazards, but symbols have a habit of changing their meanings over time. The swastika, for example, was first used by European tribes in 4000BC and was a Hindu holy symbol long before the Nazis got hold of it. F. The plan is literally to set the warnings in stone, by carving them onto 8-metre-tall monoliths. A study of ancient rock carvings commissioned by WIPP in 2000 found that deep carvings on basalt survived well, as, surprisingly, did those on sandstone. The team is now testing other rock types against freeze/thaw cracking and wind abrasion, as well as working on cheaper artificial alternatives.

填空题The life of Albert Einstein is a model in many ways (31) both natural and political scientists. First of all, he always employed the scientific method of (32) truth from facts. He firmly believed, (33) he put it, that "there is nothing incomprehensible (34) the universe", and through painstaking work explained many of the phenomena thought to be "incomprehensible" in his day. Einstein was also never afraid to (35) mistakes when facts (36) his theories wrong. Second, Einstein's contributions showed the great importance of theoretical work to scientific effort. (37) he himself rarely worked in laboratories, the concepts he developed led (38) many of the scientific advances (39) have shaped modern technology. Third, Einstein believed very deeply that scientists must (40) a moral and social consciousness. (41) this way, he provided inspiration for a whole generation of scientists who became active in the communist movement. Einstein is often portrayed in bourgeois writings (42) a "Genius" whose theories are (43) complicated that no one (44) a few best scientists can understand them. But he (45) rejected the efforts to (46) him in a position far (47) other people. He was well-known for his (48) manner and often stressed to interviews that his accomplishments would certainly have been achieved by others had he never lived. Actually, Einstein's (49) of relativity and his other scientific works are not that hard to understand with a little study. But beyond learning Einstein's theories, his overall attitude (50) science as a tool to liberate humanity is something from which everyone can and should learn.

填空题The final act of a controversy over GM crops that sets America against Europe unfolds today in Geneva. The World Trade Organisation will hear the closing arguments in a case where the public authority of both the European commission and the WTO is at stake.66. ______ Throughout the European Union there has been extensive concern about GM crops. Among the public's fears is the potential for long-term harm to the environment—for example through the increased use of herbicides and the gene flow to wild species—and to human health, should new allergens appear. In a wider context of uncertainties about the future of agriculture and of a pervasive lack of confidence in official approaches to the handling of technological risk, consumer rejection of GM has been widespread.67. ______ The EU's initial submissions to the WTO dispute panel argued that its approach was necessarily "prudent and precautionary". It emphasised that the US, Canada and Argentina were challenging the right of countries to establish levels of protection from the risks of GM appropriate to their circumstances—and that the risks and uncertainties were complex and serious. The outcome of the case would be of enormous significance worldwide.68. ______ Significantly, the commission has also shifted its defence in the WTO case in a way that suggests a direct link with this new tactic on GM approvals. The commission is unwilling to publish its recent submissions to the dispute panel (despite requests from Friends of the Earth under freedom of information rules), but it is clear from the US's response, which has been made public, that the commission now wants the dispute to be ruled "moot" because GM approvals have started. In other words, it has caved in to US pressure and is rearranging the pieces.69. ______ The GM dispute has been unfolding at a time when the future of the EU is a fraught political question in the UK and elsewhere in Europe. Here, referendums on the currency and EU constitution are looming. A key Euro-sceptic weapon is to whip up fear of a remote unaccountable bureaucracy. When the commission acts, as in this case, in a fashion so strongly at odds with the EU's citizens and their political representatives, the result can only be further cynicism and hostility.70. ______ It is not only Europe's institutions that are being tested by the GM dispute. The already tattered credibility of the WTO itself is also at stake. On both sides of the Atlantic, the US challenge to Europe's initial stance has attracted exceptional interest from civil society groups—to the point where several international coalitions have submitted amicus curiae briefs directly to the panel. All these point to the need for the WTO to rely on more enlightened approaches to risk assessment, respecting the different cultural and environmental circumstances of individual countries.A. The commission is playing a dangerous game. Member states and their populations are divided even on whether the two varieties of GM maize recently approved satisfy the EU's own regulatory criteria. However, the commission appears to have decided that satisfying the US is more important than respecting the continuing concern among the people and governments of member states. It is a course of action that could have reverberations for the European project as a whole.B. Insistence on a one-size-fits-all approach tailored to US norms—to which Europe now risks deferring—is undermining the WTO's authority. If successive crises of the GM kind are to be avoided, the WTO needs to change—and fast.C. In response to these worries, the EU revised its regulatory framework to include wider issues such as traceability, labelling and impacts on farmland wildlife. This process is still under way, with countries developing national plans on how, if GM crops are grown, to limit contamination of non-GM crops, and how to ascribe liability should harm result.D. In May 2003 the US, Argentina and Canada, urged on by their industry lobbies, complained to the WTO about Europe's moratorium on GM approvals, imposed in October 1998. As the biggest producers of GM crops, they felt the European position was damaging their trade interests and argued that it could not be scientifically justified.E. Last summer, however, while arguments were still being put, the European commission awarded the first marketing approvals since October 1998. The awards—for importing two varieties of GM maize, for food and feed—ended the de facto Europe-wide moratorium, but the commission had to use provisions designed for when the council of ministers is unable to reach agreement. In effect, the bureaucracy stepped in and forced through a particular outcome, despite continuing political disagreement across the EU. This now looks set to become a growing pattern.F. The new commission, which came into being last November, has a chance to reconsider the matter anew. Beating in mind the broader implications of the case for its own future standing, it should look again at the GM approvals granted by its predecessor.

填空题The final act of a controversy over GM crops that sets America against Europe unfolds today in Geneva. The World Trade Organisation will hear the closing arguments in a case where the public authority of both the European commission and the WTO is at stake. 1 Throughout the European Union there has been extensive concern about GM crops. Among the public"s fears is the potential for long-term harm to the environment—for example through the increased use of herbicides and the gene flow to wild species—and to human health, should new allergens appear. In a wider context of uncertainties about the future of agriculture and of a pervasive lack of confidence in official approaches to the handling of technological risk, consumer rejection of GM has been widespread. 2 The EU"s initial submissions to the WTO dispute panel argued that its approach was necessarily "prudent and precautionary". It emphasised that the US, Canada and Argentina were challenging the right of countries to establish levels of protection from the risks of GM appropriate to their circumstances—and that the risks and uncertainties were complex and serious. The outcome of the case would be of enormous significance worldwide. 3 Significantly, the commission has also shifted its defence in the WTO case in a way that suggests a direct link with this new tactic on GM approvals. The commission is unwilling to publish its recent submissions to the dispute panel (despite requests from Friends of the Earth under freedom of information rules), but it is clear from the US"s response, which has been made public, that the commission now wants the dispute to be ruled "moot" because GM approvals have started. In other words, it has caved in to US pressure and is rearranging the pieces. 4 The GM dispute has been unfolding at a time when the future of the EU is a fraught political question in the UK and elsewhere in Europe. Here, referendums on the currency and EU constitution are looming. A key Euro-sceptic weapon is to whip up fear of a remote unaccountable bureaucracy. When the commission acts, as in this case, in a fashion so strongly at odds with the EU"s citizens and their political representatives, the result can only be further cynicism and hostility. 5 It is not only Europe"s institutions that are being tested by the GM dispute. The already tattered credibility of the WTO itself is also at stake. On both sides of the Atlantic, the US challenge to Europe"s initial stance has attracted exceptional interest from civil society groups—to the point where several international coalitions have submitted amicus curiae briefs directly to the panel. All these point to the need for the WTO to rely on more enlightened approaches to risk assessment, respecting the different cultural and environmental circumstances of individual countries. A. The commission is playing a dangerous game. Member states and their populations are divided even on whether the two varieties of GM maize recently approved satisfy the EU"s own regulatory criteria. However, the commission appears to have decided that satisfying the US is more important than respecting the continuing concern among the people and governments of member states. It is a course of action that could have reverberations for the European project as a whole. B. Insistence on a one-size-fits-all approach tailored to US norms—to which Europe now risks deferring—is undermining the WTO"s authority. If successive crises of the GM kind are to be avoided, the WTO needs to change—and fast. C. In response to these worries, the EU revised its regulatory framework to include wider issues such as traceability, labelling and impacts on farmland wildlife. This process is still under way, with countries developing national plans on how, if GM crops are grown, to limit contamination of non-GM crops, and how to ascribe liability should harm result. D. In May 2003 the US, Argentina and Canada, urged on by their industry lobbies, complained to the WTO about Europe"s moratorium on GM approvals, imposed in October 1998. As the biggest producers of GM crops, they felt the European position was damaging their trade interests and argued that it could not be scientifically justified. E. Last summer, however, while arguments were still being put, the European commission awarded the first marketing approvals since October 1998. The awards—for importing two varieties of GM maize, for food and feed—ended the de facto Europe-wide moratorium, but the commission had to use provisions designed for when the council of ministers is unable to reach agreement. In effect, the bureaucracy stepped in and forced through a particular outcome, despite continuing political disagreement across the EU. This now looks set to become a growing pattern. F. The new commission, which came into being last November, has a chance to reconsider the matter anew. Beating in mind the broader implications of the case for its own future standing, it should look again at the GM approvals granted by its predecessor.