填空题The year 1972 was marked by publication of a controversial book, The Limits to Growth. This study of the world's future, done by a team of MIT scientists with the aid of computer "mode-is" of the future of our society, forecast a planet wide disaster unless humankind sharply limits its population growth and consumption of natural resources. 66. ______ Many refused to believe that disaster is possible, probable, inevitable if we don't change our mode of running Spaceship Earth. But science fiction people were neither surprised nor outraged. The study was really old news to them. They'd been making their own "models" of tomorrow and testing them all their lives. For what the scientists attempted with their computer model is very much like the thing that science fiction writers and readers have been doing for decades. Instead of using a computer to "model" a future world society, science fiction writers have used their human imaginations. This gives the writers some enormous advantages. 67. ______ Science fiction writers are not in the business of predicting the future. They do something much more important. They try to show the many possible futures that lie open to us. For there is not simply a future, a time to come that's inevitable. Our future is built, bit by bit, minute by minute, by the actions of human beings. One vital role of science fiction is to show what kinds of future might result from certain kinds of human actions. 68. ______ For while a scientist' s job has largely ended when he' s reduced his data to tabular or graph form, the work of a science fiction writer is just beginning. His task is to convey the human story: the scientific basis for the possible future of his story is merely the background. Perhaps "merely" is too limiting a word. Much of science fiction consists of precious little except the background, the basic idea, the gimmick. But the best of science fiction, the stories that make a lasting impact on generations of readers, are stories about people. The people may be non-human. They may be robots or other types of machines. But they will be people, in the sense that human readers can feel for them, share their joys and sorrows, their dangers and their ultimate successes. 69. ______ The formula for telling a powerful story has remained the same: create a strong character, a person of great strengths, capable of deep emotions and decisive action. Give him a weakness. Set him in conflict with another powerful character--or perhaps with nature. Let his exterior conflict be the mirror of the protagonist's own interior conflict, the clash of his desires, his own strength against his own weakness. And there you have a story. Whether it' s Abraham offering his only son to God, or Paris bringing ruin to Troy over a woman, or Hamlet and Claudius playing their deadly game, Faust seeking the world' s knowledge and power--the stories that stand out in the minds of the readers are those whose characters are unforgettable. 70. ______ The writer of science fiction must show how these worlds and these futures affect human beings. And something much more important, he must show how human beings can and do literally create these future worlds. For our future is largely in our own hands. It doesn't come blindly rolling out of the heavens ; it is the joint product of the actions of billions of human beings. This is a point that's easily forgotten in the rush of headlines and the hectic badgering of everyday life. But it's a point that science fiction makes constantly, the future belongs to us whatever it is. We make it, our actions shape tomorrow. We have the brains and guts to build paradise (or at least try). Tragedy is when we fail, and the greatest crime of all is when we fail even to try. Thus science fiction stands as a bridge between science and art, between the engineers of technology and the poets of humanity. Never has such a bridge been more desperately needed. Writing in the British journal New Scientist, the famed poet and historian Robert Graves said in 1912,"Technology is now warring openly against the crafts, and science covertly against poetry. " What Graves is expressing is the fear that many people have: technology has already allowed machines to replace human muscle power; now it seems that machines such as electronic computers might replace human brainpower. And he goes even further, criticizing science on the grounds that truly human endeavors ours such as poetry have a power that scientists can't recognize. A. The art of fiction has not changed much since prehistoric times. B. To communicate the ideas, the fears and hopes, the shape and feel of all the infinite possible futures, science fiction writers lean heavily on another of their advantages: the art of fiction. C. One of the advantages is flexibility. D. Most people were caught by surprise when the book came out. E. To show other worlds, to describe possible future societies and the five problems lurking ahead, is not enough. F. Apparently Graves sees scientists as a sober, plodding phalanx of soulless thinking machines, never making a step that hasn't been carefully thought out in advance.

填空题 Multidisciplinary science is all the rage these days. Even{{U}} (31) {{/U}}, the overlap between archaeology and pharmacology is not, at first{{U}} (32) {{/U}}, obvious. But there is a connection. An analytical technique developed for the{{U}} (33) {{/U}}, used to work out how old things are, is now{{U}} (34) {{/U}}used in the latter, to see if promising drugs are likely to fail{{U}} (35) {{/U}}expensive clinical trials are undertaken. At the{{U}} (36) {{/U}}, a third of drug candidates do not pass such trials. This may be{{U}} (37) {{/U}}they fail to reach the part of the body where they are{{U}} (38) {{/U}}to work—many molecules, for{{U}} (39) {{/U}}, cannot cross from the bloodstream into the brain. Or it may be that the body breaks down the active ingredients before the drug has time to act. Identifying{{U}} (40) {{/U}}problems early in the testing process would be a boon. Trials on{{U}} (41) {{/U}}can help, but how other species react is not always a good indication of how people will. What is needed is a way of testing potential drugs on people,{{U}} (42) {{/U}}in a way that cannot possibly cause any harm. That is{{U}} (43) {{/U}}the archaeologists come in. {{U}} (44) {{/U}}decades, archaeologists have used a technique called carbon dating to work{{U}} (45) {{/U}}how old their finds are. Some of the carbon dioxide absorbed by plants during photosynthesis is{{U}} (46) {{/U}}. That is because it contains carbon atoms which are{{U}} (47) {{/U}}than run-of-the-mill carbon, and are unstable. The radioactive carbon atoms weigh 14 atomic units,{{U}} (48) {{/U}}nm-of-the-mill ones weigh 12 units. Food grains, scraps of cloth and so on can thus be dated by finding out how{{U}} (49) {{/U}}radioactive carbon is left in them: the less there is, the{{U}} (50) {{/U}}they are. (278 words)

填空题 66. __________. Demand theory is based on a simply generalization about customer behavior that has been observed for centuries, that almost people would regard as "common sense". Generally speaking, if a good or service becomes more expensive, consumers are less likely to buy it. So, the price of oil more than doubled in 1999, the demand for oil would fall. How much did the demand for oil fall would depend on the elasticity of the demand for oil. Economists describe the demand for oil response as relatively inelastic. So, the fall was not large.67. __________. A substantial rise in the price of oil would affect the demand for oil tankers and coal in 1999.68. __________. The use of coal is the same as oil. When file price of oil rises, fewer people will use oil and more people will use coal. In Economics, coal is a substitute good of oil, the price of oil rises, and the demand for oil falls, the demand for coal increases. As the demand for coal is related to the demand for oil, therefore, a constriction in the demand for oil will mean that the demand for coal will shift to a rise. The increase in demand is shown by demand rising from oil to coal. So, the demand for coal increased in 1999.69. __________. Because the price of oil rose in 1999, refiner had to face a squeeze on profit margins. This made the costs of refining petrol increase. The costs of production increase will lead decrease on the supply for petrol. As the supply for petrol is related to the supply for oil, therefore, an extension in the supply for oil will mean that the supply for petrol will shift to a fall. This decrease in supply is shown by supply falling from Qs0 to Qs1 So, the supply for petrol decreased in 1999.70. __________. Because the price of oil rose in 1999, the supply for oil would raise. Nylon is joint of oil. So, the supply for oil raises the supply for nylon increases. As the supply for nylon is related to the supply for oil, therefore, an extension in the supply for oil will mean that the supply for nylon will shift to a rise. So the supply for nylon increased in 1999.A. The graph shows how the crude oil price has changed between 1994 and 1998. In general, the crude oil price rose up to the peak until 1997, at which point there was a sharp reduction in the crude oil price. Finally, we can summarize that the overall price, if crude oil dropped from over＄10 per barrel to almost ＄7 per barrel between 1994 and 1998. Market forces affected this.B. In 1999 the price of oil more than doubled. Discuss the effects of a substantial rise in the price of oil on the supply and demand for oil and other related products. This affected not only the demand and supply for oil, but also other related products.C. Because the price of oil rose in 1999, producing oil could get more profit. Therefore, some producers would switch from providing nuclear power to providing oil. This meant that more producers would produce oil. Oil becomes more attractive than nuclear power; this will lead decrease on the supply for nuclear power. As the supply for nuclear power is related to the supply for oil, therefore an extension in the supply for oil will mean that the supply will shift to a fall. So, the supply for nuclear power decreased in 1999.D. Supply theory tells us that profit enable producers to use less suitable resources to increase their supply of product. In 1999, the price of oil more than doubled, this meant that the oil producers could get more profit, so the supply would rise. This type of movement is known as an extension which leads to supply rising. How much did the supply for oil raise would depend on the elasticity of the supply for oil. The rule is that the steeper the curve, the more elastic the supply and vice versa. So, the supply for oil is elastic.E. A substantial rise in the price of oil would affect the supply for nuclear power, petrol and nylon.F. We know that oil tankers are used to transport oil. If the price of oil rises, fewer people buy oil. Therefore, less oil tankers are used to transport oil. In Economics, oil tankers are complementary goods of oil, the price of oil rises, and the demand for oil falls, the demand for oil tankers decrease. As the demand for oil tankers is related to the demand for oil, therefore, a constriction in the demand for oil will mean that the demand for oil tankers will shift to a fall. So the demand for oil tankers decreased in 1999.

填空题A good many technical people become angry when you call a computer a giant brain. They insist that computer does only what thinking humans have planned to have it do. 1 There is a popular anecdote about a computer programmer who, just for a good fun, spent days setting up the machine to destroy itself, then watched delightedly as the computer dutifully proceeded to commit suicide. If that machine could have thought, would it not have got the better of him? 2 Apparently, neurons are elementary memory units, capable of storing the same kind of information "bits" that a machine can store. The completely materialistic view is that neurons, along with an extraordinary network of nerve-communication lines, comprise all there is to the brain. But such an explanation fails to account for how the brain originates thought. 3 Computers can already do a lot of surprising things, which include predicting the weather. The machine is able to make forecasts by absorbing vast quantities of data, but this, as well as most of the other tasks now performed by the thinking machines, is routine, requiring thinking of a very low order. Let us see what happens when we go beyond this step. A great many outstanding men are preoccupied with computers that do nonnumerical work: that is, machines that go on from there after all the figures are in. These men want to see, for example, whether lifeless devices can exercise judgment, make choices, give birth to ideas, and play games intelligently. At the far limit of possibility, they wish to know whether, at least on paper, machines can reproduce themselves. In other words, are we really certain that a machine can do only what its programmer wills it to do? Already there are in existence a number of machines that approach these powers. The simplest type is the computer that understands logic. 4 Boolean algebra caught the eye of two Harvard students some years ago, and they built a machine called the Logical Truth Calculator. It created quite a stir in Cambridge, because it worked extremely well at solving rather simple logical problems. Soon more complicated machines were developed—machines that could play games. The mechanical game-players fall into a number of classes. The simplest has a dictionary of rules in its memory, including all possible moves to be made in answer to an opponent. A second class plays only according to a strict formula, and can never lose. 5 Dr. Claude Shannon of Bell Telephone Laboratories, and his colleague, E. F. Moore, once built a machine to play the game known as Hex, using an analog computer working on electrical voltages. "It beat them about 70 per cent of the time. It frequently surprised its designer," Shannon comments, "by selecting odd-looking moves which, on analysis, proved sound!" A. To me the controversy boils down to a definition of the word "think". There is no area in physiology that is less understood than the human brain. Practically all that is known is that the brain contains some ten billion tiny cells called neurons. B. Probably the clearest difference between man and machine is a quantitative one. The brain has roughly a million times as many parts as the best computer. On the other hand, the difference may lie in a spiritual factor, embraced by religion. At any rate, a machine cannot exercise free will or originate anything—not yet. Whether it ever will is still an open argument. C. A third category applies the principles of approximations, choosing the probable best move by "thinking" over all imaginable moves and testing each against a certain standard. The games these machines can play include checkers, chess, bridge, poker, and many other card games. They can"t always win, because an approximately right move isn"t necessarily the best one, but few human opponents can do better. D. The mathematics of logic, upon which such machines work, was originated a century ago by an obscure Englishman named George Boole. Boolean algebra, as it is now called, has proved to be of great service to telephone engineers in designing automatic switching apparatus. E. But complexity is not the only requirement: the billions of parts would all have to work together to produce reliable results. Considering how far from perfect most human brains are, there isn"t much threat from a synthetic one. F. Yet one authority states categorically, "A machine can handle information: it can calculate, conclude, and choose, it can perform reasonable operations with information. A machine, therefore, can think." Famed mathematician Norbert Wiener, of MIT, foresees a machine that can learn will "in no way be obliged to make such decisions as we should have made, or will be acceptable to us." Evidently, he thinks machines can think.

填空题The reasons for sending humans to Mars range from good to bad to terrible. The notion that we should take on such a dangerous and expensive endeavor just as an elite remnant of Earthlings might survive if we destroy ourselves here on our own planet, for instance, is ludicrous. 1 One of the best arguments for making the trip is pragmatic. We are now embarked as a civilization on a program of sustained global environmental management; we have changed the climate already, and from now on we have to deal with the Earth as a total dynamic system, trying to keep it all in balance. The better we understand our planet, the better we will be able to keep it (and ourselves) healthy. One of the most powerful scientific methods for understanding something is to compare it with other things like it, and there aren"t many options when you look around for other planets to compare with earth. 2 The second reason is more abstract, but so fundamental to our grasp of who we are that it can"t be easily dismissed; we should go to Mars to search for life there. This is a new idea; after the Viking landings in 1976 it was assumed that Mars was lifeless. But since then we have discovered life on Earth in such unlikely harsh environments that a new word, "extremophiles," has been coined to describe these hardy microbes. 3 Some will say we can send robots to make these investigations. Robots like Pathfinder and the Polar Lander will land on Mars biannually for the coming decade, and they will send back valuable information. But the search for life will be difficult to do mechanically, and the truth is that humans are much better at field geology than robots. A single human expedition would teach us more than a century of robotic landings, as members of the team lived there for six months or a year, wandering over the astounding red landscape performing one complicated experiment after another; their work and problems would be more interesting than the robots as well. 4 So we should enjoy the fruits of the robot missions, while at the same time deciding to go ourselves, and designing the robotic missions to set the groundwork for our arrival. 5 A. It appears now that life can exist anywhere there is water and some minerals. Mars may have these ingredients in abundance, far under its frozen surface. Scientists have already claimed to have found fossil bacteria in the Martian meteorite ALH84001, and while this particular finding is contested, the possibility that life once existed on Mars is generally acknowledged, as is the possibility that it is still there deep underground. If we go there and find life, or even fossil evidence of past life, it would be one of the most important scientific discoveries in history. B. For the foreseeable future, Mars is not only the best choice; it is probably the only one. We"ve come to understand that the two planets shared very similar beginnings, then radically diverged; understanding more about the two planetary histories will teach us a lot about Earth. So we should go to Mars to help us here. It"s as simple as that. Comparative planetology is an environmentalist tool, and going to the Red Planet is a green project. C. The case for going in person is also strengthened by the fact that it looks much less expensive than it used to. A study during the Bush administration put the cost at $450 billion. Tighter engineering has recently revised that downward tenfold, to $50 billion spread over a decade. This is back within the realm of the thinkable, even within the realm of NASA"s extremely modest budget. Costs fairly low, benefits extremely high; challenging both technically and socially; educational, exciting, inspirational, appealing to all that is best in human nature; really, the strange thing would be to neglect to go. Let"s go! D. Similarly, to claim that such an undertaking is worthwhile because it will solve all of humanity"s problems is taking things too far. But there is a good case for going to Mars, and some recent developments have made it even stronger. E. This last is no trivial matter. We live for our stories, and it would be inspiring to see our civilization make a peaceful international effort to explore another world, seeking knowledge rather than profits. F. The mission marks the first time a space probe has attempted to land on the moon of another planet, providing the first direct sampling of the Earthlike atmosphere of Titan and the first detailed pictures of its previously hidden surface. Titan is Saturn"s largest moon, namely, nearly the size of Mars and bigger than either Mercury or Pluto.

填空题can be taken only when large enough collector plates are built?

填空题places an emphasis on something that can hardly be learnt at school? 71. ______ is particularly helpful for those who fear changes? 72. ______ tells readers it doesn't follow that those who don't have good academic achievement will not make a fortune? 73. ______ is not written by a single writer? 74. ______ tells a very simple story but it contains some messages? 75. ______ seems not to express ideas straightforward? 76. ______ is written by the one who also wrote a lot of other works with other writers? 77. ______ is probably full of facts? 78. ______ is not only statistical but also interesting? 79. ______ is not related to finance? 80. ______ A Change can be a blessing or a curse, depending on your perspective. The message of Who Moved My Cheese? is that aI1 can come to see it as a blessing, if they understand the nature of cheese and the role it plays in their lives. Who Moved My Cheese? is a parable that takes place in a maze. Four beings live in that maze. Sniff and Scurry are mice--non-analytical and non-judgmental, they just want cheese and are willing to do whatever it takes to get it. Hem and Haw are "little people", mouse-size humans who have an entirely different relationship with cheese. It's not just sustenance to them; it's their self-image. Their lives and belief systems are built around the cheese they' ve found. Most of us reading the story will see the cheese as something related to our livelihoods--our jobs, our career paths, the industries we work in--although it can stand for anything, from health to relationships. The point of the story is that we have to be alert to changes in the cheese, and be prepared to go running off in search of new sources of cheese when the cheese we have runs out. Dr. Johnson, co-author of The One Minute Manager and many other books, presents this parable to business, church groups, schools, military organizations-any place where you find people who may fear or resist change. And although more analytical and skeptical readers may find the tale a little too simplistic, its beauty is that it sums up all natural history in just 94 pages: things change. They always have changed and always will change. And while there's no single way to deal with change, the consequence of pretending change won' t happen is always the same: the cheese runs out. B Personal-finance author and lecturer Robert Kiyosaki developed his unique economic perspective through exposure to a pair of disparate influences: his own highly educated but fiscally unstable father, and the multimillionaire eighth-grade dropout father of his closest friend. The lifelong monetary problems experienced by his "poor dad" (whose weekly paychecks, while respectable, were never quite sufficient to meet family needs) pounded home the counterpoint communicated by his "rich dad" (that "the poor and the middle class work for money, " but "the rich have money work for them"). Taking that message to heart, Kiyosaki was able to retire at 47. Rich. Dad, Poor Dad, written with consultant and CPA Sharon L. Lechter, lays out the philosophy behind his relationship with money. Although Kiyosaki can take a frustratingly long time to make his points, his book nonetheless compellingly advocates for the type of "financial literacy" that's never taught in schools. Based on the principle that income-generating assets always provide healthier bottom-line results than even the best of traditional jobs, it explains how those assets might be acquired so that the jobs can eventually be shed. C What do you do after you' ve written the No. 1 best-seller The Millionaire Next Door? Survey 1, 371 more millionaires and write The Millionaire Mind. Dr. Stanley's extremely timely tome is a mixture of entertaining elements. It resembles Regis Philbin' s hit show (and CD-ROM game) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, only you have to pose real-life questions, instead of quizzing about trivia. Are you a gambling, divorce-prone, conspicuously consuming "Income-Statement Affluent" Jacuzzi fool soon to be parted from his or her money, or a frugal, loyal, resole your shoes and buy your own groceries type like one of Stanley's "Balance-Sheet Affluent" millionaires? "Cheap dates " millionaires are 4.9 times likelier to play with their grandkids than shop at Brooks Brothers. "If you asked the average American what it takes to be a millionaire, " he writes, "they'd probably cite a number of predictable factors., inheritance, luck, stock market investments Topping his list would be a high IQ, high SAT scores and grade point average, along with attendance at a top college. " No way, says Stanley, backing it up with data he compiled with help from the University of Georgia and Harvard geodemographer Jon Robbin. Robbin may wish he'd majored in socializing at LSU, instead, because the numbers show the average millionaire had a lowly 2.92 GPA, SAT scores between 1100 and 1190, and teachers who told them they were mediocre students but personable people. "Discipline 101 and Tenacity 102" made them rich. Stanley got straight C's in English and writing, but he had money-minded drive. He urges you to pattern your life according to Yale professor Robert Sternberg's Successful Intelligence, because Stanley' s statistics bear out Sternberg' s theories on what makes minds succeed-and it isn't IQ. Besides offering insights into millionaires' pinchpenny ways, pleasing quips ("big brain, no bucks"), and 46 statistical charts with catchy titles, Stanley's book booms with humanpotential pep talk and bristles with anecdotes--for example, about a bus driver who made $ 3 million, a doctor (reporting that his training gave him zero people skills) who lost $1.5 million, and a loser scholar in the bottom 10 percent on six GRE tests who grew up to be Martin Luther King Jr. Read it and you' 11 feel like a million bucks.

填空题Answer questions by referring to the introduction to 3 different allergies. Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B or C and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once. A = Asthma B = Sinusitis C =Hay Fever In which kind of allergies ... can people find histanine stored in mast cells in tissues of the body? 21. ______ do people spend more time expiring than inspiring? 22. ______ can we find people have trouble breathing? 23. ______ is it dangerous to swim or dive? 24. ______ can people find pollens in the air which is the cause of hay fever? 25. ______ is the allergy caused by a bacterial or virus infection? 26. ______ does everyone have the same symptoms when he is being attacked by asthma? 27. ______ is the swelling of the eyelids one of the symptoms? 28. ______ is there no safe time during a year for victims of serious allergy? 29. ______ can we find one of the symptoms is that people have difficulty breathing out air? 30. ______ Asthma Asthma is a disease of the respiratory system. Your respiratory system is made up of your nose and mouth, your windpipe that connect your nose and mouth with your lungs and people who have asthma sometimes have trouble breathing. When people who have asthma have this trouble breathing, we call it an asthma attack. During an asthma attack, it is actually harder to breathe out than it is to breathe in. This means that during an asthma attack, it takes much longer to breathe out (expire) than it does to breathe in (inspire). Lots of different things can cause an asthma attack. Something that causes an asthma attack is called a trigger. Some common triggers of asthma attacks are: allergies, infections like colds or bronchitis, exercise, changes in the weather (from mild to cold) and smoke. Everybody doesn't feel the same things when they have an asthma attack. Sometimes, some people will cough and cough and cough, some feel like they can't catch their breath, some people feel like air is trapped in their lungs and they can't get it out, some people have pain in their chest, and some people have very noisy breathing. Sinuses Sinuses are hollow air spaces in the human body. When people say, "I'm having a sinus attack," they usually are referring to symptoms in one or more of four pairs of cavities, or sinuses, known as paranasal sinuses. Anything that causes swelling in your sinuses or keeps the cilia from moving mucus can cause sinusitis. This can occur because of changes in temperature or air pressure. Using decongestant nasal sprays too much, smoking, and swimming or diving can also increase your risk of getting sinusitis. Some people have growths called polyps that block their sinus passages. When sinusitis is caused by a bacterial or viral infection, it's often called "acute sinusitis". Acute sinusitis sometimes occurs after you've had a cold. The cold virus attacks the lining of your sinuses, causing them to swell and become narrow. Your body responds to the virus by producing more mucus, but it gets blocked in your swollen sinuses. This built-up mucus makes a good place for bacteria to grow. The bacteria can cause a sinus infection. Symptoms of sinusitis can include headache, toothache, swelling of the eyelids and tissues arotmd your eyes, and pain between your eyes, tenderness when the sides of your nose are touched, a loss of smell, a stuffy nose, earaches, neck pain, and deep aching at the top of your head. Hay Fever The most common of all allergies is, of course, hay fever. Symptoms of allergic rhinitis (Hay Fever) include itchy, runny, sneezy, or stuffy noses, and itchy eyes. Allergic rhinitis is a common illness affecting an estimated 20-40 million Americans, and resulting in 10 million lost days of school or work each year. Often caused by pollens from trees, grass or weeds, it is most commonly known as hay fever. Hay fever subsides with the onset of cold weather. Perennial allergic rhinitis, however, occurs year around and is caused by indoor allergens such as dust, mite, mold spores, and animal dander. Chemical substances, such as histamine, are normally stored in mast cells in tissues of the body, including the nose and eyes. The allergic person forms antibodies against pollens and other allergens. These antibodies attach themselves to the mast cells, and when combined with the allergen the result is the release of histamine and other chemical substances from the mast cells. These chemical substances cause the allergic responses of itching, sneezing, congestion, and dripping.

填空题 It was a cold day. I sat in my room writing letters. I glanced out of the window. In the window directly opposite me stood Herr Stroh, gazing blatantly upon me. I was annoyed at his interest. I pulled down the blind and switched on the light to continue my writing. But the drawn blind and the artificial light irritated me, and suddenly I didn' t see why I shouldn' t write my letters by daylight without being stared at. I switched off the light and released the blind. Herr Stroh had gone. I concluded that he had taken my action as a signal of disapproval, and I settled back to write. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} I left my room and went down to complain to Frau Lublonitsch. "She's gone to the market," Gertha said. "She' 11 be back in half an hour." {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} "I shall tell Frau Chef," she said. Something in her manner made me ask, "Has this ever happened before.'?" "Once or twice this year," she said. "I' 11 speak to Frau Chef." And she added, with her music-hall grimace, "He was probably counting your eyelashes." {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} For nearly an hour I sat patiently at the window. Herr Stroh rested his arms now and again, but he did not leave his seat. I could see him clearly, although I think I imagined the grin on his face as, from time to time, he raised the glasses to his eyes. There was no doubt that he could see, as if it were within an inch of his face, the fury on mine. It was too late now for one of us to give in, and I kept glancing down at the entrances to the hotel Stroh, expecting to see Frau Lublonitsch or perhaps one of her sons or the yard hands going across to deliver a protest. But no one from our side approached the Stroh premises. I continue to stare, and Herr Stroh continued to goggle through his glasses. Then he dropped them. It was as if they had been jerked out of his hands by an invisible nudge. He approached close to the window and gazed, but now he was gazing at a point above and slightly to the left of my room. After about two minutes, he turned and disappeared. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} "Did she telephone to his house?" "No, Frau Chef doesn't use the phone; it mixes her up." "Who protested, then?" "Frau Chef." "But she hasn't been across to see him. I' ve been watching the house." "No, Frau Chef doesn't visit with him. But don't worry, he knows all right that he mustn't annoy our guests." When I looked out of the window again, I saw that the blind of Herr Stroh' s room had been pulled down, and so it remained for the rest of my stay. Meantime, I went out to post my letters in the box opposite our hotel, across the path. The sun had come out more strongly, and Herr Stroh stood in his doorway blinking up at the roof of the Guesthouse Lublonitsch. He was engrossed, he did not notice me at all. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} Like most of the roofs in that province, the Lublonitsch roof had a railed ledge running several inches above the eaves, for the purpose of preventing the snow from falling in heavy thumps during the winter. On this ledge, just below an attic window, stood the gold-and-rose ormolu clock that I had seen in Frau Lublonitsch's splendid bedroom. I turned the corner just as Herr Stroh gave up his gazing; he went indoors, sullen and bent. Two car-loads of people who had moved into the hotel that morning were now moving out, shifting their baggage with speed and the signs of a glad departure. I know that his house was nearly empty. A. I didn' t want to draw his attention by following the line of his gaze but I was curious as to what held him staring so trancelike up at our roof. On my way back from the postbox I saw what it was. B. I caught sight of a tiled stove constructed of mosaic tiles that were not a local type. I also noticed, standing upon the cabinet, a large ornamental clock; each curve and twirl in the case of this clock was overlaid with that gildedbronze alloy which is known as ormolu. The clock twinkled in the sunlight which slanted between the window hangings. C. I looked up a few moments later, and this time Herr Stroh was seated on a chair a little way back from the window. He was facing me squarely and holding to his eyes a pair of field-glasses. D. I returned to my room. Herr Stroh still sat in position, the field-glasses in his hands resting on his knees. As soon as I came within view, he raised the glasses to his eyes. I decided to stare him out until such time as Frau Lublonitsch should return and take the matter in hand. E. Just then Gertha knocked at my door. "Frau Chef has protested, and you won't have any more trouble," she said. F. So I lodged my complaint with Gertha.

填空题{{B}} A=Country & Folk Music B=Jazz C=Rock'N' Roll Which music...{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} The people living in the Appalachian Mountains are sometimes called "hillbillies". The first settlers there came from the British Isles, and they brought their folk music with them. This music, mixed with the blues, became hillbilly music. Later, as hillbilly music became more popular, it was called country music. Country songs are often sad stories of love and broken hearts. The center for this kind of music was Nashville, Tennessee. In the 1920s people listened to country music on the radio. The moot famous Nashville radio show was the "Grand Ole Opry". This show, and country singers like Willie Nelson are still popular today. Not all country people were farmers. Many made their lives in the mines and factories. They also loved country music and it became the music of the working people. During the 1930s American had many economic problems. Workers expressed their troubles in the folk music of the time. Folk songs are like country songs but they are more traditional and more serious. They don't just talk about love, they tell about the lives of ordinary people. Woodie Guthrie was a folk song writer during the 30s. He traveled around the country and wrote songs about the poor people. During the 1950s folk music became popular again. Martin Luther King wanted to improve the lives of black Americans. He led peaceful marches to change the laws in the U. S. The marchers sang old folk songs like "We Shall Overcome". Modern folk singers like Pete Seeger wrote new folk songs about problems in America in the 50s. In the 1960s many people were against the war in Vietnam. Folk singers like Bob Dylan and Joan Baez wrote anti-war songs like Dylan's "Blowing in the Wind", and other songs about the problems of American society. Folk music kept to be the moot political of all music in America.{{B}}B{{/B}} Although jazz began in New Orleans, it soon moved to all the big cities like St. Louis, Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles. New forms of jazz developed and their styles changed. In the 1920s, American fell in love with dancing and popular jazz music. Big hotels hired dance bands. Dance halls were opened around the country. New dances with strange names like the Charleston were popular. Women cut their hair short and wore short skirts for the first time. These women were called "flappers". Older Americans were shocked by jazz music, the new dances, and the flappers. One of the most famous musicians of this time was Louis Armstrong. He became famous for his trumpet playing and his low rough voice. Musicians like Armstrong brought a new form of music to America and the world. The 1930s in America was the time of the big bands and a new kind of jazz called swing. This new music had a special rhythm. Harlem, part of New York, became the center of swing music. Big band leaders like Benny Goddman, Duke Ellington, and Glenn Miller played in Harlem at the Cotton Club and the Savoy Ballroom. People came and danced the foxtrot and the jitterbug. Swing music was the popular music of World War Ⅱ. When Dixieland, ragtime, and swing musicians changed to new, more complex styles. At first jazz was dance music. As it became more complex it was mostly for listening. For this reason most jazz is now played in small bars and live jazz clubs, not in big dance halls. Jazz styles are always changing. In recent years, jazz musicians have put together jazz music and rock instruments like the electric guitar. This new jazz style is called electric jazz or fusion.{{B}}C{{/B}} The 1950s were a golden time for music in America. The economic problems of the 30s and the war of the 40s were over. America was rich again. A new group of people became important— American teenagers. For the first time in history young people had money to spend. They had a new way of dressing, new hair styles and new dances. In the early 50s slow romantic songs were still popular. But teenagers liked dance music with a good beat, and so they began to listen to R & B (rhythm and blues) on the black radio stations. A white disc jockey, Alan Freed, began to play R & B on the radio for white teenagers. He was the first person to call this new music rock and roll. The first white group to make a rock and roll hit record was Bill Haley and the Comets, with "Rock Around the Clock." Rock and roll music had a strong dance beat. The musicians played electric guitars and the music was lund and fast. American teenagers loved it. About the same time, the owner of Sun Record Company, Sam Phillips said, "If I could find a white man who had the Negro [black] sound and the Negro feel, I could make a billion dollars." He found his wish in Elvis Presley, the king of rock and roll. Elvis became a new American hero and young people copied his hair style, his dress, as well as his music. On February 3, 1959 three famous rock and roll stars, Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper, and Richie Valens, died in a plane crash. As a result many people thought that rock and roll music had died too. But the music of the late 50s lived on. Rock and pop from the 60s to the 90s grew out of this old rock and roll. As the song says "Rock and roll is here to stay."· cares most about politics and social problems? 71. ______· was popular in 1920s? 72. ______· had a song writer Wooie Guthrie? 73. ______· built an American Hero Elvis Presley? 74. ______· was most popular in WW Ⅱ? 75. ______· was most popular in Tennessee at first? 76. ______· was first played mostly for dancing then for listening? 77. ______· was played and sung by marchers? 78. ______· was made up by Alan Freed? 79. ______· was especially worshiped by teenagers? 80. ______

填空题In the following article, some paragraphs have been removed. For Questions 66 to 70, choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. One day a group of people walked into a cave and painted handprints all over the walls. Ten thousand years later, archaeologists have no idea why. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} But this is the kind of challenge now facing a group of scientists, historians and futurists who are trying to send a message to the people of the distant future. In what has been called the first ever attempt at "reverse archaeology", they are designing a sign that will last at least 10,000 years. The message: Don't dig here, we buried nuclear waste. The repository in question, the Waste Isolation Pilot Project, or WIPP, was constructed in the 1970s and 80s in a disused salt mine near Carlsbad, New Mexico. In 1999, it became the first underground repository in the world licensed to house waste from the production of nuclear weapons. Once it reaches full capacity in 2033, it will be monitored by the US Department of Energy for 1000 years before being abandoned. Computer models predict that within 1000 years the mine will collapse in on itself, sealing the chemical sludge, toxic waste and contaminated lab equipment inside. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} This is a major challenge. In 10,000 years our descendants may have no recollection of our culture, languages or technologies. They may be more technologically advanced than we can imagine, or civilisation as we know it may have long since crashed and burned. Clearly the survival of the WIPP message depends on more than paper or digital records. Maps and technical details will be stored in libraries around the world, but the warning signs on the site itself will need to be big, obvious and permanent. They will need to survive over thousands of years without eroding, being looted or being destroyed by vandals. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} But making sure the message remains legible is only half the battle. It will also need to be understood, and, equally critically, believed. This is where things get tricky. Chances are the people of the future will no longer use language in the same way that we do. Even if they do use the spoken and written word to communicate, there is no guarantee their language will bear any relation to ours. In the early 1990s, Nelson gathered two teams of historians, anthropologists and semiotic-ians—experts in signs—and challenged them to come up with the perfect warning sign. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} Anthropologists say there is no universal symbol that will convey danger to any human past, present or future. Interpretations of colours vary between cultures, and while depictions of animals like spiders and snakes may inspire fear, they don't tell you what you should be frightened of. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} So if the symbols no longer mean anything to our descendants, will the two faces be enough to get the message across? "Both are relevant, I suppose," says Robert Aunger, "although we argue that disgust is a response to threat only of infectious disease; radioactivity is not contagious. Fear is more relevant than disgust." Barring extreme genetic modification, chances are faces will look much the same in 10,000 years. A. All things going well it should stay that way for the 250,000 years it will take for most of the waste to become safe. However, according to legislation drawn up in 1985 by the US Department of Energy, a repository must be safeguarded for at least 10,000 years, and that means it must be marked. B. All we know is that nuclear waste is dangerous now and is likely to stay that way for a very long time, and that means we have to try. C. To be fair to the artists in question, they probably didn't set out to create something that would make sense in 400 generations' time. Even if thoughts of the future had crossed their minds, how could they possibly have imagined what would have become of the human race? Since that day, mankind has invented the wheel, developed hundreds of languages and got through several major civilisations, not to mention remodelled the planet and its climate. D. Facial expressions, though, are universally understood. "Fear is the most basic of emotions, and so would survive any cultural evolution," says Robert Aunger, a biological anthropologist. With this in mind, the WIPP designers came up with two symbols: a human face showing fear and another showing revulsion and disgust. There will also be a description of the site in seven languages, plus the word "Danger" and today's symbols for biohazards and radioactivity. E. The biggest challenge was choosing an image. Symbols do exist to illustrate radiation and biohazards, but symbols have a habit of changing their meanings over time. The swastika, for example, was first used by European tribes in 4000BC and was a Hindu holy symbol long before the Nazis got hold of it. F. The plan is literally to set the warnings in stone, by carving them onto 8-metre-tall monoliths. A study of ancient rock carvings commissioned by WIPP in 2000 found that deep carvings on basalt survived well, as, surprisingly, did those on sandstone. The team is now testing other rock types against freeze/thaw cracking and wind abrasion, as well as working on cheaper artificial alternatives.

填空题USAID is trying to work out ways to prevent HIV/ AIDS transmission from mother to child.

填空题{{B}} A=St. Joseph B=Springfield C=St. Louis D=Kansas Which city/cities...{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} St. Joseph Through the 1840s and 1850s, St. Joseph developed a prosperous trade exchanging staples, guns, and hardware from the east for the hides and furs brought in from the west by grizzled mountain men. When, in 1849, gold was discovered in California, the rush of immigrants generated an economic boom in St. Joseph. Because cholera had broken out at Independence and Westport, many immigrants were diverted to St. Joseph where they were provisioned with foodstuffs, harnesses, gear, guns, and guides. St. Joseph was established as a livestock market at a very early date. In 1846, John Corby built a slaughtering house, The brisk market for cattle in California made St. Joseph a natural location for the sale of cattle to be herded west. Cows purchased in Missouri for $10 a head brought $150 in California. The Colorado gold rush in 1858 brought on another round of brisk outfitting trade and expanded the trail herd and slaughtering businesses. At the end of the Civil War in 1866, drovers from Texas attempted to herd some 260 000 longhorn cattle through Southwest Missouri to the railhead at Sedalia, but were detoured west through Kansas to the railroad center of St. Joseph. The lean and stringy meat from the longhorn cattle was suitable for canning purposes and a large industry was in the making. Stockyards were built in St. Joseph in 1887, when Gustavis Swift purchased the stockyards and built a major packing house. By the 1920s half a million animals per year were butchered at the St. Joseph stockyards. {{B}}B{{/B}} Springfield According to H.J. Nelson's classification of US cities, based on 1950 census data, Springfield is an important transportation and wholesaling center. In 1950 the chief city-forming industries were railroads, retailing, and wholesaling. As early as 1917 the wholesale houses of the city were doing a business of nearly $20 million annually, and more than 1 000 traveling representatives for these concerns made their homes in Springfield. The main shops of the St. Louis and San Francisco (Frisco) Railway were at that time Springfield's largest single employer. In 1917, the city was already a manufacturing center of importance. In addition to the Frisco shops, there were ironworks, furniture manufacturers, stove companies, four large flour mills, several large cold-storage plants, packing plants, two or three firms handling poultry products and produce, cooperates, carriage factories, and the Springfield Wagon Company, which turned out 6 000 farm and logging wagons annually. The 1980 Missouri Directory of Manufacturing shows Springfield to be a city of diverse manufacturers. Food products, printing, electrical machinery and supplies, and chemicals are especially important. Nearly two-thirds of the manufacturing firms listed in the directory have located in Springfield since 1940. Among the largest employers are Zenith Television (1 500), the Burlington Northern general offices and shops (2 000), Lily Tulip Incorporated (1 250), Dayco Corporation (1 300), and Kraft Foods (1 000). These and other smaller plants employ many workers from surrounding towns and farms. {{B}}C{{/B}} St. Louis The founding of St. Louis represented a further exploitation of the natural resources of the wilderness as well as an impulse toward home making and state building. In the forty years before the Louisiana Purchase, it became the center of exchange for the goods of hunters and trappers. It also developed important commercial relations with the Spanish Southwest over the Santa Fe Frail. It was the entrepot for white settle. ment of the Mississippi valley region and the lands drained by the western tributaries. When Louisiana was purchased in 1803, French and Spanish — both recent arrivals from Europe and from the new world colonies, Blacks from Guinea or the Congo, Indians from nine to ten tribes, French couriers and voyagers, Saxon hunters from the Appalachians, American flatboat men, Puritans, soldiers, politicians, and immigrants from England and Ireland all walked the street of St. Louis. This polyglot society seeking the riches of trade was already under pressure, however, from a society of farmer-home builders. Although the Indian trade remained strong for many years afterward, the arrival of the steamboat Zebulon M. Pike in 1817 marked the beginning of a flood of new permanent settlers. {{B}}D{{/B}} Kansas John C. McCoy — businessman, trader, real estate promoter, and founder of Westport — established a freight landing on the river where a flat rock slanted from the bank some 18 miles (28.96km) above Independence and north of the present central business district. Westport Landing, as the settlement was known, was purchased in 1838 by the Kansas Town Company and by 1848 had grown to a population of 700. In 1850, it was recognized as the "Town of Kansas" by the Jackson County court. By that time the town's population had declined by about half because of a cholera epidemic. The Missouri General Assembly chartered the town in 1853 as the "City of Kansas", marking the beginning of a long period of prosperity and population growth. At the time of its charter, the city comprised 0.98 square miles (2.5km2). In 1859, the city annexed land to the south extending its boundaries from Ninth Street to Twentieth Street, bringing the total area to 3.82 square miles (9.8km2). By 1860, Westport had declined to about 1 200 citizens, but Kansas City had grown to a population of 4 418. A bird's-eye map of Kansas City in January 1869 depicted seven steamboats on the waterfront.·used to be the center of exchange for the goods of hunters and trappers? 71. ______·was a livestock market at a very early date? 72. ______·lost its population by 50% in 1850 because of cholera? 73. ______·comprised 0.98 square miles in 1853? 74. ______·developed rapidly in economy because of the rush of immigrants? 75. ______·was well-known for its slaughtering business? 76. ______·had several large flour mills? 77. ______·had immigrants from England and Ireland? 78. ______·began to have a flood of new permanent settlers since the arrival of a steamboat? 79. ______·is an important wholesaling center? 80. ______

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. One of the most important social developments {{U}}(31) {{/U}} helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education was the effect of the {{U}}(32) {{/U}} boom of the 1950s and 1960s on the schools. In the 1920s, but {{U}}(33) {{/U}} in the Depression conditions of the 1930s, the United States experienced a declining birthrate — every thousand women aged fifteen {{U}}(34) {{/U}} forty-four gave birth to about 118 live children in 1920, 89.2 in 1930, 75.8 in 1936, and 80 in 1940. {{U}}(35) {{/U}} the growing prosperity brought on by the World War Ⅱ and the economic boom that {{U}}(36) {{/U}} it, young people married and established households earlier and began to {{U}}(37) {{/U}} larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. Birth {{U}}(38) {{/U}} rose to 102 per thousand in 1946, 106.2 in 1950, and 118 in 1955. Although economics was probably the most important determinant, it is not the only explanation for the baby boom. The increased value placed {{U}}(39) {{/U}} the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates. The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid-1940s and became a flood {{U}}(40) {{/U}} 1950. The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed. While the number of school-children {{U}}(41) {{/U}} because of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope {{U}}(42) {{/U}} the flood. The wartime economy meant that few new schools were built {{U}}(43) {{/U}} 1940 and 1945. Moreover, during the war and in the boom times that followed, large {{U}}(44) {{/U}} of teachers left their profession for better-paying jobs elsewhere in the economy. Therefore, in the 1950's and 1960's, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system. Consequently, the "custodial rhetoric" of the 1930s and early 1940s no longer made {{U}}(45) {{/U}}; that is, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out {{U}}(46) {{/U}} the labor market by keeping them in school could no {{U}}(47) {{/U}} be a hight priority for an institution unable {{U}}(48) {{/U}} find space and staff to teach younger children aged five to sixteen. With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills {{U}}(49) {{/U}} discipline. The {{U}}(50) {{/U}} no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional, new, and extra services to older youths.

填空题Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with one suitable word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. America—the great "melting pot"—has always been a rich blend of cultural traditions from all over the world. Many American families can trace their histories {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}immigrant ancestors who traveled great {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}, enduring risk and hardship, to make a home {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}they would be guaranteed basic freedoms. And for many American families, these freedoms came {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}a struggle. Their parents and grandparents were deprived of the basic rights we value. American society was founded {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}freedom from religious persecution and on tolerance of {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}in beliefs and cultural heritage. The differences (or diversity) that come {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}people from all over the world enrich our culture, bringing new ideas and energy. Today, more than {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}, children have opportunities to interact with {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}of differing ethnicities, religions, and cultures. Classrooms are increasingly {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}, reflecting the communities where families live and work. Some parents welcome the fact that we live in an increasingly diverse {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Others may feel more hesitant, especially if they have not had much exposure {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}people different from {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Many children are way ahead of their {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}in terms of exposure to cultural differences. Their circle of friends, their schoolmates, and their athletic teams are much more varied than {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}of even a generation ago. Why is it important for parents to {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}their children prepare to live, learn, and work in communities that will become even more diverse? Teaching tolerance is important {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}just because it is part of our American heritage but {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}the person who learns to be open to differences will have more opportunity in education, in business, and in so many {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}ways. In {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}, your child's success depends on it. Success in today's world—and tomorrow's—depends on being able to understand, appreciate, and work with others.

填空题·had a song writer Woodie Guthrie?

填空题Does the publisher of Douglas Starr"s excellent Blood—An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce actually expect to sell many copies? Whoever chose the title is certain to scare off the squeamish, and the subtitle, which makes the effort sound like a dry, dense survey text, has really done this book a disservice. In fact, the brave and curious-will enjoy a brightly written, intriguing, and disquieting book, with some important lessons for public health. 1 The book begins with a historical view on centuries of lore about blood—in particular, the belief that blood carried the evil humors of disease and required occasional draining. As recently as the Revolutionary War, Bloodletting was widely applied to treat fevers. The idea of using one person"s blood to heal another is only about 75 years old—although rogue scientists had experimented with transfusing animal blood at least as early as the 1600s. The first transfusion experiments involved stitching a donor"s vein (in early cases the physician"s) to a patient"s vein. 2 Sabotaged by notions about the "purity" of their groups" blood, Japan and Germany lagged well behind the Al-lies in transfusion science. Once they realized they were losing injured troops the Allies had learned to save, they tried to catch up, conducting horrible and unproductive experiments such as draining blood from POWs and injecting them with horse blood or polymers. 3 During the early to mid-1980s, Start says, 10,000 American hemophiliacs and 12,000 others contracted HIV from transfusions and receipt of blood products. Blood banks both here and abroad moved slowly to acknowledge the threat of the virus and in some cases even acted with criminal negligence, allowing the distribution of blood they knew was tainted. This is not new material. But Starr"s insights add a dimension to a story first explored in the late Randy Shilts"s And the Bond Played On. 4 Is the blood supply safe now? Screening procedures and technology have gotten much more advanced. Yet it"s disturbing to read Starr"s contention that a person receiving multiple transfusions today has about a 1 in 90,000 chance of contracting HIV—far higher than the "one in a million" figure that blood bankers once blithely and falsely quoted. Moreover, new pathogens threaten to emerge and spread through the increasingly high-speed, global blood-product network faster than science can stop them. This prompts Start to argue that today"s blood stores are "simultaneously safer and more threatening" than when distribution was less sophisticated. 5 A. The massive wartime blood drives laid the groundwork for modem blood-banking, which has saved count-less lives. Unfortunately, these developments also set the stage for a great modem tragedy—the spread of AIDS through the international blood supply. B. There is so much drama, power, resonance, and important information in this book that it would be a shame if the squeamish were scared off. Perhaps the key lesson is this: The public health must always be guarded against the pressures and pitfalls of competitive markets and human fallibility. C. In his chronicle of a resource, Start covers an enormous amount of ground. He gives us an account of mankind"s attitudes over a 400-year period towards this "precious, mysterious, and hazardous material"; of medicine"s efforts to understand, control, and develop blood"s life-saving properties; and of the multibillion-dollar industry that benefits from it. He describes disparate institutions that use blood, from the military and the pharmaceutical industry to blood banks. The culmination is a rich examination of how something as horrifying as distributing blood tainted with the HIV virus could have occurred. D. The book"s most interesting section considers the huge strides transfusion science took during World War II. Medicine benefited significantly from the initiative to collect and supply blood to the Allied troops and from new trauma procedures developed to administer it. It was then that scientists learned to separate blood into useful elements, such as freeze-dried plasma and clotting factors, paving the way for both battlefield miracles and dramatic improvement in the lives of hemophiliacs. E. Starr"s tale ends with a warning about the safety of today"s blood supply. F. Starr obtained memos and other evidence used in Japanese, French, and Canadian criminal trials over the tainted-blood distribution. (American blood banks enjoyed legal protections that made U.S. trials more complex and provided less closure for those harmed.) His account of the French situation is particularly poignant. Start explains that in postwar France, donating blood was viewed as a sacred and patriotic act. Prison populations were urged to give blood as a way to connect more with society. Unfortunately, the French came to believe that such benevolence somehow offered a magical protection to the blood itself and that it would be unseemly to question volunteer donors about their medical history or sexual or drug practices. Combined with other factors, including greed and hubris, this led to tragedy. Some blood banks were collecting blood from high-risk groups as late as 1990, well into the crisis. And France, along with Canada, Japan, and even Britain, stalled approval and distribution of safer, American heat-treated plasma products when they became available, in part because they were giving their domestic companies time to catch up with scientific advances.

填空题The speaker’s tone in the talk is quite subjective．TRUE／FALSE

填空题·is of special value for perfume making because of its fragrance?

填空题If you"ve been on campus for very long, I"m certain that you"ve already heard about this course. You may know that last semester about fifty 1 of the students enrolled in my course failed it. Let me explain how this came 2 before you jump to any 3 . In the first 4 , since this is a composition class, I expect my students to follow certain rules 5 formality. Unfortunately, students today dislike having to follow rules of any kind, especially those which they may feel to be unnecessary. For 6 , I ask that each of your papers 7 typed and centered on the paper correctly. I count off points for various kinds of mistakes. A misspelled word will cost you 5 points. You"ve lost 25 points if you"ve 8 five words. If you write 9 incomplete sentence, you"ve lost 10 points. If you give me two complete sentences as one without adequate punctuation, you"ve lost 15 points. I do not accept late 10 You will receive a zero for any theme which you fail to submit on 11 I expect, you to read each assignment. To make certain that you have read the assignment, I 12 give you a short unannounced quiz from time to 13 . This class meets on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. You will have a total of six major tests throughout the 14 . Your final grade will be based 15 an average of these major tests, the pop tests, 16 eight written themes. If you have any questions at any time, you can see me on Tuesday. My office is 17 the second floor of this building. Your 18 for Wednesday is to read Hemingway"s short story on page 55. Friday will be the last class day of this week, so you can expect to write a short in class theme for me then. That"s 19 for today. I"ll 20 you on Wednesday.

填空题The final act of a controversy over GM crops that sets America against Europe unfolds today in Geneva. The World Trade Organisation will hear the closing arguments in a case where the public authority of both the European commission and the WTO is at stake.66. ______ Throughout the European Union there has been extensive concern about GM crops. Among the public's fears is the potential for long-term harm to the environment—for example through the increased use of herbicides and the gene flow to wild species—and to human health, should new allergens appear. In a wider context of uncertainties about the future of agriculture and of a pervasive lack of confidence in official approaches to the handling of technological risk, consumer rejection of GM has been widespread.67. ______ The EU's initial submissions to the WTO dispute panel argued that its approach was necessarily "prudent and precautionary". It emphasised that the US, Canada and Argentina were challenging the right of countries to establish levels of protection from the risks of GM appropriate to their circumstances—and that the risks and uncertainties were complex and serious. The outcome of the case would be of enormous significance worldwide.68. ______ Significantly, the commission has also shifted its defence in the WTO case in a way that suggests a direct link with this new tactic on GM approvals. The commission is unwilling to publish its recent submissions to the dispute panel (despite requests from Friends of the Earth under freedom of information rules), but it is clear from the US's response, which has been made public, that the commission now wants the dispute to be ruled "moot" because GM approvals have started. In other words, it has caved in to US pressure and is rearranging the pieces.69. ______ The GM dispute has been unfolding at a time when the future of the EU is a fraught political question in the UK and elsewhere in Europe. Here, referendums on the currency and EU constitution are looming. A key Euro-sceptic weapon is to whip up fear of a remote unaccountable bureaucracy. When the commission acts, as in this case, in a fashion so strongly at odds with the EU's citizens and their political representatives, the result can only be further cynicism and hostility.70. ______ It is not only Europe's institutions that are being tested by the GM dispute. The already tattered credibility of the WTO itself is also at stake. On both sides of the Atlantic, the US challenge to Europe's initial stance has attracted exceptional interest from civil society groups—to the point where several international coalitions have submitted amicus curiae briefs directly to the panel. All these point to the need for the WTO to rely on more enlightened approaches to risk assessment, respecting the different cultural and environmental circumstances of individual countries.A. The commission is playing a dangerous game. Member states and their populations are divided even on whether the two varieties of GM maize recently approved satisfy the EU's own regulatory criteria. However, the commission appears to have decided that satisfying the US is more important than respecting the continuing concern among the people and governments of member states. It is a course of action that could have reverberations for the European project as a whole.B. Insistence on a one-size-fits-all approach tailored to US norms—to which Europe now risks deferring—is undermining the WTO's authority. If successive crises of the GM kind are to be avoided, the WTO needs to change—and fast.C. In response to these worries, the EU revised its regulatory framework to include wider issues such as traceability, labelling and impacts on farmland wildlife. This process is still under way, with countries developing national plans on how, if GM crops are grown, to limit contamination of non-GM crops, and how to ascribe liability should harm result.D. In May 2003 the US, Argentina and Canada, urged on by their industry lobbies, complained to the WTO about Europe's moratorium on GM approvals, imposed in October 1998. As the biggest producers of GM crops, they felt the European position was damaging their trade interests and argued that it could not be scientifically justified.E. Last summer, however, while arguments were still being put, the European commission awarded the first marketing approvals since October 1998. The awards—for importing two varieties of GM maize, for food and feed—ended the de facto Europe-wide moratorium, but the commission had to use provisions designed for when the council of ministers is unable to reach agreement. In effect, the bureaucracy stepped in and forced through a particular outcome, despite continuing political disagreement across the EU. This now looks set to become a growing pattern.F. The new commission, which came into being last November, has a chance to reconsider the matter anew. Beating in mind the broader implications of the case for its own future standing, it should look again at the GM approvals granted by its predecessor.

填空题 You'll hear a talk about a news report. As you listen, you must answer questions 21—30 by writing NO MORE THAN THREE words in the space provided for you. You'll hear the talk TWICE.

填空题results in "Acid rain"?

填空题The life of Albert Einstein is a model in many ways (31) both natural and political scientists. First of all, he always employed the scientific method of (32) truth from facts. He firmly believed, (33) he put it, that "there is nothing incomprehensible (34) the universe", and through painstaking work explained many of the phenomena thought to be "incomprehensible" in his day. Einstein was also never afraid to (35) mistakes when facts (36) his theories wrong. Second, Einstein's contributions showed the great importance of theoretical work to scientific effort. (37) he himself rarely worked in laboratories, the concepts he developed led (38) many of the scientific advances (39) have shaped modern technology. Third, Einstein believed very deeply that scientists must (40) a moral and social consciousness. (41) this way, he provided inspiration for a whole generation of scientists who became active in the communist movement. Einstein is often portrayed in bourgeois writings (42) a "Genius" whose theories are (43) complicated that no one (44) a few best scientists can understand them. But he (45) rejected the efforts to (46) him in a position far (47) other people. He was well-known for his (48) manner and often stressed to interviews that his accomplishments would certainly have been achieved by others had he never lived. Actually, Einstein's (49) of relativity and his other scientific works are not that hard to understand with a little study. But beyond learning Einstein's theories, his overall attitude (50) science as a tool to liberate humanity is something from which everyone can and should learn.

填空题 {{B}}Uganda{{/B}} Uganda is in the central part of Africa, near the equator. It became independent in 1962. Until then it had been a British protectorate. The area of Uganda is 93,981 square miles. About ten million people live there. Uganda is a land of mountains, lakes and plains. Mount Ruwenzori is in a mountain range with peaks above 16,700 feet. The chief rivers are the Victoria Nile and Albert Nile, branches of the great Nile River. Almost all of the people of Uganda are African black people of various tribes. The Buganddas are most powerfull and their language is semi-official, but there are more Bantus — the people who live in the north from another group. Nearly everyone understands the Swahili language. Most of the people are farmers. There are some wandering tribes that raise livestock, workers in the few factories, and miners. Important crops are coffee, tea, cotton, oil seeds, sugar, sisal, maize, and apatite. The climate is usually very hot. The many wild animals include the elephant, buffalo, hippopotamus, and crocodile. Uganda is a republic and a member of the British Commonwealth. It has a National Assemby, a prime minister, and a president. But since independence there has been much political trouble, which has been caused by sectional and tribal rivalries. Uganda is surrounded by Kenya, Sudan, Zaire, and Tanzania. Lake Victoria lies in the south of Uganda. It is one of the Largest lakes in Africa shared by several countries. {{B}}Kenya{{/B}} Kenya is a nation in East Africa that became independent in 1963 after being controlled by Great Britain for more than 75 years. It has an area of 225,000 square miles, and its population is twelve million. Nearly all of the people are African blacks. The largest group being the Kikiyu tribe, but in 1973 there were 270,321 Kenyans who were white Europeans or from India. The central part of Kenya is high and level 3,000 to 6,000 feet above the sea. Here the climate is cool and comfortable. The seacoast of Kenya is hot and damp. There are three big rivers, the Juba, the Tana and the Sabaski. In central Kenya, there is an extinct volcano 17,040 feet high. The equator runs through Kenya. Most of the people are farmers. In central Kenya they grow grains and bananas; along the coast they grow rice, coffee, cotton, tobacco, and many tropical crops such as coconuts, cinnamon, pineapples, sugar cane, vanilla, and dates. There are big forests yielding rubber and olives. The mountains produce gold, marble and other stones. Many tourists go to Kenya for biggame hunting. Great Britain took control of Kenya in 1886 and sent settlers there. In 1920 Kenya became a British colony. But the native Kenyans wanted independence and about 1950 a group called the Mau Mau began a campaign to drive the British out. It won its independence through free elections. It is a member of the British Commonwealth. Kenya's neighboring countries are Somali, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya also shares Lake Victoria. {{B}}Zaire{{/B}} Zaire is an independent country in central equatorial Africa. Prior to its independence in 1960, Zaire was a Belgian colony and was called the Belgian Congo. After its independence, the country has undergone several years of political upheavals. In 1966, political stability was achieved and the country was renamed Zarie. Zaire is rich in tropical vegetation, mineral resources, and abundant wildlife. The country is 905,328 square miles in size, and is subdivided into nine provinces. The country's population is primarily Blacks. They represent more than 200 different Bantu tribes. They speak many different languages but Swahili is widely used. Zaire depends mainly on agriculture and mining for its livelihood. Efforts are being made to expand industry in the country. Many of the people are farmers, and they raise cotton, rubber, bananas, and coffee for export. Corn and sweet potatoes are grown for eating. Mining is important, and many people work in rich uranium, copper, and diamond mines. Geographically, Zaire is made up of a low plateau in the center, which is surrounded by higher land. The central region is tropical rainforest and contains valuable wood such as mahogany. Also from the forest, the country receives rubber, palm oil, and nuts. The animal life of Zaire includes lions, elephants, monkeys, crocodiles and other species. The Zaire River is one of the longest rivers in the world. Zaire borders many countries such as Uganda, Angola, Zambis, Sudan, and central African Republic. * and Zaire do not border Ethiopia? {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} * depends on both farming and mining? {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} * is not on the equator? {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} * gained its independence the latest? {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} * does not share Lake Victoria? {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} * grows rice as one of its main crops {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}} * borders the other two? {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}} * is like a basin? {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}} * is a place where people often go for hunting big animals? {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}} * grows sweet potatoes for food? {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}

填空题The final act of a controversy over GM crops that sets America against Europe unfolds today in Geneva. The World Trade Organisation will hear the closing arguments in a case where the public authority of both the European commission and the WTO is at stake. 1 Throughout the European Union there has been extensive concern about GM crops. Among the public"s fears is the potential for long-term harm to the environment—for example through the increased use of herbicides and the gene flow to wild species—and to human health, should new allergens appear. In a wider context of uncertainties about the future of agriculture and of a pervasive lack of confidence in official approaches to the handling of technological risk, consumer rejection of GM has been widespread. 2 The EU"s initial submissions to the WTO dispute panel argued that its approach was necessarily "prudent and precautionary". It emphasised that the US, Canada and Argentina were challenging the right of countries to establish levels of protection from the risks of GM appropriate to their circumstances—and that the risks and uncertainties were complex and serious. The outcome of the case would be of enormous significance worldwide. 3 Significantly, the commission has also shifted its defence in the WTO case in a way that suggests a direct link with this new tactic on GM approvals. The commission is unwilling to publish its recent submissions to the dispute panel (despite requests from Friends of the Earth under freedom of information rules), but it is clear from the US"s response, which has been made public, that the commission now wants the dispute to be ruled "moot" because GM approvals have started. In other words, it has caved in to US pressure and is rearranging the pieces. 4 The GM dispute has been unfolding at a time when the future of the EU is a fraught political question in the UK and elsewhere in Europe. Here, referendums on the currency and EU constitution are looming. A key Euro-sceptic weapon is to whip up fear of a remote unaccountable bureaucracy. When the commission acts, as in this case, in a fashion so strongly at odds with the EU"s citizens and their political representatives, the result can only be further cynicism and hostility. 5 It is not only Europe"s institutions that are being tested by the GM dispute. The already tattered credibility of the WTO itself is also at stake. On both sides of the Atlantic, the US challenge to Europe"s initial stance has attracted exceptional interest from civil society groups—to the point where several international coalitions have submitted amicus curiae briefs directly to the panel. All these point to the need for the WTO to rely on more enlightened approaches to risk assessment, respecting the different cultural and environmental circumstances of individual countries. A. The commission is playing a dangerous game. Member states and their populations are divided even on whether the two varieties of GM maize recently approved satisfy the EU"s own regulatory criteria. However, the commission appears to have decided that satisfying the US is more important than respecting the continuing concern among the people and governments of member states. It is a course of action that could have reverberations for the European project as a whole. B. Insistence on a one-size-fits-all approach tailored to US norms—to which Europe now risks deferring—is undermining the WTO"s authority. If successive crises of the GM kind are to be avoided, the WTO needs to change—and fast. C. In response to these worries, the EU revised its regulatory framework to include wider issues such as traceability, labelling and impacts on farmland wildlife. This process is still under way, with countries developing national plans on how, if GM crops are grown, to limit contamination of non-GM crops, and how to ascribe liability should harm result. D. In May 2003 the US, Argentina and Canada, urged on by their industry lobbies, complained to the WTO about Europe"s moratorium on GM approvals, imposed in October 1998. As the biggest producers of GM crops, they felt the European position was damaging their trade interests and argued that it could not be scientifically justified. E. Last summer, however, while arguments were still being put, the European commission awarded the first marketing approvals since October 1998. The awards—for importing two varieties of GM maize, for food and feed—ended the de facto Europe-wide moratorium, but the commission had to use provisions designed for when the council of ministers is unable to reach agreement. In effect, the bureaucracy stepped in and forced through a particular outcome, despite continuing political disagreement across the EU. This now looks set to become a growing pattern. F. The new commission, which came into being last November, has a chance to reconsider the matter anew. Beating in mind the broader implications of the case for its own future standing, it should look again at the GM approvals granted by its predecessor.

填空题Inside a small chamber at a Kent State University laboratory, hamsters sleep, eat, play and rest while fluid flows in and out of tubes threaded through their tiny brains. It took biology professor J. David Glass two years to set up the finicky dialysis system, which measures a key neurotransmitter in the biological clocks of these nocturnal rodents. His payoff came in 1996, when he became the first researcher to measure serotonin levels rising and falling in the biological clock area of the brain during an animal's daily cycle. Serotonin is the "feel good" chemical manipulated by widely prescribed drugs such as Prozac. 66. ______ Glass's research and that of others could have implications for the millions of people who take common anti-depressants and other drugs that affect serotonin in the brain. It has long been known that the substance is a key player in the biological clock, and that the region has an unusually high concentration of receptors for the neurotransmitter. 67. ______ Like other animals and even plants, humans have built-in clocks that regulate internal functions on a 24-hour basis. For most mammals, the clocks trigger sleep and waking, as well as metabolism, hormone levels, body temperature and many other changes. 68. ______ Sitting on top of the optic nerve, the clock is heavily influenced by light. But other factors, too, are involved in resetting the mechanism, most notably physical activity and substances like serotonin. Glass and his students found that, when lights in the hamster chamber were switched off, the serotonin levels in the rodents' clock region shot up: hamsters are nocturnal, meaning they rest during the day and are awake at night. But when hamsters in the midst of their sleep cycle were put onto an activity wheel, a significant rise in serotonin levels was measured in those hamsters that woke up enough to exercise. It has long been known that serotonin is key to body clock function, according to Thomas Wehr, a scientist at the National Institute of Mental Health in Bethesda, Maryland. Researchers at the Maryland Institute took cells from the clock region of the brain, sprinkled serotonin on them and, by monitoring electrical impulses, watched the cells "reset" themselves. 69. ______ Studies have found that serotonin affects the clock in different ways, depending on the point in the cell's daily cycle that it is administered. Glass recently completed an experiment using marmosets, small monkeys native to Central and South America. Researchers moved a sleeping marmoset to another cage, then monitored it as it scurried around its new environment. After this burst of activity, the marmoset shifted its cycles forward or backward a few hours, and they remained shifted, apparently indefinitely. Cycles were pushed back when the disruption occurred early in the sleep period; they shifted forward when the disruption occurred late in the cycle. 70. ______ A. According to Glass, the experiment demonstrates what scientists have known anecdotally for a long time: that exercise, when performed at certain times, shifts our clocks. Exercise has long been recommended to speed recovery from jet lag, for example. That may be because exercise boosts serotonin. Glass found he could mimic the effect of the arousal experiment by injecting a serotonin like drug and believes the findings suggest something similar could be expected in people. "We're getting closer and closer to making the link that humans can adjust their circadian clock through natural means such as exercise," Glass says. B. "There are certain drugs used with humans that have also been squirted on these cells in dishes and have been shown to reset the clock in the dish, so it seems quite possible there are similar effects in humans who take these drugs. " Wehr says. Indeed, some people taking anti-depressants do report sleep disorders such as insomnia or daytime drowsiness that could be related to changes in their biological clocks. Human studies have yet to focus on the issue. C. Later scientists wondered about circadian rhythms in humans. They learned that man's biological clock actually keeps time with a day of a little less than 25-hours instead of the 24 hours on a man-made clock. D. Glass's work is part of the fast-growing field of circadian (or daily) rhythm research focused on a region at the base of the brain, the size of a corn kernel, that scientists discovered 25 years ago is the body's timing mechanism. E. Meanwhile, in a larger chamber down the hall, Glass is monitoring tropical monkeys. He has found that exercise and arousal from sleep have major impacts on the biological rhythms of the monkeys, permanently shifting their clocks in the absence of normal daylight and darkness cues. F. This is a particularly exciting time for circadian-rhythm researchers. In recent times, scientists at universities in Illinois, Texas and Japan have found genes involved with the clock, including one that appears to be a basic building block of the mechanism and is common across all species, from fruit flies to humans. Meanwhile, researchers like Glass, whose work has attracted US $1.2 million (9.6 million RMB. in grants from the National Institute of Health, are trying to understand how the clock works.

填空题Aging baby boomers are determined to fight the aging process. They spend millions of dollars a year on 1 they perceive as the best anti-aging products 2 can buy. They are being very short-sighted 3 their quest for youth. Just 4 a well-maintained car eventually breaks 5 , our bodies 6 the same. Aging is a chronic and ongoing condition we all face. Successful aging requires planning. The baby boomer generation has made 7 loud and clear that they want to remain in their homes and communities 8 they age. Yet they 9 the most important factor that will help them achieve the goal 10 age successfully at home. The home environment most boomers reside in was built for the young family. A young body 11 run the stairs, stand at the sink and get on a stool to 12 things. These are activities that become difficult or even 13 for some as they age. Falls are the number one robber of independence of the aging body. Yes, all the exercise and good nutrition cannot 14 one from falling and breaking a bone. Eventually the body slows down and 15 mobile can be an issue. It becomes hard to get into the bathroom. Many aging seniors stop taking baths because of a 16 of falling. No matter how hard we want to stay young or our bodies 17 maintain a youthful appearance, eventually we will slow down. So what is the best investment for successful aging at home? It is simple. Adjust your present living environment to meet the needs of your aging body. Many aging seniors 18 up in nursing homes or assisted living 19 their home environment could not 20 their needs.

填空题One day a group of people walked into a cave and painted handprints all over the walls. Ten thousand years later, archaeologists have no idea why. 1 But this is the kind of challenge now facing a group of scientists, historians and futurists who are trying to send a message to the people of the distant future. In what has been called the first ever attempt at "reverse archaeology", they are designing a sign that will last at least 10,000 years. The message: Don"t dig here, we buried nuclear waste. The repository in question, the Waste Isolation Pilot Project, or WIPP, was constructed in the 970s and 80s in a disused salt mine near Carlsbad, New Mexico. In 1999, it became the first underground repository in the world licensed to house waste from the production of nuclear weapons. Once it reaches full capacity in 2033, it will be monitored by the US Department of Energy for 1000 years before being abandoned. Computer models predict that within 1000 years the mine will collapse in on itself, sealing the chemical sludge, toxic waste and contaminated lab equipment inside. 2 This is a major challenge. In 10,000 years our descendants may have no recollection of our culture, languages or technologies. They may be more technologically advanced than we can imagine, or civilisation as we know it may have long since crashed and burned. Clearly the survival of the WIPP message depends on more than paper or digital records. Maps and technical details will be stored in libraries around the world, but the warning signs on the site itself will need to be big, obvious and permanent. They will need to survive over thousands of years without eroding, being looted or being destroyed by vandals. 3 But making sure the message remains legible is only half the battle. It will also need to be understood, and, equally critically, believed. This is where things get tricky. Chances are the people of the future will no longer use language in the same way that we do. Even if they do use the spoken and written word to communicate, there is no guarantee their language will bear any relation to ours. In the early 1990s, Nelson gathered two teams of historians, anthropologists and semioticians—experts in signs—and challenged them to come up with the perfect warning sign. 4 Anthropologists say there .is no universal symbol that will convey danger to any human past, present or future. Interpretations of colours vary between cultures, and while depiction of animals like spiders and snakes may inspire fear, they don"t tell you what you should be frightened of. 5 So if the symbols no longer mean anything to our descendant, will the two faces be enough to get the message across? "Both are relevant, I suppose," says Robert Aunger, "although we argue that disgust is a response to threat only of infectious disease; radioactivity is not contagious. Fear is more relevant than disgust." Barring extreme genetic modification, chances are faces will look much the same in 10,000 years. A. All things going well it should stay that way for the 250,000 years it will take for most of the waste to become safe. However, according to legislation drawn up in 1985 by the US Department of Energy, a repository must be safeguarded for at least 10,000 years, and that means it must be marked. B. All we know is that nuclear waste is dangerous now and is likely to stay that way for a very long time, and that means we have to try, C. To be fair to the artists in question, they probably didn"t set out to create something that would make sense in 400 generations" time. Even if thoughts of the future had crossed their minds, how could they possibly have imagined what would have become of the human race? Since that day, mankind has invented the wheel, developed hundreds of languages and got through several major civilisations, not to mention remodelled the planet and its climate. D. Facial expressions, though, are universally understood. "Fear is the most basic of emotions, and so would survive any cultural evolution," says Robert Aunger, a biological anthropologist. With this in mind, the WIPP designers came up with two symbols: a human face showing fear and another showing revulsion and disgust. There will also be a description of the site in seven languages, plus the word "Danger" and today"s symbols for biohazards and radioactivity. E. The biggest challenge was choosing an image. Symbols do exist to illustrate radiation and biohazards, but symbols have a habit of changing their meanings over time. The swastika, for example, was first used by European tribes in 4000BC and was a Hindu holy symbol long before the Nazis got hold of it. F. The plan is literally to set the warnings in stone, by carving them onto 8-metre-tall monoliths. A study of ancient rock carvings commissioned by WIPP in 2000 found that deep carvings on basalt survived well, as, surprisingly, did those on sandstone. The team is now testing other rock types against freeze/thaw cracking and wind abrasion, as well as working on cheaper artificial alternatives.

填空题71. ______ is the headquarter of the Supreme court. 72. ______ was discovered as early as 1524. 73. ______ has served as the capital of the country. 74. ______ is now the largest industrial city in the country. 75. ______ leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts. 76. ______ is the largest city. 77. ______ is the second largest city in population in U. S. A.. 78. ______ has become one of the world's busiest ports. 79. ______ covers an area of over 69 square miles. 80. ______ is now considered the center of industry, transportation, commerce and finance in the mid-west area. 1. Washington D. C. Washington, the capital of the United States, is in Washington D. C. and is situated on the Potomac River between the two states of Maryland and Virginia. The population of the city is about 800, 000 and it covers an area of over 69 square miles (including 8 square miles of water surface). The section was named the District of Columbia after Christopher Columbus, who discovered the continent. The city itself was named Washington after George Washington, the first president of U. S. A.. The building of the city was accomplished in 1800 and since that year, it has served as the capital of the country. Thomas Jefferson was the first president inaugurated there. In the War of 1812, the British army seized the city, burning the White House and many other buildings. Washington is the headquarters of all the branches of the American federal system: Congress, the Supreme Court and the Presidency. Apart from the government buildings, there are also some other places of interest such as the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, the Library of Congress and Mr. Vernon, home of George Washington. 2. New York City New York City, located in New York State, is the largest city and the chief port of the United States. The city of New York has a population of over 7 million (1970) and Metropolitan, 12 million. The city has five boroughs: Manhattan, the Bronx, Queen's Brooklyn and Richmond. The city with its good harbor was discovered as early as 1524, and it was established by the Dutch who named the city New Amsterdam. In 1664, the city was taken by the English and it got the name New York as it bears now. During the American Revolution in 1776, George Washington had his head-quarters for a time in New York City. The Declaration of Independence was first read there on July 4th, 1776. The city remained the nation's capital until 1790. New York became an important port early in the last century. A large portion of the national exports passed through New York Harbor. New York has become one of the world's busiest ports and also the financial, manufacturing, and travel center of the country. Some of the places of interest in the city are: the Statue of Liberty ( 152 meters high) which was given by. the French people to the American people as a gift in 1877. It was erected on Liberty Island in the middle of New York Harbor. Broadway, Wall Street and Fifth Avenue are a few of New York's more famous streets. Wall Street, where many famous banks are centered, is the financial center of America and has become a symbol of the American monopoly capitalism. Fifth Avenue is the street with famous stores and shops. Time Square is in the center of New York City, at Broadway and 42nd Street. Greenwich Village is an art center. Many American artists and writers have lived and worked there. The group of the third largest city buildings of the United Nations stand along the East River at the end of the 42nd Street. 3. Chicago Chicago, the second largest city in population in the United States, lies on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan at a point where the Chicago River enters the lake. The city is now the largest industrial city in the country. Both heavy and light industries are highly developed, particularly the former. Black metallurgical industry and meat processing are assumed to be the head in the U. S.. It is now considered the center of industry, transportation, commerce and finance in the mid-west area. The working class in Chicago has a glorious revolutionary tradition. On May 1st, 1886, thousands upon thousands of workers in the city and the country went on strike for the eight-hour workday and succeeded. Since 1890, May 1st has been observed every year as an International Labor Day. On March 8th 1909, women workers in Chicago held a big strike for freedom and equal rights with men and since 1910, March 8th has been celebrated each year as an International Working Women's Day. 4. Los Angeles Los Angeles is situated near the Pacific coast in California. It is an important center of shipping, industry and communication. The city was first founded by a Spanish explorer in 1542 and turned over to the U. S. in 1846. The city leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts and the area has become an aviation center. California is a leading state in the production of electronic products and the area of Los Angeles has grown into an important electronic center. Since the first American movie was made in Los Angeles in 1908, the city has remained the film center of the United States. Hollywood, the base of the film industry in the city, is a world famous film producing center.

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word, Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Another early Native American tribe in{{U}} (31) {{/U}}is now the southwestern part of the United States was the Anasazi. By A. D. 800 the Anasazi Indians were constructing multistory pueblos-massive, stone apartment compounds. Each{{U}} (32) {{/U}}was virtually a stone town, {{U}}(33) {{/U}}is why the Spanish would later{{U}} (34) {{/U}}them pueblos, the Spanish word{{U}} (35) {{/U}}towns. These pueblos represent one of the Anasazis' supreme achievements. At least a dozen large stone houses{{U}} (36) {{/U}}shape below the bluffs of Chaco Canyon in northwest New Mexico. They were built with masonry walls more than a meter thick and adjoining apartments to{{U}} (37) {{/U}}dozens, even hundreds, of families. The largest, later named Pueblo Bonito (Pretty Town) {{U}}(38) {{/U}}the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories, contained more than 800 rooms, and could have housed a population of 1,000 or{{U}} (39) {{/U}}Besides living quarters, each{{U}} (40) {{/U}}included one or more kivascircular underground chambers faced with stone. They functioned{{U}} (41) {{/U}}sanctuaries where the elders met to plan festivals, perform ritual dances, settle pueblo affairs, {{U}}(42) {{/U}}impart tribal lore to the younger generation. Some{{U}} (43) {{/U}}were enormous. Of the 30 or so at Pueblo Bonito, two measured 20 meters across. They contained niches for ceremonial objects, a central fire pit, and holes in the floor for communicating{{U}} (44) {{/U}}the spirits of tribal ancestors. Each pueblo represented an astonishing amount of well-organized labor. Using only stone and wood{{U}} (45) {{/U}}, and without benefit of wheels or draft animals, the builders quarried ton upon ton of sandstone{{U}} (46) {{/U}}the canyon walls, cut it into small blocks, hauled the blocks to the construction site, and fitted them together with mud mortar. Roof beams of pine or fir had to be{{U}} (47) {{/U}}from logging areas in the mountain forests many kilometers{{U}} (48) {{/U}}. Then, to connect the pueblos and to give{{U}} (49) {{/U}}to the surrounding tableland, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases for ascending cliff faces. In time, the roads reached{{U}} (50) {{/U}}to more than 80 satellite villages within a 60 kilometer radius.

填空题What Does Ageing Bring The press is constantly reminding us that the dramatic increase in the age of our population over the next 30 or so years will cause national healthcare systems to collapse, economies to crumple under the strain of pension demands and disintegrating families to buckle under increasing care commitments. Yet research at Oxford is beginning to expose some of the widespread myths that underlie this rhetoric. Demographic ageing is undoubtedly a reality. Life expectancy in developed countries has risen continuously over the past century, increasing the percentage of those over the age of 60 relative to those under the age of 15. By 2030 half the population of Western Europe will be over the age of 50, with a predicted average life expectancy of a further 40 years. By then, a quarter of the population will be over 65 and by 2050 the UK's current number of 10,000 centenarians are predicted to have reached a quarter of a million. 1. ______ Indeed, if this could be achieved throughout the world, it would surely count as the success of civilisation, for then we would also have conquered the killers of poverty, disease, famine and war. Decreasing mortality rates, increasing longevity and declining fertility mean smaller percentages of young people within populations. Over the past 20 years life expectancy at birth in the UK has risen by four years for men (to 75) and three years for women (to 80). Meanwhile fertility rates across Europe have declined more or less continuously over the past 40 years and remain well below the levels required for European populations to be able to replace themselves without substantive immigration. But again, rather than seeing this as a doom and gloom scenario, we need to explore the positive aspects of these demographics. The next 50 years should provide us with an opportunity to enjoy the many advantages of a society with a mature population structure. 2. ______ The first of these is the current political rhetoric, which claims that health services across the Western world are collapsing under the strain of demographic ageing. 3. ______ The second myth is the view that the ratio of workers to non-workers will become so acute that Western economies will collapse, compounded by a massive growth in pension debt. While there are undoubted concerns over current pension shortfalls, it is also clear that working lives will themselves change over the next few decades, with a predicted increase in flexible and part-time work and the probable extension of working life until the age of 70. Indeed, we have to recognise that we cannot expect to retire at the age of 50 and then be able to support ourselves for another 40 or so years. 4. ______ A further myth is that we will all live in loose, multigenerational families, experiencing increased emotional distancing from our kin. Evidence from a variety of studies across the developed world suggests that, if anything, the modern family is actually becoming more close-knit. Work carried out by the Oxford Institute shows that despite the influence of the welfare state, over the past 10 years, people have come to value family relationships more than previously. 5. ______ In the developed world, therefore, we can see actual benefits from population ageing: a better balance between age groups, mature and less volatile societies, with an emphasis on age integration. The issues will be very different in other parts of the world. Herein lies another myth: that the less developed world will escape from demographic ageing. Instead, the massive increase in the age of populations facing these countries -- predicted to be up to one billion older people within 30 years -- is potentially devastating. The problem is not only that demographic ageing is occurring at a far greater pace than we have seen in Western nations, but also that few if any developing countries have the economic development and infrastructure necessary to provide widespread public pensions and healthcare to these growing elderly populations. As a result, older people are among the poorest in every developing country. They have the lowest levels of income, education and literacy, they lack savings and assets, have only limited access to work, and even in times of crisis are usually the last to be cared for under emergency aid programs. Perhaps of most concern is healthcare, for as we conquer acute diseases, we are going to see a rapid increase in levels of chronic illness and disability, but no long-term care programs or facilities to tackle this. A Since it is likely that a longer active working life will coincide with a predicted labour shortage resulting from a lack of younger workers, we need to provide the opportunities and training to encourage older men and women to remain economically productive. Our studies show that there are benefits from having an age-integrated workforce. It is another myth that older workers are less productive than younger ones. In fact, the combined energy of younger workers with the experience of older ones can lead to increased productivity -- something from which young and old alike will benefit. B In 2001, in recognition of the significance of these demographic changes and the global challenges and opportunities that will accompany them, the Oxford Institute of Ageing was established at the University. It is made up of researchers in demography, sociology, economics, social anthropology, philosophy and psychology, with links to other specialists in medicine, biology, law and policy in research units across the University. This cross-disciplinary approach has made it possible to challenge some of the most pervasive myths about ageing societies. C As Institute healthcare ethicist Kenneth Howse points out, family obligations towards older relatives may change over the next 20 years, but current indications are that families are retaining a strong responsibility to care. Furthermore, as societies age, the contributory role of older people as grandparents becomes more important. Work by Institute researchers on another European Union study on multi-generational families has highlighted the role that grandparents play by freeing up the responsibilities of the younger reproductive population. D It is clear that the changing demographic landscape poses challenges for the future. The necessity now is to develop appropriate economic, social and political structures to take advantage of the opportunities that mature societies will bring, while ensuring that there are appropriate safety nets for those left vulnerable within these populations -- which will include both young and old alike.? E Rather than fearing such a future, however, we should see this trend as a great success. It must undoubtedly be a major achievement of civilisation that most individuals within a society can expect to enjoy a long and healthy lifespan. F George Leeson, a demographer at the Institute, points out that while a number of cross-national studies have considered the determinants of spiralling healthcare costs, only one has found the explanatory factor to be the proportion of the population aged 65 and over. Rather, it is growth in income, lifestyle characteristics and environmental factors such as technology and drugs that are driving up healthcare costs. In addition, the costs are shifting between population groups. The key here, he adds, is to develop sufficiently flexible health service structures to shift not only economic resources but also personnel.