单选题{{I}} Questions 11 ～ 13 are based on a talk by a speaker about hamburgers.{{/I}}

单选题Questions 11 --14 are based on the following dialogue.

单选题In Japan many workers for large corporations have a guarantee of lifetime employment. They will not be laid off during recessions or when the tasks they perform are taken over by robots. To some observers, this is capitalism at its best, because workers are treated as people not things. Others see it as necessarily inefficient and believe it cannot continue if Japan is to remain competitive with foreign corporations more concerned about profits and less concerned about people. Defenders of the system argue that those who call it inefficient do not understand how it really works, In the first place not every Japanese worker has the guarantee of a lifetime job. The lifetime employment system includes only "regular employees". Many employees do not fall into this category, including all women. All businesses have many part-time and temporary employees. These workers are hired and laid off during the course of the business cycle just as employees in the United States are. These "irregular workers" make up about 10 percent of the nonagricultural work force. Additionally, Japanese firms maintain some flexibility through the extensive use of subcontractors. This practice is much more common in Japan than in the United States. The use of both subcontractors and temporary workers has increased markedly in Japan since the 1974—1975 recession. All this leads some to argue that the Japanese system is not all that different from the American system. During recessions Japanese corporations lay off temporary workers and give less business to subcontractors. In the United States, corporations lay off those workers with the least seniority. The difference then is probably less than the term "lifetime employment" suggests, but there still is a difference. And this difference cannot be understood without looking at the values of Japanese society. The relationship between employer and employee cannot be explained in purely contractual terms. Firms hold on to the employees and employees stay with one firm. There are also practical reasons for not jumping from job to job. Most retirement benefits come from the employer. Changing jobs means losing these benefits. Also, teamwork is an essential part of Japanese production. Moving to a new firm means adapting to a different team and at least temporarily, lower productivity and lower pay.

单选题Why do the two "explanations" (Line 1, Para. 3) worry Asian Americans?

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} Legend has it that sometime toward the Civil War (1861 -1865) a government train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm and had to be abandoned. The driver returned the next spring to see what had become of his cargo. Instead of the skeletons he had expected to find, he saw his oxen, living, fat, and healthy. How had they survived? The answer lay in a resource that unknowing Americans had trampled underfoot in their haste to cross the "Great American Desert" to reach lands that sometimes proved barren. In the eastern parts of the United States, the preferred grass for forage was as cultivated plant. It grew well with enough rain, then when cut and stored it would cure and become nourishing hay for winter feed. But in the dry grazing lands of the west, that familiar bluejoint grass was often killed by drought. To raise cattle out there seemed risky or even hopeless. Who could imagine a fairy-tale grass that required no rain and somehow made it possible for cattle to feed themselves all winter? But the surprising western wild grasses did just that. They had wonderfully convenient features that made them superior to the cultivated eastern grasses. Variously known as buffalo, grama grass, or mesquite grass, not only were they immune to drought; but they were actually preserved by the lack of summer and autumn rains. They were not juicy like the cultivated eastern grasses, but had short, hard stems. And they did not need to be cured in a barn, but dried right where they grew on the ground. When they dried in this way, they remained naturally sweet and nourishing through the winter. Cattle were left outdoors to fend for themselves thrived on this hay. And the cattle themselves helped plant the fresh grass year after year, for they trampled the natural seeds firmly into the soil to be watered by the melting snows of winter and the occasional rains of spring. The dry summer air cured them, much as storing in a barn cured the cultivated grasses.

单选题The "American sleep debt" (Line 1, Para. 3) is the result of______.

单选题 Text If the sun has enough (26) to warm and light the whole earth, it must have enough power to do other things, (27) . Can we use the sun's (28) energy to supply electricity, or at least to perform the function which electricity or other types of power usually perform? The answer is (29) . For example, people have for many years been using the (30) heat of the sun to cook by solar (31) which have been built with several incurred (32) reflecting the sun and focusing the heat on the cooking element. This (33) can be used like a gas or electric stove; it is more expensive to make but it doesn't need any (34) and so costs (35) to use. Another (36) of using solar energy is in house heating. The (37) of energy we use most is electricity, and every day more is (38) . But electricity has to be made too, and to make it huge quantities of fuel is required -- oil, coal, gas and nowadays even uranium. The question which (39) everyone today is: how long will these fuels (40) ? Nobody knows it for sure, (41) most experts think it will soon be difficult to obtain sufficient electricity from these sources. It is possible that the sun can make a(n) (42) here, too. Solar power has already been used to produce (43) heat. In Southern France a solar furnace has been built, (44) temperatures reach more than 3 000 centigrade. This furnace is not only used for experiment (45) , but could be used to produce steam for a power station.

单选题WhydidAlicecallherfather?A.ShewantedtoinviteherparentstoBilly'sbirthdayparty.B.ShewantedtotellhimthateverythingwasOKwiththechildren.C.ShewantedtoknowifeverythingwasOKwithherparents.D.ShewantedtotellhimthatsheandherfamilywerecomingtoseehiminJuly.

单选题Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticism from coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of anxiety or stress for young athletes. Stress can be physical, emotional, or psychological, and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as dropping or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable. The early years of development are critical years for learning about oneself. The sport setting is one where valuable experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to cooperate with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can greatly affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents' and coaches' criticisms to heart and find flaws (缺陷) in themselves. Coaches and parents should also be careful that youth sport participation does not become work for children. The outcome of the game should not be more important than the process of learning the sport and other life lessons. In today' s youth sport setting, young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of enjoying themselves and the sport. Following a game, many parents and coaches focus on the outcome and find fault with youngsters' performances. Positive reinforcement should be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater influence on learning than criticism. Again, criticism can create high levels of stress, which can lead to burnout.

单选题{{I}}Questions 18～21 are based on the following dialogue between two students.{{/I}}

单选题What'sthewoman'soccupation?A.Nurse.B.Saleswoman.C.Nun.D.Doctor.

单选题How will she go to Edinburgh?

单选题Thousands of years ago man used handy rocks for his surgical operations. Later he used sharp bone or horn, metal knives and more recently, rubber and plastic and that was where we stuck, in surgical instrument terms, for many years. In the 1960s a new tool was developed, one which was, first of all, to be of great practical use to the armed forces and industry, but which was also, in time, to revolutionize the art and science of surgery. The tool is the laser and it is being used by more and more surgeons all over the world, for a very large number of different complaints. The word laser means; light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. As we all know, light is hot, any source of light-from the sun itself down to a humble match burning-will give warmth. But light is usually spread out over a wide area. The light in a laser beam, however, is concentrated. This means that a light with no more power than that produced by an ordinary electric light bulb becomes intensely strong as it is concentrated to a pinpoint-sized beam. Experiments with these pinpoint beams showed researchers that difficult energy sources produce beams that have a particular effect on certain living cells. It is now possible for eye surgeons to operate on the back of the human eye without harming the front of the eye, simply by passing a laser beam right through the eyeball. No knives, no stitches(刀口缝合), no unwanted damage --a true surgical wonder. Operations which once left patients exhausted and in need of long period of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable. So much more difficult operations can now be tried. The rapid development of laser techniques in the past ten years has made it clear that the future is likely to be very exciting. Perhaps some cancers will be treated with laser in a way that makes surgery not only safer but also more effective. Altogether, tomorrow may see more and more information coming to light on the diseases which can be treated medically.