单选题More people are now going to dentists' offices, but nearly one half of the United States population will not see a dentist. Why? They are scared. And, really, what experience is worse than seeing a traditional dentist? You wait in silence, thumbing through old magazines, in a germ-free white waiting room in which no one ever speaks. All is silent until an assistant calls your name and leads you back to another white room, which is filled with machinery to frighten you still further. At the Medical College of Georgia, dentists are taught principles of behavior and techniques of office design that should help reduce the patients' anxiety and tension. Assistants and receptionists are taught to smile and speak to the patient. This helps create an environment of trust. Dentists themselves are being taught to communicate more fully with the patient. A phrase such as" you are doing fine" tells the patient that the dentist is appreciative of the patient's unpleasant situation. Dentists' office is being repainted in colors that make patients feel calmer. A startling color such as red should be avoided at all costs, for red brings to mind blood and pain. Paintings and other things are strategically located so as to turn away the patient's attention. Until recently, dentists had ignored the fact that most patients never see much more than the ceiling of the practice room. Most of the time, patients are lying flat on their backs with little time to busy their minds other than their pains. Now dentists are not only building ceiling with fancy patterns, but also turning away patients' attention with ceiling TV set, computer games and mobile sculptures. In addition, the practice room is redecorated to include less of white. Uniforms are also being made in soft and earth colors, no longer in white. Some dentists take an active role in teaching their patients deep muscle relaxation and breathing control. Some use advanced techniques, such as bio-feedback to help their patients relax in the chair. Drugs and painkillers may still be used to ease physical pain, but all these techniques of relaxation help the patients relax and avoid anxiety over their pain.

单选题{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} Lacking a cure for AIDS, society must offer education, not only by public pronouncement but in classrooms. Those with AIDS or those at high risk of AIDS suffer prejudice; they are feared by some people who find living itself unsafe, while others conduct themselves with a "bravado (冒险心理)" that could be fatal. AIDS has afflicted a society already short on humanism, open handedness and optimism. Attempts to strike it out with the offending microbe are not abetted(教唆)by preexisting social ills. Such concerns impelled me to offer the first university-level undergraduate AIDS course, with its two important aims: To address the fact that AIDS is caused by a virus, not by moral failure or societal collapse. The proper response to AIDS is compassion coupled with an understanding of the disease itself. We wanted to foster (help the growth of) the idea of a humane society. To describe how AIDS tests the institutions upon which our society rests. The economy, the political system, science, the legal establishment, the media and our moral ethical philosophical attitudes must respond to the disease. Those responses, whispered, or shrieked, easily accepted or highly controversial, must be put in order if the nation is to manage AIDS. Scholars have suggested that how a society deals with the threat of AIDS describes the extent to which that society has the right to call itself civilized. AIDS, then, is woven into the tapestry(挂毯) of modem society; in the course of explaining that tapestry, a teacher realizes that AIDS may bring about changes of historic proportions. Democracy obliges its educational system to prepare students to become informed citizens, to join their voices to the public debate inspired by AIDS. Who shall direct just what resources of manpower and money to the problem of AIDS? Even more basic, who shall formulate a national policy on AIDS? The educational challenge, then, is to enlighten(启发) the individual and the societal, or public, responses to AIDS.

单选题Questions 15 ～ 17 are based on the following conversation.

单选题{{I}} Questions 11 ～ 13 are based on a talk between Peter and Laura.{{/I}}

单选题[此试题无题干]

单选题 Questions 14 ～ 17 are based on the following passage.

单选题{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} When a 13-year-old Virginia girl started sneezing, her parents thought it was merely a cold. But when the sneezes continued for hours, they called in a doctor. Nearly two months later the girl was still sneezing, thousands of times a day, and her case had attracted world-wide attention. Hundreds of suggestions, ranging from "put a clothes pin on her nose" to "have her stand on her head" poured in. But nothing did any good. Finally, she was taken to Johns Hopkins Hospital where Dr Leo Kanner, one of the world's top authorities on sneezing, solved the baffling problem with great speed. He used neither drugs nor surgery for, curiously enough, the clue for the treatment was found in an ancient superstition about the amazing bodily reaction we call the sneeze. It was all in her mind, be said, a view which Aristotle, some 3 000 years earlier, would have agreed with heartily. Dr Kanner simply gave a modern psychological interpretation to the ancient belief that too much sneezing was an indication that the spirit was troubled; and he began to treat the girl accordingly. "Less than two days in a hospital room, a plan for better scholastic and vocational adjustment, and reassurance about her unreasonable fear of tuberculosis quickly changed her from a sneezer to an ex-sneezer," he reported. Sneezing has always been a subject of wonder, awe and puzzlement. Dr Kanner has collected thousands of superstitions concerning it. The most universal one is the custom of begging for the blessing of God when a person sneezes -- a practice Dr Kanner traces back to the ancient belief that a sneeze was an indication that the sneezer was possessed of an evil spirit. Strangely, people all over the world still continue the custom with the traditional "God bless you" or its equivalent. When scientists look at the sneeze, they see a remarkable mechanism which, without any conscious help from you, takes on a job that has to be done. When you need to sneeze you sneeze, this being nature's clever way of getting rid of an annoying object from the nose. The object may be just some dust in the nose which nature is striving to remove.

单选题How many tons ______ the elephant ______ ? A. is...weigh B. does...weigh C. are...weigh

单选题B&Q's "elder worker" stores are mentioned to show that the employment of older workers ______.

单选题Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. (26) a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the (27) in the reading even if they don't discuss it in class or take an exam. The (28) student is considered to be (29) who is motivated to learn for the sake of (30) , not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned (31) brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is (32) for learning the material assigned. When research is (33) , the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with (34) guidance. It is the (35) responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain (36) a university library works; they expect students, (37) graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference (38) in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but (39) that their students should not be (40) dependent on them. In the United States, professors have many other duties (41) teaching, such as administratire or research work. (42) , the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is (43) . If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either (44) a professor during office hours (45) make an appointment.

单选题Questions 18～21 are based on the following speech.

单选题My parents don't ______ of my smoking.

单选题{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} Overweight has become a problem people all around the world face, and it does not look like it will be solved in the near future regardless of the various efforts from all walks of life. And for those who have a heavier body than they are supposed to, one advice is given repeatedly: eat less and exercise more. This has long been the suggestion for getting rid of those extra pounds. But now it seems that all the hard work may have been in vain. Scientists say there are ten other reasons why people just keep getting bigger. Scientists claim that sleeping habits, central heating, medicines and even some pollutants can play a role in weight gain. Lack of sleep could be partly to blame. In recent years, the average night's sleep has dropped from nine hours to just seven. Sleep lack changes levels of the hormones that regulate food intake and body fat and increase hunger and appetite. If it is too hot or too cold, we burn calories to cool down or heat up. But if the temperature is just right, the calories may be turned into body fat instead. Those who take medicines to control their blood pressure can often put on more weight. Similarly, studies have shown that going on the Pill can add to a woman's weight. Mother Nature may also be to blame, with our body shape being partly determined by our parents. The overweight are also more likely to be associated with partners of a similar size, and their children are more likely to be overweight. The scientists from Yale, Cornell and Johns Hopkins published their analysis of these findings last week. Their reasoning goes like this:1. Sleep--Too little increases appetite.2. Medicine--Many modern medicines lead to us putting on weight.3. Mother's age--Older women are more likely to have obese children.4. Giving up smoking--Nicotine suppresses the appetite.5. Getting older--Weight tends to increase with age.

单选题{{B}}Text 1{{/B}} The predictability of our mortality rates is something that has long puzzled social scientists. After all, there is no natural reason why 2,500 people should accidentally shoot them- selves each year or why 7,000 should drown or 55,000 die in their cars. No one establishes a quota for each type of death. It just happens that they follow a consistent pattern year after year. A few years ago a Canadian psychologist named Gerald Wilde became interested in this phenomenon. He noticed that mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths throughout the Western world have remained oddly static throughout the whole of the century, despite all the technological advances and increases in safety standards that have happened in that time. Wilde developed an intriguing theory called “risk homeostasis”. According to this theory, people instinctively live with a certain level of risk. When something is made safer, people will get around the measure in some way to reassert the original level of danger. If, for instance, they are required to wear seat belts, they will feel safer and thus will drive a little faster and a little more recklessly, thereby statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers. Other studies have shown that where an intersection is made safer, the accident rate invariably falls there but rises to a compensating level elsewhere along the same stretch of road. It appears, then, that we have an innate need for danger. In all events, it is becoming clearer and clearer to scientists that the factors influencing our lifespan are far more subtle and complex than had been previously thought. It now appears that if you wish to live a long life, it isn't simply a matter of adhering to certain pre cautions—eating the right foods, not smoking, driving with care. You must also have the right attitude. Scientists at the Duke University Medical Center made a 15-year study of 500 persons personalities and found, somewhat to their surprise, that people with a suspicious or mistrustful nature die prematurely far more often than people with a sunny disposition. Looking on the bright side, it seems, can add years to your life span.

单选题People have realized that resources are wasted if goods_________.

单选题As my father grew old he became odd. He became mean where once he had been open-handed, and complained about the bills run up by the students who sometimes lived with him. He often woke up at four in the morning and started to go out of the house. And he mislaid things, but he had never in his life had to find anything or file anything. He told the same stories, but he had always repeated stories, absorbed in the telling and unaware of the listener's expression of recognition or boredom. Now he had fewer stories to tell. But the structure of his personality remained intact and his mind was as keen and fresh, as alert to anything new and interesting as it had ever been. The spring before he died I gave a seminar to a group who thought of themselves as avant-guard (先锋派), but he was the most searching questions. In the summer of 1956, after he had to move from the little house in which all the mementos of his life were in place, he was obviously failing. Although his grandchildren found a hotel in which he could live independently and still cause little trouble by leaving his door open or the bath running, because there was someone to watch out for such things, he felt close to the end. When summer school was over, his club, which he had founded and in which he ate lunch every day, closed. He was more alone, but the nephew of an old friend had breakfast with him to be sure that he had one good meal a day, and he himself made a last effort to see those of his old friends who were still alive. He died in his sleep the night he knew I was crossing the Atlantic on my way home. It was my father whose career was limited by the number of his children and his health, who defined for me my place in the world. Although I have acted on a wider stage than either my mother or my father, it is still the same stage—the same world, only with wider dimensions. I have been fortunate in being able to look up to my parents' minds well past my own middle years. And I watched my father grow—he rejected his earlier racial prejudices and came to respect new institutions of the federal government, such as Social Security and public ownership. Watching a parents grow is one of the most reassuring experiences anyone can have, a privilege that comes only to those whose parents live beyond their children' s early adulthood.

单选题{{I}} You will hear 10 short dialogues. For each dialogue, there is one question and four possible answers. Choose the correct answer — A,B,C or D, and mark it in your test booklet. You will have 15 seconds to answer the question and you will hear each dialogue ONLY ONCE. Now look at Question 1.{{/I}}

单选题There is one difference between the sexes on which virtually every expert and study agree: Men are more aggressive than women. It shows up in two-year-olds. It continues through school days and persists into adulthood. It is even constant across cultures. And there is little doubt that it is rooted in biology--in the male sex hormone testosterone. If there's a feminine trait that's the counterpart of male aggressiveness, it's what social scientists awkwardly refer to as "nurturance". Feminists have argued that the nurturing nature of women is not biological in origin, but rather has been drummed into women by a society that wanted to keep them in the home. But the signs that it is at least partly inborn are too numerous to ignore. Just as tiny infant girls respond more readily to human faces, female toddlers learn much faster than males how to pick up nonverbal cues from others. And grown women are far more adept than men at interpreting facial expressions: A recent study by University of Pennsylvania brain researcher Ruben Gurr showed that they easily read emotions such as anger, sadness and fear. The only such emotion men could pick up was disgust. What difference do such differences make in the real world? Among other things, women appear to be somewhat less competitive--or at least competitive in different ways--than men. At the Harvard Law School, for instance, female students enter with credentials just as outstanding as those of their male peers. But they don't qualify for the prestigious Law Review in proportionate numbers, a fact some school officials attribute to women's discomfort in the incredibly competitive atmosphere. Students of management styles have found fewer differences than they expected between men and women who reach leadership positions, perhaps because many successful women deliberately imitate masculine ways. But an analysis by Purdue social psychologist Alice Eagly of 166 studies of leadership style did find one consistent difference: Men tend to be more "autocratic"--making decisions on their own--while women tend to consult colleagues and subordinates more often. Studies of behavior in small groups turn up oven more differences. Men will typically dominate the discussion, says University of Toronto psychologist Kenneth Dion, spending more time talking and less time listening.