问答题国务院总理温家宝答中外记者问 2009年03月13日 [李肇星]：女士们、先生们，上午好。我们高兴地邀请到温家宝总理与中外记者见面，并回答提问。现在先请温总理讲话。 [温家宝]：记者朋友们，早上好。今年的两会是在应对国际金融危机的关键时刻召开的。人民代表大会通过了政府工作报告，也批准了政府应对金融危机的一揽子计划。我的心情很不平静。我记得在去年9月24日，我在纽约就讲过一句话，就是“信心要比黄金和货币还要重要”。那时，世界还是一片迷茫，我们对于金融危机的发展前景也看不清楚。现在，时间过去不到半年，我们已经提出了一揽子应对计划。实现这个计划，我依然认为，首要的还是要坚定信心。只有信心才能产生勇气和力量，只有勇气和力量才能战胜困难。我希望我们这次记者会能够开成一个提振信心和传播信心的会，我想这应该是每位记者的良知和责任，也是人们的期望。莫道今年春将尽，明年春色倍欢人。我期待着明年中国和世界都会变得更好。谢谢大家。 [中国日报记者]：请问总理，为应对国际金融危机，政府推出了4万亿经济刺激计划。但是我们注意到，您的报告中并没有像我们预期那样推出一些新的刺激计划，这是否意味着这一轮措施运作良好，未来还会推出新的经济刺激方案吗?此外，这4万亿中只有1.18万亿来自中央政府投资，如何保证其余资金的来源?这4万亿里面有多少是原计划投资，又有多少是新增投资? [温家宝]：你的问题很重要。就是一个传言和误解，造成了世界股市的大幅波动。其实，人们没有读懂中国所采取的一揽子计划的全部内涵，我需要借这个机会再扼要地向大家介绍一下。 经过半年的努力，我们形成的一揽子计划包括四项内容，就是大规模的政府投入、大范围的产业调整和振兴、大力度的科技支撑和大幅度地提高社会保障水平。这四项是互相联系、不可分割的整体，它体现了我们计划的远近结合和标本兼治。 第二，大规模的政府投入是最直接、最有力、最见效的措施。它包含着政府直接投资1.18万亿，这是指中央政府。也包含着通过投资项目的实施，吸引社会投资和民间投资，包括银行的信贷。我可以明确地告诉大家，这1.18万亿完全是新增的。今年，在我们的预算中已经落实5950亿。 第三，我们政府投入的1.18万亿主要用于民生工程、技术改造、生态环境保护和重大基础设施建设，其他若干方面都不在这两年4万亿的计划当中。比如我们减免税费实际将超过5000亿，达到6000亿；我们提高企业退休工人养老金的标准；对1200万教师实行绩效工资，提高他们的工资水平；增加农民的收入，扩大补贴范围，提高补贴标准；我们将在三年内使用8500亿实行医药卫生体制改革。所有这些资金都不在4万亿当中。 第四，我们新增的两年4万亿投资，有些项目确实是原来“十一五”规划当中的项目，比如公路和铁路等基础设施建设。这些项目是经过充分论证的，是有准备的，我们要加快速度推进。不然的话，我们怎么能在这么短的时间内，确定这么多的基础设施建设呢?有些项目是新安排的，比如保障性安居工程建设，我们计划三年要解决750万户困难群众的住房问题、240万户棚户区改造问题，这是新安排的。所有这些项目都是经过论证的，而且将会全部公开，全过程接受监管。 第五，应对这场金融危机，我们做了长期的、困难的准备，我们预留了政策空间。也就是说，我们已经准备了应对更大困难的方案，并且储备了充足的“弹药”，随时都可以提出新的刺激经济的政策。谢谢。 [美国《华尔街日报》记者]：总理您好，我有两个问题想提问，中国现在已经变成美国最大的债权国，您怎么评价美国政府应对国际经济危机所采取的措施?有些人认为，美国巨额的债务会导致美元贬值，您是否担心中国在美国的投资呢?如果担心的话，中国在分散投资风险的策略是什么呢?第二，您能不能保证中国不会让人民币贬值，至少在短期内不会让它贬值?中国会不会向国际货币基金组织提供资金支持? [温家宝]：您的中文讲的真好，而且您一连就提了三个问题。中国确实是美国最大的债权国，美国又是世界上最大的经济体，我们十分关注美国经济的发展。奥巴马总统的新政府采取了一系列的应对金融危机的措施，我们对于这些措施的效果予以期待。 我们把巨额资金借给美国，当然关心我们资产的安全。说句老实话，我确实有些担心。因而我想通过你再次重申要求美国保持信用，信守承诺，保证中国资产的安全。 众所周知，经过多年的改革和建设，我们积累了巨额的外汇，这显示了中国的经济实力。我们外汇经营第一位的原则是防范风险，我们始终坚持外汇“安全、流动和保值”的原则，并且实行多元化的战略。 在外汇储备这个问题上，我们第一位的是维护国家的利益。同时，我们也要考虑国际金融整体的稳定。因为这两者是相互联系的。 至于你提到人民币贬值，这不符合实际情况。从2005年7月份，我们实行汇率改革以来，人民币相对美元升值21%。特别是最近这一年，虽然人民币对美元贬值的幅度并不那么大，但是由于欧洲货币、亚洲货币大幅地贬值，人民币实际上也处在升值的状况。这对于我们外贸出口带来了压力。 我们的目标是在合理、均衡的水平上保持人民币币值的基本稳定。但是，这是由我们自己决定的，任何国家不能对人民币升值或贬值施加压力。 我们十分关注国际货币基金组织的增资问题，而且认为这个问题十分复杂。我想提出几点原则。 第一，要改革国际货币基金组织的内部治理结构，防范融资及投资的风险，贯彻权利与义务相平衡的原则，更多地关注发展中国家的利益。 第二，国际货币基金组织的增资不是一个国家的事情。我们主张组织内的各成员国依照份额共同承担责任。 第三，我们还要扩大其他国际金融机构采取多种融资方式进行融资。 第四，任何旧家对国际货币基金组织的增资都要从本国实际出发，本着自愿的原则。谢谢。 [香港亚洲电视台记者]：我们注意到，在您的政府工作报告里提到中央会全力支持巩固香港国际金融中心的地位，同时也会促进澳门经济适度多元发展。我们也注意到，在去年年底的时候，中央政府也推出了珠三角改革发展规划纲要，港澳各界对中央的这些举措都有很大的期待。同时我们也看到，正如您所说的，这场金融危机还在蔓延，还没有见到底，港澳作为开放型的经济体，受到的冲击也越来越呈现出来。中央在支持港澳抵御这场金融危机方面是否还有更新一步的计划呢? [温家宝]：中央十分关注港澳地区在这场金融危机中所遇到的困难，我在报告中已经提出了若干措施。我想再清晰地表达四点。香港是国际金融中心，应对金融危机最重要的是要保持金融的稳定，维护国际金融中心的地位。为此，第一要加强内地与香港的金融合作。我可以告诉你，关于人民币结算的方案，中央有关部门已经制定完了。经国务院批准以后，将尽早实施。 第二，加快推进内地涉及港澳的基础设施建设。在这里我也清楚地表明，港珠澳大桥融资问题已经解决，各项准备工作加紧进行，年内一定开工。 第三，在今年内将会签署CEPA的补充议定书，主要是对香港扩大服务业的开放。 第四，中央已经批准珠三角改革和发展的长远规划。这个规划将有利于发挥三地的优势，加强合作， 优势互补。 第五，为实现澳门适度多元化的经济发展，中央也准备采取新的举措。 香港、澳门有应对亚洲金融危机的经验，我们完全相信在特区政府的领导下，两地的人民有能力应对金融危机，克服困难，继续保持繁荣和稳定。最后，我想再次表示，祖国永远是港澳的坚强后盾，我们会鼎力支持香港和澳门的经济发展。谢谢。 [人民日报人民网记者]：总理好，面对国际金融危机的冲击，您在多个场合，包括刚才都强调信心比黄金更重要。请问总理，您的信心从何而来?还有，在政府工作报告中，您提出国内生产总值增长8%左右的目标。对此，国内、国外都有人对实现保八的目标持怀疑态度。请问总理您怎么看这个问题?谢谢。 [温家宝]：大家十分关注今年是否能够实现GDP增长8%的El标。我认为实现这个目标确实有难度，但是，经过努力也是有可能的。我想，对于8%左右的经济发展的目标，可以从三个方面来认识。第一，要考虑它的需要和可能；第二，这是政府的承诺和责任；第三，它表明我们的信心和希望。我举个例子，目标不是决定一切的，但是它就像一艘航船中的罗盘一样，如果一艘航行中的船没有罗盘，它就不知道朝什么方向航行，什么时间到达。有一句谚语：这样的船只有逆风不会有顺风。 关于实现8%左右这个目标的可能性，我在报告中已经阐述了。我想再强调三点：第一，中国正处在市场化和城镇化加快发展的时期，也处在消费扩大和结构升级的时期。中国13亿人口有9亿农民，如果你到农村去看，我以为，在那里有多少的投资都不算多，中国的市场无论从人口和面积来看，都比欧美的市场更大。 第二，中国有充沛的劳动力资源，而且有众多的人才优势。虽然当前就业存在困难，但从长远看，这是发展的重要条件。 第三，经过十年多的改革，中国的金融基本是健康和稳定的，这为经济发展提供了强有力的支持。我可以做一个比喻，如果说美国、欧洲是在金融危机和实体经济受到影响两条战线上作战的话，那么中国金融要防范风险，但是我们没有拿财政的钱去补金融的窟窿。相反，在这个时候，金融为经济建设提供了大量的贷款，这个数字你们都知道。去年11月份，贷款4700亿，12月份7700亿，今年1月份1.62万亿，2月份1.07万亿。 其实，最为重要的就是经过几个月的努力，中国人的心开始暖起来了。我以为，心暖则经济暖，我深知这场金融危机任何国家都不可能独善其身，克服困难也不能脱离国际经济的影响。但是我们懂得一个道理，那就是乞火不若取燧，寄汲不若凿井，就是说你想得到水不如自己去凿井。因此，我希望全体中国人都要以自己的暖心来暖中国的经济。谢谢。 [英国《金融时报》记者]：刚才您在回答提问的时候就提到，中国实际上在农村地区有很大的投资需求，请问鉴于中国有2万亿美元的外汇储备，现在还把钱去借给那些富裕的国家，这是否说得通?第二个问题是有关西藏的。就西藏而言，尤其是从上周以来，在西藏地区以及包括西藏自治区以外的其他藏区，安全措施得到了空前的加强。有鉴于此，这是否意味着中国在该地区所实施的政策存在着严重的问题? [温家宝]：关于第一个问题，其实我在英国回答《金融时报》记者问题时已经谈到了，但是我还想说明一下。 中国的外汇储备是中国人民通过辛勤劳动而创造出来的，它提高了中国对外支付的能力，也表明了中国经济的实力。但是，外汇储备资金实际上是银行的借贷，不是财政资金。外汇资金主要还得用于对外投资和对外贸易。我们已经采取了外汇储备多元化的经营方针，从现在看，我们外汇总体上是安全的。我们将进一步扩大开放，利用两个市场和两种资源，充分发挥外汇储备的作用，使外汇储备既能做到“安全、流动和保值”，又能支持国家建设和改善人民生活。 西藏的总体形势是安定的，西藏人民希望安居乐业。宪法和民族区域自治法保障了西藏人民的自由和权利，特别是宗教信仰自由。国家这些年也加大对西藏的财政投入，加快西藏经济建设的步伐，努力改善农牧民的生活。西藏将坚定不移地实行对外开放的方针，这是西藏自身发展的需要。你所提的问题，恰恰相反，西藏的安定和西藏的继续进步，说明我们政策的正确。谢谢。 [台湾中央社记者]：温总理您好。我的问题是有关两岸经济合作协议的问题。这个议题两岸都很关切，我想请教总理，今年之内是否有可能完全签署，以及完全签署后是不是代表台湾可以顺利参与东盟10+1机制。二是关于台湾参加世界卫生大会的问题，总理在政府工作报告中曾经提到会通过与台湾协商对这个问题做出合情合理的安排。在这里想请总理进一步为台湾民众分析台湾今年参加世界卫生大会的可能性。另外一个是比较个人的问题，总理知道台湾观光资源很丰富，也很多元，如果您有机会到台湾走一走的话，不知道您会想去哪儿看一看?谢谢。 [温家宝]：我想先说明一个事实，台湾与大陆的经济联系十分紧密，可以说到了不可分割的地步。就拿去年来说，尽管遇到金融风暴，双边的贸易额还接近1300亿美元。其中，台湾的顺差是778亿美元，台湾在内地已经落户经营的工厂多达3万多家，落实的投资资金已经达到470亿美元。在这样紧密联系的情况下，我们应该加强合作，共同应对危机。 我在报告里提出两岸要尽早协商签订综合性的经济合作协议，并且建立适合两岸特点的合作机制。我讲的这个协议和这个机制如果深一步来讲，应该包括“三个适应”。第一就是要适应两岸关系发展的情况；第二就是要适应两岸经贸交流的需求；第三要适应两岸经济贸易的特点。总的就是要实现互利共赢。我们真诚希望两岸能够通过适当的方式抓紧商议和签署协议，建立有利于两岸的合作机制。 台湾是祖国的宝岛，是我一直向往的地方。我真心希望能有机会到台湾去走一走、看一看。我想到阿里山，想到日月潭，想到台湾各地去走、去接触台湾同胞。虽然我今年已经67岁了，但是如果有这种可能，走不动就是爬，我也愿意去。我在政府工作报告中已经明确谈到，对于涉及台湾同胞利益的一些国际组织，比如像世界卫生组织，我们会做出合情合理的安排。我们愿意就此进行协商。谢谢! [俄通-塔斯社记者]：总理先生，您好。今年在北京召开上海合作组织政府首脑会议，中国作为这次会议的东道主，认为哪些问题是最迫切的?最热点的问题是什么?您认为本组织各成员国在发展经济合作，特别是在共同抵御金融危机方面可以采取哪些措施?另外，“危机”这个词在中文里不仅有“危险”的含义，还有“机遇”的意思。您认为中国在当前世界金融危机中面临哪些机遇?中国在走出危机的同时，能否在世界经济体系中占据更重要的位置? [温家宝]：我们注意到在这次国际金融危机当中，上合组织各国也都受到了不同程度的冲击。上合组织各国应该通过加强合作，共同应对危机。我们具有地域比邻、优势互补的条件，我们完全可以通过合作来度过当前的困难。为了说明这个问题，我想举两个例子。第一个例子，前不久我们同俄罗斯签署了石油、金融一揽子合作协定，解决了我们石油合作的各方面问题。我们同哈萨克斯坦也签订了加强金融、能源和资源合作的意向，我们希望在年内能够签署协定。上海合作组织国家有的资源、能源丰富；有的科技实力强、高新技术发达；有的国家发展还比较滞后，需要我们帮助。我想我们可以在能源、资源、交通等基础设施，农业、高新技术等方面加强合作。 你对“机遇”的了解和我们是一致的，我们认为我国经济面临巨大的挑战，也面临着发展机遇。如果真正把握得好，措施得当，而且实施及时、果断、有力，我真希望中国经济能早一天复苏。那时，中国的经济经历一场困难的考验，将会显示出更强大的生命力。有些事情正像你所说的，山重水复疑无路，柳暗花明又一村。要行动，而不能坐等。谢谢。 [中国新闻社记者]：总理您好。中国今年预算赤字达到创记录的9500亿元，地方预算中也首次出现了2000亿元的赤字。但在事实上中国地方政府存在大量的隐形债务。请问财政风险是否可控?谢谢。 [温家宝]：我想回答你三点。第一，我们的财政赤字还在可控的范围内，债务也还是安全的。这同我们这几年来不断削减赤字有关。2003年的时候，当年的财政赤字是3198亿，占GDP的2.6%，而到2008年我们的赤字降到1800亿，占GDP的0.8%。2003年我们当年发行国债1400亿，2008年仅发行300亿。这几年经济发展，财政增收，这就给我们赤字和债务预留了空间。 第二，我们要深刻理解积极财政政策的重要性。在当前应对金融危机最直接、最有力、最有效的办法就是加大财政的投入，而且越快越好。事情还有另一个方面，防止经济下滑，经济好转，财政也会增加。这就是我们辩证地看待财政赤字的问题。 第三，我们在财政投入上必须把握两点：一是要把财政用在解决金融危机最重要、最关键、最紧迫的环节；二是要通过财政的投入给我们的子孙后代留下宝贵的财富。在整个财政运行当中，我们一定要加强监管，包括你讲的中央财政和地方财政，我们都将会实行全程监管，并且向人民公开。谢谢。 [日本广播协会记者]：您好，总理。我首先请教一个有关中国稳定的问题，在金融危机的影响下，中国失业状况十分严峻，尤其是有很多的农民工和大学生无法找到工作。请问，总理您如何看待今年的就业形势?在这样的情况下，您如何有信心保持国家的稳定?第二个是有关本地区稳定的问题。朝鲜准备在下月早些时候发射弹道导弹，您如何看待朝鲜准备发射导弹?另外，在与即将防华的朝鲜总理金英日的会谈中，您将谈什么话题? [温家宝]：失业问题是我们面临的一个十分严重的问题。我们之所以采取一揽子计划，加大财政投入，是从根本上促进经济的发展。其实，解决失业问题最重要的是要大力扶持中小企业的发展，因为中小企业吸纳就业达90%。 关于解决大学生就业和农民工就业的问题，我们都已经制定了具体的政策，要狠抓落实。 可以告诉这位记者朋友，在去年下半年和今年头两个月，在事业人数增加的情况下，大批农民工返乡，我们社会总体还是安定的。 我们将把扩大就业作为经济社会发展的一项重要任务，继续采取有力措施。我讲过一句话，我说无论大学生还是农民工的就业，不仅关系他们的生计，还关系他们的尊严。 对这个问题，我们政府将百倍重视，不可掉以轻心。 关于朝鲜半岛形势，我以为当前最重要的还是要积极推进六方会谈，解决影响六方会谈的关键问题，实现半岛的无核化。只有这样，才能保证半岛的安全和稳定，从而也能够保证东北亚地区的安全和稳定。 我们希望参加六方会谈的各个国家要增进共识，从大局出发，妥善处理分歧，不要做激化矛盾的事情。中国政府将积极同各方保持联系，加强磋商，继续推进六方会谈朝着健康的方向发展。 朝鲜是中国的友好邻邦，中朝之间有着传统友谊。这次金英日总理应我的邀请，最近将访问中国，我们将就进一步发展两国的友好合作和共同关心的地区与国际问题充分交换意见。谢谢。 [法国《费加罗报》记者]：总理您好。首先想请教一个有关西藏的问题，在西藏，现在我们的安全措施进一步得到加强，而美国的国会、奥巴马政府还有欧洲议会都进一步敦促中方与达赖恢复接谈。中方强调这属于中国内政。请问总理在这个问题上持何立场?您是否认为中方愿意与达赖恢复接谈?中方会就达赖实现所谓的“真正自治”的问题上做一些什么事情?是否会满足他的要求?另外一个问题是有关中法关系，从去年九月至今的几个月，中法关系相当的“冷淡”，您如何看待中法关系未来的走向?您是否预期在伦敦即将举行的20国集团金融峰会期间，胡锦涛主席和法国总统萨科奇会进行一次非常亲切的会面?总理，您曾多次表示，中法关系现状，法方应该承担责任，法方也直该来修补中法之间的关系，中方到底具体期待法方做些什么事情? [温家宝]：西藏是中国领土不可分割的部分，涉藏问题纯属中国的内政，不容外国干涉，这是我们的原则立场。我们对待达赖喇嘛的政策是一贯的、明确的，只要他放弃分裂活动，我们就愿意同他的代表进行接谈，这个大门始终是敞开的。 去年，在十分困难的情况下，应达赖喇嘛方面的要求，我们进行了三次接谈。这种接谈还可以继续进行下去，关键在于达赖喇嘛要有诚意，使接谈取得实质性的成果。 我们说达赖喇嘛不是一般的宗教人士，而是一个政治流亡者，是有充分依据的。他们设立在达兰萨拉的“流亡政府”实际上是政教合一的，由达赖喇嘛直接操纵的非法“政府”。 达赖喇嘛在世界各国到处奔跑，颇能迷惑一些政界人士，西方一些国家也利用他。我在这里只举一个例子来说明我们看待达赖喇嘛，不仅要看他说些什么，而且要看他做些什么。 就在前两天，达赖喇嘛在所谓反驳杨洁篪部长的答记者问当中，提出他从来没有说过让中国的军队从西藏撤出去，让汉人从西藏撤出去。这确实是蛊惑人心的。 如果大家查一查1987年在美国达赖喇嘛发表的“西藏五点和平计划”和在1988年在法国斯特拉斯堡发表的“七点新建议”，那里都明确讲到，需要中国军队和军事设施撤离西藏，要立即制止汉人，他所说的中国人迁入藏区，已经进入的要撤离。门纸黑字，达赖喇嘛要纠正是可以的，但是要赖是赖不掉的。 中法建交45年，尽管有过曲折，但是两国关系总体是向前发展的。这次中法之间出现的问题主要是法国领导人高调会见达赖，这不仅涉及中国的核心利益，也伤害了中国人民的感情。 我们希望法方能够在涉藏问题上表明明确的态度，促进中法关系尽快得以恢复。这不仅符合中法两国的利益，也符合中欧的利益。谢谢。 [李肇星]：女士们、先生们，还有那么多记者举手，但是时间过得太快了。最后两个问题。 [中央电视台记者]：总理，您好。我们平时采访的时候其实特别怕听到一句话，就是对我们说这是一个体制性的问题，这句话约等于说这个问题是目前解决不了的事情。在本届两会上，我们听到很多代表委员表示这样的担心，因为现在从中央政府到地方政府都把精力放到了扩大内需保增长方面，这是否会减缓改革的步伐，中央政府在深化改革，突破一些体制性障碍方面有什么样的考虑? [温家宝]：应对金融危机不仅不能减缓改革，而且要加快改革，因为只有解决机制和体制上的问题，才能保证各项措施的落实。 我们要继续推进经济体制改革，主要是要进一步完善社会主义市场经济体制。具体说来，就是不仅要有强有力的宏观调控，而且要充分发挥市场配置资源的基础性作用。不仅要有国家大规模的财政投入，而且要鼓励民营企业的发展和民间资本的投入。不仪要有调整和振兴的宏观规划，而且要尤为重视激发企业的活力和动力。 我们要积极推进政治体制改革。我以为在当前最重要的是三个方面：一是要发展社会主义民主政治，保障人民的自由和权利；二是推进司法体制改革，促进社会公平正义；三是加强各方面的监督，使政府的行政运转依法进行，并置于监督之下。谢谢! [南非广播公司记者]：谢谢总理。请问，我们如何能够在20国金融峰会上为发展中国家创造更多的机会?我们如何能够利用这样的机会进一步推动发展中国家之间的合作?另外，我们可以采取什么样的步骤来确保发展中国家在应对金融危机的时候能够有更大的发言权? [温家宝]：在应对金融危机当中，发展中国家遇到的困难最大，也最容易被忽视。20国集团金融峰会一定要把关心和帮助发展中国家，特别是最不发达国家作为重要议题。 千年发展目标不要改变。我曾经在主持亚欧首脑会议的时候遇到一位发展中国家领导人的发言，他说，一些发达国家数千亿美元的投资很容易通过，但是支持发展中国家千年发展目标的资金至今得不到落实。 因此我特别强调，千年发展目标一定不要改变。发达国家尤其要重视对发展中国家的资金援助和政策支持。 中国是最大的发展中国家，在2008年以前，我们尽了自己的义务，免除了46个最不发达国家的债务，多达400多亿人民币，并且提供发展中国家的援助超过2000亿。去年在联大会议上，我又代表中国政府郑重地承诺，要继续免除截止到2008年底最不发达国家没有偿还的全部中国债务，并且对他们进口到中国的95%的货物实行零关税。 我们还是第一批向国际粮农组织捐赠3000万美元作为援助基金的国家。我们要增加对非洲援建医院和学校的数量，增加非洲到中国留学生的数量，并且增派医务人员、教员到非洲最不发达国家进行援助。 我希望在这场百年罕见的金融危机当中，最不发达国家千万不能成为被遗忘的角落，因为他们的贫穷也是那些发达国家的不安和世界的不稳定。谢谢!

问答题{{B}}Passage 1{{/B}} 下面你将听到外商有关中国零售业发展情况的一段讲话。 China's economy, once reliant on state spending in heavy industry, has increasingly looked to the retail sector for growth. Market-oriented reforms begun in 1978 have created a growing private sector, and much of that is concentrated in the retail trade. The state has also moved aggressively to tap the retail market as reforms put money in the pockets of the nation's consumers. That has created a service economy where, sometimes, the customer really is king. Before the reforms took hold, a shopping excursion often meant a test of wills, with sleepy attendants at state-owned stores with little incentive to sell. Goods were often shoddy and carelessly displayed. Shortages were common and ration coupons were needed to buy anything from rice to cloth and cooking oil. Those days are all but forgotten now. Broadly defined, retail consumption, estimated in excess of US$450 billion, is growing by about 10% annually. With a value added tax of 17% applied to all goods, the retail trade is a major contributor to state revenue. Since 1978, the private sector has embraced retailing in a big way. Government-owned factories have been forced to lay off millions of workers to trim costs and start making a profit. That has driven many of those workers into the retail sector, with a high percentage operating privately-run corner shops, convenience stores, clothing shops, bars and restaurants, and even beauty parlors and dry cleaners. Foreign investors have also moved into the market in force, investing more than US$3 billion in China since 1992. Headed by the likes of Carrefour and Wal-Mart, some 300 foreign-funded retailers with 2,200 chain stores have been approved and the pace is certain to accelerate following China's entry into the WTO. While foreign-invested stores still account for only 2-4% of all retail sales, their impact has been profound. Their presence has forced local-retailers to compete by expanding their scale of business and making their stores more attractive to customers. The new entrants in the market have brought an array of goods. While foreign brands were once reserved for the elite or wealthy foreigners, they are now aimed at local customers.

问答题——在亚太经合组织第十六次领导入菲正式会议上的讲话 (2008年11月22日，秘鲁利马) 中华人民共和国主席 胡锦涛 尊敬的加西亚总统， 各位同事： 很高兴同大家再次相聚，就共同关心的国际和地区问题交换意见。加西亚总统和秘鲁政府为会议作了周到细致的安排，我对此表示感谢。 当前，经济全球化深入发展，亚太区域、次区域合作快速推进。本地区正在成为世界经济发展的重要动力。与此同时，世界和亚太地区也面临诸多不稳定不确定因素，主要表现为：国际金融市场剧烈动荡，金融危机对全球实体经济的消极影响逐步显现，世界经济增长放缓，粮食安全和能源安全问题突出；世界贸易组织多哈回合谈判停滞不前，贸易保护主义有所抬头。此外，环境污染、重大自然灾害、重大传染性疾病等非传统安全问题依然严重存在。这些问题对世界经济健康稳定发展构成了严峻挑战。在国与国相互依存日益紧密的今天，面对上述挑战，任何一个成员都很难置身事外。解决这些问题，有赖于所有成员共同努力。我们主张，面对新的复杂局面，各方应该秉持开放合作的理念，化挑战为机遇，努力实现互利共赢。 各位同事! 当前，国际金融危机蔓延迅速、波及广泛，是世界经济增长面临的最严峻挑战。有效应对金融风险，维护国际金融稳定，促进世界经济发展，是各国各地区共同面临的重要而紧迫任务，需要国际社会增强信心、加强协调、密切合作。上周举行的二十国集团领导人金融市场和世界经济峰会在这方面取得了积极成果。在此，中方提出以下几点主张。 第一，为遏止不断恶化的金融危机，各国应该迅速采取有效措施，加强宏观经济政策协调，完善信息沟通，尽可能互相提供帮助，采取一切必要的财政、货币手段，遏制金融危机扩散和蔓延，稳定全球金融市场，积极促进经济增长，尽量减轻这场金融危机对实体经济的损害，避免发生全球性经济衰退。 第二，国际社会应该认真总结这场金融危机的教训，在所有利益攸关方充分协商的基础上，把握建立公平、公正、包容、有序的国际金融新秩序的方向，坚持全面性、均衡性、渐进性、实效性的原则，对国际金融体系进行必要的改革，创造有利于全球经济健康发展的制度环境。改革国际金融体系，既要反映金融监管的普遍规律和原则，又要考虑不同经济体的发展阶段和特征，平衡体现各方利益，尤其要体现新兴市场国家和发展中国家利益。要加强国际金融监管合作、完善国际监管体系；推动国际金融机构改革、提高国际金融机构切实履行职责能力；鼓励区域金融合作、充分发挥地区资金救助机制作用；稳步推进国际货币体系多元化，共同支撑国际货币体系稳定。各类金融机构和中介机构应该加强风险管理、提高透明度，下决心加大对短期资本流动和金融创新风险的监管和预警。 第三，从长远看，有必要切实改变不可持续的经济增长模式，解决好各自经济发展存在的深层次问题。我们还应该充分关注这场金融危机对发展中国家的影响，向相关国家提供必要支持，帮助发展中国家保持发展势头。 为应对金融危机，中国在力所能及的范围内作出了积极努力，采取了一系列重大举措，包括确保国内金融体系稳定、增加金融市场和金融机构的流动性、密切同其他国家宏观经济政策的协调和配合，等等。中国还根据国内外经济形势变化，调整宏观经济政策，采取了降低银行存款准备金率、下涮存贷款利率、减轻企业税负等措施。最近，中国政府又出台了更离开有力的扩大国内需求的措施，从今年第四季度到2010年底，中国将增加4万亿元人民币投资用于加快民生工程、基础设施、生态环境建设和灾后重建，同时增加居民特别是低收入群众收入，提高居民消费能力。这必将有力推动中国经济发展，也有利于促进世界经济发展。 中国愿继续同国际社会一道，共同维护国际金融市场稳定。中国也愿同亚太经合组织各成员一道，加强金融领域经验交流和能力建设。我们支持设在上海的亚太财经与发展中心继续发挥能力建设平台作用，为各成员开展更多培训和能力建设活动。 各位同事! 开放合作、互利共赢，不仅应该成为应对当前金融危机的指导思想，而且应该成为解决当前全球经济社会发展中突出问题的基本精神。根据本次会议议程，我愿就当前国际经济社会发展中的突出问题谈几点主张。 第一，凝聚共识，推动多边贸易体制健康发展。公平、开放的多边贸易体制有利于地区和全球贸易稳定增长，有利于促进世界经济健康发展，符合各方利益。我们应该坚定对多边贸易体制的信心，对多哈回合谈判给予强有力支持。我们应该坚决反对贸易保护主义，推动多哈回合谈判早日复谈并取得全面、均衡的成果。作为多边贸易体制的重要补充，我们也赞成在充分考虑本地区现实和照顾各方关切的基础上，不断推进区域经济一体化进程，包括将亚太自由贸易区等设想作为远景目标开展研究。 第二，承担责任，共同应对气候变化。各方应该根据《联合周气候变化框架公约》及其《京都议定书》的要求，遵循共同但有区别的责任原则，积极落实“巴厘路线图”谈判，并结合自身情况采取有效的政策措施减缓气候变化。森林保护是应对气候变化合作的重要内容。去年，我提出了建立亚太森林恢复与可持续管理网络的倡议。在各方共同努力下，这一网络已在北京正式启动。中国政府将在未来几年内为该网络运行提供一定的专项资金，希望各方积极支持和参与。 第三，交流合作，合力抗击自然灾害。近年来自然灾害频发，在亚太地区造成重大人员和财产损失。在抗击自然灾害的过程中，各成员积累了丰富经验。这些经验是全人类的宝贵财富，我们应该加强相互交流和学习。应对特大自然灾害往往超出一国能力范围，需要国际社会支持和帮助。为加强亚太地区相关交流合作，今年中方提出了《亚太经合组织灾害应对与合作基本原则》，我们也希望成员们考虑开展一些灾后恢复重建的长期合作项目，以推动亚太经合组织防灾救灾合作不断走向深入。 第四，规范引导，强化企业社会责任。当前的金融危机给我们的一个重要启示就是，企业在追求经济效益的同时，应该在市场运作中采取谨慎、稳妥、负责任的态度，充分顾及整个经济平稳运行，认真应对各种风险和隐患，主动防止因自己经营不当给经济发展和人民生活带来冲击。这是每一个企业特别是跨国企业对社会应尽的责任。企业应该树立全球责任观念，自觉将社会责任纳入经营战略，遵守所在国法律和国际通行的商业习惯，完善经营模式，追求经济效益和社会效益的统一。各国政府应该加强引导和监督，通过制定和完善法律，为企业自主履行社会责任创造良好环境。 第五，协调行动，确保世界粮食安全和能源安全。粮食问题和能源问题不仅事关各国经济和民生，也事关全球发展和安全。我们应该本着共同发展的理念，积极有效协调政策，多方面采取措施，共同维护世界粮食安全和能源安全。我们应该重视粮食生产，增加投入，依靠科学技术，扩大粮食供给；改善粮食贸易环境，建立公平合理的农产品贸易秩序；加强宏观协调，抑制市场过度投机，稳定粮食市场价格。有能力的国家应该向深陷粮食危机的国家特别是发展中国家提供帮助。中国政府已经承诺，愿向粮食紧缺的发展中国家增加出口和援助。 我们应该树立和落实互利合作、多元发展、协调保障的新能源安全观，加强能源开发利用的互利合作和政策协调，实现能源供应全球化和多元化，努力构建先进的能源技术研发和推广体系，倡导增加使用清洁能源和可再生能源，为维护世界能源安全作出不懈努力。中国政府高度重视能源安全问题，努力构筑稳定、经济、清洁、安全的能源供应体系，并致力于建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会，实现可持续发展。 各位同事! 亚太经合组织成立近20年来，同绕贸易和投资的自由化便利化和经济技术合作开展了大量工作，为促进区域经济一体化和亚太大家庭建设作出了积极贡献。近年来，亚太经合组织采取了一系列重大改革措施，组织协调能力有所加强，合作活力和效率显著提高。中国愿同各成员一道推动亚太经合组织向前发展。在这一过程中，我们应该坚持经济合作论坛的性质和非约束性的合作方式，这符合亚太地区多样性和差异性突出的现状；应该继续平衡推进经济技术合作和贸易投资自由化，特别是要在经济技术合作方面加大投入，加强发展中成员能力建设，缩小发展差距。为此，中方愿考虑在2010年承办亚太经合组织人力资源开发部长级会议，为各方在这一领域交流经验、推动合作提供平台。 各位同事! 今年对中国是不平凡的一年。中国人民经受住了严重低温雨雪冰冻、四川汶川特大地震等自然灾害的考验，成功举办了北京奥运会、残奥会。在这个过程中，中国人民得到了包括本组织成员在内的国际社会的巨大支持和真诚帮助。在这里，我代表中国政府和人民对此表示衷心的感谢。 今年是中国改革开放30周年。经过30年的改革开放，中国成功实现了从高度集中的计划经济体制到充满活力的社会主义市场经济体制、从封闭半封闭到全方位开放的伟大历史转折，经济持续快速发展，人民生活水平大幅提高，各项社会事业显著进步。同时，我们也清醒地认识到，中国仍是世界上最大的发展中国家，我们在发展进程中遇到的矛盾和问题，无论是规模还是复杂性，都是世所罕见的。中国要全面建成惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会，进而基本实现现代化、实现全体人民共同富裕，还有很长的路要走，还要继续艰苦奋斗。中国人民将坚定不移地推进改革开放，继续为推动经济社会全面协调可持续发展、为实现全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标而奋斗。 在经济全球化深入发展的今天，中国的前途命运同世界的前途命运日益紧密地联系在一起。中国需要和平稳定、和谐合作的国际发展环境，也愿为营造这样的环境贡献自己的力量。我愿重申，中国将始终不渝走和平发展道路，始终不渝奉行互利共赢的开放战略，始终不渝谋求和平的发展、开放的发展、合作的发展，为推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界贡献自己的力量! 谢谢各位。

问答题The United States is committing more than $50 million over the next five years to this initiative, and we urge other countries to join us. Our partners have already contributed an additional $10 million, and we're working to raise more every day with the goal of reaching at least $250 million over 10 years. This is a project that brings, across our government, the experts together, and many of them have long experience in working on clean stoves, but never before have we pulled our resources and our expertise behind a single global campaign, as we are doing today. And never before have we had the range of global partners and coordination that the Alliance for Clean Cookstoves brings with it.

问答题If you thought multimedia was something to be enjoyed in the privacy of your home, think again. Banks are on the frontier of the "information superhighway" because they spend more on the technology than any other type of civilian business. Take the case of J. P. Morgan, America's fourth largest bank by assets. It has developed a system whereby deals and documents can be finalized quickly on the computer screen with the help of an electronic pen. Its securities analysts in London and traders in Tokyo can talk to each other via the same screen. And clients' trust can be built up, and deals completed, faster than via a telephone line which carries no pictures. The new electronic gizmos are currently being introduced into Morgan's trading departments in New York, but eventually they will be used around the world-Aisa included. They make it economically possible to establish small dealing rooms in capitals such as Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok, while concentrating Morgan's expensive back-office functions in Singapore. Morgan's pioneering effort illustrates how United States banks are using high technology and large amounts of capital to lever their way into Asian markets. Rivals in Europe and Japan are doing so too, but they do not have the same access to the vast pool of saving available to American banks. US Pension Fund assets, for example, total US $4. 4 trillion, more than three times the size of Japan's. US institutions are in the best position to act as a bridge between the growing capital demands of Asia and the supply of investment from the rest of the world. The bridge, of course, could wobble badly, as it did in the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s, but this is hard to imagine in the 1990s when the economic fundamentals in Asia look so favorable. It took American banks almost a decade to emerge from the Latin American rubble, but they are now formidable competitor. They have written off nonperforming loans and cut payrolls far more boldly than their Japanese counterparts, which are still dogged by soured loans to spendthrift property speculators in Japan. The US commercial banks' toughest rivals in Asian cross-border business are more likely to be their investment-bank compatriots rather than the Japanese, and the capital markets of Asia, as elsewhere, will be their battleground. The big five US banks — Citibank, Bank of America, Chemical, Morgan and Chase Manhattan, enjoy the advantage of being big. Compared with firms such as Salomon Brothers and Goldman Sachs, the big five are bigger in most senses of the word. They have more capital, more staff and more branches worldwide through which to distribute corporate issues. What remains to be seen is whether they have trading and deal-making ability to compete with investment hanks.

问答题{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}} It stands to reason that for an organization to act intelligently, first and foremost, it must have a clear and unambiguous sense of purpose. The leaders of the enterprise have to provide direction or a sense of destiny before they can harness the collective talents and skills of everyone to move forward. And unless that reason for existing resonates with the rank-and-file, not much forward momentum will be created. An organization's sense of purpose has three distinct elements: First, a sound strategic concept which details why the organization has been formed and what it is hoped it will achieve. This may be articulated in a succinct and applicable mission statement. For example, Disney's strategic concept is "to deliver a rich customer experience which is full of fun and fantasy delivered in a theatrical environment". To retain its relevance, the strategic concept should be systematically evaluated each year and updated to reflect new trends, threats or opportunities. Second, a workable value proposition by which the organization will convert the value it adds for customers into revenue. The value proposition is the organization's promise to the marketplace. Third, a good business model which will provide the infrastructure by which the value proposition will be executed week-in and week-out. In an organization where these three elements are under constant evaluation and discussion, the leaders are able to respond to the evolving business environment appropriately. In practice, strategic vision is the capacity of an organization's leaders to create, evolve and express the purpose of the business enterprise. If the leaders are incapable of evolving that business concept over time, the organization will drift from one idea to the next. Conversely, strong leaders will have a vibrant and robust strategic concept in place, value proposition and business model. They will bring to the task what can be termed "bifocal vision", that is, strong leaders will have the capacity to respond to the challenges of the present without losing sight of where the organization needs to be heading in the future.

问答题1986年全国人大常委会副委员长班禅喇嘛在西康地区大法会上教诲信徒们，要爱惜民族团结，维护祖国统一。 在中国，公民的信仰自由受到法律保护。目前全西藏在寺僧尼约有14,000多人，另有800位宗教界人士在各级人大、政协、佛教协会和政府部门中工作。 据不完全统计，从1978年以来，中央和地方政府共投资2,000多万元人民币，在西藏修复了200多座寺庙和700多所佛堂，使藏族同胞的正常宗教活动得到保证。 藏族是一个历史悠久，文化发达的民族。作为一个全民信教的民族，藏族的文化又总是与宗教保持着千丝万缕的联系。宗教活动中有艺术形式，艺术活动中有宗教因素，两者谁也离不开谁。参考译文及综合解析

问答题{{B}}Passage 1{{/B}} 下面你将听到一段有关中美贸易关系的讲话。 在冷战结束后的新形势下，两国要不要及如何发展双边关系，是中美两国面临的重大课题。“永久正常贸易关系”的通过表明，在美国，支持发展中美关系的力量占了上风，美国政府、国会、工商企业界和公众的主流都支持以建设性的态度与中国打交道。 其次，中美关系的内涵得到了丰富。经贸关系是两国总体关系的组成部分，中美互为重要贸易伙伴，美国还是中国的主要外资来源国，没有稳定、良好的经贸合作关系，政治关系就会空心化，就会缺乏前进的动力，失去公众的参与热情。良好的经贸合作关系可以对两国政治关系产生促进作用，特别是在政治关系出现波动时可发挥减震作用。 第三，增进了两国的互信和合作气氛。美国儿乎给予世界上所有国家正常贸易关系的待遇，惟独将中国这样一个大国排除在外。这本身就是一种歧视，一种不信任。不解决这个问题，中国人民就无法理解中美关系的必要性，就会怀疑美国的合作诚意。没有人民的支持和参与，国家关系就难以发展。同时，建立正常贸易关系后，随着商品和人员往来的增加，投资和管理经验的引进，两国间的了解无疑会加深，误解也会减少。 第四，向中国在亚太地区的邻国发出积极的信号。中国是亚太大国，美国也自称是亚太国家，在地区有重要的影响力。中美友好，则亚太国家获益；中美敌对，则亚太国家遭殃。中美建立正常贸易关系，就是向亚太国家表明，两个大国愿意友好相处，有通过谈判解决分歧的意愿和能力。这对维护地区稳定，促进经济繁荣将产生长远影响。

问答题{{B}} 第三篇 {{/B}} 作为一名运动员、教练员和体育管理者，尤其是作为奥运会的技术官员，我最大的体会是：在奥运会中，没有什么比运动员的利益更重要了。我们整个奥运计划的制定是以运动员需要为中心的。//在做任何决定时，我们都要问一问自己，什么对奥运会和残奥会运动员最有利。在国际单项体育组织的建议和指导下，并在我们运动员的参与下，我现在可以自豪而谦逊地说我们已经有效地回答了这个问题。// 我们为2008年奥运会28个体育项目提供的所有场馆均符合国际单项体育组织所批准的构思。北京的32个比赛场馆均位于交通干线附近，分为四个主要的赛区，奥林匹克公园、西部社区、大学区和北部风景区。53%的场馆到奥运村的行车时间在10分钟之内，所有32个场馆均可在30分钟内到达，以保证给运动员以最大的方便。// 京外的5个场馆，帆船比赛和足球预赛场地与北京的航空和公路交通也十分方便，从这些比赛场地到其所属奥运分村的车程在5分钟之内。所有的这些设施的建设均将按照国际单项体育联合会最新技术和意见进行，在2006年前完成供测试赛之用。在那时，北京将拥有具有时代特征、技术先进的体育设施网络。// 我们计划的点睛之笔是占地1,215公顷，临近市中心的北京奥林匹克公园。奥林匹克公园将成为2008年奥运会世人瞩目的焦点。它体现了奥林匹克运动的三大方面：体育、文化和环境。56%的运动员将在奥林匹克公园内参加比赛。// 奥运村将由永久性的低层公寓构成，运动员的人均居住面积为22平方米，这个数字比以往任何奥运会所提供的都要大。每两个运动员共用一个洗手间。每一个单元都配有空调、电视、电话和电脑联网，因此所有的运动员都可以在房间和远在家乡的亲人分享他们的经历。奥运村还将作为残奥村使用//。 奥运村还将提供多元文化设施，以满足所有奥运会和残奥会运动员的不同文化、宗教和饮食需求。奥运会和残奥会的所有代表团，无论其规模大小都将享受一致的关怀、服务和支持——讲他们本国语言的联络员还将随时为他们服务。// 在过去十年，中国举办了50余次世界、洲际锦标赛和综合比赛，包括第十一届亚运会、第一届东亚运动会，以及第六届远东及南太平洋残疾人运动会。下个月，北京将举办第二十一届世界大学生运动会。通过主办这些赛事，我们在计划和组织大型赛事的各方面获得了宝贵的经验。我们欢迎历届奥运会的专家共同工作，以学习他们的成功经验。// 在未来七年，我们将真挚地寻求在座各位的指导，与国际奥委会、国际单项体育组织、各个国家奥委会和国际残奥委会建立紧密的伙伴关系，以确保在2008年的新北京举办伟大的奥运会。// (节选自中国代表团成员楼大鹏2001年7月13日在国际奥委会上的申奥陈述)

问答题Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Jiang Yu's Regular Press Conference on January 22, 2009 On January 22, 2009, Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Jiang Yu held a regular press conference and answered questions on China-US relations, China-France relations, the situation in the Middle East and etc. Jiang Yu: Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. I don't have any announcement to start with today. Now the floor is open. Q: Wang Jiarui, Minister of the International Department of the CPC Central Committee (IDCPC), left for a visit to the DPRK yesterday. Can you brief us on his itineraries of today and tomorrow? Is he going to meet with Kim Jong-II? A: At the invitation of the International Department of the Central Committee of the DPRK Worker's Party, the IDCPC delegation headed by Minister Wang Jiarui is paying a friendly visit to the DPRK. I am not aware of Minister Wang's itineraries in the DPRK. I would suggest you ask competent authorities for relevant information, which I believe will be released in due time. The parties of China and the DPRK have a tradition of exchanging visits. This visit is also normal communication between the two parties. Q: Media reports say representatives from China, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, Germany and the United States are to meet in Berlin next month to discuss the Iranian nuclear issue. Could you confirm this and provide us some details, such as when the meeting is and what will be discussed? A: I have not received information on the meeting. The Chinese Government's position on the Iranian nuclear issue is consistent. We stand for a proper settlement of the issue through dialogue and negotiation to maintain peace and stability in the Middle East, which echoes with the common interests of the international community. China hopes under the current situation, relevant parties will intensify diplomatic efforts, maintain the process of dialogue and negotiation, and display necessary flexibility to seek long-term, comprehensive and proper settlement of the Iranian nuclear issue. Q: Israel announced it had withdrawn all its troops from Gaza yesterday. How do you comment on the current situation between Palestine and Israel? A: Israel's withdrawal of troops from Gaza will help to further ease tension. We hope relevant parties can continue their efforts to maintain the cease-fire, fully implement UN Security Council Resolution 1860, and help to restore stability and reconstruction in the Gaza strip. Q: Two questions. Firstly, how does China respond to Obama's inauguration speech, especially communism he mentioned? Secondly, the Obama administration is going to close the Guantanamo prison. If the U.S. refuses to repatriate the detainees of Chinese nationality to China, will it affect China's relations with the new U.S. administration? A: On your first question, we always believe that all countries should handle state-to-state relations on the basis of mutual respect on an equal footing, follow universally-recognized principles of international relations, and make joint efforts to foster democratization of international relations and build a harmonious world featuring lasting peace and common prosperity. We are happy to see the U.S. strengthening its relations with other countries. We also hope that the foreign policy of the Obama Administration will help to promote peace, stability and development in the world. On your second question, we hope relevant parties can handle properly relevant issues in light of the international law. On the terrorist suspects of Chinese nationality, we have reiterated China's stance time and again. They are members of the terrorist group, "the East Turkistan Islamic Movement", which is on the sanction list of the UN Security Council Committee established pursuant to Resolution 1267. They must be handed over to China and brought to justice. We oppose any countries accepting these people, who should be repatriated to China as soon as possible. Q: I have a very specific question regarding U.S. President Barack Obama. He has talked about the need to improve human rights and civil liberties around the world, and in light of the fact that China has been criticized for its record on human fights. What is your response to his message? A: President Obama was not referring to any specific country in his inaugural address, and I will not respond to his specific remarks. But I can tell you in principle that respecting and safeguarding human fights, which is already written into our Constitution, is the unswerving and consistent goal of the Chinese Government. In the past decades, China has achieved rapid social and economic development, and made progress in democratic and legal systems. The remarkable achievements of China's cause of human rights have been witnessed by the international community. But since China is still in the primary stage of socialism, there is still much room for improvement. In fact, no country is perfect on human rights. Further efforts are needed to constantly improve human rights conditions. It is also normal that countries differ on human rights issues. We always advocate that mutual understanding, dialogue and cooperation should be strengthened on the basis of equality and mutual respect so that joint efforts can be made to promote the international cause of human fights. The Chinese Government has always adopted a positive attitude on the international cooperation in the field of human rights. China has joined 25 international conventions on human rights, conducted human rights dialogue and exchanges with nearly 20 countries and regions, and hosted international human rights forums many times. The Chinese Government has had sound cooperation with the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, with human rights special mechanisms, and received many visits by the Special Rapporteur on the Question of Torture, the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief and the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education. On the issue of human rights, the efforts of the Chinese Government and its goals are very clear. Q: Will China hold activities to commemorate the 45th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and France? A: Just as you mentioned, this year marks the 45th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and France. 45 years ago, Chairman Mao Zedong and General de Gaulle jointly made the strategic decision of great vision. History has proved that their decision not only opened a new chapter in China-France relations, but also influenced the development of the world pattern. A stable and healthy China-France relationship is not only in the fundamental interests of the two countries and peoples, but also conducive to peace, stability and development of the world. In order to commemorate the establishment of bilateral relations initiated by the old generation of leaders from both countries, China wilt hold some activities on the occasion of the 45th anniversary, including a photo exhibition, workshop, reception, etc. The current setback in China-France relations is not caused by China. Nor does China would like to see this happen. It is up to the doer to undo what he has done. We hope France can pay great attention to and fully respect China's core interest and concerns, take concrete actions to eliminate negative impact, and make active efforts to bring bilateral relations back to the track of healthy development. If there are no more questions, I have an announcement. Due to Spring Festival holidays, the press conferences originally scheduled for January 27th and 29th are cancelled. The first press conference after the holidays will be held on February 3rd, Tuesday. During the break, the spokesperson's office will take phone inquiries as usual. Here I wish you a happy Spring Festival. See you.

问答题1. passage1 What we need is a "Culture of Tolerance", a way to reconcile the need for identity with an open and outward-looking spirit. Tolerance does not mean indifference towards those we see as "others" than ourselves, towards their culture and religion, background or origin. Tolerance requires that we have some knowledge arid understanding of these others. When familiar structures disappear, borders become irrelevant and the language of the market invades every aspect of dally life, people increasingly look to their cultural roots. They seek to reassert their identity-in terms of language, ethnic origin, religion or cultural heritage. To want to know who and what you are is a natural and very powerful human need. It is a need, I believe, responsible leaders should respond to, got suppress, because only the right kind of response will prevent people from turning to the false and dangerous supporter of nationalism, fundamentalism or xenophobia. However—and this is crucial— responsible leaders must resist the temptation to exploit this need for their own purposes. The frightening scenario of escalating cultural conflict in a world of soon seven billion people should be a strong incentive for all of us to look for practical ways to foster cooperation. We are required to provide honest answers to tough questions which I do not want to suppress. What are different religious groups ready to contribute to this joint effort? Is there a readiness to seriously discuss the tensions and contradictions that arise from a strict interpretation of different religions on the one hand and fundamental human rights as we understand them on the other? Can we reach a consensus on the rights of women, on their full participation in society, on their equal right to education and training? Is there a broad consensus to unambiguously condemn any religious justification of suicide attacks? Can we work together to find a peaceful and just agreement on the question of Jerusalem, thereby resolving one of the most difficult issues of the Middle East conflict? An agreement which will provide a peaceful solution that satisfies all the faithful, one that is worthy of the three great religions? Those are questions we cannot evade if we are serious about preventing cultural and political faultiness. We must engage in a dialogue among civilizations, a commitment to the peaceful resolution of differences, to tolerance and mutual respect. That is a challenge that requires a clear understanding, however, of our own fundamental values, values we must defend but also live up to. Our world will always be defined by the diversity of our societies and cultural traditions. If there is respect and tolerance for our differences, they will enrich all our lives. But if such differences are exploited for political ends, they may cause untold harm. What is the real meaning of tolerance and dialogue in this whole process? This dialogue can only succeed, if Orient and Occident engage in it on equal terms. Tolerance, then, means respecting the fact that civilizations are different. Dialogue, as I see it, means seeking a common understanding of those values that will guide us through the twenty-first century. This kind of "intercultural dialogue" is a very ambitious goal. To achieve it, we must all begin work at home, within our own societies. We for our part are striving to develop and practice the kind of tolerance I have described. That needs time and in some cases requires difficult judgments. Once we have reached a clear and solid consensus on those values we hold in common, it is up to political leaders to endorse these rights. They must defend this spirit of openness in society, defend it against the modem fundamentalisms that seek to impose their own absolute truths. For me, this also means people must be free to practice their religion. The way minorities are treated is the true test of the "culture of tolerance" for which I am calling. True tolerance is an expression of self-confidence, not weakness. It is only when we succeed with this dialogue within our societies, that we can really reap the fruits of a dialogue between our societies. This dialogue is a serious effort to resolve social and political differences, an effort that includes mutual respect for each other's way of life but excludes any resort to violence. Let us make a real effort to 'move away from "a culture of lecturing each other" to "a culture of learning from each other". That is what we must work for, each one of us beginning in our own country yet also all together.

问答题尊敬的穆罕默德·胡斯尼·穆巴拉克总统阁下，尊敬的各位国家元首和政府首脑阁下，尊敬的非洲联盟委员会主席让·平阁下，各位代表团团长、部长和大使阁下，女士们、先生们： 来到美丽的海滨城市沙姆沙伊赫，与出席中非合作论坛第四届部长级会议的各位朋友畅叙友情、共商合作，我感到非常高兴。作为本次会议共同主席国的总理，我谨代表中国政府，对各位与会嘉宾表示热烈欢迎，对埃及政府为本次会议所做的精心准备和周到安排表示衷心感谢! 中非合作论坛创立九年来，一直发挥着引领和推动中非关系发展的重要作用，日益成为中非加深友谊的桥梁、加强合作的平台。特别是论坛北京峰会召开三年来，中非致力于共建政治上平等互信、经济上合作共赢、文化上交流互鉴的新型战略伙伴关系，开创了中非合作的新局面。 ——政治互信不断增强。双方高层往来更加频繁、外交磋商与战略对话日趋密切，非洲国家在涉及中国核心利益问题上更加坚定地支持中方，中非在重大国际和地区事务中相互协调配合，维护和扩大了广大发展中国家的共同利益。 ——经贸合作日益深化。2008年中非贸易突破千亿美元，同中国有贸易往来的非洲国家增加到53个；中国在非洲开工建设6个经贸合作区，中国企业到非洲国家落户增加到近1600家，直接投资存量达到78亿美元；工程承包和劳务合作规模不断扩大，金融合作方兴未艾。 ——中国扩大对非援助取得实效。中国在遭受国际金融危机冲击、自身面临不少困难的情况下，信守诺言，全面落实北京峰会的承诺，对非援助规模翻了一番，免除33国168笔债务已近尾声，总计50亿美元的优惠性质贷款近期将全部到位，首期10亿美元的中非发展基金如期启动。这些不仅促进了非洲自我发展能力建设，也为非洲国家应对国际金融危机的冲击发挥了积极作用。 ——人文交流蓬勃开展。文教、卫生、人力资源培训等领域的交流与合作发展迅猛，中国为非洲国家培训各类人员年底以前将达到15000人，青年、妇女、友好省市等领域的交往日趋频繁，进一步加深了相互理解和传统友谊。

问答题中加联合声明(2009年12月3日) 一、应温家宝总理邀请，加拿大总理斯蒂芬·哈珀于2009年12月2日至6日对中国进行正式访问，先后访问北京、上海和香港特别行政区。 二、胡锦涛主席、温家宝总理分别与哈珀总理会见、会谈，全国人大常委会吴邦国委员长将会见哈珀总理。双方就中加关系及共同关心的重大国际和地区问题深入、坦诚、富有成果地交换了意见，达成许多共识。访问期间，双方签署了一系列旨在促进气候变化、矿产资源、文化和农业教育等领域双边合作的协议(详见附件)。 三、双方对中加建交39年来双边关系的发展给予积极评价，认为中加同为亚太地区有重要影响的国家，拥有广泛共同利益和广阔合作前景。以诺尔曼·白求恩大夫等人物以及加拿大拥有130万华裔公民的事实为象征的中加友好关系源远流长。在相互尊重和平等互利基础上发展长期稳定的合作关系，符合中加两国和两国人民的根本利益。在中加关系进入新时期之际，双方同意共同努力，进一步促进在双边和国际事务各领域中的合作。 四、双方一致认为，包括领导人在内的经常性交往对推动中加关系发展十分重要。双方同意加强战略工作组这一于2005年建立的旨在促进定期、高级别交流的双边机制的作用。双方副部长级官员将于2010年尽早举行该工作组会议，讨论促进该机制及包括贸易与投资、能源和环境、卫生以及治理在内的可能的重点议题。双方还同意充分发挥业已建立的四十多个双边磋商机制的作用，加强各领域对话与沟通。 五、双方致力于保持中加关系稳定积极向前发展的势头，重申尊重彼此主权和领土完整、核心利益和重大关切这一根本原则，任何一方均不支持任何势力破坏以上原则的任何行动。中方强调，台湾问题事关中国主权和领土完整。加方重申建交时确立的长期一贯的一个中国政策，强调支持台湾海峡两岸关系和平发展，包括两岸加强经济、政治及其他领域对话与互动的努力。 六、双方承认各国及各国人民有权选择自己的道路，各国应该尊重彼此对发展模式的选择。双方承认不同的历史和国情会使彼此在人权等问题上产生一些不同看法。双方同意在平等和相互尊重的基础上就人权问题加强对话与交流，按照国际人权文书促进和保护人权。 七、双方一致认为，中国和加拿大经贸互补性很强。双方应加强务实合作，扩大两国贸易与投资。双方重申保持开放的投资与贸易政策，反对任何形式的保护主义，减少投资壁垒并鼓励两国企业合作。加拿大欢迎中国赴加投资。中国欢迎加拿大来华投资。双方承诺加快《中加投资保护协定》谈判，为增强投资者信心提供可预测及稳定的法律框架，以造福中加两国。双方同意有必要在现有水平上促进双边贸易进一步增加，扩大在能源资源、基础设施、电讯交通、先进技术、旅游、农业、金融服务等各领域的货物和服务贸易。双方同意加强双边科技关系。中加双方还同意加强清洁能源合作。哈珀总理宣布为亚太清洁发展和气候伙伴关系提供第二批资助。 八、两国领导人一致认为，促进教育、文化、商业及人民之间联系、增进两国人民相互了解将有利于中加关系的长远发展。双方同意以建交四十周年为契机，扩大两国各界交往。中加双方欢迎旨在增进两国人民交往的两个新的渠道，即中国在蒙特利尔设立总领事馆，以及中方在访问期间宣布加拿大为中国公民出境旅游目的地，以进一步促进中加之间游客、学生及商务人士的往来。 九、近年来，中加通过2008年建立的双边刮法执法合作定期磋商机制以及警务合作等渠道，不断扩大双边司法执法合作。双方重申愿根据各自国家法律在打击跨国犯罪和遣返逃犯方面加强合作。双方还同意早日签署《打击犯罪合作谅解备忘录》，并同意就签署分享犯罪所得协定进行淡判。双方表示愿就上述及其他双方将在今后考虑的相关问题保持沟通，以进一步扩大在该领域的合作。 十、双方就当前世界经济金融形势深入交换了看法，认为世界经济出现企稳回升的积极迹象，但这一复苏仍旧脆弱。双方同意加强宏观经济金融政策对话亏协调，不断增强二十国集团在全球经济治理中的作用，支持二十国集团强劲、可持续和平衡增长框架。双方还同意继续进行必要的金融管理改革，抵制保护主义，为国际金融体系改革作出贡献。中方欢迎加拿大2010年6月主办二十国集团峰会。双方表示愿与其他各方一道努力，推动峰会取得积极成果。双方同意有必要与其他伙伴共同推动世界贸易组织多哈回合谈判取得成功。 十一、加方欢迎中国通过主持六方会谈进程对地区和平与安全作出的贡献，并希望这一旨在实现朝鲜半岛无核化的机制能够很快得以恢复。双方注意到彼此在阿富汗问题上发挥的积极作用，希望看到阿富汗实现和平、稳定和发展，并愿为此继续作出努力。双方一致认为，中加在促进地区和世界和平、安全及可持续发展方面拥有重要的共同利益。为推动实现上述目标，两国领导人同意加强在联合国、亚太经合组织和其他多边机构及在核安全、核不扩散和裁军、粮食安全、全球卫生威胁、气候变化及其他重大国际和地区问题上的协调和合作。 十二、双方讨论了当前迫切的全球卫生问题以及加强多、双边合作应对甲型H1N1流感等快速扩散的新发及再发疾病问题。双方还同意继续就医疗改革、食品安全和公共卫生等两国重要的卫生问题进行合作。双方应继续重点加强在卫生领域的务实合作。 十三、双方认为气候变化问题是人类面临的共同挑战，国际合作应对这一挑战至关重要。各方应在已取得的进展基础上，共同推动哥本哈根大会达成符合《联合国气候变化框架公约》确立的原则，特别是共同但有区别的责任原则以及各自能力和“巴厘路线图”的协商一致的结果。双方也同意在气候变化问题上和清洁能源技术领域加强政策对话与双边合作，作为对《联合国气候变化框架公约》及其《京都议定书》的补充。 十四、展望新的一年，双方欢迎一个基础深厚、充满活力并不断发展的中加关系。中方注意到奥运会火炬已经传递给加拿大，欢迎即将到来的2010年温哥华冬季奥运会。中方将派出大规模体育代表团参加温哥华冬季奥运会。加方重申支持上海2010年世博会。自2010年5月起，加拿大展馆将为大量的中国公民参观欣赏众多的加拿大艺术、文化及其他公共活动提供机会，同时也借此纪念两国建交四十周年，继续增进中加相互理解和友谊。

问答题{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}} Ludwig van Beethoven was an unhappy genius. He had deep feelings that he could not express in words. He found the way to express these feelings in music, and this led to a new kind of music that is expressive. Beethoven was born in the German city of Bonn, in 1770. His father was a singer in the Church choir, and he soon saw that Ludwig had musical ability. The father thought that Ludwig might be another wonder-child, like Mozart, and that he would make the family's name and fortune. He forced the little boy to practice long hours on the violin. Mozart's father had been kind, but Beethoven's father was impatient and often rough with him. Also, Beethoven's father was not reliable in earning a living for his family. As young Ludwig grew up he had to take a great deal of responsibility. When he was 15, and was working in the Church as assistance organist, Ludwig was practically supporting the family. But he had kind teachers and some good friends, and he was lucky enough to get a position playing the viola in the opera orchestra in Bonn. There he became familiar with the operas of Mozart and other composers, and he learned a great deal about the instruments of the orchestra and how they played together. This was to be valuable to him later in his own composing. When he decided to go to Vienna to study, the Archbishop at Bonn paid for his journey and other friends gave him letters to noblemen in Vienna. Beethoven was a very fine pianist, besides being able to play the violin and other stringed instruments. The Viennese music-lovers quickly adopted him as a favorite concert performer. But they criticized every new work of Beethoven's because it was too different. The Viennese soon realized that they had an extraordinary genius living among them, and they made every effort to keep him. When Beethoven had an offer to go to another city as an orchestra conductor, three noblemen of Vienna banded together to pay him a regular income every year if he would stay with them, He stayed, and went on composing his big, powerful symphonies, concertos, piano sonatas and many other works. But except for his music, Beethoven was not a happy man. Before he was 30, he began to grow deaf. This was a terrible misfortune for a musician. His deafness came slowly and he was able to continue playing concerts until he was 44. But 10 years later, when his great Ninth Symphony was performed for the first time, he could not hear at all. He was sitting on the stage at the performance, watching the conductor, and he had his back to the audience. One of the singers turned him around so that he could see the audience enthusiastically applauding this tremendous symphony. Beethoven was a lonely man. Although he had fallen in love several times, he never married. His deafness made him still more lonely, for he would not go out in public at all. But he rose above his loneliness and deafness through his music. Even when he was totally deaf, he went on creating music that he could not hear except in his mind, expressing all the feelings he could not express to anyone in words.

问答题As we meet here in New York, women are cooking dinner for their families in homes and villages around the world. As many as 3 billion people are gathering around open fires or old and inefficient stoves in small kitchens and poorly ventilated houses. Many of the women have labored over these hearths for hours, often with their infant babies strapped to their backs, and they have spent many more hours gathering the fuel. The food they prepare is different on every continent, but the air they breathe is shockingly similar: a toxic mix of chemicals released by burning wood or other solid fuel that can reach 200 times the amount that our EPA considers safe for breathing.

问答题当今是法行天下的时代。国运之兴盛，政治之昌明，社会之稳定，经济之发展，民族之团结，文化之繁荣，人民之安居乐业，都离不开法律之维系和法律之保障。中国也不例外。 一个国家采取什么样的治国方略，关系着国家的前途和命运。 20世纪末，拥有十二亿人口的中国向全世界宣示了它的治国方略——依法治国，并在此道路上迈出了坚实的步伐：一个适应社会主义市场经济的法律体系正在发育成熟；一个转变政府职能、严格依法行政的变革正在有序进行；一场围绕公正与效率的司法体制改革正在不断深化；一项把法律交给亿万人民的宏大社会工程正在深入持久地进行。 诸位知道，实现经济发展，宪法是最重要最根本的法律保障。新中国成立初期，对农业、手工业和资本主义工商业完成社会主义改造后，公有制成了主要所有制模式，私有经济没有合法的地位；计划经济成了主要的经济体制模式，企业自身没有经营的自主权；按劳分配成了主要的分配模式，公民没有按劳分配收入外的其他收入。在这种经济制度下，中国的经济发展非常缓慢。 1978年，中国开始实行改革开放。1988年，中国对现行宪法进行第一次修正，确认了私有经济的合法地位；1993年，中国对现行宪法又进行了修正，明确国家实行社会主义市场经济。宪法的变革，促进了公有经济和私有经济的共同发展，促进了国家综合国力的增强和人民生活的改善，给中国的政治、经济、社会生活带来了深刻变革。

问答题1.Passage 2 My wife Nane and I are both extremely happy to be with you today. I feel truly proud to belong to this extraordinary class of 2004, and I am pleased to see that so many parents and family members were here today. The day belongs to them, too. Without their constant support, understanding and sacrifice, none of us could have achieved what we have. For me, to receive a degree from Harvard is a very great honor indeed. There are few countries in the world whose leaders in public life, business, science and the humanities have not had some association with Harvard—and no country that has not benefited from Harvard's outstanding contributions to human knowledge. // You have invited me, I know, not as an individual, but as Secretary-General of the United Nations. You are saying that the United Nations matters, and that you want to hear what we have to say. Are you fight in believing that the UN matters? I think you are, because the UN offers the best hope of a stable world and a broadly equitable world order, based on generally accepted rules. That statement has been much questioned in the past year. But recent events have reaffirmed, and even strengthened, its validity. A rule-based system is in the interest of all countries—especially today. Globalization has shrunk the world. The very openness, which is such an important feature of today's most successful societies, makes deadly weapons relatively easy to obtain, and terrorists relatively difficult to restrain. // Today, the strong feel almost as vulnerable to the weak as the weak feel vulnerable to the strong. So it is in the interest of every country to have international rules and to abide by them. And such a system can only work if, in devising and applying the rules, the legitimate interests of all countries are accommodated, and decisions are reached collectively. That is the essence of multilateralism, and the founding principle of the United Nations. All great American leaders have understood this. That is one of the things that make this country such a unique world power. America feels the need to frame its policies, and exercise its leadership, not just in the light of its own particular interests, but also with an eye to international interests, and universal principles. // Among the finest examples of this was the plan for reconstructing Europe after World War Ⅱ, which General Marshall announced here at Harvard in 1947. That was one part of a larger-scale and truly statesmanlike effort, in which Americans joined with others to build a new international system—a system which worked, by and large, and which survives, in its essentials, nearly 60 years later. During those 60 years, the United States and its partners developed the United Nations, built an open world economy, promoted human rights and decolonization, and supported the transformation of Europe into a democratic, cooperative community of states, such that war between them has become unthinkable. //

问答题{{B}} Passage 1{{/B}} To me, the most interesting and immediate question is not whether the United States will ratify the Kyoto Protocol, but whether other parties are prepared to work toward that goal. The next few months will determine whether other patties choose an agreement on their terms without the United States, or whether they prefer an agreement that may require some compromise of ideological positions, but will in fact be effective and will include the United States. // I believe the EU and others, for a number of reasons, will conclude that its interests and those of the environment lie in crafting an agreement that the United States can support. The United States accounts for approximately 25% of global industrial emissions. Any agreement that excludes the United States will not control global warming. In addition, European businesses may wonder why they are asked to assume significant new climate change obligations if U.S. competitors are not going to be subject to roughly the same rules. // I might note two additional factors relevant here: first, the idea of emissions trading is growing in popularity in capitals on the continent, and also in London and Brussels. Second, economists are warning that few countries, with the notable exception of the United Kingdom, are on track to meet their Kyoto commitments. I am hopeful that these forces will allow governments at COP-6 to mold the Protocol into a sensible, practical shape, one which the United States can support. // Let me say a word more about developing country's participation because this is an area where the United States is frequently misunderstood. The undeniable fact is that climate change is a global problem that requires a global solution. To be sure, industrialization in the North contributed enormously to increased greenhouse gas concentrations. Developed countries, including the Untied States, must take significant steps immediately. // Acting alone, however, developed countries cannot stabilize global greenhouse gas concentrations. From a scientific standpoint, meaningful participation by key developing countries is a necessity. Several large developing countries will soon become the world's leading emitters. Developing countries already produce 44% of global fossil fuel emissions. In addition, developing countries are responsible for a disproportionate share of deforestation and other land-use practices that have raised carbon concentrations. // Per capita energy intensity ratios in some, not all, developing countries continue to rise briskly, despite the existence of clean technologies that were not invented when developed countries were industrialized. In the immediate future, 80% of new electric power generation projects will occur in developing countries. All of us want those projects to use the latest cutting edge technologies. // I mention these facts not to bicker about past or future responsibility, for that detracts from our common cause of halting global warming, but to highlight the need for all countries to be a part of the solution. // In a very real sense, developing countries have the most to gain from an effective Protocol in which all the industrialized countries participate. For developing countries, unfortunately, have the least capacity to adapt to climate change. The longer we wait, the harder it will be to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations at acceptable levels and the harder these countries will be hit. // The 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change points the way: each nation should take national and international steps commensurate with its capacity to contribute to the global solution based on the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities". // Many developing countries have taken significant unilateral action already. China, for example, has sought to conserve energy and reduce emissions growth while simultaneously raising living standards dramatically. Without price reforms and energy efficiency gains, China's emissions would be more than 50% higher than they are now. // We recognize, moreover, that some developing countries may lack the capacity to assume and implement legally binding emissions targets at this time. For these countries, other types of action would be appropriate at present. All developing countries should explore opportunities under the Clean Development Mechanism, adopt sound national policies on energy and land use, and pursue other climate-friendly measures under the Framework Convention. // The negotiating histories of both the Framework Convention and Kyoto Protocol demonstrate general agreement on the need to mitigate climate change while allowing for continued economic growth. The Untied States believes this formula remains the key to securing developing country action. Developing countries are finding in the Kyoto Protocol avenues to pursue their development and environmental goals simultaneously. There is a growing recognition of the potential of the Clean Development Mechanism to direct advanced technology and major capital flows to the developing world. // (Excerpts from "Under Secretary of State Loy on Kyoto Protocol" made by former Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs Frank E. Loy to American Bar Association Conference)

问答题1.Passage 1Mr. Chairman, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, I should like, first of all, to once again thank the Norwegian Nobel Committee for the award they have made to the United Nations Peace-Keeping Operations. Their decision has been acclaimed all over the world. I take this opportunity also to express once again my deep gratitude to the countries, which have contributed troops or provided logistical support to these operations. It is to their willing cooperation that we owe the success of this great experiment in conflict control. Peace--the word evokes the simplest and most cherished dream of humanity. Peace is, and has always been, the ultimate human aspiration. And yet our history shows that while we speak incessantly of peace, our actions tell a very different story. Peace is an easy word to say in any language. As Secretary-General of the United Nations, I hear it so frequently from so many different mouths and different sources, that it sometimes seems to me to be a general incantation more or less deprived of practical meaning. What do we really mean by peace? Human nature being what it is, peace must inevitably be a relative condition. The essence of life is struggle and competition, and to the extent perfect peace is an almost meaningless abstraction. Struggle and competition are stimulating, but when they degenerate into conflict they are usually both destructive and disruptive. The aim of political institutions like the UN is to draw the line between struggle and conflict and to make it possible for nations to stay on the right side of the line. Peace-keeping operations are one very practical means of doing this. What we are trying to create in the LIN is a world where nations recognize at the same time the ultimate futility of war and the collective responsibility that men and women everywhere share for ensuring a decent future. All human experience seems to show that in international, as in national, affairs, rule of law is an essential objective for any society wishing to survive in reasonable conditions. We now recognize that all humanity--the whole population of this planet--has in many respects become, through the revolutionary force of technological and other changes, a single society. The evolution of international law and international authority may well be decisive in determining whether this global society is going to survive in reasonable conditions. In a larger perspective, we must work towards a time when war will cease to be an acceptable option of national policy or a possible means of settling disputes, and when a reliable international system will take its place. From this perspective, the development of international peacekeeping has an essential place, just as the concept of a civil police was essential to the development of rule of law within nation states. I hope that the attention now being given to peacekeeping, which is symbolized by the award of the Nobel Peace Prize, will not only strengthen our capacity to conduct the affairs of nations but also stimulate a wider effort to consider the new means and the new institutions needed to ensure a better common future. Thank you.

问答题{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}} 从目前全球经济发展看，一些重要的特点和趋势值得我们高度重视。主要是：科技进步日新月异，前所未有地提高了人们认识和把握宏观世界和微观世界的能力，为人类推动生产力发展和创造美好生活提供了强大支持；国际生产要素优化重组和产业转移加快，各国经济发展更加紧密地联系在一起，为各国实现经济合作共赢提供了有利条件。// 同时，由于历史和现实等方面的原因，世界发展不平衡的问题日益突出，许多发展中国家背负着沉重的债务负担，外部经济环境仍在恶化，南北发展差距进一步拉大；新的贸易壁垒和保护主义不断出现，多边贸易体制的发展面临困难；能源、资源消耗大幅度增长，生态破坏和环境恶化问题严重；包括地区冲突、恐怖主义在内的各种不确定、不稳定因素，威胁着世界和平与发展的进程。// 因此，可以说，人类的发展既面临难得机遇，也面临严峻挑战。在这种情形下，我们的正确选择只能是推进合作共赢，我们的共同目标只能是实现可持续发展。中国从自己的发展实践中深刻认识到：每个国家的发展都是一个持续的过程，今天的发展既是昨天发展的继续，又是明天发展的基础。//