问答题Give a brief introduction to the history of "massive global money movements" and their impacts on the global economy.
问答题进入耶鲁大学的校园，看到莘莘学子青春洋溢的脸庞，呼吸着书香浓郁的空气，我不由回想起40年前在北京清华大学度过的美好时光。当年老师们对我的教诲，同学们给我的启发，我至今仍受用不尽。
耶鲁大学以悠久的发展历史、独特的办学风格、卓著的学术成就闻名于世。如果时光能够倒流几十年，我真希望成为你们中的一员。耶鲁大学校训强调追求光明和真理，这符合人类进步的法则，也符合每个有志青年的心愿。
问答题Questions 1～3
High unemployment is spreading in New York City beyond the poorest neighborhoods to once-secure middle-class enclaves, where some residents are falling behind on rent and mortgage payments. Among the hardest-hit spots are the northern Bronx and southeastern Queens. Both areas have seen unemployment double since the third quarter of 2007, according to the Fiscal Policy Institute, a nonpartisan think tank.
"The recovery in the labor market is a long way off and it will be a long time coming to middle-income neighborhoods," said James Parrott, the institute"s deputy director and chief economist. New York City has shed 144,000 jobs since August 2008, leaving it with an unemployment rate of 10% as of November. The Bronx, with its big public-housing complexes, lower education levels and large unskilled population, long has had the highest unemployment rate in the city. In the third quarter, the Bronx"s jobless rate was 13%, the institute said. But in the northernmost stretch, populated by middle-and working-class families, bordering Westchester County suburbs, unemployment was 12.2% in the third quarter, more than double the rate of two years earlier, the institute found. Residents, city officials and economists said there have been more foreclosure cases this year in that northern part of the Bronx, as well as an increase in small-business closings, illegal renting of bedrooms and basements, and court petitions by landlords seeking back rent.
Restaurant employee Gregory Ramsden, a 46-year-old renter in the Norwood neighborhood of the north Bronx, has been looking for full-time work since June 2008. He has been teaching classes in English as a second language, but hasn"t had enough money to pay the rent on his apartment since July. His landlord has begun eviction proceedings. "I"d take anything. I"d take a job cleaning toilets," said Mr. Ramsden, who, as a full-time waiter, used to make $ 50,000 a year, the area"s median income. "I believe I"m running out of options."
On the southeastern strip of Queens, where generations of families have entered the middle class by buying starter homes, unemployment has doubled in the past two years to 12.2%. In 2008, there were more than 1,800 foreclosure cases filed in the area, and 1,589 filed as of the third quarter of this year, according to the Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy at New York University. Residents said vacant homes in the area—known largely as Jamaica—have attracted illegal dumping, more rodents and break-ins. "You"ve got squatters going in," said Yvonne Reddick, district manager of a community board for the area.
The Center for an Urban Future, a nonpartisan think tank, has found that food, housing and utility costs for New Yorkers rose significantly between 2002 and 2007 while wages in boroughs other than Manhattan stagnated. "The path into the middle class has gotten a lot harder for New Yorkers," said Jonathan Bowles, director of the think tank.
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问答题The Ballooning Pension Crisis in Western Europe
Millions of elderly Germans received a notice from the Health & Social Security Ministry earlier this month that struck a damaging blow to the welfare state. The statement informed them that their pensions were being cut. The reductions come as a stop-gap measure to control Germany"s ballooning pension crisis. Not surprisingly, it was an unwelcome change for senior citizens such as Sabine Wetzel, a 67-year-old retired bank teller, who was told that her state pension would be cut by $12.30 a month. "It was a real shock," she says. "My pension had always gone up in the past."
There"s more bad news on the way. On March 11, Germany"s lower house of Parliament passed a bill gradually cutting state pensions—which have been rising steadily since World War Ⅱ— from 53% of average wages now to 46% by 2020. And Germany is not alone. Governments across Western Europe are racing to curb pension benefits. In Italy, the government plans to raise the minimum retirement age from 57 to 60, while France will require that civil servants put in 40 years rather than 37.5 to qualify for a full pension. The reforms are coming despite tough opposition from unions, leftist politicians, and pensioners" groups.
The explanation is simple: Europeans are living longer and having fewer children. By 2030 there will only be two workers per pensioner, compared with four in 2000. With fewer young workers paying into the system, cuts are being made to cover a growing shortfall. The gap between money coming in and payments going out could top $10 billion this year in Germany alone. "In the future, a state pension alone will no longer be enough to maintain the living standards employees had before they retired," says German Health ＆ Social Security Minister. Says the Finance Minister of Italy: "The welfare state is producing too few cradles and too few graves."
Of course, those population trends have been forecast for years. Some countries, such as Britain and the Netherlands, have responded by making individuals and their employers assume more of the responsibility for pensions. But many Continental governments dragged their feet. Now, the rapid run-up in costs is forcing them to act. State-funded pension payments make up around 12% of gross domestic product in Germany and France and 15% in Italy—two percentage points more than 20 years ago. Pensions account for an average 21% of government spending across the European Union. The rising cost is having a serious impact on major European nations" economy. Their governments have no choice but to make pension reform a priority. Just as worrisome is the toll being exacted on the private sector. Corporate contributions to state pension systems—which make up 19.5% of total gross pay in Germany—add to Europe"s already bloated labor costs. That, in turn, blunts manufacturers" competitiveness and keeps unemployment rateshigh.
To cope, Germany and most of its EU partners are using tax breaks to encourage employees to put money into private pension schemes. But even if private pensions become more popular, European governments will have to increase minimum retirement ages and reduce public pensions. While today"s seniors complain about reduced benefits, the next generation of retirees may look back on their parents" pension checks with envy.
问答题Initially，they were demanding a discount of 20 percent on orders of over 10,000 units, but we finally managed to beat them down to 12.
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问答题The biggest problem of the third industrial revolution is as easy to explain as it is difficult to solve. Technology is creating a global economy that is rapidly supplanting our old national economies. National governments cannot control this new economy, yet no one, least of all Americans, wants to create the form of global government that might be able to control it. As a result we were going to be living in a fundamentally unmanaged economic system. The difficulties of containing the 1997 Asian economic meltdown are just the first of many such difficulties we can expect. National governments, which used to worry about managing and maintaining their economic systems, are slowly being pushed out of business. Changes in global finance overwhelm all but the largest governments. Governments have lost much of their influence over the movement of information and capital. They cannot control who crosses their borders either physically or culturally. Conversely, the power of global businesses is growing with companies' ability to move to the most advantageous locations and play countries off against one another in bidding for attractive investment projects.
问答题中华文明历来注重亲仁善邻，讲求和睦相处。中华民族历来爱好和平。中国人在对外关系中始终秉承“强不执弱”、“富不侮贫”的精神，主张“协和万邦”。中国人提倡“海纳百川，有容乃大”，主张吸纳百家优长、兼集八方精义。
今天，中国通过维护世界和平来发展自己，又通过自身的发展来促进世界和平。中国坚持实施互利共赢的对外开放战略，真诚愿意同各国广泛开展合作，真诚愿意兼收并蓄、博采各种文明之长，以合作谋和平、以合作促发展，推动建设一个持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。
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问答题The World Economic Forum in Davos
"You"re off to the World Economic Forum?" asked the Oxford economist, enviously. "How very impressive. They"ve never invited me."
Three days later, I queued in the snow outside the conference center in Davos, standing behind mink coats and cashmere overcoats, watched over by Swiss policemen with machineguns. "Reporting press? You can"t come in here. Side entrance, please." I stood in line again, this time behind Puffa jackets and
Newsweek
journalist, waiting to collect my orange badge. Once inside, I found that the seminar I wanted to go to was being held in a half-empty room. "You can"t sit here. All seats are reserved for white badges. Coloured badges have to stand."
An acquaintance invited me to a dinner he was hosting. "There are people I"d like you to meet." The green-badged Forum employee stopped me at the door. "This is a participants" dinner. Orange badges are not allowed." Then, later, reluctantly: "If you"re coming in, please can you turn your badge around? Diners may be upset if they see you"re a colour." "Why does anyone put up with being treated like this?" I asked a Financial Times correspondent. "Because we all live in hope of becoming white badges," he said, "Then we"ll know what"s really going on."
A leading British businessman was wearing a white badge, but it bore a small logo on the top left. hand corner: GLT. "What is a GLT?" I asked.
"Ah," he said, "well, it"s a Davos club. I"m a Global Leader of Tomorrow."
"That sounds very important," I said. "Yes," he said, "I thought so myself, until I bumped into the man who"d sponsored me, on the way to my first meeting. I asked him if he was coming, and he said, "Oh no, dear boy, I don"t bother with that any longer. I"m not a GLT any more; I"m an IGWEL." "What"s an IGWEL?" I asked him. "A member of the Informal Group of World Economic Leaders of Today," he said."
The World Economic Forum has employed a simple psychological truth—that nothing is more desirable than that which excludes us—to brilliant effect. Year after year, its participants apply to return, in the hope that this time they"ll be a little closer to the real elite. Next year, they, too, might be invited to the private receptions for Bill Clinton, Kofi Anna or Bill Gates, instead of having to stand on the conference center"s steps like teenage rock fans.
It"s the sheer concentration of individuals in possession of power, wealth or knowledge that makes the privately run Forum so desirable to its participants. The thousand chief executives who attend its annual meeting control, between them, more than 70 percent of international trade. Every year, they are joined by a couple of dozen presidents and prime ministers, by senior journalists, a changing selection of leading thinkers, academics and diplomats, and by rising stars of the business world. Access to the meeting is by invitation only, costs several thousand pounds a time for business participants, and is ruthlessly controlled.
问答题Introduce briefly the recent development of LEDs.
问答题Directions:
In this part of the test, you will hear 5 sentences in English. You will hear the sentences ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each sentence, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.
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问答题In the eyes of Edmund Daukoru, Nigeria"s oil minister and the current president of the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the price of oil is "very low ". Compared with July, when it peaked at $ 78.40 a barrel, he is right. Since then, it has fallen by almost a quarter. On September 25th, it briefly slipped below $ 60 a barrel, its lowest level in six months. The same analysts who just a few short months ago were wondering about the effect of expensive oil on the world economy are now pondering the consequences of a slump.
That might prove premature. For one thing, Mr. Daukoru insists that OPEC will do something to stem the slide. At its last meeting, in mid-September, the group threatened to cut its output without notice if the price fell further. Saudi Arabia, for one, has been selling less oil of late. Ministers from different OPEC countries have been making different noises about whether a cut is desirable or likely, but all would be loath to see their revenues eroded by lower prices.
The world is still consuming almost as much oil as it can pump, so any reduction in supply could send prices skywards again. Both the relative calm of this year"s hurricane season and the diminishing threat of an interruption to Iran"s oil exports seem to have contributed to the recent fall. But should clouds gather over the Atlantic, or tempers rise in the Middle East, the price could jump again.
Moreover, the price of oil usually falls in the autumn, after the summer surge in petrol consumption has abated but before winter brings higher demand for heating oil. According to Sabine Schels, a commodity strategist at Merrill Lynch, seasonal swings in fuel prices are becoming more pronounced, thanks to a shortage of refining and storage capacity. At times of peak demand, she argues, the petrol price must rise high enough to prompt the reopening of old and inefficient refineries that would not normally be profitable. Those refineries, in turn, use up a lot more oil, pushing up its price too.
Oil markets will not escape this cycle, Miss Schels believes, until more refineries and storage tanks are built, and more fields developed—a process that can take years. Traders in the futures market also seem to believe that the oil price will rise again. Oil for delivery in December 2007, for example, cost $68 on September 27th. The price is more than $60 for all months until December 2011.
Those bets could sour, however, if the American economy slows, as many suspect it is already doing. That would dent demand for oil, both from America itself and from countries that supply it with imports, such as China. Economists at HSBC, who expect a sharp American slowdown in 2007, now think Asian GDP growth will be 5.8% in 2007, against the consensus forecast of 6.3%.
On the other hand, cheaper oil might help to mitigate any slowdown, in several ways. It would boost firms hit by higher energy prices, such as the struggling manufacturers of gas-guzzling cars. And it will relieve the pressure on consumers, at a time when many are worried that a stalling housing market may weigh on their spending. Economists at Morgan Stanley estimate that the fall in petrol prices from over $3 to $2.50 a gallon (the average is now $2.42) will alone have added some $78 billion to American purchasing power. Consumer confidence numbers, released on September 26th, were unexpectedly strong.
Above all, cheaper oil would ease concerns about inflation, and so reduce the need for central bankers to increase interest rates. American inflation slowed in August, thanks in part to smaller increases in the cost of energy and transport. That"s good news, except that it might simply prompt Americans to drive more.
问答题Paraphrase the sentence "Facing this prospect, we ought m align rhetoric and reality". (Para. 7) And explain how to do that.
问答题It took nearly eight years for the new heart drug BiDil to win approval from the Food and Drug Administration—and it won that approval only after its maker, a small company called NitroMed, repositioned it as a treatment earmarked for African Americans. But if NitroMed thought getting BiDil past the FDA was hard, wait until it tries marketing the drug to its target group. Even during its clinical trials, BiDil ran into resistance. Says Dr. Theodore Addai of Nashville's Meharry Medical College, who had to enlist black patients for a 2001 trial: "We had to try to persuade them that this was not another Tuskegee. " He's referring to the infamous Tuskegee experiment, conducted by the U. S. government from the 1930s to the early '70s, during which doctors denied nearly 400 black men in Alabama treatment for syphilis in order to observe the disease's long-term effects. The scars left by Tuskegee are slow to heal in the African-American community, and many blacks remain deeply suspicious of anything that approaches the emotionally charged intersection of race and medicine. The AIDS epidemic is a prime example. According to the Centers for Disease Control, blacks account for 50% of new HIV and AIDS cases in the U. S., although they represent only 13% of the population. African-American women are especially at risk; their annual AIDS case rate is 25 times that of white women. Citing those statistics, significant numbers of black Americans subscribe to various AIDS conspiracy theories. According to a poll conducted for the Rand Corp. last January, 53% of black Americans surveyed believe there is a cure for AIDS that is being withheld from the poor, and 15% believe the disease was created by the government in order to control the black population. Phil Wilson, director of the Black AIDS Institute, says such attitudes are hampering his work with antiretroviral drugs, "The most common thing we hear with AIDS drugs is, 'Oh, they're going to experiment on you,'" he says. "The most cited example is the Tuskegee trials, even though most of us don't even know what Tuskegee was." Tuskegee aside, the discrepancies in medical care between blacks and whites in the U. S. are real and persistent and not explained by differences in economic status alone. In March 2002 a study by the Institute of Medicine at the National Academy Of Sciences found that even after controlling for such factors as income and insurance coverage, minorities in the U. S. routinely received lower-quality health care than whites. Matters were not improved in the early '90s when some Governors and state officials tried to mandate the use of a newly approved five-year birth control device called Norplant as a way of curbing teenage pregnancy and reducing welfare costs, a campaign that instantly acquired racial overtones. In that context, it's not surprising that the idea behind BiDil—the first drug approved for a specific race—has been controversial from the start. The drug is actually a combination of two older, generic medicines. When it was first tested on the general population as a treatment for congestive heart failure—a gradual weakening of the heart-the FDA ruled that the results were not statistically significant. It was only when the drug was retested on patients who identified themselves as African Americans that tangible benefits emerged: a 43% reduction in the death rate and a 39% reduction in hospitalizations. Critics point out that while the trials showed that BiDil saved lives, they failed to show whether the drug worked better in blacks than in other groups or that it worked only in blacks. "Race is a placeholder for something else," says Dr. Clyde Yancy, a cardiologist at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and a BiDil investigator. "And that's probably a mix of biomarkers, demographics and genes." NitroMed declined to comment on its marketing strategy, but some doctors voiced concern that the company remains sensitive to African-American fears. "I hope they market BiDil with great caution and care," says Gary Puckrein, executive director of the National Minority Health Month foundation. "This really isn't a race drug but a drug that works in specific populations for reasons we don't yet understand./
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问答题Companies say it"s nice for business travelers to have a desk, fax machine and coffee maker in their hotel rooms. But don"t make them pay extra for it. An informal USA TODAT survey of 152 corporate-travel managers finds 68% would not pay a premium for so-called business-class rooms that hotel chains are creating to attract business travelers. The rooms typically are equipped with a large desk, better fighting, fax machine, data ports for laptops and other features that can turn a hotel room into a mini-office. Rates are often $ 20 higher than for regular rooms.
As companies work harder to trim travel budgets, many managers say the amenities aren"t worth the money.
"I think I travel as much as anyone in this company, but as far as what I need to do on the road is concerned, it isn"t worth another $ 30," says Mike Caravello, travel manager for American Family, an insurance company.
Hotel chain after hotel chain has launched some version of the business-class room since Radisson introduced its Business Class concept several years ago. The business-class trend caught fire soon after the recession ended as hotel marketers focused on companies" desire to make employees more efficient and productive on business trips.
In fact, many hoteliers say the rooms are as popular as ever with travelers. ITT Sheraton, which charges a $15 premium for its business rooms, says research shows travelers expect to pay $ 40 more for them.
"If I"m a traveler and I have to do a lot more on the road for me to be more productive, it may be worthwhile for me to expense it against my expense account. And if I can prove to my employer that I am more productive, then it was a good move," says Bob Dirks, Hilton"s senior vice president of marketing.
Still, Dirks concedes that for business-class rooms to be successful, hoteliers will have to strike the right price chord with corporate clients. That"s why Hilton is testing its Smart Desk concept, which has a portable desk, better lighting and data ports, at nightly premiums of $ 20 to $ 35 a night. "Research will determine whether companies are entirely right or entirely wrong," he says. Hyatt charges an extra $15 per night for its Business Plan room, which comes with a continental breakfast, fax machine, 24-hour access to printers, photocopying machines, office supplies, a coffee maker, ironing board, free newspapers, complimentary local calls and no access charges for 800 numbers and credit-card calls.
Radisson"s Business Class rooms are in 216 hotels in 29 countries. The rooms come with complimentary newspapers, free in-room movies, free phone access, no fax surcharges, data ports and an in-room coffee maker. The chain booked more than 180,000 Business Class rooms in 1995, spokeswoman Karen Waters says.
Hyatt officials say its Business Plan also has been a hit with travelers. "Business Plan has been so successful that we plan to increase our inventory," says Don Henderson, general manager of the Hyatt Regency Houston.
Marriott plans to expand its "Room that works" concept to 20% of its rooms by Dec. 31.
Travelers do manage to get into business rooms even if the premium isn"t included in the corporate travel policy. That"s because hotels really pitch the rooms when travelers check in, says hotel consultant Bjorn Hanson, of Coopers ＆ Lybrand.
"When someone arrives at the hotel desk, they"ll say they have the corporate rate but that they can also get a free breakfast and newspaper and other perks for an additional $15 a night," he says.
Linda Mancini, national sales manager for Ritten-house in San Jose, Calif, uses upgrades she earns as a reward for frequent stays to move up to business-class rooms. Occasionally, she"ll pay the extra premium for the room, which she likes for the convenience. "I"ve found that most of those rooms aren"t that expensive," she says. "If you"re there one night, it"s no big deal. But if you"re there three or four nights, it adds up. "
And using the fax machine can be very expensive. "You can end up paying a ton to fax anything. I had a fax bill that totaled $ 70 because of surcharges. I ended up talking to the manager and I got it reversed," Mancini says.
Mancini also makes a point that employers won"t want to hear. "There"re a lot of people who don"t work once they get in the room. They use it so sleep and watch TV," she says.
DuPont travel manager Joyce Bembry says hotels who want business travelers shouldn"t charge extra. "If they are going to cater to the business traveler, these are the things they are going to need," she says. "I think it"s going to be a way of life and a way of doing business. It will be just a room. "