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问答题The book shows us the progress of a remarkable American, who, through his own enormous energies and efforts, made the unlikely journey from Hope, Arkansas, to the White House—a journey fueled by an impassioned interest in the political process which manifested itself at every stage of his life: in college, working as an intern for Senator William Fulbright; at Oxford, becoming part of the Vietnam War protest movement; at Yale Law School, campaigning on the grassroots level for Democratic candidates; back in Arkansas, running for Congress, attorney general, and governor. We see his career shaped by his resolute determination to improve the life of his fellow citizens, an unfaltering commitment to civil fights, and an exceptional understanding of the practicalities of political life. We come to understand the emotional pressures of his youth—born after his father's death; caught in the dysfunctional relationship between his feisty, nurturing mother and his abusive stepfather; drawn to the brilliant, compelling lady whom he was determined to marry; passionately devoted, from her infancy, to their daughter, and to the entire experience of fatherhood; slowly and painfully beginning to comprehend how his early denial of pain led him at times into damaging patterns of behavior.
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问答题中医是中国文化不可分割的一部分，为振兴中华做出了巨大的贡献。如今，中医和西医在中国的医疗保健领域并驾齐驱。中医以其独特的诊断手法、系统的治疗方式和丰富的典籍材料，备受世界瞩目。用西医的毒性和化学疗法治疗症会引起副作用，中医疗法却公认能显著地化解这副作用。
中国的中医事业由国家中医管理局负责、有条不紊地开展和发扬。现在国家已经出台了管理中医的政策、政令和法规，引导并促进这个新兴产业的研究和开发。
在定义上，中医是指导中国传统医理论和实践的一种医学，它包括中医疗法、中草、针灸、推拿和气功。
问答题The greatest impact of LED-based lighting could be in developing countries, where it can be powered by batteries or solar panels.
While trekking in Nepal in 1997, Dave Irvine-Halliday was struck by the plight of rural villagers having to rely on smelly, dim and dangerous kerosene lanterns to light their homes. Hoping to make a difference, Dr Irvine-Halliday, a professor of electrical engineering at the University of Calgary in Canada, founded the Light Up The World Foundation, The non-profit organisation has since helped to distribute low-power, white light-emitting diodes (LEDs), at low cost or free, to thousands of people around the globe.
About 1.6 billion people worldwide are without access to electricity and have to rely on fuel- based sources for lighting. But burning fuel is not only extremely expensive—$40 billion is spent on off-the-grid lighting in developing countries a year—it is also highly inefficient and contributes to indoor air pollution and the emission of greenhouse gases. If people switched from using fuel-based lamps to solar-powered LEDs, carbon-dioxide emissions could be reduced by up to 190m tonnes per year, reckons Evan Mills, a staff scientist at America"s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. That is equivalent to one-third of Britain"s annual carbon-dioxide emissions.
LEDs are an ideal off-the-grid light source because they need so little power. They can be run on AA batteries, or batteries recharged using small solar arrays. Compared with kerosene lanterns, LEDs can deliver up to 100 times more useful light to a task, besides being extremely long-lasting. All this adds up to a life-changing impact for the lamps" owners, ranging from increased work productivity, more time to study at night and reduced health problems and fire hazards.
Several firms are getting ready to tap into this underserved market. Cosmos Ignite Innovations, a spin-out from Stanford University that is now based in New Delhi, India, has developed the MightyLight, a solar-powered LED-based lamp that is waterproof, portable and runs for up to 12 hours. So far, Cosmos has sold nearly 5,000 of its $50 lamps to various charities.
Another company, Better Energy Systems of Berkeley, California, is testing LED add-ons that might work well with its Solio, a portable solar array that can also be used to charge mobile phones and other devices.
The International Finance Corporation (IFC), the private-sector investment arm of the World Bank, recently secured $ 5.4m in financing for "Lighting the Bottom of the Pyramid", a four-year initiative that will engage lighting manufacturers with pilot projects in Kenya and Ghana.
One task is to make LEDs affordable, says Dr Mills, who is a consultant on the IFC project. Households in rural Kenya, for example, spend an average of $7 a month on kerosene for lighting. Although the cost of a solar-powered LED lamp over its lifetime is much less than the cumulative cost of fuel, many people cannot afford the initial $25 to $50 outlay for such a lamp. If that hitch could be ironed out—via microfinance, perhaps—the payoff could be bright.
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问答题Although it may feel like it, a headache is most often not a pain in your brain. Your brain quickly tells you when other parts of your body hurt.
问答题Explain the sentence "successful presidents have all skillfully exploited the dominant medium of their times" (Para. 1), and give some examples.
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In this part of the test, you will hear 2 passages in English. You will hear the passages ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. You may take notes while you are listening.
问答题 Many animals and plants threatened with extinction could be
saved if scientists spent more time talking with the native people whose
knowledge of local species is dying out as fast as their languages are being
lost. Potentially vital information about many endangered
species is locked in the vocabulary and expressions of local people, yet
biologists are failing to tap into this huge source of knowledge before it is
lost for good, scientists said. "It seems logical that the biologists should go
and talk to the indigenous people who know more about the local environment than
anyone else," said David Harrison, an assistant professor of linguistics at
Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania. "Most of what humans know
about ecosystems and species is not found in databases or libraries or written
down anywhere. It's in people's heads. It's in purely oral traditions," Dr.
Harrison told the American Association for the Advancement of Science in San
Francisco. "About 80 percent of the animals and plants visible to the naked eye
have not yet been classified by science. It doesn't mean they are unknown; it
just means we have a knowledge gap." An estimated 7,000
languages are spoken in the world but more than half of them are dying out so
fast that they will be lost completely by the end of the century as children
learn more common languages, such as English or Spanish. He cited the example of
a South American skipper butterfly, Astraptes fulgerator, which scientists
thought was just one species until a DNA study three years ago revealed that it
was in fact 10 different species whose camouflaged colouration made the adult
forms appear "identical to one another". Yet if the scientists
had spoken to the Tzeltal-speaking people of Mexico—descendants of the Maya—they
might have learnt this information much sooner because Tzeltal has several
descriptions of the butterflies based on the different kinds of caterpillar.
"These people live on the territory of that butterfly habitat and in fact care
very little about the adult butterfly but they have a very-fine grained
classification for the larvae because the caterpillars affect their crops and
their agriculture," Dr. Harrison said. "It's crucial for them to
know which larva is eating which crop and at what time of year. Their survival
literally depends on knowing that, whereas the adult butterfly has no impact on
their crops," he said. "There was a knowledge gap on both sides and if they had
been talking to each other they might have figured out sooner that they were
dealing with a species complex," he said. "Indigenous people
often have classification systems that are often more fine-grained and more
precise than what Western science knows about species and their territories."
Another example of local knowledge was shown by the Musqueam people of British
Columbia in Canada, who have fished the local rivers for generations and
describe the trout and the salmon as belonging to the same group.
In 2003 they were vindicated when a genetic study revealed that the
"trout" did in fact belong to the same group as Pacific salmon, Dr. Harrison
said. "It seems obvious that knowing more about species and ecosystems would put
us in a better position to sustain those species and ecosystems," he said.
"That's my argument that the knowledge gap is vastly to the detriment of Western
science. We know much less than we think we do."
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问答题The economic system of the United States is principally one of private ownership. In this system, consumers, producers and government make economic decisions on a daily basis, mainly through the price system. The dynamic interaction of these three groups makes the economy function The market"s primary force, however, is the interaction of producers and consumers; hence the "market economy" designation
As a rule, consumers look for the best values for what they spend while producers seek the best price and profit for what they have to sell. Government, at the federal, state, and local level, seeks to promote public security, assure reasonable competition, and provide a range of services believed to be better performed by public rather than private enterprises.
Generally, there are three kinds of enterprises: single-owner operated businesses, partnerships and corporations. The first two are important, but it is the latter structure that best permits the amassing of large sums of money by combining the investments of many people who, as stockholders, can buy and sell their shares of the business at any time on the open market. Corporations make large-scale enterprises possible.
问答题In a slowing U. S economy, job opportunities are shaped by uncertainty. As president of a small college, I am keenly aware of the job market that awaits this year's graduates. The recent news that Bear Steams was nullifying a few hundred job offers to business school students fits a pattern of corporate downsizing that isn't lost on college campuses across the USA. But even with the darkening economic clouds, rays of good news await this year's graduates. Sure, companies are laying off workers, but many are also looking for new talent, especially at the entry level.
As more than a million entrants flood the job market, students should know that in a global marketplace, language skills will go a long way. So will flexibility. If a grad is ready to accept an entry-level job, give a little on job requirements and move d the company asks, chances are he'll land a job. So despite the rising job losses, a new graduate should embrace the market as the first challenge of a long career.
问答题The Internet environment is not necessarily friendly for language learners, because they have to use their language appropriately in so many different real-life social situations.
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Friending wasn"t used as a verb until about five years ago, when social networks such as Friendster, MySpace and Facebook burst onto the scene. Suddenly, our friends were something even better—an audience. If blogging felt like shouting into the void, posting updates on a social network felt more like an intimate conversation among friends at a pub.
Inevitably, as our list of friends grew to encompass acquaintances, friends of friends and the girl who sat behind us in seventh-grade homeroom, online friendships became devalued. Suddenly, we knew as much about the lives of our distant acquaintances as we did about the lives of our intimates—what they"d had for dinner, how they felt about Tiger Woods and so on.
Enter Twitter with a solution: no friends, just followers. These one-way relationships were easier to manage—no more annoying decisions about whether to give your ex boyfriend access to your photos, no more fussing over who could see your employment and contact information. Twitter"s updates were also easily searchable on the Web, forcing users to be somewhat thoughtful about their posts. The intimate conversation became a talent show, a challenge to prove your intellectual prowess in 140 characters or less.
This fall, Twitter turned its popularity into dollars, inking lucrative deals to allow its users" tweets to be broadcast via search algorithms on Google and Bing. Soon, Facebook followed suit with deals to distribute certain real-time data to Google and Bing. (Recall that despite being the fifth most popular Web site in the world, Facebook is barely profitable. ) Facebook spokesman Barry Schnitt says no money changed hands in the deals but says there was "probably an exchange of value. " Just one catch: Facebook had just "exchanged" to Google and Microsoft something that didn"t exist.
The vast majority of Facebook users restrict updates to their friends, and do not expect those updates to appear in public search results. (In fact, many people restrict their Facebook profile from appearing at all in search results). So Facebook had little content to provide to Google"s and Bing"s real-time search results. When Google"s real-time search launched earlier this month, its results were primarily filled with Twitter updates.
Coincidentally, Facebook presented its 350 million members with a new default privacy setting last week. For most people, the new suggested settings would open their Facebook updates and information to the entire world. Mr. Schnitt says the new privacy suggestions are an acknowledgement of "the way we think the world is going." Facebook Chief Executive Mark Zuckerberg led by example, opening up his previously closed profile, including goofy photos of himself curled up with a teddy bear. Facebook also made public formerly private info such as profile pictures, gender, current city and the friends list. (Mr. Schnitt suggests that users are free to lie about their hometown or take down their profile picture to protect their privacy; in response to users" complaints, the friends" list can now be restricted to be viewed only by friends).
Of course, many people will reject the default settings on Facebook and keep on chatting with only their Facebook friends. (Mr. Schnitt said more than 50% of its users had rejected the defaults at last tally). But those who want a private experience on Facebook will have to work harder at it: if you inadvertently post a comment on a friend"s profile page that has been opened to the public, your comment will be public too. Just as Facebook turned friends into a commodity, it has likewise gathered our personal data—our updates, our baby photos, our endless chirping birthday notes—and readied it to be bundled and sold.
So I give up. Rather than fighting to keep my Facebook profile private, I plan to open it up to the public—removing the fiction of intimacy and friendship. But I will also remove the vestiges of my private life from Facebook and make sure I never post anything that I wouldn"t want my parents, employer, next-door neighbor or future employer to see. You"d be smart to do the same.
We"ll need to treat this increasingly public version of Facebook with the same hard-headedness that we treat Twitter: as a place to broadcast, but not a place for vulnerability. A place to carefully calibrate, sanitize and bowdlerize our words for every possible audience, now and forever. Not a place for intimacy with friends.
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