问答题Education has long been embraced as one of the best ways to combat inequality. Yet, this faith in the power of education has begun to falter. There is mounting evidence that improving our education system won"t do much to fix inequality. Modern inequality isn"t driven by the gap between college-educated workers and high school grads. All the action is at the top of the income ladder, where the extremely rich have pulled away from everyone else. Since 1979, wages for the top 1 percent in the United States have grown nine times faster than wages for the bottom 90 percent. That"s not a tale of the well-educated doing better than the less-well-educated. It"s about the super-rich outearning everyone else—including college graduates, who haven"t gotten a raise in over a decade. So what doesn"t seem to work is a focus on improving education. Even if we could dramatically increase the number of college graduates, or greatly expand access to high-quality education, the United States would likely remain an extremely unequal place, a country where even college grads are being left behind.

问答题Since multinationals first started scouring the earth for labor and markets, their interests have always gone beyond those of the nation-state in which they were headquartered. But what is going on today, on the flat earth, is such a difference of degree that it amounts to a difference in kind. Companies have never had more freedom and less friction, in the way of assigning research, low-end manufacturing, and high-end manufacturing anywhere in the world. What this will mean for the long-term relationship between companies and the country in which they are headquartered is simply unclear. The cold, hard truth is that management, shareholders, and investors are largely indifferent to where their profits come from or even where the employment is created. But they do want sustainable companies. Politicians, though, are compelled to stimulate the creation of jobs in a certain place. And residents—whether they are Americans, Europeans, or Indians—want to know that the good jobs are going to stay close at home. The world is getting increasingly flat with the introduction of Internet and other new technologies. This is what happens when you move from a vertical (command and control) world to a much more horizontal (connect and collaborate) flat world. Your boss can do his job and your job. He can give you instructions day or night. So you are never out. You are always in. Therefore, you are always on. Bosses, if they are inclined, can collaborate more directly with more of their staff than even before—no matter who they are or where they are in the hierarchy.

问答题The easiest way to start an academic brawl is to ask what an educated person should know. The last time Harvard University tackled that question was in 1978, when it established its Core Curriculum, which focused less on content than on mastering ways of thinking. Like Harvard"s so-called Red Book standards of 1945, which helped inspire a generation of distribution requirements, the core had broad resonance at other major universities. Now, after a four-year process initiated under controversial former president Lawrence Summers, the nation"s most famous university has come up with a whole new set of guidelines that proponents say will help clarify how liberal-arts subjects like philosophy and art history shed light on the hurly-burly of more quotidian topics. "Students will be more motivated to learn if they see a connection with the kinds of problems, issues and questions they will encounter in later life," says interim president Derek Bok. Harvard isn"t the only institution rethinking what and how to teach its students. Yale, Rutgers and the universities of Pennsylvania and Texas have recently made similar changes, and now that Harvard has joined the club, others are likely to follow. Harvard"s new curriculum establishes eight primary subject areas that all students will have to take. The categories include Societies of the World, encompassing subjects like anthropology and international relations; Ethical Reasoning, a practical approach to philosophy; and the United States in the World, which will likely span multiple departments, including sociology and economics. The plan, which is expected to be formally approved by the faculty in May, won"t go into effect before September 2009 at the earliest. But the school is already preemptively dismissing charges that it is embracing purely practical knowledge. "We do not propose that we teach the headlines," said a report published on Feb. 7 by the curriculum committee, comprising professors, students and a dean. "Only that the headlines, along with much else in our students" lives, are among the things that a liberal education can help students make better sense of." One point likely to raise eyebrows among academic traditionalists is the rationale for the newly mandated study of Empirical Reasoning, which will cover math, logic and statistics. It is being added, the committee report says, because graduates of Harvard "will have to decide, for example, what medical treatments to undergo, when a defendant in court has been proven guilty, whether to support a policy proposal and how to manage their personal finances". Does this mean balancing a checkbook is on a par with balancing equations? What about learning for learning"s sake? What about the study of history, which Harvard will no longer require, even though its recently announced new president, Drew Gilpin Faust—the first woman to head the institution—is a renowned historian? The plan"s advocates say the curriculum is flexible enough that students will still be able to take courses in whatever interests them, be it ancient art or cutting-edge science. What"s crucial, they say, is that the new approach emphasizes the kind of active learning that gets students thinking and applying knowledge. "Just as one doesn"t become a marathon runner by reading about the Boston Marathon," says the committee report, "so, too, one doesn"t become a good problem solver by listening to lectures or reading about statistics." Acknowledging how important extracurricular activities have become on campus, the report calls for a stronger link between the endeavors students pursue inside and outside the classroom. Those studying poverty, for example, absorb more if they also volunteer at a homeless shelter, suggests Bok, whose 2005 book, Our Underachieving Colleges, cites a finding that students remember just 20% of the content of class lectures a week later. There were, however, some contemporary concerns that didn"t make the final cut. In October, before finalizing its recommendations, the committee proposed mandating the study of "reason and faith". That drew sharp criticism from faculty members like psychology professor Steven Pinker. "The juxtaposition of the two words makes it sound like "faith" and "reason" are parallel and equivalent ways of knowing," he wrote in the Harvard Crimson. "But universities are about reason, pure and simple." Though 71% of incoming students say they attend religious services and many already elect to study religion, the committee gave in, ultimately substituting a "culture and belief" requirement. It turned out to be more practical.

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问答题 A former president of New Delhi's Foreign Correspondents' Club liked to startle newly arrived American and British journalists by telling them to begin work on their big India book at once. If they protested that they had just landed and would need at least a year to write a book, he insisted that they had got it exactly wrong. "The first day in India," he would say, "every foreigner is convinced he can write a book about it. After a year of living here, he realizes he can't write a meaningful sentence about it." Fortunately, Edward Luce was not put off by this advice. The South Asia bureau chief for the Financial Times from 2001 to 2005, Luce is the author of In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India, a recently published work that is the latest in a line of tomes seeking to explain how the erstwhile land of snake charmers and flying carpets has become the world's newest economic power. It is also, far and away, the best. Like many foreign observers of India's economic emergence, Luce starts by laying out the basic problem: the "curiously lopsided" way in which India's economy has boomed. Why does a country that is home to advanced high-tech and manufacturing companies still have about 400 million illiterate people and high unemployment? In so many aspects of its economy, Luce notes, "India finds itself higher on the ladder than one would expect it to be," yet "most of its population are still standing at the bottom." Many articles and books on India end here, but Luce explains the reasons for India's interminable paradoxes, arguing they are the logical outcomes of illogical policies. Since the country's independence in 1947, Luce notes, India's policy planners have invested limited resources both on universities and on primary schools. That's produced a class of English-speaking engineering graduates who can compete with anyone in the world. But the flip side of diverting a big chunk of the education budget to create and run sophisticated universities is that millions of Indians have been left without basic education. Another puzzle is why only 7 million Indians—as opposed to 100 million in China—are employed in the formal manufacturing sector. A major reason is that state laws make it very difficult for factories to lay off workers, Luce explains. As a result, Indian capitalists invest in advanced, efficient manufacturing facilities, which allow them to maximize production while minimizing employment. This is good for profit margins, but not for the millions of desperate job seekers. Luce is strongest on economics, but he's also a savvy observer of the social and political environments that alternately nurture and throttle India's growth. With equal aplomb, he tackles topics such as the surging political power of India's lower castes, the rise and (apparent) decline of Hindu nationalism and the decline and (apparent) resurgence of the Gandhi-Nehru dynasty. Luce also takes a stab at explaining the big regional differences in economic development within India. For example, a senior bureaucrat in the southern state of Tamil Nadu candidly tells Luce that about 30% of public funds meant for promoting literacy, roads and electrification in his state are "diverted"—embezzled by bureaucrats—versus 70% in the north. The result: half of Tamil Nadu now lives in cities, where the standard of living tends to be higher, whereas 90% of the population of the northern Indian state of Bihar still lives in villages. And if you're wondering what life in an Indian village is like, Luce describes it vividly: "The tubercular hacking cough is as common a sound in the north Indian village as the lowing of the cattle or the i'inging of the temple bell." Luce offers some remedies for India's pervasive poverty and uneven development: fix labor laws, improve rural infrastructure and social services, and preserve and strengthen democratic institutions. India also must stop the spread of AIDS, he says, and protect its environment, which is decaying fast as the economy heats up. This is all perfectly sensible, but not all of Luce's arguments are rock solid. For example, he laments the stupidity of labeling all of India's diverse Muslim groups as fundamentalists, yet he brushes off the threat from Islamic fanaticism too casually. Its reach may still be miniscule within India, but it is spreading, and the terrorists who blow up trains in Bombay are at least as great a threat to India's economic future as any that Luce lists. For the most part, though, In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India is an exceptional book, and that' s because its author is unusual: he's a foreigner who gets India.

问答题In the coming decades, Europe's influence on affairs beyond its borders will be sharply limited, and it is in other regions, not Europe, that the 21st century will be most clearly forged and defined. Certainly, one reason for NATO's increasing marginalization stems from the behavior of its European members. With NATO, critical decisions are still made nationally; much of the talk about a common defense policy remains just that—talk. There is little specialization or coordination. Missing as well are many of the logistical and intelligence assets needed to project military force on distant battlefields. With the Cold War and the Soviet threat a distant memory, there is little political willingness, on a country-by-country basis, to provide adequate public funds to the military. Political and demographic changes within Europe, as well as the United States, also ensure that the transatlantic alliance will lose prominence. In Europe, the E.U. project still consumes the attention of many, but for others, especially those in-southern Europe facing unsustainable fiscal shortfalls, domestic economic turmoil takes precedence. No doubt, Europe's security challenges are geographically, politically and psychologically less immediate to the population than its economic ones. Mounting financial problems and the imperative to cut deficits are sure to limit what Europeans can do militarily beyond their continent. It is true that the era in which Europe and transatlantic relations dominated U.S. foreign policy is over.

问答题When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960′s, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and Polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions. Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.

问答题When philanthropist Jeffrey Brewer heard the founder of Appro TEC speak in San Francisco recently, he was intrigued by the nonprofit"s high-tech efforts to fight poverty and create jobs in Africa. But he wanted to learn more before shelling out money, so he scheduled a meeting with the founder. "I wasn"t sure it was as good as it sounded," says Brewer, who lives in New York. Six months later, he boarded a plane for Kenya—at ApproTEC"s behest—to check out their programs in person. "It turned out to be better." Forget slide shows or annual reports. Charitable organizations are finding that field visits are far more effective marketing tools for deep-pocket donors looking for new experiences. The invitation—only travel programs allow donors, who typically don"t mind paying their own way, to see firsthand what their money can accomplish. Such field trips—whether to AIDS orphanages in China, famine-relief programs in Sudan or earthquake-proof building sites in Indonesia—almost always result in increased awareness and bigger checks. Some donors become more active in the aid organization—Brewer now chairs ApproTEC"s boardd—or throw fund-raising parties. "Lifetime passionate supporters means first they fall in love with the people and places that they meet," says Sherry Villanueva, Who started organizing trips two years ago as a board member of Direct Relief International, which supplies medical and financial aid to locally run health programs. "We"re not sitting around on a fancy deck somewhere with waiters in white gloves." Indeed, donor trips tend to mix fun with the fund-raising. Miracle Comers of the World, which provides small-business training and housing for young adults in Tanzania, will host its first donor trip in August, with a safari in addition to the ribbon—cutting ceremony at its new housing project. Last month, the London-based International Childcare Trust cycled 300 kilometers in southern India to raise money for children orphaned by the tsunami. The Philanthropy Workshop, a program cosponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation that acts as a boot camp for new donors, recently sent 14 participants to Uganda for a week to look at innovative school reform for girls and sustainable farming—as well as some gorillas in the bush. While some critics argue that charities should focus on honing their mission statements instead of organizing adventure trips, others say only a field visit can change a donor"s view of the world. "I had a lot of ideas of how to fix Africa before I went over—and all of them were wrong," says Brewer. "I felt very humbled." Roderic Mast, the founder of Conservation International"s donor travel program, CI-Sojourns, which enables top supporters to investigate endangered ecosystems around the globe, says he owes the rise in million-dollar-plus contributions to the growing popularity of his nature trips, up from three in 2000 to 13 this year. On one recent trip, Mast recalls how he left a donor and his wife on a beach in Michoacan, Mexico, at night to watch a nesting sea turtle. At breakfast the next morning, they marveled over how the mother gently covered her eggs and then spread sand over a wide area to obscure their location. "The experience was so moving, he cried," says Mast, a marine biologist, of the donor. "No amount of direct mail is ever going to achieve that."

问答题According to E. Han Kim and Adair Morse, why has the internet "diminished the competitive edge that elite schools once held"? (Para. 5)

问答题中医是中国文化不可分割的一部分，为振兴华夏作出了巨大的贡献。如今，中医和西医在中国的医疗保健领域并驾齐驱。中医以其独特的诊断手法、系统的治疗方式和丰富的典籍材料，备受世界瞩目。用西医的毒性和化学疗法治疗癌症会引起副作用，中医疗法却公认能显著地化解这些副作用。 中国的中医事业由国家中医药管理局负责，有条不紊地开展和发扬。现在国家已经出台了管理中医的政策、法令和法规，引导并促进这个新兴产业的研究和开发。 在定义上，中医是指导中国传统医药理论和实践的一种医学，它包括中医疗法、中草药、针灸、推拿和气功。

问答题A former president of New Delhi"s Foreign Correspondents" Club liked to startle newly arrived American and British journalists by telling them to begin work on their big India book at once. If they protested that they had just landed and would need at least a year to write a book, he insisted that they had got it exactly wrong. "The first day in India," he would say, "every foreigner is convinced he can write a book about it. After a year of living here, he realizes he can"t write a meaningful sentence about it." Fortunately, Edward Luce was not put off by this advice. The South Asia bureau chief for the Financial Times from 2001 to 2005, Luce is the author of In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India, a recently published work that is the latest in a line of tomes seeking to explain how the erstwhile land of snake charmers and flying carpets has become the world"s newest economic power. It is also, far and away, the best. Like many foreign observers of India"s economic emergence, Luce starts by laying out the basic problem: the "curiously lopsided" way in which India"s economy has boomed. Why does a country that is home to advanced high-tech and manufacturing companies still have about 400 million illiterate people and high unemployment? In so many aspects of its economy, Luce notes, "India finds itself higher on the ladder than one would expect it to be," yet "most of its population are still standing at the bottom." Many articles and books on India end here, but Luce explains the reasons for India"s interminable paradoxes, arguing they are the logical outcomes of illogical policies. Since the country"s independence in 1947, Luce notes, India"s policy planners have invested limited resources both on universities and on primary schools. That"s produced a class of English-speaking engineering graduates who can compete with anyone in the world. But the flip side of diverting a big chunk of the education budget to create and run sophisticated universities is that millions of Indians have been left without basic education. Another puzzle is why only 7 million Indians—as opposed to 100 million in China—are employed in the formal manufacturing sector. A major reason is that state laws make it very difficult for factories to lay off workers, Luce explains. As a result, Indian capitalists invest in advanced, efficient manufacturing facilities, which allow them to maximize production while minimizing employment. This is good for profit margins, but not for the millions of desperate job seekers. Luce is strongest on economics, but he"s also a savvy observer of the social and political environments that alternately nurture and throttle India"s growth. With equal aplomb, he tackles topics such as the surging political power of India"s lower castes, the rise and (apparent) decline of Hindu nationalism and the decline and (apparent) resurgence of the Gandhi-Nehru dynasty. Luce also takes a stab at explaining the big regional differences in economic development within India. For example, a senior bureaucrat in the southern state of Tamil Nadu candidly tells Luce that about 30% of public funds meant for promoting literacy, roads and electrification in his state are "diverted"—embezzled by bureaucrats—versus 70% in the north. The result: half of Tamil Nadu now lives in cities, where the standard of living tends to be higher, whereas 90% of the population of the northern Indian state of Bihar still lives in villages. And if you"re wondering what life in an Indian village is like, Luce describes it vividly: "The tubercular hacking cough is as common a sound in the north Indian village as the lowing of the cattle or the i"inging of the temple bell." Luce offers some remedies for India"s pervasive poverty and uneven development: fix labor laws, improve rural infrastructure and social services, and preserve and strengthen democratic institutions. India also must stop the spread of AIDS, he says, and protect its environment, which is decaying fast as the economy heats up. This is all perfectly sensible, but not all of Luce"s arguments are rock solid. For example, he laments the stupidity of labeling all of India"s diverse Muslim groups as fundamentalists, yet he brushes off the threat from Islamic fanaticism too casually. Its reach may still be miniscule within India, but it is spreading, and the terrorists who blow up trains in Bombay are at least as great a threat to India"s economic future as any that Luce lists. For the most part, though, In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India is an exceptional book, and that" s because its author is unusual: he"s a foreigner who gets India.

问答题Intellectual property crimes are not victimless. The theft of ideas and the sale of counterfeit goods threaten economic opportunities and financial stability, suppress innovation, and destroy jobs.

问答题Just because someone has been your best friend since elementary school, it doesn't mean he or she will make a great roommate. Often living together can destroy even a close friendship.

问答题Blood banks in Shanghai hospitals are suffering from a lack of reserve. It would seem that university students, a relatively healthy pool of men and women, would jump at the opportunity to help the needed. But many students are not keen on donating blood whereas they volunteer to donate money or other things. Topic: Who wants to be a blood donator? Questions for Reference: 1. People are unwilling to donate blood. What are the reasons? 2. The university students, who volunteer to donate money for the poor, are not eager to donate their blood to the sick. Why? 3. What"s your attitude toward blood donation?

问答题Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 2 English passages. You will hear the passages ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. You may take notes while you are listening.

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问答题One of the surest signs of middle age is that you actually listen when outsiders tell you that maybe it"s time that you started to slow down. Consider, if you will, what"s happened lately with Microsoft, Amazon. com and Wal-Mart, all of which were once treated by Wall Street as high-growth companies. The more money they spent upgrading facilities and expanding into new markets, the more Wall Street loved them. All three had revolutionized their industries, were growing like mad and were more about tomorrow"s potential payoff than about today. Well, today has arrives. The Street has issued a collective judgment on our three amigos—it"s declared them to be middle-aged. It hasn"t done this formally, of course. But if you look at how the Street has treated these three stocks lately, it"s the only conclusion that you can draw. Being considered less-than-youthful isn"t a total shock to Microsoft, which showed signs of middle-age onset when it started paying serious cash dividends a few years ago. But it"s surprising to see Amazon and Wal-Mart act middle-aged. They both had seemed to be expanding without end but they"ve now decided it"s time to slow their growth, at least in part to help keep Wall Street happy. Middle age, you see, has nothing to do with how old a company is—it has to do with how it thinks.