问答题黄山有“四绝”——奇松、怪石、云海、温泉。黄山，集天下名山胜景于一身，气势磅礴，如梦如幻。“薄海内外，无如徽之黄山，登黄山天下无山，观止矣!”这是明代大旅行家徐霞客对她的评价。“五岳归来不看山，黄山归来不看岳，”这是众人对她的赞誉。黄山，中国十大风景名胜中唯一的山岳景观，蜚声海内外，名至实归的戴上了“世界文化与自然遗产”的桂冠。黄山与黄河、长江与长城齐名，是中华的又一象征。

问答题席卷全球的金融危机，正在给世界经济带来沉重打击，预计今年全球贸易额将下降9%左右，工业生产将下降15%，经济问题将缩减1%～2%，出现60年来最严峻的局面。经济危机考验着各国政府的经济管理能力，考验着人类的智慧。 大亚洲的经济合作，把亚洲各国工业化、城市化进程与发达国家的技术和区域内外的资金结合起来，可以形成巨大的需求。这种需求一变成现实购买力和进口能力，将会对拉动全球经济走出危机影响起到举足轻重的作用。

问答题There is not much to choose between men. They are all a hotchpotch of greatness and littleness, of virtue and vice, of nobility and baseness. Some have more strength of character, or more opportunity, and so in one direction or another give their instincts freer play, but potentially they are the same. For my part, I do not think I am any better or any worse than most people, but I know that if I set down every action in my life and every thought that has crossed my mind, the world would consider me a monster of depravity. The knowledge that these reveries are common to all men should inspire one with tolerance to oneself as well as to others. It is well also if they enable us to look upon our fellows, even the most eminent and respectable, with humor, and if they lead us to take ourselves not too seriously.

问答题Questions 1～3 Contrary to popular belief, people who sleep six to seven hours a night live longer, and those who sleep eight hours or more die younger, according to the latest study ever conducted on the subject. The study, which tracked the sleeping habits of 1.1 million Americans for six years, undermines the advice of many sleep doctors who have long recommended that people get eight or nine hours of sleep every night. "There's an old idea that people should sleep eight hours a night, which has no more scientific basis than the gold at the end of the rainbow," said Daniel Kripke, a professor of psychiatry at the University of California at San Diego who led the study, published in a recent issue of the Archives of General Psychiatry. "That's an old wives' tale. " The study was not designed to answer why sleeping longer may be deleterious or whether people could extend their life span by sleeping less. But Kripke said it was possible that people who slept longer tended to suffer from sleep apnea, a condition where impaired breathing puts stress on the heart and brain. He also speculated that the need for sleep was akin to food, where getting less than people want may be better for them. The study quickly provoked cautions and criticism, with some sleep experts saying that the main problem in America's sleep habits was deprivation, not sleeping too much. "None of this says sleep kills people," said Daniel Buysse, a University of Pittsburgh psychiatrist and the immediate past president of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. "You should sleep as much as you need to feel awake, alert and attentive the next day," Buysse added. "I'm much more concerned about people short-changing themselves on sleep than people sleeping too long. " Sleeplessness produces a variety of health consequences that were not measured in the study, critics said. "The amount of sleep you get impacts how alert you are, your risk for accidents, how you perform at work and school," said James Walsh, president of the National Sleep Foundation, a non-profit that advocates for better sleep habits. "There's much more to life than how long you live." The study used data from an extensive survey conducted by the American Cancer Society from 1992 to 1998. Women sleeping 8, 9 and 10 hours a night had 13 percent, 23 percent and 41 percent higher risk of dying, respectively, than those who slept 7 hours, the study found. Men sleeping 8, 9 and 10 hours a night had 12 percent, 17 percent and 34 percent greater risk of dying within the study period. By contrast, sleeping five hours a night increased the risk for women by only 5 percent, and for men, by 11 percent. Among people who slept just three hours a night, women had a 33 percent increase in death, and men had a 19 percent increase, compared with those who slept seven hours. Kripke, the new study's leader, pointed out that relatively few people slept so little—1 in 1,000—where as almost half of all people slept eight hours or more. The study also found that taking a sleeping pill every day increased the risk of death by 25 percent. He recommended that people should not routinely take pills to get eight hours of sleep. While acknowledging that the sleeping pills used from 1992 to 1998 were not the same pills being used today, Kripke said, "without data showing that contemporary pills are safe, these data provide the best information about whether sleeping pills are safe for long-term use. " Kripke, whose study was funded by federal tax dollars, said doctors' recommendations that everyone get eight hours of sleep a night may have been partly influenced by the drug companies that make sleeping pills. He cited a report from a public relations firm representing the medicine Ambien, which gave money to the National Sleep Foundation to alert people about an insomnia "public health crisis" as part of a marketing campaign. Both Buysse and Walsh have served as paid consultants to makers of sleeping, pills, but both denied being influenced by that role. Walsh said most researchers in the field had accepted consulting fees from the companies, because "99 percent of the funding to support this type of research is from pharmaceutical companies. " Buysse, who wrote an editorial accompanying Kripke's article, said more research was needed to pin down exactly what the connection was between sleep and the risk of death. The study relied on people's own reports of their sleeping habits, which can be faulty. When people are asked how long they sleep, they usually report how long they spend in bed, Buysse said. That could mean that people who reported sleeping eight hours were really sleeping around seven and a half hours, which would bring them into the study's lower risk category. Buysse also disagreed that sleep was like food, arguing that while people can restrict sleep, they cannot "choose" to sleep longer. Donald Bliwise, a psychologist at Emory University, in Atlanta, said studies had shown that when people were allowed to sleep however long they wanted, without cues from alarm clocks and watches, they often slept 14 to 15 hours a day for the first few days. "Everyone," Bliwise said, "walks around somewhat sleep deprived. /1.According to Kripke' s study, what might be the reason that sleeping less is healthier than sleeping longer?

问答题During the term of this Contract, all technical documentation, including but not limited to manufacturing technologies, procedures, methods, formulas, data, techniques and know-how, to be provided by one party to the other shall be treated by the recipient as "Confidential Information". Each party agrees to use Confidential Information received from the other party only for the purpose contemplated by this Contract and for no other purposes. Confidential Information provided is not to be reproduced in any form except as required to accomplish the intent of, and in accordance with the terms of, this Contract. Title to such information and the interest related thereto shall remain with the provider all the time, Each party shall provide the same care to avoid disclosure or unauthorized use of the other party's Confidential Information as it provides to protect its own similar proprietary information. Confidential Information must be kept by the recipient in a secure place with access limited to only such party's employees or agents who need to know such information for the purposes of this Contract and who have similarly agreed to keep such information confidential pursuant to a written confidentiality agreement which reflects the terms hereof. The obligations of confidentiality pursuant to this Article shall survive the termination or expiration of this Contract for a period of five (5) years.

问答题 Sixty-three years after U.S. forces vanquished the Japanese and planted the Stars and Stripes atop Iwo Jima's Mount Suribachi, the remote outpost in the Volcano Islands is the focus of another pitched battle. This time film directors Clint Eastwood and Spike Lee are sparring over the accuracy of Eastwood's two films about the clash, Flags of Our Fathers and Letters from Iwo Jima. Lee has claimed that by soft-pedaling the role of African Americans in the battle, Eastwood has whitewashed history. "Clint Eastwood made two films about Iwo Jima that ran for more than four hours total, and there was not one Negro actor on the screen," Lee said last month at the Cannes Film Festival. "In his version of Iwo Jima, Negro soldiers did not exist." Eastwood bristled at the charge. "Has he ever studied history? [African-American soldiers] didn't raise the flag," he countered in an interview with the British newspaper The Guardian. "If I go ahead and put an African-American actor in there, people'd go, 'This guy's lost his mind.'" Eastwood also suggested Lee should "shut his face". That didn't go down so well. Eastwood "is not my father, and we're not on a plantation either," Lee fumed. "I'm not making this up. I know history." History, as it turns out, is on both their sides. Lee is correct that African Americans played a key role in World War II, in which more than 1 million black servicemen helped topple the Axis powers. He is correct too in pointing out that African-American forces made significant contributions to the fight for Iwo Jima. An estimated 700 to 900 African Americans, trained in segregated boot camps, participated in the landmark battle, which claimed the lives of about 6,800 servicemen, nearly all Marines. Racial prejudice shunted blacks into supply roles in Iwo Jima, but that didn't mean they were safe. Under enemy fire, they braved perilous beach landings, unloaded and shuttled ammunition to the front lines and weathered Japanese onslaughts on their positions. "Shells, mortar and hand grenades don't know the difference of color," says Thomas McPhatter, an African-American Marine who hauled ammo during the battle. "Everybody out there was trying to cover their butts to survive." But Eastwood's portrayal of the battle is also essentially accurate. Flags of Our Fathers zeroes in on the soldiers who hoisted the U.S. flag on Mount Suribachi. None of the six servicemen seen in Joe Rosenthal's famous photograph—the iconic image depicts the second flag-raising attempt; the first wasn't visible to other U.S. troops on Iwo Jima—were black. (Eastwood's other film, Letters from Iwo Jima, is told largely from the perspective of Japanese soldiers.) Eastwood is also correct that black soldiers represented only a small fraction of the total force deployed on the island. That may be true, but it is not enough to placate Yvonne Latty, the author of a book about African-American veterans. Given the hazards of their mission and the virulent racism they endured—McPhatter says he has to execute his mission without giving orders to white troops, even if they were needed—Latty argues that black soldiers warrant more than fleeting inclusion in the film. Christopher Paul Moore, author of a book about black soldiers in World War II, praises Eastwood's rendering of the battle but laments the limited role it accords African Americans. "Without black labor," he says, "we would've seen a much different ending to the war." Adds Latty: "The way America learns history, unfortunately, is through movies." Eastwood poignantly memorialized a heroic chapter in American warfare. But using a wider-angle lens might have brought into sharper focus a group often elbowed to history's fringes.

问答题手机(移动电话)、寻呼机和便携式计算机成为我们的生活的一部分，它们提高了上百万用户的生产力和效率。然而，一项调查却显示这些便携式设备所释放出的巨量信息有可能变得无法驾驭。从掌上电脑的电子信函到手机的语音邮件，使用者都面临着一个严重的管理问题，即如何控制这些接收信息的渠道。 由于本身小巧玲珑，又具备种种先进的特点，便携式电子设备为消费者带来了自由，提高了生产力，改进了对信息的组织。但是，信息发送与接收的便捷发展得如此之快，以至于很多人每天都会收到各种各样、成百上千的电子邮件。结果造成很多人无法充分发挥设备的特点，这些特点将有助于他们对超载信息进行管理。 信息超载所造成的影响已经超出了专业领域。它引起的紧张与焦虑会给家庭关系和友情带来消极的影响。人们会有一种被信息淹没的感觉，这使得他们紧张、心事重重，很少有时间与家人和朋友相聚。所以，有必要为人们建立一种处理电子信息的管理系统。当人们掌握了这种数码管理方法后，他们的工作与个人生活都会得以极大地简化和改善。

问答题John Reid became home secretary because of a prison scandal. His predecessor, Charles Clarke, was forced to resign in May after admitting that some 1,000 foreign prisoners who ought to have been considered for deportation had been freed. This week Mr. Reid faced a prison crisis of his own, made worse by new figures showing that offenders released early from jail on electronic tags have committed more than 1,000 serious crimes. In theory, the jails of England and Wales can accommodate just over 80,000 people. By October 6th they were just 210 short of that limit. The obvious remedies—cramming two people into cells built for one, letting more prisoners out on probation and moving convicts far from their families—have already been taken. So, last-ditch measures were put in place this week. Some 500 police cells will be used for prisoners. Foreign convicts" appeals against deportation will no longer be contested, in order to liberate their beds. Others will be paid to go home. This is one of history"s less surprising crises. By the late 1990s Home Office statisticians were not only predicting a rapid rise in prisoner numbers, but also erring on the side of pessimism. Eight years ago, when the prison population was just above 65,000, the department predicted that it would rise to 83,000 by 2005. In 2002 the statisticians" forecasts were also too pessimistic. Yet the politicians still appear to have been caught by surprise. One reason the prisons are full is that there are more police officers—141,000, compared with 122,000 in 2000. They can now go after crimes that are hard to crack but attract long sentences, such as drug trafficking. The number of people in prison for drug offences has trebled since 1994. And, while the overall crime rate in England and Wales is improving, it may be that some criminals are worse. Cindy Barnett, a London magistrate, reckons the defendants she sees are more violent and have graver drug problems these days. That helps to explain why magistrates sent 27% of robbers straight to prison in 2004—up from just 10% in 1993. In the past few years, the Home Office has prodded judges and magistrates to punish serious, violent offenders more heavily, while encouraging them to go easier on petty thieves. The former has certainly happened: the number of life sentences has more than doubled since the early 1990s. The latter has not. Populist politicians forgot that judges tend to have fixed ideas about the relative seriousness of offences. Force them to increase sentences for murder, and they will also hand out longer terms to armed robbers. Finally, there is media pressure. Tabloid newspapers such as the Sun and the Daily Mail hound judges who pass, or even seek to justify, lenient sentences. This week the Sun accused one wig of "living in an ivory tower". Because most people"s experience of the criminal-justice system is rare and intermittent, such coverage strongly influences the public mood. Ivory towers notwithstanding, it also stings judges. Penny Derbyshire, an academic who has been following wigs for several years, says they pore over press coverage. "And many of them have wives who read the Daily Mail," she says.

问答题我们应该牢记国际金融危机的深刻教训，正本清源，对症下药，本着简单易行、便于问责的原则推进国际金融监管改革，建立有利于实体经济发展的国际金融体系。要强调国际监管核心原则和标准的一致性，同时要充分考虑不同国家金融市场的差异性，提高金融监管的针对性和有效性。 我们要牢牢把握强劲、可持续、平衡增长三者的有机统一。我们应该积极推动强劲增长，注重保 持可持续增长，努力实现平衡增长。实现世界经济强劲、可持续、平衡增长是一个长期复杂的过程，不可能一蹴而就，既要持之以恒、坚定推进，也要照顾到不同国家的国情，尊重各国发展道路和发展模式的多样性。

问答题三年前，中非合作论坛的创立，开启了合作新纪元。三年来，中国政府提前兑现承诺，减免了31个非洲国家105亿元人民币的债务。 我们认为，发展中国家应在全球化进程中获益，而不应被边缘化。国际社会应采取行动，帮助发展中国家解决困难，提高发展中国家自主发展、保护生态环境、实现可持续发展的能力。发达国家有义务、有责任进一步开放市场，取消贸易壁垒和农产品补贴，切实履行对发展中国家增加援助和减免债务的承诺。中国愿与非洲国家在参与国际经济规则的制定和多边贸易谈判中协调立场，维护发展中国家应有的权益。

问答题My Story about Love and Loss I was lucky—I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents" garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation—the Macintosh—a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling-out. When we did, our board of directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating. I really didn"t know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down—that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me— I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over. I didn"t see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life. During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the world"s first computer animated feature film, Toy Story , and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple"s current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together. I"m pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn"t been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don"t lose faith. I"m convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You"ve got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven"t found it yet, keep looking. Don"t settle. As with all matters of the heart, you"ll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it Don"t settle.

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问答题 Education in America American schools, both public and private, consist of 12 years of grades—basically 8 years of elementary school and 4 years of secondary or high school, although grades 7 and 8, or 7, 8 and 9 may be housed together in a middle school or junior high school. In addition, the elementary school offers five-year-olds a year of kindergarten, usually half-day sessions, before they have formal instruction in reading and writing in the first grade. In a few states two years of junior college(the first two years of higher education) or a vocational school are part of the public school system. Schooling is compulsory in most states to the age of 16. The public schools are administered by local school boards—groups of people elected by the voters. The board appoints the superintendent and sometimes participates in choosing the teachers, decides how school funds are to be allocated, and has some voice in establishing the curriculum. Local funds for the schools come largely from property taxes paid by residents of the local school districts. Thus the people of the entire community, not just the parents of the children who attend, pay for public schools, which are free and open to everyone. In elementary school, all children in a given grade study the same thing. In junior high school the student may have a limited choice of subjects. In high school the choice is wider. While some subjects are required of everyone, some high school students, in addition, take vocational classes, and others study subjects that will prepare them for college. Students from both groups study under the same roof, each selecting courses according to his or her needs and interests. High school students commonly study four to five basic subjects per semester, each for approximately an hour a day. Additional courses, such as physical education, art, or music, may meet twice a week. After high school a person may prepare for a particular vocation or occupation by attending vocational courses either in a junior college or in a privately supported training school such as secretarial or industrial school. Or a person may attend a college or university. The term "college" refers to an undergraduate institution that confers a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Science degree after four years of study. A university generally is a group of colleges, each serving a special purpose. a college of liberal arts, a college of business, a college of education, and the like. In addition, universities offer graduate programs. The Master of Arts degree occasionally may be obtained after one year of additional specialized study, although some institutions require longer study. The Doctor of Philosophy is the highest academic degree in the area of the sciences and humanities. Professional degrees in such fields as medicine and law are part of the program of graduate education. Many colleges and universities are privately supported. Many have church affiliations. In each state, however, there is at least one university and often several colleges that receive support from state funds. Students in these schools, however, as well as those in private colleges, must pay tuition, but the state schools are much less expensive than private ones, particularly for students who are residents of the state.

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问答题Passage Translation 2 If your great grandparents were born in a rich country in the early 1900s, their lifespan would have been about 50. Today people in developed countries have a life expectancy of 80 or more. This is because the improvements of public health, such as running water and flushing toilets and then medical care. But these improvements have mostly benefited richer nations. There are still places in the world that don’t have clean water, enough food and enough doctors. So people there often suffer from famine and disease.

问答题The German Train Drivers" Union (GDL), the country"s oldest, used to be among its most obscure. That changed in July when its feisty leader, Manfred Schell, rejected an agreement between Deutsche Bahn, the main railway company, and the bulk of its workforce. His members, he said, deserve a big rise in their "miserable pay"—up to 31%, the union has hinted. The threat of an economy-crippling strike, which could happen as early as August 28th, is shocking enough. Still more is GDL"s challenge to Germany"s tradition of trade-union solidarity. Big unions are appalled by the prospect of some workers snatching better pay and conditions from weaker fellows. Employers accustomed to labour peace fret that Germany will face "English conditions" of rival unions competing by striking. GDL is not the first to break ranks. In 1999 airline pilots pulled out from DAG, the white-collar employees" union, to fight for their own deals. Six years later doctors abandoned an alliance with ver.di, a grouping formed by the merger of five service-sector unions, to strike for a bigger pay rise than the behemoth could win for them. GDL"s defection seems to confirm the unravelling of a system based on umbrella labour contracts for whole industries or firms. Companies complain that such contracts subvert competitiveness by imposing similar conditions regardless of size or strength. But they lose fewer work days to strikes than European rivals. Germany"s prowess in manufacturing, rare for a rich country, may be due in part to the security such contracts provide. Is that about to change? A separate deal for GDL would have "huge consequences for the next round" of labour negotiations, says Hans-Joachim Schabedoth, head of policy planning for the German Trade Union Confederation (DGB), the main union umbrella group. "Wage disputes will become harder to settle." Yet GDL"s behaviour probably threatens workers more than employers. German employment is recovering after years of stagnation and some trades are starting to benefit. Even so, recovery will not restore unions" self-confidence or the relative equality among workers (in West Germany, at least) that prevailed before German unification in 1990. Instead, growing prosperity may be accompanied by a bitter quarrel over how to divide it. Things have been going badly for the big trade unions ever since the fizzling in the mid- 1990s of the unification boom. Growth slowed, unemployment soared and workers in newly capitalist eastern Europe stole German jobs. Since 1991 the DGB has lost 44% of its members. Employers exploited unions" weakness by demanding opt-out clauses in labour contracts and sometimes dispensing with them altogether. Collective agreements now cover 65% of workers in western Germany, compared with 76% in 1998, says Reinhard Bispinck of the Hans-B6ckler Foundation, the DGB"s research arm. Workers" flexibility made the recovery possible. Companies "drove up productivity tremendously by having docile and productive unions," says Anke Hassel of the Hertie School of Governance, a private university. And now some are benefiting. Metal-bashing and electronics firms have added 85,000 jobs since employment hit bottom in April 2006. IG Metall, that industry"s union, won a pay rise of over 4% for June 2007-October 2008. "Employees are no longer prepared to accept (hourly) wage increases much below the long- term average" of about 2(作图)%, says Eekart Tuchtfeld, an economist at Commerzbank. But high-productivity sectors, particularly manufacturing, will gain more than less-productive services. Global competition will continue to pressure wages overall. "The underlying situation will not change," says Mr. Tuchtfeld. Under the constitution, unions and employers are autonomous and disputes have been resolved by the courts. But breakaway unions make it more difficult for courts to defend one union"s right to negotiate on behalf of a company"s entire workforce. The right to strike may now have to be regulated by law, Mr. Schabedoth believes. Another statutory fix, championed especially by ver. di, is a proposed minimum wage of 7.50 an hour. The sense of crisis may ebb if mediators appointed by GDL and Deutsche Bahn manage to avoid a separate contract for GDL"s drivers. But that will not solve the underlying problem. the discovery, as Germany recovers from its slump, that some workers are more equal than others.

问答题What is the author's view on the relationship between energy prices and inflation?

问答题Some decades ago, the powers declared that employee diversity was a good thing, as desirable as double-digit profit margins. It"s proving just as difficult to achieve. Companies try all sorts of things to attract and promote minorities and women. They hire organizational psychologists. They staff booths at diversity fairs. They host dim-sum brunches and salsa nights. The most popular—and expensive—approach is diversity training, or workshops to teach executives to embrace the benefits of a diverse staff. Too bad it doesn"t work. A groundbreaking new study by three sociologists shows that diversity training has little to no effect on the racial and gender mix of a company"s top ranks. Frank Dobbin of Harvard, Alexandra Kalev of the University of California, Berkeley, and Erin Kelly of the University of Minnesota sifted through decades of federal employment statistics provided by companies. Their analysis found no real change in the number of women and minority managers after companies began diversity training. That"s right—none. Networking didn"t do much, either. Mentorships did. Among the least common tactics, one—assigning a diversity point person or task force—has the best record of success. "Companies have spent millions of dollars a year on these programs without actually knowing, Are these efforts worth it?" Dobbin says. "In the case of diversity training, the answer is no." The law is one reason that employers favor diversity training. In the wake of whopping settlements in race-discrimination suits against large companies, including Texaco and Coca- Cola, over the past decade, employers believe that having a program in place can show a judge that they are sincerely fighting prejudice. But this too is a myth, says Dobbin. "I don"t know of a single case where courts gave credit for diversity training.” Social psychologists have many theories to explain why diversity training doesn"t work as intended. Studies show that any training generates a backlash and that mandatory diversity training in particular may even activate a bias. Researchers also see evidence of "irresistible stereotypes", or biases so deeply ingrained that they simply can"t be taught away in a one-day workshop. Consultants on diversity insist that the training they give has value. R. Roosevelt Thomas, founder of the American Institute for Managing Diversity, says corporate America must first redefine the word. "Diversity means differences and similarities," he says, be they in race, gender or corporate culture. He teaches executives to focus on skills and not familiarity. "In a foxhole, I want someone who can shoot," he says. "I don"t care where they"re from. Some folks have to be reminded of that." So what does work? The study"s findings in this area were striking too.. at companies that assigned a person or committee to oversee diversity, ensuring direct accountability for results, the number of minorities and women climbed 10% in the years following the appointment. Mentorships worked too, particularly for black women, increasing their numbers in management 23.5 %. Most effective is the combination of all these strategies, says Dobbin. In practice, companies find that a multipronged approach leads to results. General Electric initiated an aggressive diversity strategy under former CEO Jack Welch that included employee networks, regular planning forums, formal mentoring, and recruiting at colleges popular with minorities. Perhaps most significantly, GE appointed a chief diversity officer, Deborah Elam. In 2000, women, minorities and non-U.S. citizens made up 22% of GE"s officers and 29% of senior executives. By 2005, their ranks swelled to 34% among officers and 40% of senior execs. "Training just to train is not enough," says Elam. "You"ve got to have accountability at the top." Accountability for the careers of women and minorities requires a substantial commitment of time, staff and money—but so does diversity training. And only one works.

问答题在一个极为漫长的历史阶段中，人类只能通过音乐表演和口授来传播音乐。当人类发明了乐谱后，音乐便开始脱离表演而演变成“文字”得以记录和传播。然而，人类音乐传播的真正革命性里程碑的建立者无疑是科学家们。他们创造了令人叹为观止的音乐传播手段，从最早的机械“留声机”到今天五花八门的“电子媒体”。在20世纪诸多的音乐传播手段中，无线电广播的发明和发展对音乐的传播起了极为重要的作用。然而，高科技的高速发展也使我国广播音乐工作者在新世纪中面临着严峻的挑战。