问答题Henry Ford and the American Automobile Detroit has some of the most beautiful residential neighborhoods in the USA and at the same time some of the most shocking slums. Detroit owes its rapid growth and one-time prosperity to the automobile, and above all to Henry Ford. Henry Ford did not invent the automobile, but he was the first man to mass-produce it, and this made it available to the ordinary man. Many automobiles were being built by the hand at the turn of the century and were much too expensive for all but the wealthy. In 1903 Henry Ford"s first mass. produced Model T cars cost $850. By the early 1920s he was able to reduce the price to $350. Between 1903 and 1927 Ford manufactured 15 million Model T Fords and earned a profit of $700 million. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. In 1927 he produced his sedan Model A, which was much more comfortable than the open, windswept Model T. Henry Ford was himself a born mechanic and could build a car with his own hands. So he respected his workers and treated them well. In 1914, when the basic wage for an industrial worker in Detroit was $11 a week, Ford announced that he would pay his workers $5 a day. Ford believed in the dignity of work, and did not wish his men to become underpaid robots. He also built them a special town on the outskirts of the city. He is credited with "Fordism": mass production of inexpensive goods coupled with high wages for workers. Ford"s basic wage of $5 a day caused not only a wage explosion in the city, it also caused a population explosion. Blacks from the south poured into the city, until there were almost as many blacks in Detroit as whites. Other industries connected with the automobile were attracted to Detroit, and more and more factories sprang up in and around the city. Other automobile corporations also made Detroit their headquarters. General Motors built factories in Detroit as did Chrysler. In the 1960s, one in three people who lived in Detroit worked in the automobile industry. Now many plants have been dispersed to other parts of the States, and unemployment, particularly among blacks, has become a serious problem. But the fortune of the Ford family was already made. As owner of the Ford Motor Company, Ford became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. True to the tradition of the American millionaires, Edsel and Henry Ford Ⅱ gave away half their fortune. They gave $300 million to public education, public television and to social research. Americans depend on the automobile like no other people. The total mileage traveled by American motorists in one year is about one million million miles. At the moment a revolution is going on in the American automobile world. In the 1960s there was a change in fashion in favor of small cars. Many small and medium-sized cars are still being imported especially from Germany and Japan. Now American automobile manufacturers have followed the trend. They are committed to building smaller new cars, as part of a program of energy conservation. All new cars, too, are built so that they can only take unleaded gas. Some of the most dangerous pollutants are being removed from the air in American cities. It remains to be seen, however, if the American automobile industry will ever again regain its former glory.

问答题It is simple enough to say that since books have classes—fiction, biography, poetry—we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author; try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice. If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, the signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this, and soon you will find that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite.

问答题Bymostreasonablemeasures,reportsofAmerica’sdecliningpowerrelativetotherestoftheworldhaveconsistentlyprovedpremature.TheAmericaneconomyincreasinglyseemstobeonanupswing.TheUnitedStatesremainsamongtheworld’ssafestandmostattractiveinvestments.Theshalegasrevolutionistransformingthecountryintoanenergygiantofthefuture.Thedollar,onceslatedforoblivion,seemsdestinedtoremaintheworld’sreservecurrencyforsometimetocome.Americanmilitarypower,evenamidstcurrentbudgetcuts,remainsunmatchedbothinquantityandquality. Meanwhile,theanticipated“riseoftherest,”whichotherdeclinistscelebratedafewyearsago,hasfailedtomaterializeasexpected.ForallAmerica’sproblemsathome–thefiscalcrisis,politicalgridlock,intensepartisanship,andweakpresidentialleadership–othergreatpowers,fromChinatoIndiatoRussiatotheEU,quiteclearlyhavedebilitatingproblemsoftheirown,whichinsomecasespromisetogrowmoresevereintheyearstocome.Overall,themuch-heraldedreturnofamultipolarworldofroughlyequalgreatpowers,asexistedbeforeWorldWarII,hasbeendelayedforatleastafewmoredecades.Intheabsenceofsomeunexpecteddramaticchange,fortheforeseeablefuture,theinternationalsystemwillcontinuetobethatofonesuperpowerandseveralgreatpowers,orasthelateSamuelP.Huntingtononcecalledit,“uni-multipolarity.”

问答题1995年10月，黄浦江上又一座大桥凌空飞架，将浦南与奉贤连接起来，成为继徐浦、南浦、杨浦三座大桥之后建成通车的第四座大桥——奉浦大桥。 奉浦大桥是首座由地方筹资兴建的黄浦江大桥，奉贤县与市区有关部门和企业共同集资4.46亿元，仅用1年零7个月的时间即胜利建成。大桥的建成解决了长期困扰奉贤与浦南地区的过江问题，同时还改善了该地区的投资环境，为杭州湾北岸的开发建设打下了良好的基础。 金秋十月的黄浦江畔，徐浦、南浦、杨浦、奉浦四座大桥沐浴着金秋阳光，各显神姿，交相辉映，为上海这座充满生机与魅力的国际大都市增添了更加夺目的风采。不久的将来，上海还将建造更多的过江设施，把浦江两岸更紧密地连结在一起。

问答题The line of demarcation between the adult and the child world is drawn in many ways. For instance, many American parents may be totally divorced from the church, or entertain grave doubts about the existence of God, but they send children to Sunday school and help them to pray. American parents struggle in a competitive world where sheer conning and falsehood are often rewarded and respected, but they feed their children with nursery tales in which the morally good is pitted against the bad, and in the end the good inevitably is successful and the bad inevitably punished. When American parents are in serious domestic trouble, they maintain a front of sweetness and light before their children. Even if American parents suffer a major business or personal catastrophe, they feel obliged to turn to their children and say, "Honey, everything is going to be all right." This American desire to keep the children's world separate from that of the adult is exemplified also by the practice of delaying transmission of the news to children when their parents have been killed in an accident. Thus, in summary, American parents face a world of reality while many of their children live in a near-ideal unreal realm where the rules of the parental world do not apply, are watered down, or are even reversed.

问答题A major source of anxiety about the future of the family is rooted not so much in reality as in the tension between the idealized expectation in the culture and the reality itself. Nostalgia for a lost family tradition, which, in fact, never existed, has prejudiced our understanding of the conditions of families in contemporary society. Thus, the current anxiety over the fate of the family reflects not only problems in the family but also a variety of fears about other social problems that are eventually projected onto the family. The real problems facing American families today are not symptoms of breakdown as is often suggested; rather, they reflect the difficulties of adaptation to recent social changes, particularly to the loss of diversity in household membership, to the reduction of the variety of family functions and, to some extent, to the weakening of the family adaptability. The idealization of the family as a refuge from the world and the myth that the work of mothers is harmful has added considerable strain. The continuous emphasis on the family as a universal private retreat and as an emotional haven is misguided in light of historical experience.

问答题10年前，中国政府庄严宣告对香港恢复行使主权，香港特别行政区成立。香港回归祖国，实现了全国各族人民的百年夙愿，是彪炳中华民族史册的千秋功业。10年来，中央政府切实贯彻“一国两制”、“港人治港”、高度自治的方针。广大香港同胞团结奋进，克服了亚洲金融危机、非典疫情等带来的严峻挑战。今天的香港特区社会保持稳定，经济更加繁荣，民主有序发展，民众安居乐业，展现出一派欣欣向荣的景象。

问答题Bluetooth is the newest kid on the technology block, and it holds a lot of promise for the assistive technology industry. Named for a 10th Century King of Denmark who unified the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway, Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communication specification that promises to improve and increase electronic access to a number of environments by overcoming some of the obstacles typical of current technology. Bluetooth technology will enable devices to communicate and transfer data wirelessly and without the line-of-site issues of infrared technology. So how does it work.'? Bluetooth devices search each other out within their given operational range. Unlike devices that are wired together, Bluetooth devices do not have to be aware of the capabilities or properties of the devices to which they will connect beforehand. Bluetooth devices have a built-in mechanism that lets each device identify itself as well as its capabilities as it connects into this new Bluetooth network. This dynamic network does have a controlling device that designates itself as the master for the connection. Its programming and the capabilities necessary for the given task determine whether or not a device can be a master. For example, a cell phone may act as a master device when connecting to a headset, an ATM, or an information kiosk. However, the same cell phone or headset may act as a slave device to the information kiosk, now acting as the master device, broadcasting emergency evacuation information. The cell phone and kiosk can function in either capacity depending on the required function and their programming.

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问答题The single most important factor that contributes to success is what you do every single day. It is as simple as that. You habits will determine whether you are successful or not. If you have strong and healthy positive habits, it does not matter whether or not you fail today because you are guaranteed to succeed in the long run. Having positive habits does not mean that you will succeed every single time. However, in the long run, there is no doubt that you will achieve all your goals and be successful. On the other hand, if you have strong negative habits, you are guaranteed to fail in the long run. It does not matter whether you succeed today or not. If your habits are self- destructive, you will fail in the long run.

问答题According to some research, men visit the doctor less frequently over their life times than women. And they have a shorter life expectancy.

问答题People often wonder why they have spend so much money at the supermarket, and often on things they didn't intend to buy in the first place. A recent survey indicates that 75% of all grocery shoppers make at least one impulse buying. They may be attracted by eye-catching display, or colorful package. For those shoppers, there is a simple way of avoiding impulse buying, and saving money on groceries. That is, they should make a shopping list beforehand, and stick to it.

问答题Today our lives are changing faster than at any time in history. Here we report on two important changes that will have a big impact on our everyday lives in the future. The cashless society Cash and bank-notes will disappear almost completely. They will be replaced by smart cards—plastic cards with microchip processors "loaded" with some money. When we pay for goods, the retailer will insert our smart card into a payment terminal and money will be transferred from our card to the retailer"s card. When all the money is used up, we will be able to "reload" it by inserting it into a telephone, dialing our bank account and transferring money to the card from the account. If we want to transfer money from our card to a bank account, we will use the same method. Smart cards will be able to hold several different currencies at the same time, so if we go aboard, we will use our smart cards in the same way. Interactive telephone Human telephone operators will be sharply replaced by talking computers. These computers will recognize speech, ask us what information we need, access the information from a database, and convert it to speech. If we want to book a flight or pay a bill by phone, we will interact with a talking computer to do so. Of course, this won"t happen until all the technology is in place, but when it is we will soon get used to interacting with computers in this way. Human telephone operators will be used only for more complex operations such as dealing with complaints or solving concrete problems.

问答题There is not much to choose between men. They are all a hotchpotch of greatness and littleness, of virtue and vice, of nobility and baseness. Some have more strength of character, or more opportunity, and so in one direction or another give their instincts freer play, but potentially they are the same. For my part, I do not think I am any better or any worse than most people, but I know that if I set down every action in my life and every thought that has crossed my mind, the world would consider me a monster of depravity. The knowledge that these reveries are common to all men should inspire one with tolerance to oneself as well as to others. It is well also if they enable us to look upon our fellows, even the most eminent and respectable, with humor, and if they lead us to take ourselves not too seriously.

问答题Stock exchanges serve important roles in national economies. They encourage investment by providing places for buyers and sellers to trade securities, stocks bonds, and other financial instruments. Companies issue stocks and bonds to obtain capital to expand their business. Corporations issue new securities in the primary market, usually with the help of investment bankers. In the primary market, corporations receive the proceeds of stock sales. Thereafter, they are not involved in the trading of stocks. Owners of stocks trade them on a stock exchange in the secondary market. In the secondary market, investors, not companies, earn the profits or bear the losses resulting from their trades. Stock exchanges encourage investment by providing this secondary market. By allowing investors to sell securities, exchanges increase the safety of investing. Stock exchanges also encourage investment in other ways. They protect investors by upholding rules and regulations that ensure buyers will be treated fairly and receive exactly what they pay for. Exchanges also support state-of-the-art technology and business of brokering, which both help traders to buy and sell securities quickly and efficiently.

问答题我们将坚持社会主义市场经济的改革方向，进一步推动制度创新，不断深化改革，激发全社会的创造活力，增强经济社会发展的内在动力。我们将坚持对外开放的基本国策，建立更加开放的市场体系，在更大范围、更广领域、更高层次上参与国际经济技术合作和竞争。我们将坚持走新型工业化道路，着力调整经济结构和加快转变经济增长方式，提高经济增长的质量和效益，大力发展循环经济，建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会，走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路。我们相信，只要坚定不移地走符合中国国情的发展道路，我们就一定能够实现既定的奋斗目标，为维护世界和平、促进共同发展发挥更大的建设性作用。

问答题Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 2 English passages. You will hear the passages only once. After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet. You may take notes while you are listening.

问答题Yet the U.S. benefited greatly from the colonial strife next door. Broke after its Haitian defeat, France sold a large region to the U.S. for $15 million. The Louisiana Purchase would prove to be one of the most profitable real estate transactions ever made. Napoleon would not have sold his claims except for the courage and obstinate resistance of Haitian inhabitants. It would take six decades for the U.S. to acknowledge Haiti"s independence. Meanwhile, Haiti, burdened by its post-independence isolation and the 100 million francs in payment it was forced to give France for official recognition, began its perilous slide toward turmoil and dependency, resulting in a 19year U.S. occupation and two subsequent in starvations in the past 100 years. Jefferson once presented dire warnings about what might happen to the U.S. political system in a worst-case scenario, but his words turned out to be a more accurate prophecy for America"s plundered neighbor: "The spirit of the times ... will alter. Our rulers will become corrupt... The shackles... which shall not be knocked off at the conclusion of war, will remain on long, will be made heavier." Given a fair chance, Haiti could have flourished and prospered. If that had been the case, this year Haiti would celebrating the bicentennial of its independence with fewer and lighter shackles.