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问答题孔子学院秉承孔子“和为贵”、“和而不同”的理念，推动中外文化的交流与融合，以建设一个持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界为宗旨。儒家“吾日三省吾身”等理念早已广为人知。在不久的将来，国际上汉语热潮将持续涌动。不可否认，汉语热的出现是我国综合国力不断增强的表现。改革开放以来，我国的国内生产总值以高于8%的平均增长率持续增长。孔子学院和汉语热的兴起印证了“国富民强，国强语盛”的说法。同时，作为创新知识、传播文化、传承文明的学术机构，大学理应在促进不同文化的交流与理解、维护世界和平与人类共同发展等方面承担起更大的责任。

问答题细娃盼过年，大人盼开春。儿时，对于大人的盼是不能理解的，但过年，对于我来说，可是一年的大盼头了。过年不但好玩，还有好吃的，那气氛是迷人的。年一过，又盼日子快些流，好流来又一个春节。 在盼中，日子真的流得飞快，转眼上了小学，继而初中，然后高中，最后大学；盼的欲望更加强烈，盼的内容也越渐丰富了：盼有好成绩毕业，盼有一份好工作，盼事业有成，盼挣钱替父母分忧，盼有一个好爱人……不知不觉，天天踩着盼的石阶而上，自己竟成了一个大男人，一个挣钱养家糊口 的忙碌人了。

问答题十月的上海，阳光明媚，秋高气爽，来自35个国家和地区的1300余名比赛选手参加了在沪举行的本世纪最后一届世界中学生运动会。 世界各国青少年在沪逗留的时间虽然短暂，但上海的风貌和中国的传统文化仍然给他们留下了深刻的印象。无论是参观矗立于浦江之畔的东方明珠电视塔，还是游览静卧一隅的城隍庙，他们都能感受到传统与现代的美妙结合。博大精深的中国传统文化让这些外国朋友感受到的是神秘和新奇，这种认知来自短暂的接触，但从此之后，他们不会忘记；有这样一个民族，生活在世界的东方。

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} {{I}}In this part of the test, you will hear 5 sentences in English. You will hear the sentences ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each sentence, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.{{/I}}

问答题Stock exchanges serve important roles in national economies. They encourage investment by providing places for buyers and sellers to trade securities, stocks bonds, and other financial instruments. Companies issue stocks and bonds to obtain capital to expand their business. Corporations issue new securities in the primary market, usually with the help of investment bankers. In the primary market, corporations receive the proceeds of stock sales. Thereafter, they are not involved in the trading of stocks. Owners of stocks trade them on a stock exchange in the secondary market. In the secondary market, investors, not companies, earn the profits or bear the losses resulting from their trades. Stock exchanges encourage investment by providing this secondary market. By allowing investors to sell securities, exchanges increase the safety of investing. Stock exchanges also encourage investment in other ways. They protect investors by upholding rules and regulations that ensure buyers will be treated fairly and receive exactly what they pay for. Exchanges also support state-of-the-art technology and business of brokering, which both help traders to buy and sell securities quickly and efficiently.

问答题 People do not have secret trolleys at the supermarket, so how can it be a violation of their privacy if a grocer sells their purchasing habits to a marketing firm? If they walk around in public view, what harm can cameras recording their movements cause? A company is paying them to do a job, so why should it not read their e-mails when they are at work? How, what and why, indeed. Yet, in all these situations, most people feel a sense of unease. The technology for gathering, storing, manipulating and sharing information has become part of the scenery, but there is little guidance on how to resolve the conflicts created by all the personal data now washing around. A group of computer scientists at Stanford University, led by John Mitchell, has started to address the problem in a novel way. Instead of relying on rigid (and easily programmable) codes of what is and is not acceptable, Dr. Mitchell and his colleagues Adam Barth and Anupam Datta have turned to a philosophical theory called contextual integrity. This theory acknowledges that people do not require complete privacy. They will happily share information with others as long as certain social norms are met. Only when these norms are contravened—for example, when your psychiatrist tells the personnel department all about your consultation—has your privacy been invaded. The team thinks contextual integrity can be used to express the conventions and laws surrounding privacy in the formal vernacular of a computer language. Contextual integrity, which was developed by Helen Nissenbaum of New York University, relies on four classes of variable. These are the context of a flow of information, the capacities in which the individuals sending and receiving the information are acting, the types of information involved, and what she calls the "principle of transmission". It is the fourth of these variables that describes the basis on which information flows. Someone might, for example, receive information under the terms of a commercial exchange, or because he deserves it, or because someone chose to share it with him, or because it came to him as a legal right, or because he promised to keep it secret. These are all examples of transmission principles. Dr. Nissenbaum has been working with Mr. Barth to turn these wordy descriptions of the variables of contextual integrity into formal expressions that can be incorporated into computer programs. The tool Mr. Barth is employing to effect this transition is linear temporal logic, a system of mathematical logic that can express detailed constraints on the past and the future. Linear temporal logic is an established discipline. It is, for example, used to test safety-critical systems, such as aeroplane flight controls. The main difference between computer programs based on linear temporal logic and those using other sorts of programming language is that the former describe how the world ought to be, whereas the latter list specific instructions for the computer to carry out in order to achieve a particular end. The former say something like: "If you need milk, you ought eventually to arrive at the shop." The latter might say: "Check the refrigerator. If there is no milk, get in your car. Start driving. Turn left at the corner. Park. Walk into the shop." Dr. Mitchell and his team have already written logical formulae that they believe express a number of American privacy laws, including those covering health care, financial institutions and children's activities online. The principles of transmission can be expressed in logical terms by using concepts such as "previously" and "eventually" as a type of mathematical operator. (They are thus acting as the equivalents of the "plus", "minus", "multiply" and "divide" signs in that more familiar system of logic known as arithmetic. ) For example, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley act states that "a financial institution may not disclose personal information, unless such financial institution provides or has provided to the consumer a notice." This is expressed as. IF send (financial-institution, third-party, personal-information) THEN PREVIOUSLY send (financial-institution, consumer, notification) OR EVENTUALLY send (financial-institution, consumer, notification) According to Dr. Nissenbaum, applying contextual integrity to questions of privacy not only results in better handling of those questions, but also helps to pinpoint why new methods of gathering information provoke indignation. In a world where the ability to handle data is rapidly outpacing agreement about how that ability should be used, this alone is surely reason to study it.

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问答题Questions 4～6 It is too early to say whether the recent declines in global stock markets signal anything out of the ordinary. Though large, they are hardly unprecedented: 8 percent for the Dow, 19 percent for Japan"s Nikkei, 21.7 percent for Brazil"s Bovespa (all changes are measured from recent highs, in April or May, until yesterdays closes). But the fact that they"ve occurred simultaneously suggests herd behavior. Spoiled by years of cheap credit, global investors seem to be reacting to the prospect of higher interest rates by fleeing stock markets almost everywhere. There is danger of a broader financial and economic setback. The riskiest and most mysterious aspect of the present situation is the increasingly global nature of investment capital. Once, capital was largely compartmentalized by nation Americans saved and invested in the United States; Germans saved and invested in Germany. This world is disappearing. It is now routine for pension funds, mutual funds and many wealthy investors to move money in and out of American, European, Asian and Latin American stocks and bonds. The magnitudes are immense. For 2004 the International Monetary Fund reports that. Americans invested $ 856 billion abroad, while foreigners invested $1.44 trillion in the United States. Some flows represented "foreign direct investment": buying factories, real estate or entire companies. But most flows involved corporate stocks and bonds, government bonds or international bank loans. The Japanese invested $ 414 billion abroad, and foreigners invested $ 273 billion in Japan. "Emerging market" countries (China, India, Brazil and many developing nations) received $ 570 billion in foreign investment and made $ 935 billion of investments abroad. About $ 515 billion of the outflow came from governments—dominated by China and other Asian nations—that reinvested their trade surpluses, often in U. S. Treasury bonds. Thirty years ago, these massive global money movements didn"t exist. Most countries had extensive "capital controls" restricting how much (or whether) their citizens could invest abroad and how much (or whether) foreigners could invest in their countries. The United States was a major exception. A turning point was France"s decision in the early 1980s to relax controls, says Rawi Abdelal of the Harvard Business School and author of the forthcoming Capital Rules: The Construction of Global Finance . The French concluded that controls were so widely evaded by the wealthy that they were impractical, he says. Once France changed, Europe moved to liberalize capital flows. Many other countries gradually joined for fear of losing in the worldwide chase for investment funds. In theory, liberalization benefits everyone. Capital flows to the most productive investments. Savers earn higher returns. Countries with good investment opportunities expand more rapidly. Huge capital inflows have dearly helped China by financing new factories with modern technology. In many ways, the world economy seems healthy. In 2006, the IMF predicts the fourth consecutive year of growth exceeding 4 percent. But there"s a rub: Global finance has created new risks. At least two stand out. First, huge trade imbalances. The United States is running massive deficits, counterbalanced by big surpluses in China, Japan and other Asian countries. These imbalances occur in part because countries with trade surpluses can recycle their export earning—heavily in dollars—rather than buying imports or selling dollars for other currencies, leading to a dollar depreciation. That would lower the American trade deficit by making U. S. imports more expensive and U. S. exports less expensive. Most economists consider today"s massive imbalances unsustainable. Second, worldwide financial crises. Global investors may move in herds, first pouring money into some countries—or investments—and then withdrawing abruptly. That"s what happened in the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis. Capital flight plunged countries into deep recessions; investors suffered large losses. There are now fears that hedge funds and others may be similarly overexposed in some markets. (Hedge funds are lightly regulated pools of money, mostly from big and wealthy investors. They are estimated to control more than $1 trillion in financial assets.) Some economists, most prominently Stephen Roach of Morgan Stanley, consider the recent stock market declines a healthy sign. They signal a retreat from blatantly speculative behavior. A prolonged period of cheap credit pushed too much money into risky investments. Some investors put money into emerging-market stocks and bonds; others preferred commodities (gold, copper). Housing was the small investor"s favorite. The result: a series of "bubbles" that are best punctured sooner rather than later.

问答题What is the relationship between real estate market and economic growth in US in the past and in the near future?

问答题Whole generations are growing up addicted to television. Food is left uneaten, homework undone and sleep is lost. Television is a universal pacifier. It is now standard practice for mother to keep the children quiet by putting them in the living room and turning on the set. It doesn"t matter that the children watch rubbishy commercials or spectacles of sadism and violence—as long as they are quiet. There is a limit to the amount of creative talent available in the world. Everyday, television consumes vast quantities of creative work. That is why most of the programs are so bad; it is impossible to keep pace with the demand and maintain high standards as well. When millions watch the same programs, the whole world becomes a village, and society is reduced to the conditions which obtain in preliterate communities. We become utterly dependent on the two most primitive media of communication, pictures and the spoken word.

问答题Now that my son has turned 13, I"m thinking about writing a self-help book for parents of teenagers. It would be a sensitive, insightful book that would explain the complex, emotionally charged relationship between the parent and the adolescent child. The title would be: "I"m a Jerk ; you"re a Jerk. " The underlying philosophy of this book would be that, contrary to what you hear from the "experts", it"s a bad idea for parents and teenagers to attempt to communicate with each other, because there"s always the risk that one of you will actually find out what the other one is thinking. For example, my son thinks it"s a fine idea to stay-up until 3 a.m. on school nights reading what are called "suspense novels," defined as "novels wherein the most positive thing that can happen to a character is that the Evil Ones Hill kill him BEFORE they eat his brain. " My son sees NO connection between the fact that he stays up reading these books and the fact that he doesn"t feel like going to school the next day. "Rob," I tell him, as he is eating his breakfast in extreme slow motion with his eyes completely dosed, so that he sometimes accidentally puts food into his ear, "I want you to go to sleep earlier. " "DAD," he says, using the tone of voice you might use when attempting to explain an abstract intellectual concept to an oyster, "You DON"T UNDERSTAND. I am NOT tired. I am SPOOSH (sound of my son passing out face-down in his Cracklin" Oat Bran)." Of course, psychologists would tell us that failing asleep in cereal is normal for young teenagers, who need to become independent of their parents and make their own life decisions, which is fine, except that if my son made his own life decisions, his ideal daily schedule would be: Midnight to 3 a.m. —Read suspense novels. 3 a.m. to3 p.m. —Sleep. 3:15 p. m. —Order hearty breakfast from Domino"s Pizza and put on loud, hideous music recorded live in hell. 4 p.m. to midnight—Blow stuff up. Unfortunately this schedule would leave little room for, say, school, so we have to supply parental guidance ("If you don"t open this door RIGHT NOW I WILL BREAK IT DOWN and CHARGE IT TO YOUR ALLOWANCE"), the result being that our relationship with our son currently involves a certain amount of conflict, in the same sense that the Pacific Ocean involves a certain amount of water. At least he doesn"t wear giant pants. I keep seeing young teen-age males wearing ENORMOUS pants; pants that two or three teen-agers could occupy simultaneously and still have room in there for a picnic basket; pants that a clown would refuse to wear on the grounds that they were too undignified. The young men wear these pants really low, so that the waist is about knee level and the pants butt drags on the ground. You could not be an effective criminal wearing pants like these, because you"d be unable to flee on foot with any velocity. POLICE OFFICER: We tracked the alleged perpetrator from the crime scene by following the trail of his dragging pants butt. PROSECUTOR: And what was he doing when you caught up with him? POLICE OFFICER: He was hobbling in a suspicious manner. What I want to know is, how do young people buy these pants? Do they try them on to make sure they DON"T fit? Do they take along a 570-pound friend, or a mature polar bear, and buy pants that fit HIM? I asked my son about these pants, and he told me that mainly "bassers" wear them. "Bassers" are people who like a lot of bass in their music. They drive around in cars with four-trillion-watt sound systems playing recordings of what sound like above-ground nuclear tests, but with less of an emphasis on melody. My son also told me that there are also people called "posers" who DRESS like "bassers", but are in fact, secretly, "preppies", he said that some "posers" also pose as "headbangers", who are people who like heavy-metal music, which is performed by skinny men with huge hair who stomp around the stage, striking their instruments and shrieking angrily, apparently because somebody has stolen all their shirts. "Like," my son said, contemptuously, "some posers will act like they like Metallica, but they don"t know ANYTHING about Metallica." If you can imagine. I realize I"ve mainly been giving my side of the parent teen-ager relationship, and I promise to give my son"s side, if he ever comes out of his room. Remember how the news media made a big deal about it when those people came out after spending two years inside Biosphere 2? Well, two years is NOTHING. Veteran parents assure me that teenagers routinely spend that long in the BATHROOM. In fact, veteran parents assure me that I haven"t seen ANYTHING yet. "Wait till he gets his driver"s license," they say. "That"s when Fred and I turned to heroin. " Yes, the next few years are going to be exciting and challenging. But I"m sure that, with love and mast and understanding, my family will get through them OK. At least I will, because I plan to be inside Biosphere 3.

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问答题Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 2 English passages. You will hear the passages only once. After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet. You may take notes while you are listening.

问答题Why are private lenders so interested in student loans?

问答题Some Observations on Doing Business in China From watching westerners attempting to work in China, I must conclude that Chinese and westerners are not the same. WE and THEY think differently. Westerners think in "prose", each sentence or paragraph following from the preceding. Chinese think in "poetry". where context or setting determines action. Western thinking is linear, moving from goals to strategy to tactics. or from overview to details (or the reverse). Chinese put everything in a big pot, stir well, and serve whatever comes up. Discussion of a philosophical goal which implies commitment of millions of dollars may be followed by a question on how some minor component will be shipped. In negotiations and other relationships, Americans and Chinese both usually lack sufficient information and cultural background to emphasize well with each other. Chinese businessmen tend to have business negotiations in a rather indirect manner, as opposed to the more direct manner of American businessmen. The Chinese like to take time to learn whether their prospective business contacts are really reliable. American businessmen are straightforward, aggressive and pushy for clear-cut definitions of business terms. They tend to be more concerned about their main objective than details. But when it comes to a large project, they are also prepared for lengthy negotiations. The decision-making process of Chinese companies is generally slow and time-consuming. This is because most Chinese companies keep to the "bottom-up, and then top-down" principle. Although Americans have a reputation for making quick decisions, this is not always true when a corporation is embarking oil a major venture, because many people must be involved in the decision-making. Americans view relationships in terms of "rights"; Chinese in terms of "obligations" —to family, to one"s elders, to the country. Contracts are viewed in this light—the relationship between parties creates obligations. Americans tend to be reserved in relating to strangers; Chinese tend to be reserved with those whom they have connections. Chinese perceive Americans don"t care about money and waste it; Americans perceive Chinese don"t care about time and waste it. Chinese often consider capital investment as "sunk cost", a commitment to do something, rather than a base upon which to earn a certain return. Chinese hear different things in what is said. They tend to interpret questions and answer what they thin k you need. Americans tend to answer questions directly and literally, often ignoring important underlying concerns. Chinese often ask questions to expose a concern, not to get an answer. So what? China will be the largest economy in the world in the near future. No matter what your business, Chinese will comprise a significant portion of your suppliers, your competitors, your customers, your bankers and your stockholders or partners. What is happening in China will have consequences for our entire system。 Today, many American businessmen are eager to learn more about trade and investment opportunities in China, especially after its accession to the WTO. They and their lawyers now understand that they must study the laws, trade practices and culture of China in order to be more effective in doing business with Chinese trading partners. China will not become like US. They will be different. Different than they (or we) are now.

问答题有了房子，就想车子，老百姓想法和银行不谋而合。银行在巩固了自己的住房贷款之后，又将目光瞄上了汽车市场。昨天，建行上海分行推出了十大优惠举措，欲在外资非金融机构染指汽车贷款之前，做大自己的汽车贷款。 此前，银行界人士纷纷预测，外资非金融机构进入汽贷市场后，很可能会在手续简便和贷款利率上做文章，以吸引购车族。因此，建行的十大举措也同样是了简化手续和提供优惠利率，希望此举能使该行的汽车贷款占个人消费信贷的比重从原来的三成提升至五成以上。

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问答题中华民族和中华文化 中华民族是由汉族和55个少数民族组成的大家庭。自远古以来，我国各族人民就劳动、生息、繁衍在祖国的土地上，共同为中华文明和建立统一的多民族国家贡献自己的才智。各民族之间建立了紧密的政治经济文化联系，早在两千多年前就形成了幅员广阔的统一国家。悠久的中华文化，成为维系民族团结和国家统一的牢固纽带。 我们的先人历来把独立自主视为立国之本。中国作为人类文明发祥地之一，在几千年的历史进程中，文化传统始终没有中断。近代中国虽屡遭列强欺凌，国势衰败，但经过全民族的百年抗争，又以巨人的姿态重新站立起来。这充分说明，中国人独立自主的民族精神具有坚不可摧的力量。 今天，我们在探索自己的发展道路时，坚持从中国国情出发来建设中国特色社会主义，而不照搬别国的模式。在处理国际事务中，我们采取独立自主的立场和政策。中国人民珍惜同各国人民的友谊和合作，也珍惜自己经过长期奋斗而得来的独立自主权利。 自古以来中国人民就希望天下太平，同各国人民友好相处。我们坚持在和平共处五项原则基础上，同世界各国建立和发展友好合作关系。中国始终不渝走和平发展道路，致力于营造一个和平和谐的国际和周边环境，绝不谋求霸权。中国的和平发展基于本国国情和文化传统，基于自身根本利益和长远利益，基于世界发展大势和客观规律，是我们坚定不移的战略抉择。中国的发展与进步，不会对任何人构成威胁。中国始终是维护世界和平与地区稳定的坚定力量。

问答题Why does the author say that European society, at least in the Nordic countries—is "far less stable than America's" ? (Para. 3)