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问答题In general, investment in the United States will be in the form of a subsidiary. It is possible for a non-U.S corporation to operate a branch office in the United States, but there are significant disadvantages to a branch, particularly with respect to its tax treatment. Branches of non-U.S corporations are not subject to federal regulation or registration requirements. However, each state will require a "foreign" corporation to "qualify" before "doing business" in that state. A corporation will be considered "foreign" if it is organized under the laws of another country or another state, and so this is not a requirement imposed only on non-U.S investors. "Doing business" is a technical term that implies a substantial presence in the state. This would include the ownership of leasing of real property, the maintenance of a stock of goods for local sale, employee and the like. Selling products to local customers, either directly or through an independent sales representative or distributor, would not itself constitute "doing business". The states actually exercise little control over the qualification process other than to ensure that the qualifying entity"s name is not confusingly similar to an already registered entity and that all registration fees and taxes are paid (qualification is basically a form of taxation). In most states, qualification for a non-U.S corporation consists of a relatively easy application, a registration fee, and a notarized or legalized copy of the corporation"s articles of incorporation (in English or a certified translation).

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问答题It was back in 1966, when America's postwar consensus was showing some cracks, that Lou Harris launched his Alienation Index. Harris set out to measure an unsettling twist in the American story. "The hottest idea was that a mood of radical helplessness was blanketing the land," observes Rick Perlstein, author of the rollicking cultural history Nixonland. "America was suffering an epidemic of 'alienation. '" College kids were spitting on the American flag; suburban moms were marching against the war. The best-seller lists included books challenging the conclusions of the Warren Commission report on Kennedy's assassination. The President was an object of ridicule. "In Texas," an airline executive told TIME that October, "they wouldn't believe Johnson if he told them that next month was November. " So Harris devised five statements to measure how removed people felt from their leaders. The index derives from the average number of people who agree that "the rich get richer and the poor get poorer, what you think doesn't count very much anymore; the people running the country don't really care what happens to you; most people in power try to take advantage of people like you, you' re left out of things going on around you. " These were sentiments that in other words defined the debate in 2010, as Tea Party protesters carried signs saying, DC: THE LONGER YOU STAY, THE LESS YOU REMEMBER ABOUT US, and bumper stickers declared that PUBLIC IGNORANCE IS CORPORATE BLISS. Between bailouts, deficits, another confounding war and a President whose approval rating ended the year at a personal low of 36% (but who could take comfort that Congress's stood at 11%), it would be easy to think America is, more than ever, Alienation Nation. But that would be wrong. The Alienation Index, which stood at 29 in 1966, climbed to 59 in 1974 (the conclusion of Watergate) and reached 62 in 1983, in the midst of the Reagan recession. It kept rising during the first Bush Administration, to 66 in 1991 when the sense of common purpose fed by the first Gulf War gave way to economic gloom. That helped put the Democrats back in the White House after 12 years, but two government shutdowns in 1995 drove the index to a high of 67 as the evening news showed lawmakers squabbling while the NIH hotline went unanswered, toxic- waste cleanup was halted, passport applications went unprocessed and tourists were turned away from 368 national-park sites. So how does the present moment compare? In 2010 the index was 52--lower than it has been for most of the past 20 years. It's not that people think Washington is suddenly warm and welcoming and sensitive to their needs, fully 70% of people think the nation's leaders are out of touch. But how people feel about politicians may not matter as much as how we feel about ourselves--and only 37% of us feel that we are left out of things going on around us, compared with 51% in 1995. Every day brings new evidence of a kind of personal empowerment, fueled by technology, that represents the very opposite of alienation. Feel helpless about media bias? Start a blog. Find popular culture coarse? Make your own movies on your smart phone. The iconic tableau of democracy in the new year came not from Washington but from Newark N. J. , where Mayor Cory Booker delivered diapers to a mom after her brother tweeted that she was trapped, snowbound. Suddenly, politics is flat. As opportunities change, so do expectations. This past Thanksgiving, even as the recovery staggered and wheezed, 41% of Americans said they felt they had more to be thankful for than they did a few years ago. Fewer than a quarter are grateful for the current economic climate~one-third as many as 25 years ago--but 66% are grateful for their personal economic situation. A Gallup poll finds that 58% think 2011 will be better than 2010; 42% even think the U. S. will be governed better this year. The Mad as Hell political narrative isn't going away, partly because watching the gargoyles do combat on cable has a certain entertainment value, and there is plenty to give viewers heartburn. But if I were a politician plotting my approach and agenda in 2011, I'd pay less attention to the noise, unless you' re reading the bumper sticker that says SOMEWHAT IRRITATED ABOUT EXTREME OUTRAGE.1.What is the "Alienation Index"? Why did Lou Harris launch this index?

问答题Well before his death, Peter Drucker had already become a legend. Over his 95 prolific years, he had been a true Renaissance man, and teacher of religion, philosophy and political science. But his most important contribution, clearly, is in business. What John Keynes is to economics, Druckers is to management. In the 1980s Peter Druckers began to have grave doubts about business and even capitalism itself. He no longer saw the corporation as the ideal space to create community. In fact, he saw nearly the opposite: a place where self-interest had triumphed over the egalitarian principles he long championed. In both his writings and speeches, Druckers emerged as one of Corporate America's most important critics. When conglomerates were the rage, he preached against reckless mergers and acquisitions. When executives were engaged in empire-building, he argued against excess staff and the inefficiencies of numerous "assistants to". In a 1984 essay he persuasively argued that CEO pay had rocketed out of control and implored boards to hold CEO compensation to no more than 20 times what the rank and file made. He maintained that multi-million-dollar severance packages had perverted management's ability to look out anything but itself. What particularly enraged him was the tendency of corporate managers to reap massive earnings while firing thousands of their workers. "This is morally and socially unforgivable," wrote Druckers, "and we will pay a heavy price for it./

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问答题American mythology loves nothing more than the reluctant hero: the man -- it is usually a man -- whose natural talents have destined him for more than obliging obscurity. George Washington, we are told, was a leader who would have preferred to have been a farmer. Thomas Jefferson, a writer. Martin Luther King, Jr., a preacher. These men were roused from lives of perfunctory achievement, our legends have it, not because they chose their own exceptionalism, but because we, the people, chose it for them. We -- seeing greatness in them that they were too humble to observe themselves -- conferred on them uncommon paths. Historical circumstance became its own call of duty, and the logic of democracy proved itself through the answer. Neil Armstrong was a hero of this stripe: constitutionally humble, circumstantially noble. Nearly every obituary written for him has made a point of emphasizing his sense of privacy, his sense of humility, his sense of the ironic ordinary. And yet every aspect of Armstrong’s life made clear: On that day in 1969, he acted on our behalf, out of a sense of mission that was communal rather than personal. The reluctant hero is also the self-sacrificing hero.

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问答题 Despite wars, famines, and epidemics, Earth's population is booming ahead to new records—with no end in sight. Every day, the world adds enough people to populate a medium-sized city in the US. In one month, the number of new-world citizens equals the population of New York City. Every year, there are 90 million more mouths to feed, more than the total population of Germany. Several factors are propelling this rapid growth, including an element that is often overlooked: the huge number of teenagers who are becoming mothers, particularly in the countries of sub-Saharan Africa. In four African nations—Niger, Mali, Sierra Leone, and Ivory Coast—1 out of every 5 adolescent females of childbearing age has a baby annually. The US Bureau of the Census says this high rate of motherhood among teens has helped to maintain the high pace of births across most of the African continent. By starting a family early, a typical woman in Somalia, for instance, has seven children during her lifetime. Equally large-families are the rule in Zambia, Zaire, Uganda, Mauritania, Mali, Malawi, and Ethiopia. The current record-holder for fertility is strife: torn Rwanda, where a typical mother has at least eight or nine children. While population experts often focus on Africa's problems, analysts note that teenage mothers are also far more prevalent in the United States than in France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, or Britain. This issue—"babies having babies"—has recently gained prominence in the US. Teenaged motherhood in the US has fueled an expansion of the state-federal welfare system and brought cries for welfare reform from lawmakers. With its high rate of teen births, the US now ranks alongside Indonesia and parts of South America, and only modesty ahead of Mexico, India, and Pakistan. Overall, the fertility rate among Americans remains relatively low at 2.1 births per woman—about the replacement level. Although the US population is expected to climb steadily, from 260 million today to 323 million by 2020, most of that growth will come from immigration. The Census Bureau estimates that in Haiti, where thousands of citizens are trying to flee to the US because of military oppression and poverty AIDS will cut the annual growth rate during the next 25 years from 2.1 percent to 1.3 percent. The decline in growth is even sharper in the Central African Republic, where rates will dip from 2.4 percent to 0.7 percent. In Thailand, which already had low birth rates, AIDS will drive population downward to 0.8 percent a year. In the 16 countries that are hit hardest, AIDS will lower populations by 121 million over expected projections by 2020. In Africa, the impact of AIDS is so great that trends toward longer fife spans during the past 40 years are being reversed. Some nations will suffer declines in average life spans of 10 to 30 years compared with expected life spans without AIDS. In the US, where AIDS is also a substantial problem, the impact will be lower because the disease is mostly limited to homosexuals and drug users, says Peter Way, a Census Bureau researcher. In many African nations, AIDS is prevalent among the heterosexual population, which sharply boosts infant mortality. A compelling chapter in the research deals with aging. Today the median age in developed countries is 35, and in developing nations is only 23. By 2020, the corresponding figures will be 42 and 28. Today there are fewer adults over 60 (525 million) than children under 5 (636 million). As the world population ages, by 2020, the number over 60 will be more than 1 billion, while those under 5 will total 717 million.

问答题Passage Translation 1 Spending your vacation in a foreign country is horrible. First, you have to start early and become increasingly anxious with each passing day. When everything is OK and you really set off，you may find yourself in a car for hours. It is hot and you’re thirsty. And finally when you arrive at your destination, you’re in a strange place with strange people around. You’re confused and lost. You may be a little curious or a little excited, but as a matter of fact, very, very tired.

问答题News report: Electronic "red envelope" fever has swept the country since WeChat allowed users to send monetary gifts through its online payment system to each other. Today more and more customers are beginning to practice tipping in restaurants. If customers feel satisfied with the service provided by the waiter or waitress, they can send them a tip by scanning the restaurant"s WeChat identification code. Restaurants claim that this gives waiters an incentive to provide better service. But tipping is not a common practice in China; therefore, it has roused some controversy. Some restaurants have suspended the practice. While some people believe it can help improve restaurant service, others feel it is still unacceptable. Topic: Will App Tipping Help Improve Restaurant Service? Questions for reference: 1. What are the advantages and/or disadvantages of the tipping system? 2. Will you tip the waiters or waitresses when you are being served in restaurants? 3. How should the service in restaurants be further improved?

问答题{{B}}Ⅰ Sentence Tronslation{{/B}} Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 5 English sentences. You will hear the sentences ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each sentence, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

问答题Education in America American schools, both public and private, consist of 12 years of grades—basically 8 years of elementary school and 4 years of secondary or high school, although grades 7 and 8, or 7, 8 and 9 may be housed together in a middle school or junior high school. In addition, the elementary school offers five-year-olds a year of kindergarten, usually half-day sessions, before they have formal instruction in reading and writing in the first grade. In a few states two years of junior college(the first two years of higher education) or a vocational school are part of the public school system. Schooling is compulsory in most states to the age of 16. The public schools are administered by local school boards—groups of people elected by the voters. The board appoints the superintendent and sometimes participates in choosing the teachers, decides how school funds are to be allocated, and has some voice in establishing the curriculum. Local funds for the schools come largely from property taxes paid by residents of the local school districts. Thus the people of the entire community, not just the parents of the children who attend, pay for public schools, which are free and open to everyone. In elementary school, all children in a given grade study the same thing. In junior high school the student may have a limited choice of subjects. In high school the choice is wider. While some subjects are required of everyone, some high school students, in addition, take vocational classes, and others study subjects that will prepare them for college. Students from both groups study under the same roof, each selecting courses according to his or her needs and interests. High school students commonly study four to five basic subjects per semester, each for approximately an hour a day. Additional courses, such as physical education, art, or music, may meet twice a week. After high school a person may prepare for a particular vocation or occupation by attending vocational courses either in a junior college or in a privately supported training school such as secretarial or industrial school. Or a person may attend a college or university. The term "college" refers to an undergraduate institution that confers a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Science degree after four years of study. A university generally is a group of colleges, each serving a special purpose. a college of liberal arts, a college of business, a college of education, and the like. In addition, universities offer graduate programs. The Master of Arts degree occasionally may be obtained after one year of additional specialized study, although some institutions require longer study. The Doctor of Philosophy is the highest academic degree in the area of the sciences and humanities. Professional degrees in such fields as medicine and law are part of the program of graduate education. Many colleges and universities are privately supported. Many have church affiliations. In each state, however, there is at least one university and often several colleges that receive support from state funds. Students in these schools, however, as well as those in private colleges, must pay tuition, but the state schools are much less expensive than private ones, particularly for students who are residents of the state.

问答题A majority of the world’s climate scientists have convinced themselves, and also a lot of laymen, some of whom have political power, that the Earth’s climate is changing; that the change, from humanity’s point of view, is for the worse; and that the cause is human activity, in the form of excessive emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. 　A minority, though, are sceptical. Some think that recent data suggesting the Earth’s average temperature is rising are explained by natural variations in solar radiation, and that this trend may be coming to an end. Others argue that there is no conclusive evidence that modern temperatures are higher than they used to be. we believe that global warming is a serious threat, and that the world needs to take steps to try to avert it. That is the job of the politicians. But we do not believe that climate change is a certainty. There are no certainties in science. Prevailing theories must be constantly tested against evidence, and more evidence collected, and the theories tested again. That is the job of the scientists.

问答题I want this new school year to be a good one for my students as they learn about everything from calculus to Shakespeare to failure. That's right. Failure. We all need to fail a little. In fact, the secret of success, might just be that. Consider the path of Henry David Thoreau. By many accounts, Thoreau was a failure. Folks thought he should have been a civic leader. He could have been a doctor, a lawyer, a teacher. He might even have made congressman or governor. Instead, the Harvard man seemed to spend most of his time loafing in the woods near his hometown over near Walden Pond. Everyone just scratched their heads and wondered why such a promising young fellow wasn't a "success". I'm not suggesting that my students drop classes for the woods but it's important to remember that ideas on success vary, even in these enlightened times. Some measure success by the size of the car he or she drives, others point to the width of their wallet or the number of bathrooms in their house. The trouble is, by that way of thinking, America becomes the land of numbers and the higher the number, the greater the success. Baseball-s numbers help us to remember that frequent failure can be considered a success. Players who routinely fail to get a hit 7 out of every 10 at-bats are considered All Stars. But they are really stars because they learn from their mistakes. The lessons of failure are an important part of the curriculum of success. We learn from them. They push us to do better; they teach us humility. As teacher, I expect students to revise their work to build on the "failure" of the first draft to achieve clarity and insight in the final draft. That' s a good model for most things in life. Part of the problem, though, is that we live in a country obsessed by results. In school it is the A student who gets all the perks even though getting an A doesn't always measure how much a person really knows. A's are icons of honor. F's are badges of defeat. We idealize icons and look up to heroes such as George Washington or John Glenn Yet we shouldn't discount the heroes who labor outside the limelight. Those are the men and women who quietly go about the business of raising a family and taking care of their neighbors. The most admirable are ones who invent their own success. They know how to seize the moment and let the chips fall where they may. They know that the best way to measure success is by living each day to the fullest. True success is giving something back. And you don-t have to have a lot in the wallet to attain it. There are many people, young and old, who give back by serving in literacy campaigns and soup kitchens. As my father used to say: “Make sure you leave the world a better place than it was when you entered it. At least clean up after yourself. " The beginning of the school year is a good time to start reorienting ourselves. It's a good time to see our failures in a new light. After Thoreau died in 1862, his mentor, Ralph Waldo Emerson, lamented that Henry hadn't blossomed into a great leader of the nation. His books were little read, his ideas seemed skewed. And yet, less than 100 years later, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. pointed to Thoreau-s essay "Civil Disobedience" as one of the sparks that ignited the civil rights movement and profoundly shaped American society. Not a bad legacy for a failure.1.Who is Henry David Thoreau? Why does the author mention Henry David Thoreau at the beginning of the passage and at the end of the passage again?

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问答题What is geo-engineering? What are the possible international measures of geo-engineering?

问答题In-state tuition. For decades, it was the one advantage big state schools had that even the Ivy League couldn't match, in terms of recruiting the best and the brightest to their campuses. But these days, that's no longer necessarily the case. Starting this September, some students will find a Harvard degree cheaper than one from many public universities. Harvard officials sent shock waves through academia last December by detailing a new financial-aid policy that will charge families making up to ＄180,000 just 10% of their household income per year, substantially subsidizing the annual cost of more than ＄45,600 for all but its wealthiest students. The move was just the latest in what has amounted to a financial-aid bidding war in recent years among the U.S.'s élite universities. Though Harvard's is the most generous to date, Princeton, Yale and Stanford have all launched similar plans to cap tuition contributions for students from low-and middle-income families. Indeed, students on financial aid at nearly every Ivy stand a good chance of graduating debt-free, thanks to loan-elimination programs introduced over the past five years. And other exclusive schools have followed their lead by replacing loans with grants and work-study aid. And several more schools are joining the no-loan club this fall. Even more schools have taken steps to reduce debt among their neediest students.