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Attitudes about expressing anger vary from culture to culture. In some cultures, almost any sign of anger is inappropriate. In others, people use anger as a way of extending 【C1】______. Finnish people believe that expressions of anger show a lack of 【C2】______. This attitude can make them seem 【C3】______. For example, road rage is a problem in many countries, but not in Finland. There, experts say, 【C4】______doesn't make people angry. The drivers politely exchange information and then 【C5】______. And no one complains when a bus 【C6】______. The passengers simply get off and wait for the next one. Such behavior【C7】______in the United States where expressing anger is accepted— even expected. The problem occurs when people from cultures【C8】______visit countries where it is not. For example, if an American visiting England【C9】______in a tone of voice that would be effective at home, no one would【C10】______. They would see him as just another【C11】______. This is because the English usually avoid showing anger unless the situation is【C12】______. Avoidance of public anger is also 【C13】______. The expression of anger is unacceptable and destructive. This attitude is very 【C14】______the one in the United States, where many people believe that not expressing anger can 【C15】______, alcoholism, drug addiction, or even violence. In countries that don't express anger, most people would think this idea was【C16】______. However, in some other cultures, anger is more lightly received and 【C17】______ than in the United States. Americans traveling 【C18】______or some Mediterranean countries are often surprised by the amount of anger they see and hear. They 【C19】______that people in these countries express their anger and then forget it. Even people who are【C20】______of the anger usually do not remember it for long.

{{B}}StatementsDirections: In this part of the test, you will hear several short statements. These statements will be spoken ONLY ONCE, and you will not find them written on the paper, so you must listen carefully. When you hear a statement, read the answer choices and decide which one is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard. Then write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.{{/B}}

{{B}}SECTION 4 LISTENING TEST{{/B}}

The two economists call their paper "Mental Retirement," and their findings from the United States and 12 European countries suggest that the earlier people retire, the more quickly their memories decline. "It's incredibly interesting and exciting," said Laura Carstensen, director of the Center on Longevity at Stanford University in California. "It suggests work actually provides an important component of the environment that keeps people functioning optimally. " Japan and South Korea have begun administering a survey on memory. China, India and several countries in Latin America are also planning surveys. While not everyone is convinced, a number of leading researchers say the "Mental Retirement" study is, at least, a tantalizing bit of evidence for a hypothesis that is widely believed but difficult to demonstrate. Researchers repeatedly find that retired people tend to do less well on cognitive tests than people who are still working. But, they note, that could be because people whose memories and thinking skills are declining may be more likely to retire than people whose cognitive skills remain sharp. And research has failed to support the premise that mastering activities like memory exercises and crossword puzzles improve overall functioning. "If you do crossword puzzles, you get better at crossword puzzles," said Lisa Berkman, director of the Center for Population and Development Studies at Harvard University. "But you don't get better at cognitive behavior in life. " The study was possible, explains one of its authors, Robert Willis, a professor of economics at the University of Michigan, because the National Institute on Aging began a large study in the United States nearly 20 years ago. Called the Health and Retirement Study, it surveys more than 22,000 Americans over age 50 every two years, and administers memory tests. That led European countries to start their own surveys, using similar questions so the data would be comparable. The test looks at how well people can recall a list of 10 nouns immediately and 10 minutes after they heard them. People in the United States did best, scoring an average of 11 out of a perfect 20. Those in Denmark and England were close behind, with scores just above 10, followed by France(8), Italy(7)and Spain(6). The researchers noticed that there are large differences in the ages at which people retire. In the United States, England and Denmark, where people retire later, 65 to 70 percent of men were still working when they were in their early 60s. In France and Italy, the figure is 10 to 20 percent, and in Spain it is 38 percent. Economic incentives produce the large differences in retirement age. Countries with earlier retirement ages have tax policies, pension, disability and other measures that encourage people to leave the work force at younger ages. The researchers found that the longer people keep working, the better they do on the tests when they are in their early 60s. "There is evidence that social skills and personality skills—getting up in the morning, dealing with people, knowing the value of being prompt and trustworthy—are also important," Dr. Willis said. "They go hand in hand with the work environment. "

Good morning, class. Today's topic is "Idioms and Their Origins". An idiom is a phrase or expression with【C1】______. The meaning of an idiom often cannot be understood from the meaning of【C2】______in it. In our language, idioms are an important part and they often make our language【C3】______. So in today's lecture, let's look at the origins of some English idioms. The first【C4】______on our list is "Raining cats and dogs". This is an interesting phrase. It is【C5】______the well-known antipathy between dogs and cats, which is【C6】______in the phrase "fight like cat and dog". However, there are【C7】______about the origin of the well-known expression, "Raining cats and dogs". One theory is that【C8】______, the roofs on houses were made of hay. You've probably heard of【C9】______, well that's all they were. Thick straw, piled high, with【C10】______. Those thatch roofs were the only place for the little animals to【C11】______. So all the pets in the house; dogs, cats and【C12】______, even mice, rats, bugs, all lived in the roof. When it rained 【C13】______so sometimes the animals would slip and 【C14】______. Thus the saying, "it's raining cats and dogs. " Another explanation is that heavy rain would wash dead animals【C15】______. In the 18th century, streets in England were rather filthy and heavy rain would occasionally 【C16】______dead animals and other debris. The animals didn't fall from the sky, but the sight of dead cats and dogs 【C17】______in storms could well have caused the coining of this colourful phrase. The most popular one comes from 【C18】______in which cats were a symbol for rain and dogs 【C19】______. Thus, "it's cats and dogs out there" is often used to describe 【C20】______with strong winds.

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{{B}}SECTION 4: TRANSLATION TEST(2)Directions: Translate the following passage into English and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.{{/B}}

______

To the one British couple in seven that has problems conceiving, twins sound like a dream come true. So when would-be parents turn to in vitro fertilisation (IVF), they almost always opt to have as many embryos returned to the womb as they are legally allowed, even though they know that multiple births are especially risky. The result is that two-fifths of IVF babies are twins. And fertility treatment is now so common that it is distorting the nation's demographics: around a quarter of all twins have been conceived in a petri dish. Sharing a womb is not an ideal start to life. Twins who survive their much higher rates of miscarriage are often born early and small, which puts them at higher risk of cerebral palsy, low IQ and even death during their first year. Their expectant mothers are more prone to high blood pressure, diabetes and heart problems. Around half of all twins are transferred to intensive-care units soon after birth. Now the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), which licenses fertility clinics in England and Wales, has decided enough is enough. On April 4th it started a three-month consultation on changes in the way fertility treatment is carried out. The new rules, due to come into force in October, aim to halve the number of twin IVF pregnancies.p for discussion are various possible ways to do this. They include educating fertility doctors and their patients about the dangers of multiple births; imposing a limit—probably 10%—on the proportion of births which twins may account for at a clinic; and enforcing rules that set out exactly when clinics are allowed to return two embryos to the womb. The idea is to ensure that only one embryo is put back in women most likely to conceive, whereas two are allowed to those less likely. Some countries, notably Nordic ones, have already managed to cut the number of twin births resulting from fertility treatment. Provided a woman is reasonably young and healthy, and has not already had many failed IVF attempts, in each IVF cycle only the embryo that develops best is returned to her womb. Any spares are frozen, to be thawed later if the first embryo does not survive. These carefully-selected women are almost as likely to get pregnant this way as if two fresh embryos had been put back in the first place, and the risk of multiple pregnancy is almost eliminated. Persuading patients and clinicians of the merits of this approach depends on generous state funding for fertility treatment: it seems that patients are willing to accept a slightly lower chance of conceiving in any one cycle in return for more attempts. Moral pressure is also brought to bear. In Finland fertility doctors are taken on tours of neonatal wards, so they get to see the tiny, suffering scraps of humanity bora too early because they were crowded in their mothers' wombs. In Britain, though—unlike Finland and every other country that has successfully reduced IVF twin births— most infertile people must pay for their own treatment. Government guidelines, issued in 2004, say that all patients for whom IVF is "suitable" should have three treatment cycles paid for by the National Health Service (NHS), but rarely does this happen. Those patients who get public money are usually offered only one IVF cycle, and in some areas there is no public funding of IVF at all. This means that binding rules are likely to be needed to cut the number of IVF twins in Britain. Otherwise, with a single IVF cycle costing around ￡5,000, patients will be unwilling to accept even a tiny reduction in their chance of pregnancy, and so will ignore the risks in favour of returning as many embryos as they can. It took strong words from the HFEA in 2001 to start to bring down the numbers of triplets conceived by IVF, followed by the threat and then the reality of stricter rules. Now that women under 40 can have at most two embryos put back, the rate has halved since its peak in 1998. Some experts consulted by the HFEA held that new rules which might reduce the chance of conceiving should be introduced only if more fertility treatment were paid for by the NHS—something that the HFEA does not have power to arrange. Others said that the risk inherent in multiple births was too urgent to wait for the NHS to change its spending priorities. The irony is that delivering and caring for twins costs 16 times as much as for a singleton. The HFEA's advisors calculate that the money now spent on looking after desperately-ill premature IVF babies would be enough to pay for three treatment cycles for everyone who needs them. In the meantime, patients must weigh the risks of multiple pregnancy against the prospect of remaining childless. Even those most familiar with the sufferings of the infertile seem unsympathetic towards them. Only pregnancy is a more common reason than infertility for a woman to visit her doctor; yet a recent poll found that almost all family doctors thought patients who needed fertility treatment should pay for it themselves (not so those with varicose veins, for example). It is perhaps symptomatic of the low value placed on children and family life in general; another poll, last year, found that most Britons thought work, money and fun were all more important than having children.

Gloom had descended on the Lodge Lane Somali Women's Group. The landlord was selling up and the small Liverpool charity did not have enough money to buy him out. Eviction was two weeks away. Then in walked Mariam Gulaid, the group's treasurer, with a bulging carrier bag. Inside was ￡14,100 in cash, raised in a whirlwind door-to-door collection from local Somalis—"all women," she adds proudly. They are now on the way to buying the building.Little is known of Britain's Somalis. Even counting them is hard: the 2001 census came up with a total of 43,691, but surveys since then suggest a number nearer 100,000. A century-old trickle of economic migrants became a flood of refugees in the 1980s, increasing in the late 1990s as tens of thousands fled violence. Somalis are now Britain's largest refugee group. News tends to focus on the criminal exploits of their young men, who have acquired a fearsome reputation in some quarters. Reporters might learn more from the women: they are finding their feet, and helping friends and family find theirs. "The men always say that women change when they come to England," says Mrs. Gulaid, who estimates that at least half the women who come through her door are single parents, either through death or, increasingly, divorce. For women, life in Britain means support from the state and, through this, independence from their husbands, she says. Somali men seem to have a bumpier transition. Three-quarters have been to secondary school and one in ten has a degree, but language difficulties and unrecognised qualifications make unemployment the norm. Jill Rutter, a migration researcher at the Institute for Public Policy Research, a think-tank, estimates that 65-70% are out of work. All-night sessions chewing qat also play their part. Down the road from Lodge Lane is the Merseyside Somali Community Association, a men's club. The brightly painted building is more a social venue than the action-oriented women's centre, which means that some men sneak into the women's group for advice. Osman Mohamed, its chairman, says hysteria about terrorism and suspicion directed at groups of black youths have given Somali men a reputation they do not deserve. It is hard to sort fact from fiction, as crime figures are broken down only by broad racial categories. Somalis have made the news for a few ruthless crimes, including the murder of Sharon Beshenivsky, a rookie police officer, in 2005. But police say these villains are unrepresentative. Paul Hurst, a police constable who has patrolled Toxteth's Somali neighbourhood for 21 years (and visited Somalia on a police bursary), reckons a hard core of about 30 Somali youths are active in car crime and low-level drug-dealing in the city. Nonetheless, crime in Somali "Tocky", as Toxteth is known, is lower than in neighbouring Picton and Wavertree, and light-touch policing has kept the peace. A repeat of the bloody Toxteth riots of 1981, when local Afro-Caribbeans clashed with police, is unthinkable, everyone agrees. The outlook for young Somalis is brightening. Lack of English among newly arrived refugees has prevented progress at school: a 1999 study of students in Camden, north London, found that just 3% got five good GCSE qualifications, compared with 48% of all students (and 21% of refugee children). But as the number of asylum seekers has plummeted, achievement has soared: in 2005 24% of Somalis in Camden got their five good passes. The fall in new arrivals has also damped down clan tensions, often blamed for causing fractures in the community. The Information Centre about Asylum and Refugees, a research body, counts at least 100 Somali organisations in London. Now, Liverpool's various bodies have overcome their differences to form an umbrella group, which is badgering the council for a joint community centre. Image remains crucial, especially to elders who fear their community is unfairly smeared by impostors. Economic migrants from all over east Africa (some of them ethnic Somalis) claim to be from Somalia to boost their chances of gaining asylum: a favourite pastime of British Somalis is spotting the fakes. Hussain Osman, on trial for trying to blow up a London station in July 2005, is considered one of Britain's highest-profile Somalia-born refugees. He may be nothing of the sort. Italian police say he is Hamdi Issac, and Ethiopian.

The welfare of children is a priority for the UN. In【B1】______ Europe and【B2】______ Asia the research is focussing on those kept in institutions like children's homes and【B3】______ because the care they get there is often completely【B4】______. Driving west from Tbilisi into a green【B5】______, turn【B6】______ and pass a ruined factory, a【B7】______ shell, there exists a Children's Hospital. As you walk down a long,【B8】______ corridor you can hear crying and【B9】______ and occasionally【B10】______. Kaspi is home to【B11】______ children. Most have been【B12】______ by their families and【B13】______ here. In Georgia disability carries a serious social stigma. Georgia's situation is【B14】______ by the economic collapse. Now half of all families live below the【B15】______ line. Each nurse earns【B16】______ dollars a month. Officially the children are meant to leave at【B17】______. But most have nowhere else to go so they stay put. A few【B18】______ organisations are trying to change this. But few families want the disabled children back. Just【B19】______ children have moved out of Kaspi in two years. So the emphasis now is on trying to prevent the children from being【B20】______.

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参与并取胜，这就是奥林匹克精神。它表现在弱者敢于向强者挑战，也表现在奋力拼搏争取更好的成绩。胜而又胜，优而更优，这种理想一直鼓舞着运动员奋力前进。他会尽其所能，永不松懈，永不罢休。有人说竞技者终究会是失败者，即使是最佳运动员也终将被更强者淘汰。成千上万个失败者才涌现一个胜利者，这个胜利者最终仍将被取代，被挤出光荣榜——这就是竞技运动的规律。然而运动员却从不为这种不可避免的失败结局而沮丧，仍然力争最佳发挥。实在到了自知技穷之时，他会愉快地退下来，让位给年轻的优胜者，并对自己在奥林匹克运动中为争取更好的成绩尽了一份力而心满意足。他会自豪地说他的青春没有虚度。

{{B}}SECTION 1 LISTENING TEST{{/B}}

Passage 1